Dyshydroza
Epidemiologia

Dyshydroza, znana również jako wyprysk dyshidrotyczny lub pompholyx, to pęcherzykowate zapalenie skóry lokalizujące się głównie na dłoniach i bocznych częściach palców. Stanowi około 5-20% wszystkich przypadków wyprysku rąk, z częstością występowania w populacji ogólnej szacowaną na 0,05-0,5%, co odpowiada 20 przypadkom na 100 000 osób. Choroba najczęściej dotyka osoby w wieku 20-40 lat (średnia 35-40 lat), z nieznaczną przewagą kobiet. Epidemiologicznie dyshydroza występuje częściej w cieplejszych klimatach oraz w okresie wiosenno-letnim, a także w środowiskach miejskich, co sugeruje wpływ czynników środowiskowych i stresu. Diagnostyka opiera się głównie na obrazie klinicznym, a w trudnych przypadkach stosuje się testy RPR, preparaty z KOH, biopsję skóry oraz testy płatkowe w celu wykluczenia innych przyczyn. Biopsja wykazuje spongiozę z naciekiem limfocytarnym naskórka i jest zarezerwowana dla przypadków opornych na leczenie lub podejrzenia wtórnego zakażenia.

Epidemiologia Dyshydrozy

Dyshydroza (określana również jako wyprysk dyshidrotyczny, pompholyx lub ostry wyprysk dłoni i stóp) jest stosunkowo częstym schorzeniem dermatologicznym, charakteryzującym się występowaniem pęcherzykowatych wykwitów, głównie na powierzchniach dłoniowych rąk i bocznych częściach palców. Dokładna częstość występowania dyshydrozy nie jest w pełni poznana, ale w różnych badaniach epidemiologicznych wykazano, że stanowi ona istotny problem dermatologiczny.12

Częstotliwość występowania

Według różnych źródeł, dyshydroza stanowi około 5-20% wszystkich przypadków wyprysku rąk, co czyni ją istotną przyczyną dermatoz dłoni u dorosłych.34 W niektórych badaniach regionalnych, jak na przykład w badaniu przeprowadzonym w Portugalii, dyshydroza była trzecią najczęstszą przyczyną zapalenia skóry rąk, stanowiąc 20,3% przypadków.56

Częstość występowania dyshydrozy w populacji ogólnej szacuje się na różnym poziomie w zależności od badania i regionu geograficznego. W analizie danych pochodzących z bazy IBM MarketScan Commercial Database, która obejmuje informacje dotyczące 50 milionów Amerykanów, w 2018 roku zdiagnozowano dyshydrozę u 35 000 osób.7 W Szwecji badanie obejmujące 107 206 osób wykazało, że u 51 osób (0,05%) zdiagnozowano dyshydrozę, co stanowiło 3% wszystkich przypadków zapalenia skóry rąk w tej populacji.8

Inne badanie przeprowadzone na 20 000 losowo wybranych osób w Göteborgu w Szwecji w 1988 roku wykazało, że dyshydroza występowała u 2% mężczyzn i 3% kobiet, stanowiąc 5% wszystkich przypadków wyprysku rąk.9 W Szwecji szacuje się, że schorzenie dotyka około 1 na 2000 osób.10 W innym badaniu populacyjnym roczną chorobowość dyshydrozy oszacowano na poziomie 0,5%.11

Według niektórych źródeł, częstość występowania dyshydrozy szacuje się na około 20 przypadków na 100 000 osób.12 Inne badania sugerują, że dyshydroza dotyka około 1 na 5000 osób.13

Rozkład demograficzny

Wiek występowania dyshydrozy obejmuje szeroki zakres od 4 do 76 lat, jednak najczęściej schorzenie pojawia się w wieku 20-40 lat, ze średnią wieku około 38-40 lat.141516 Po osiągnięciu wieku średniego częstość występowania epizodów dyshydrozy ma tendencję do zmniejszania się.1718

W badaniu francuskim zaobserwowano przewagę kobiet nad mężczyznami w stosunku 1,18:1, ze średnim wiekiem występowania 35 lat.19 Inne badania wskazują, że stosunek mężczyzn do kobiet w przypadku dyshydrozy był różnie raportowany jako 1:1 lub 1:2.2021 W badaniu z bazą danych IBM MarketScan zaobserwowano nieznaczną przewagę kobiet, a średni wiek diagnozowania przypadał na czwartą dekadę życia.22

Chociaż zapalenie skóry rąk ogólnie jest częstsze u młodych kobiet, dyshydroza wydaje się mieć dość równomierny rozkład między płciami.2324 Niektóre źródła sugerują jednak, że dyshydroza występuje nieco częściej u kobiet niż u mężczyzn.25

Czynniki geograficzne i sezonowe

Dyshydroza częściej rozwija się w cieplejszych klimatach oraz w okresie wiosny i lata (pompholyx sezonowy lub letni).2627 Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują również na wysoką częstość występowania w obszarach miejskich, co może być związane z czynnikami środowiskowymi, stresem i stylem życia typowym dla środowiska miejskiego.28

Badania wskazują, że przypadki dyshydrozy są rzadsze wśród populacji azjatyckich.29 Interesujące jest to, że w krajach o cieplejszym klimacie dyshydroza jest częstsza, co sugeruje wpływ klimatu na występowanie tej choroby.30

W badaniu przeprowadzonym w regionie pustynnym Indii zaobserwowano wzrost ogólnej częstości występowania wyprysków w miesiącach letnich, co może wskazywać na rolę klimatu w etiopatogenezie dyshydrozy.3132 Kurz pustynny, szczególnie z pustyń azjatyckich, jest podejrzewany jako czynnik etiologiczny różnych schorzeń wypryskowatych, w tym dyshydrozy.33

Występowanie u dzieci

Dyshydroza jest rzadziej diagnozowana u dzieci w porównaniu do dorosłych. W badaniu przeprowadzonym na 6300 pacjentach pediatrycznych w Turcji w 2006 roku stwierdzono, że 1% miało dyshydrozę.34 W analizie bazy danych IBM MarketScan dzieci były najmniej liczną grupą wiekową z rozpoznaniem dyshydrozy.35

Predyspozycje zawodowe

W jednym z badań najczęstszymi zawodami wykonywanymi przez pacjentów z dyshydrozą były prace w przemyśle usługowym lub produkcyjnym.36 Może to sugerować związek między ekspozycją zawodową na różne czynniki środowiskowe a rozwojem dyshydrozy, chociaż dokładne mechanizmy nie są w pełni poznane.

Nadzór i monitoring

Diagnoza dyshydrozy jest głównie kliniczna i opiera się na szczegółowym wywiadzie oraz wyglądzie wysypki.3738 W mniej oczywistych przypadkach można rozważyć wykonanie testów RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin) oraz preparatu z wodorotlenkiem potasu w ramach diagnostyki różnicowej.39

Badania nie są zwykle konieczne, ponieważ diagnoza może być postawiona klinicznie. Jednak w przypadkach, które nie reagują na leczenie, należy rozważyć posiew i oznaczenie wrażliwości na antybiotyki w celu wykluczenia zakażenia bakteryjnego, biopsję sztancową w celu wykluczenia zakażenia grzybiczego oraz testy płatkowe w kierunku zapalenia skóry z kontaktu.40

Biopsja wykazuje spongiozę z naciekiem limfocytarnym naskórka.41 Jest ona zarezerwowana dla pacjentów z chorobą oporną na leczenie lub przy podejrzeniu wtórnego zakażenia.4243

Wzrost świadomości

Ważnym aspektem jest to, że wraz z coraz szerszą znajomością choroby rośnie liczba wizyt w placówkach medycznych, co jest pozytywnym sygnałem zwiększonej świadomości dyshydrozy.44 Leczenie dyshydrozy uważa się za oporne, gdy brak poprawy po dwóch do czterech tygodni odpowiedniej terapii.45

Istotnym aspektem nadzoru nad dyshydrozą jest monitorowanie skuteczności leczenia, które koncentruje się na leczeniu ostrych wykwitów i długoterminowej pielęgnacji skóry.4647 Dyshydroza może powodować znaczny dyskomfort fizyczny, stres psychologiczny i upośledzenie zawodowe, co podkreśla potrzebę skutecznego nadzoru i monitorowania tej choroby.48

Komplikacje i współwystępowanie

Dyshydroza jako jednostka chorobowa nie jest związana z żadnymi ogólnoustrojowymi powikłaniami. Zgłaszano jednak, że jest częstsza u osób z atopią.49 Najczęstszą prezentacją jest symetryczna erupcja swędzących pęcherzyków, która ustępuje w ciągu trzech do czterech tygodni, pozostawiając łuszczenie się skóry.50

W niektórych przypadkach zaleca się wykonanie badań serologicznych w kierunku wirusa ludzkiej białaczki z komórek T typu 1 (HTLV-1), aby wykluczyć wariant dyshydrozy podobny do białaczki/chłoniaka z komórek T u dorosłych.51

Chociaż kiedyś uważano, że istnieje związek między dyshydrozą a nieprawidłowym poceniem się dłoni, zostało to później obalone przez badania histologiczne.52

Badania kliniczne i leczenie

Pomimo względnie częstego występowania dyshydrozy, przeprowadzono stosunkowo niewiele randomizowanych badań klinicznych oceniających skuteczność różnych interwencji. Istnieją liczne dowody potwierdzające stosowanie leków miejscowych, takich jak kortykosteroidy, inhibitory kalcyneuryny i beksaroten, ale nie opublikowano jeszcze żadnych randomizowanych badań dotyczących jednoczesnego stosowania leków miejscowych i krótkotrwałych ogólnoustrojowych kortykosteroidów, które są najczęściej stosowaną kombinacją leczenia w przypadku tego schorzenia.53

Identyfikacja stanu na podstawie cech klinicznych ma kluczowe znaczenie, biorąc pod uwagę, że jest to głównie diagnoza kliniczna, a biopsja jest zarezerwowana dla pacjentów z chorobą oporną na leczenie lub podejrzeniem wtórnego zakażenia.5455

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Dyshidrotic Eczema: A Common Cause of Palmar Dermatitis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7647841/
    Dyshidrotic eczema (DE) or acute palmoplantar eczema is a common cause of hand and foot dermatitis in adults. […] The exact prevalence of DE is unknown but it accounts for approximately 5-20% of the causes of hand eczema. […] The management of DE focuses on the treatment of acute eruptions and long-term skincare. […] DE is a common cause of hand dermatitis.
  • #2 Dyshidrotic Eczema: Difficulty of Etiological Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmil/cmil-7-176.php/1000
    Dyshidrotic Eczema (DE) or acute palmoplantar eczema is a common cause of hand dermatitis in adults. […] The exact prevalence of DE is unknown but it accounts for approximately 5-20% of the causes of hand eczema. […] The diagnosis is mostly clinical and suggested by a recurrent rash of acute onset with vesicles and bullae located in the fingers extending to the palmar surfaces of the hands. […] The management of DE focuses on the treatment of acute eruptions and long-term skincare. […] DE treatment is considered refractory when there is a lack of improvement after two to four weeks of adequate therapy. […] The identification of the condition by clinical features is crucial given that it is mainly a clinical diagnosis and biopsy is reserved for patients with refractory disease or suspected secondary infection.
  • #3 Dyshidrotic Eczema (Pompholyx): Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1122527-overview
    Dyshidrotic eczema occurs in 5-20% of US patients with hand eczema; it more commonly develops in warmer climates and during spring and summer months (seasonal or summer pompholyx). […] In a 1-year study from Sweden, dyshidrotic eczema accounted for 1% of initial consultations. A study that included 107,206 Swedish individuals found that 51 (0.05%) were diagnosed with dyshidrosis. Of all hand dermatitis cases in that population, 3% had dyshidrosis. In a retrospective study reviewing records of 714 Portuguese patients during a 6-year period, Magina et al found dyshidrotic eczema to be the third most common type of hand dermatitis (20.3%). […] Dyshidrotic eczema affects individuals over a broad age range (4-76 y; mean age, 38 y). The peak incidence of the skin condition occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] The male-to-female ratio for dyshidrotic eczema has variably been reported as 1:1 or 1:2.
  • #4 DYSHIDROTIC ECZEMA | Hand Surgery Resource
    https://www.handsurgeryresource.net/dysh-eczema
    Dyshidrotic eczema accounts for 5-20% of all cases of hand eczema. The mean age of occurrence is 38 years, with a peak incidence between 20-40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] Although hand dermatitis in general is more common in young women, dyshidrotic eczema appears to have a fairly even male-to-female distribution ratio. […] Although dyshidrotic eczema is a fairly common condition, relatively few randomized controlled trials have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of various interventions. There is ample evidence to support the use of topical drugs such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and bexarotene, but no randomized study has yet been published on concomitant topical and short-term systemic corticosteroids, which is the most common treatment combination used for this condition. […] It was once believed that there was an association between dyshidrotic eczema and abnormal sweating of the palms, but this has since been disproven by histological studies.
  • #5 Dyshidrotic Eczema (Pompholyx): Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1122527-overview
    Dyshidrotic eczema occurs in 5-20% of US patients with hand eczema; it more commonly develops in warmer climates and during spring and summer months (seasonal or summer pompholyx). […] In a 1-year study from Sweden, dyshidrotic eczema accounted for 1% of initial consultations. A study that included 107,206 Swedish individuals found that 51 (0.05%) were diagnosed with dyshidrosis. Of all hand dermatitis cases in that population, 3% had dyshidrosis. In a retrospective study reviewing records of 714 Portuguese patients during a 6-year period, Magina et al found dyshidrotic eczema to be the third most common type of hand dermatitis (20.3%). […] Dyshidrotic eczema affects individuals over a broad age range (4-76 y; mean age, 38 y). The peak incidence of the skin condition occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] The male-to-female ratio for dyshidrotic eczema has variably been reported as 1:1 or 1:2.
  • #6 Pompholyx: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/pompholyx-pro
    It is more common in spring and summer and in countries with warmer climates. A Portuguese study found that pompholyx was the third most common type of hand eczema. A French study reported a female-to-male preponderance of 1.18:1 and a mean age of 35 years. […] Investigations are not usually necessary, as the diagnosis can invariably be made clinically. However, in cases which do not respond to treatment, culture and sensitivity to exclude bacterial infection, punch biopsy to exclude fungal infection and patch testing for contact dermatitis should be considered. Serology for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) should also be performed to rule out dyshidrosis-like variant of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
  • #7 Dermatologic Look-Alikes: Palmar Blisters – Clinical Advisor
    https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/dermatologic-look-alikes-palmar-blisters/
    Dyshidrotic eczema (DE) is a clinical variant of palmoplantar dermatitis presenting as a pruritic vesiculobullous eruption affecting the palms or soles. […] The exact incidence and prevalence of DE is difficult to ascertain. In an analysis of insurance claims data from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database, which currently includes information from 50 million Americans, 35,000 people were diagnosed with DE in 2018. […] Among these patients there was a slight female predominance and the average age of diagnosis is in the 4th decade of life. […] Children were the least common age group diagnosed with DE. […] In this same study, the most common occupations of DE patients were in the service industry or in manufacturing.
  • #8 Dyshidrotic Eczema (Pompholyx): Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1122527-overview
    Dyshidrotic eczema occurs in 5-20% of US patients with hand eczema; it more commonly develops in warmer climates and during spring and summer months (seasonal or summer pompholyx). […] In a 1-year study from Sweden, dyshidrotic eczema accounted for 1% of initial consultations. A study that included 107,206 Swedish individuals found that 51 (0.05%) were diagnosed with dyshidrosis. Of all hand dermatitis cases in that population, 3% had dyshidrosis. In a retrospective study reviewing records of 714 Portuguese patients during a 6-year period, Magina et al found dyshidrotic eczema to be the third most common type of hand dermatitis (20.3%). […] Dyshidrotic eczema affects individuals over a broad age range (4-76 y; mean age, 38 y). The peak incidence of the skin condition occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] The male-to-female ratio for dyshidrotic eczema has variably been reported as 1:1 or 1:2.
  • #9 Dyshidrosis – Wikiwand
    https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Dyshidrosis
    A study of 20,000 randomly-selected individuals in Gothenburg, Sweden in 1988 found 2% of male respondents and 3% of female respondents to have dyshidrosis, and that it comprised 5% of cases of hand eczema of any type. […] A study of 6300 pediatric patients in Turkey in 2006 found 1% to have dyshidrosis.
  • #10 Dyshidrosis
    http://medbox.iiab.me/kiwix/wikipedia_en_medicine_2019-12/A/Dyshidrosis
    About 1 in 2,000 people are affected in Sweden. Males and females appear to be affected equally. […] Dyshidrosis: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and therapy.
  • #11 Dyshidrotic Eczema | Enliven Archive
    http://www.enlivenarchive.org/articles/dyshidrotic-eczema.html
    Dyshidrotic eczema accounts for 5 to 20% of all cases of hand dermatitis. […] In one population study, the one-year prevalence of dyshidrotic eczema was estimated to be 0.5%. […] Although dyshidrotic eczema occurs worldwide, it is less common among Asians. […] The condition is more common in hot weather. […] The peak age of onset is between 20 and 30 years of age. […] The sex incidence is approximately equal.
  • #12 Dyshidrosis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688690/all/Dyshidrosis?q=Weakness
    Mean age of onset is 40 years. […] Male = female […] Comprises 520% of hand eczema cases […] Prevalence 20 cases/100,000 people.
  • #13 What Is Dyshidrotic Eczema? Its Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, & Prevention
    https://eczemaless.com/what-is-dyshidrotic-eczema/
    Dyshidrotic eczema is relatively common, affecting approximately 1 in 5,000 people. It can occur at any age but is most frequently seen in adults aged 20 to 40. The condition tends to be more prevalent in warmer climates and during spring and summer months. […] Dyshidrotic eczema is a challenging condition that requires a multifaceted approach to management. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options can empower patients to take control of their condition and improve their quality of life. By working closely with a dermatologist and implementing preventive measures, individuals with dyshidrotic eczema can achieve better skin health and reduce the impact of this chronic condition on their daily lives.
  • #14 Dyshidrotic Eczema (Pompholyx): Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1122527-overview
    Dyshidrotic eczema occurs in 5-20% of US patients with hand eczema; it more commonly develops in warmer climates and during spring and summer months (seasonal or summer pompholyx). […] In a 1-year study from Sweden, dyshidrotic eczema accounted for 1% of initial consultations. A study that included 107,206 Swedish individuals found that 51 (0.05%) were diagnosed with dyshidrosis. Of all hand dermatitis cases in that population, 3% had dyshidrosis. In a retrospective study reviewing records of 714 Portuguese patients during a 6-year period, Magina et al found dyshidrotic eczema to be the third most common type of hand dermatitis (20.3%). […] Dyshidrotic eczema affects individuals over a broad age range (4-76 y; mean age, 38 y). The peak incidence of the skin condition occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] The male-to-female ratio for dyshidrotic eczema has variably been reported as 1:1 or 1:2.
  • #15 DYSHIDROTIC ECZEMA | Hand Surgery Resource
    https://www.handsurgeryresource.net/dysh-eczema
    Dyshidrotic eczema accounts for 5-20% of all cases of hand eczema. The mean age of occurrence is 38 years, with a peak incidence between 20-40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] Although hand dermatitis in general is more common in young women, dyshidrotic eczema appears to have a fairly even male-to-female distribution ratio. […] Although dyshidrotic eczema is a fairly common condition, relatively few randomized controlled trials have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of various interventions. There is ample evidence to support the use of topical drugs such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and bexarotene, but no randomized study has yet been published on concomitant topical and short-term systemic corticosteroids, which is the most common treatment combination used for this condition. […] It was once believed that there was an association between dyshidrotic eczema and abnormal sweating of the palms, but this has since been disproven by histological studies.
  • #16 Dyshidrosis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688690/all/Dyshidrosis?q=Weakness
    Mean age of onset is 40 years. […] Male = female […] Comprises 520% of hand eczema cases […] Prevalence 20 cases/100,000 people.
  • #17 Dyshidrotic Eczema (Pompholyx): Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1122527-overview
    Dyshidrotic eczema occurs in 5-20% of US patients with hand eczema; it more commonly develops in warmer climates and during spring and summer months (seasonal or summer pompholyx). […] In a 1-year study from Sweden, dyshidrotic eczema accounted for 1% of initial consultations. A study that included 107,206 Swedish individuals found that 51 (0.05%) were diagnosed with dyshidrosis. Of all hand dermatitis cases in that population, 3% had dyshidrosis. In a retrospective study reviewing records of 714 Portuguese patients during a 6-year period, Magina et al found dyshidrotic eczema to be the third most common type of hand dermatitis (20.3%). […] Dyshidrotic eczema affects individuals over a broad age range (4-76 y; mean age, 38 y). The peak incidence of the skin condition occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] The male-to-female ratio for dyshidrotic eczema has variably been reported as 1:1 or 1:2.
  • #18 DYSHIDROTIC ECZEMA | Hand Surgery Resource
    https://www.handsurgeryresource.net/dysh-eczema
    Dyshidrotic eczema accounts for 5-20% of all cases of hand eczema. The mean age of occurrence is 38 years, with a peak incidence between 20-40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] Although hand dermatitis in general is more common in young women, dyshidrotic eczema appears to have a fairly even male-to-female distribution ratio. […] Although dyshidrotic eczema is a fairly common condition, relatively few randomized controlled trials have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of various interventions. There is ample evidence to support the use of topical drugs such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and bexarotene, but no randomized study has yet been published on concomitant topical and short-term systemic corticosteroids, which is the most common treatment combination used for this condition. […] It was once believed that there was an association between dyshidrotic eczema and abnormal sweating of the palms, but this has since been disproven by histological studies.
  • #19 Pompholyx: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/pompholyx-pro
    It is more common in spring and summer and in countries with warmer climates. A Portuguese study found that pompholyx was the third most common type of hand eczema. A French study reported a female-to-male preponderance of 1.18:1 and a mean age of 35 years. […] Investigations are not usually necessary, as the diagnosis can invariably be made clinically. However, in cases which do not respond to treatment, culture and sensitivity to exclude bacterial infection, punch biopsy to exclude fungal infection and patch testing for contact dermatitis should be considered. Serology for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) should also be performed to rule out dyshidrosis-like variant of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
  • #20 Dyshidrotic Eczema (Pompholyx): Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1122527-overview
    Dyshidrotic eczema occurs in 5-20% of US patients with hand eczema; it more commonly develops in warmer climates and during spring and summer months (seasonal or summer pompholyx). […] In a 1-year study from Sweden, dyshidrotic eczema accounted for 1% of initial consultations. A study that included 107,206 Swedish individuals found that 51 (0.05%) were diagnosed with dyshidrosis. Of all hand dermatitis cases in that population, 3% had dyshidrosis. In a retrospective study reviewing records of 714 Portuguese patients during a 6-year period, Magina et al found dyshidrotic eczema to be the third most common type of hand dermatitis (20.3%). […] Dyshidrotic eczema affects individuals over a broad age range (4-76 y; mean age, 38 y). The peak incidence of the skin condition occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] The male-to-female ratio for dyshidrotic eczema has variably been reported as 1:1 or 1:2.
  • #21 Understanding and Managing Dyshidrosis – Cura4U
    https://cura4u.com/blog/understanding-and-managing-dyshidrosis
    The prevalence of dyshidrosis can vary significantly. It is estimated to affect 5-20% of individuals with hand eczema. This condition is more frequently observed in warmer climates and during the spring and summer months, known as seasonal or summer pompholyx. The male-to-female ratio for dyshidrotic eczema varies and has been reported as 1:1 or 1:2. It can affect individuals ranging from 4 to 76 years of age, with the highest incidence observed in patients aged 20-40 years. […] By understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevalence of dyshidrosis, individuals can seek appropriate treatment and develop effective management strategies to minimize its impact on their daily lives.
  • #22 Dermatologic Look-Alikes: Palmar Blisters – Clinical Advisor
    https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/dermatologic-look-alikes-palmar-blisters/
    Dyshidrotic eczema (DE) is a clinical variant of palmoplantar dermatitis presenting as a pruritic vesiculobullous eruption affecting the palms or soles. […] The exact incidence and prevalence of DE is difficult to ascertain. In an analysis of insurance claims data from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database, which currently includes information from 50 million Americans, 35,000 people were diagnosed with DE in 2018. […] Among these patients there was a slight female predominance and the average age of diagnosis is in the 4th decade of life. […] Children were the least common age group diagnosed with DE. […] In this same study, the most common occupations of DE patients were in the service industry or in manufacturing.
  • #23 DYSHIDROTIC ECZEMA | Hand Surgery Resource
    https://www.handsurgeryresource.net/dysh-eczema
    Dyshidrotic eczema accounts for 5-20% of all cases of hand eczema. The mean age of occurrence is 38 years, with a peak incidence between 20-40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] Although hand dermatitis in general is more common in young women, dyshidrotic eczema appears to have a fairly even male-to-female distribution ratio. […] Although dyshidrotic eczema is a fairly common condition, relatively few randomized controlled trials have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of various interventions. There is ample evidence to support the use of topical drugs such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and bexarotene, but no randomized study has yet been published on concomitant topical and short-term systemic corticosteroids, which is the most common treatment combination used for this condition. […] It was once believed that there was an association between dyshidrotic eczema and abnormal sweating of the palms, but this has since been disproven by histological studies.
  • #24 Dyshidrosis
    http://medbox.iiab.me/kiwix/wikipedia_en_medicine_2019-12/A/Dyshidrosis
    About 1 in 2,000 people are affected in Sweden. Males and females appear to be affected equally. […] Dyshidrosis: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and therapy.
  • #25 Pompholyx eczema | Nursing Times
    https://www.nursingtimes.net/dermatology/pompholyx-eczema-14-10-2003/
    – It is most often seen in 20 to 40-year-olds and occurs slightly more often in women than men. […] – It accounts for approximately six per cent of hand dermatitis cases (Pillinger, 2003).
  • #26 Dyshidrotic Eczema (Pompholyx): Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1122527-overview
    Dyshidrotic eczema occurs in 5-20% of US patients with hand eczema; it more commonly develops in warmer climates and during spring and summer months (seasonal or summer pompholyx). […] In a 1-year study from Sweden, dyshidrotic eczema accounted for 1% of initial consultations. A study that included 107,206 Swedish individuals found that 51 (0.05%) were diagnosed with dyshidrosis. Of all hand dermatitis cases in that population, 3% had dyshidrosis. In a retrospective study reviewing records of 714 Portuguese patients during a 6-year period, Magina et al found dyshidrotic eczema to be the third most common type of hand dermatitis (20.3%). […] Dyshidrotic eczema affects individuals over a broad age range (4-76 y; mean age, 38 y). The peak incidence of the skin condition occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] The male-to-female ratio for dyshidrotic eczema has variably been reported as 1:1 or 1:2.
  • #27 Understanding and Managing Dyshidrosis – Cura4U
    https://cura4u.com/blog/understanding-and-managing-dyshidrosis
    The prevalence of dyshidrosis can vary significantly. It is estimated to affect 5-20% of individuals with hand eczema. This condition is more frequently observed in warmer climates and during the spring and summer months, known as seasonal or summer pompholyx. The male-to-female ratio for dyshidrotic eczema varies and has been reported as 1:1 or 1:2. It can affect individuals ranging from 4 to 76 years of age, with the highest incidence observed in patients aged 20-40 years. […] By understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevalence of dyshidrosis, individuals can seek appropriate treatment and develop effective management strategies to minimize its impact on their daily lives.
  • #28 Pompholyx Eczema – VALINTERMED treatment in Valencia
    https://valintermed.com/en/medlibrary/pomfoliks-ekzema/
    Studies show that pompholyx eczema is a common disease affecting 2-5% populations in developed countries. […] Epidemiological data also indicate a high incidence in urban areas, which may be due to environmental factors, stress and lifestyle typical of the urban environment. […] An important aspect is that as the disease becomes more widely known, so do the number of visits to medical care, which is a positive sign of increased awareness of pompholyx.
  • #29 Dyshidrotic Eczema | Enliven Archive
    http://www.enlivenarchive.org/articles/dyshidrotic-eczema.html
    Dyshidrotic eczema accounts for 5 to 20% of all cases of hand dermatitis. […] In one population study, the one-year prevalence of dyshidrotic eczema was estimated to be 0.5%. […] Although dyshidrotic eczema occurs worldwide, it is less common among Asians. […] The condition is more common in hot weather. […] The peak age of onset is between 20 and 30 years of age. […] The sex incidence is approximately equal.
  • #30 Pompholyx: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/pompholyx-pro
    It is more common in spring and summer and in countries with warmer climates. A Portuguese study found that pompholyx was the third most common type of hand eczema. A French study reported a female-to-male preponderance of 1.18:1 and a mean age of 35 years. […] Investigations are not usually necessary, as the diagnosis can invariably be made clinically. However, in cases which do not respond to treatment, culture and sensitivity to exclude bacterial infection, punch biopsy to exclude fungal infection and patch testing for contact dermatitis should be considered. Serology for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) should also be performed to rule out dyshidrosis-like variant of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
  • #31
    https://journals.lww.com/ijpd/fulltext/2023/24010/epidemiology_and_clinical_pattern_of_eczemas_among.4.aspx
    Eczemas in the pediatric age group are quite common. […] The present study was conducted to evaluate the epidemiology and clinical pattern of various eczematous conditions occurring in children and adolescents in age group of 0-19 years in the dry desert areas of western India. […] A total of 362 children out of 1389 pediatric dermatoses had eczematous disorders during the study period. […] Endogenous eczemas were common than exogenous eczemas. […] Atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis were the most commonly observed eczemas among children and adolescents in a desert region of India. […] The overall male over female predominance of all eczemas was 1.7:1 in our study. […] Atopic dermatitis was the most common among the various eczemas in our study similar to many of the western countries and desert regions of Libya, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait.
  • #32
    https://journals.lww.com/ijpd/fulltext/2023/24010/epidemiology_and_clinical_pattern_of_eczemas_among.4.aspx
    Our study showed an increase in the overall incidence of eczemas in the summer months; however, atopic dermatitis cases had exacerbation of symptoms in winter months. […] The pattern of eczemas in different desert regions of the world was observed. […] This suggests a possible role of the terrain and climate in etiopathogenesis. […] The desert dust, in specific the Asian desert dust, is suspected as an etiological factor of atopic dermatitis and other eczemas. […] These points explain the increase in the incidence of various eczematous disorders in desert regions.
  • #33
    https://journals.lww.com/ijpd/fulltext/2023/24010/epidemiology_and_clinical_pattern_of_eczemas_among.4.aspx
    Our study showed an increase in the overall incidence of eczemas in the summer months; however, atopic dermatitis cases had exacerbation of symptoms in winter months. […] The pattern of eczemas in different desert regions of the world was observed. […] This suggests a possible role of the terrain and climate in etiopathogenesis. […] The desert dust, in specific the Asian desert dust, is suspected as an etiological factor of atopic dermatitis and other eczemas. […] These points explain the increase in the incidence of various eczematous disorders in desert regions.
  • #34 Dyshidrosis – Wikiwand
    https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Dyshidrosis
    A study of 20,000 randomly-selected individuals in Gothenburg, Sweden in 1988 found 2% of male respondents and 3% of female respondents to have dyshidrosis, and that it comprised 5% of cases of hand eczema of any type. […] A study of 6300 pediatric patients in Turkey in 2006 found 1% to have dyshidrosis.
  • #35 Dermatologic Look-Alikes: Palmar Blisters – Clinical Advisor
    https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/dermatologic-look-alikes-palmar-blisters/
    Dyshidrotic eczema (DE) is a clinical variant of palmoplantar dermatitis presenting as a pruritic vesiculobullous eruption affecting the palms or soles. […] The exact incidence and prevalence of DE is difficult to ascertain. In an analysis of insurance claims data from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database, which currently includes information from 50 million Americans, 35,000 people were diagnosed with DE in 2018. […] Among these patients there was a slight female predominance and the average age of diagnosis is in the 4th decade of life. […] Children were the least common age group diagnosed with DE. […] In this same study, the most common occupations of DE patients were in the service industry or in manufacturing.
  • #36 Dermatologic Look-Alikes: Palmar Blisters – Clinical Advisor
    https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/dermatologic-look-alikes-palmar-blisters/
    Dyshidrotic eczema (DE) is a clinical variant of palmoplantar dermatitis presenting as a pruritic vesiculobullous eruption affecting the palms or soles. […] The exact incidence and prevalence of DE is difficult to ascertain. In an analysis of insurance claims data from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database, which currently includes information from 50 million Americans, 35,000 people were diagnosed with DE in 2018. […] Among these patients there was a slight female predominance and the average age of diagnosis is in the 4th decade of life. […] Children were the least common age group diagnosed with DE. […] In this same study, the most common occupations of DE patients were in the service industry or in manufacturing.
  • #37 Dyshidrotic Eczema: Difficulty of Etiological Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmil/cmil-7-176.php/1000
    Dyshidrotic Eczema (DE) or acute palmoplantar eczema is a common cause of hand dermatitis in adults. […] The exact prevalence of DE is unknown but it accounts for approximately 5-20% of the causes of hand eczema. […] The diagnosis is mostly clinical and suggested by a recurrent rash of acute onset with vesicles and bullae located in the fingers extending to the palmar surfaces of the hands. […] The management of DE focuses on the treatment of acute eruptions and long-term skincare. […] DE treatment is considered refractory when there is a lack of improvement after two to four weeks of adequate therapy. […] The identification of the condition by clinical features is crucial given that it is mainly a clinical diagnosis and biopsy is reserved for patients with refractory disease or suspected secondary infection.
  • #38 Symmetrical Vesicular Eruption on the Palms | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p811.html
    Dyshidrotic eczema, also known as dyshidrosis and pompholyx, is a vesicular eruption that primarily affects the palmar aspect of the hands and lateral aspects of the fingers. […] The most common presentation is a symmetrical eruption of pruritic vesicles that resolves in three to four weeks with residual scaling. […] The etiology is unknown, but associated factors include stress, allergic reaction (particularly exposure to nickel and other metals), fungal infections, and genetic predisposition. […] Diagnosis of dyshidrotic eczema is clinical and based on a detailed history and the appearance of the rash. […] In less obvious cases, rapid plasma reagin testing and a potassium hydroxide preparation should be considered as part of the diagnostic workup. […] A culture of the vesicles may rule out a secondary infection. […] A punch biopsy of the affected area will reveal spongiosis with an epidermal lymphocytic infiltrate.
  • #39 Symmetrical Vesicular Eruption on the Palms | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p811.html
    Dyshidrotic eczema, also known as dyshidrosis and pompholyx, is a vesicular eruption that primarily affects the palmar aspect of the hands and lateral aspects of the fingers. […] The most common presentation is a symmetrical eruption of pruritic vesicles that resolves in three to four weeks with residual scaling. […] The etiology is unknown, but associated factors include stress, allergic reaction (particularly exposure to nickel and other metals), fungal infections, and genetic predisposition. […] Diagnosis of dyshidrotic eczema is clinical and based on a detailed history and the appearance of the rash. […] In less obvious cases, rapid plasma reagin testing and a potassium hydroxide preparation should be considered as part of the diagnostic workup. […] A culture of the vesicles may rule out a secondary infection. […] A punch biopsy of the affected area will reveal spongiosis with an epidermal lymphocytic infiltrate.
  • #40 Pompholyx: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/pompholyx-pro
    It is more common in spring and summer and in countries with warmer climates. A Portuguese study found that pompholyx was the third most common type of hand eczema. A French study reported a female-to-male preponderance of 1.18:1 and a mean age of 35 years. […] Investigations are not usually necessary, as the diagnosis can invariably be made clinically. However, in cases which do not respond to treatment, culture and sensitivity to exclude bacterial infection, punch biopsy to exclude fungal infection and patch testing for contact dermatitis should be considered. Serology for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) should also be performed to rule out dyshidrosis-like variant of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
  • #41 Symmetrical Vesicular Eruption on the Palms | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p811.html
    Dyshidrotic eczema, also known as dyshidrosis and pompholyx, is a vesicular eruption that primarily affects the palmar aspect of the hands and lateral aspects of the fingers. […] The most common presentation is a symmetrical eruption of pruritic vesicles that resolves in three to four weeks with residual scaling. […] The etiology is unknown, but associated factors include stress, allergic reaction (particularly exposure to nickel and other metals), fungal infections, and genetic predisposition. […] Diagnosis of dyshidrotic eczema is clinical and based on a detailed history and the appearance of the rash. […] In less obvious cases, rapid plasma reagin testing and a potassium hydroxide preparation should be considered as part of the diagnostic workup. […] A culture of the vesicles may rule out a secondary infection. […] A punch biopsy of the affected area will reveal spongiosis with an epidermal lymphocytic infiltrate.
  • #42 Dyshidrotic Eczema: Difficulty of Etiological Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmil/cmil-7-176.php/1000
    Dyshidrotic Eczema (DE) or acute palmoplantar eczema is a common cause of hand dermatitis in adults. […] The exact prevalence of DE is unknown but it accounts for approximately 5-20% of the causes of hand eczema. […] The diagnosis is mostly clinical and suggested by a recurrent rash of acute onset with vesicles and bullae located in the fingers extending to the palmar surfaces of the hands. […] The management of DE focuses on the treatment of acute eruptions and long-term skincare. […] DE treatment is considered refractory when there is a lack of improvement after two to four weeks of adequate therapy. […] The identification of the condition by clinical features is crucial given that it is mainly a clinical diagnosis and biopsy is reserved for patients with refractory disease or suspected secondary infection.
  • #43 Dyshidrotic Eczema: Difficulty of Etiological Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management
    https://www.onlinescientificresearch.com/articles/dyshidrotic-eczema-difficulty-of-etiological-diagnosis-and-therapeutic-management.html
    Dyshidrotic eczema (DE) or acute palmoplantar eczema is a common cause of hand dermatitis in adults. […] The exact prevalence of DE is unknown but it accounts for approximately 5-20% of the causes of hand eczema. […] The identification of the condition by clinical features is crucial given that it is mainly a clinical diagnosis and biopsy is reserved for patients with refractory disease or suspected secondary infection.
  • #44 Pompholyx Eczema – VALINTERMED treatment in Valencia
    https://valintermed.com/en/medlibrary/pomfoliks-ekzema/
    Studies show that pompholyx eczema is a common disease affecting 2-5% populations in developed countries. […] Epidemiological data also indicate a high incidence in urban areas, which may be due to environmental factors, stress and lifestyle typical of the urban environment. […] An important aspect is that as the disease becomes more widely known, so do the number of visits to medical care, which is a positive sign of increased awareness of pompholyx.
  • #45 Dyshidrotic Eczema: Difficulty of Etiological Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmil/cmil-7-176.php/1000
    Dyshidrotic Eczema (DE) or acute palmoplantar eczema is a common cause of hand dermatitis in adults. […] The exact prevalence of DE is unknown but it accounts for approximately 5-20% of the causes of hand eczema. […] The diagnosis is mostly clinical and suggested by a recurrent rash of acute onset with vesicles and bullae located in the fingers extending to the palmar surfaces of the hands. […] The management of DE focuses on the treatment of acute eruptions and long-term skincare. […] DE treatment is considered refractory when there is a lack of improvement after two to four weeks of adequate therapy. […] The identification of the condition by clinical features is crucial given that it is mainly a clinical diagnosis and biopsy is reserved for patients with refractory disease or suspected secondary infection.
  • #46 Dyshidrotic Eczema: A Common Cause of Palmar Dermatitis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7647841/
    Dyshidrotic eczema (DE) or acute palmoplantar eczema is a common cause of hand and foot dermatitis in adults. […] The exact prevalence of DE is unknown but it accounts for approximately 5-20% of the causes of hand eczema. […] The management of DE focuses on the treatment of acute eruptions and long-term skincare. […] DE is a common cause of hand dermatitis.
  • #47 Dyshidrotic Eczema: Difficulty of Etiological Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmil/cmil-7-176.php/1000
    Dyshidrotic Eczema (DE) or acute palmoplantar eczema is a common cause of hand dermatitis in adults. […] The exact prevalence of DE is unknown but it accounts for approximately 5-20% of the causes of hand eczema. […] The diagnosis is mostly clinical and suggested by a recurrent rash of acute onset with vesicles and bullae located in the fingers extending to the palmar surfaces of the hands. […] The management of DE focuses on the treatment of acute eruptions and long-term skincare. […] DE treatment is considered refractory when there is a lack of improvement after two to four weeks of adequate therapy. […] The identification of the condition by clinical features is crucial given that it is mainly a clinical diagnosis and biopsy is reserved for patients with refractory disease or suspected secondary infection.
  • #48 Dyshidrosis: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and therapy – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17150166/
    Dyshidrosis is a common chronic dermatitis of the hands and feet that may cause significant physical discomfort, psychological distress, and occupational impairment. Topics reviewed in this article include epidemiology, clinical findings, quality of life, and therapeutic considerations. […] Eczema, Dyshidrotic / epidemiology* Actions.
  • #49 Dyshidrotic Dermatitis – Dermatology Advisor
    https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/dyshidrotic-dermatitis/
    The prevalence of hand dermatitis varies by report and is thought to be between 2% to 8.9% of the general population. Dyshidrotic dermatitis may comprise about 20% to 25% of cases of hand dermatitis. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of dyshidrotic dermatitis is, as of yet, unknown. In most patients a direct cause will not be identified. […] Dyshidrotic dermatitis as an entity is not associated with any systemic complications. It has been reported to be more common in individuals with atopy.
  • #50 Symmetrical Vesicular Eruption on the Palms | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0415/p811.html
    Dyshidrotic eczema, also known as dyshidrosis and pompholyx, is a vesicular eruption that primarily affects the palmar aspect of the hands and lateral aspects of the fingers. […] The most common presentation is a symmetrical eruption of pruritic vesicles that resolves in three to four weeks with residual scaling. […] The etiology is unknown, but associated factors include stress, allergic reaction (particularly exposure to nickel and other metals), fungal infections, and genetic predisposition. […] Diagnosis of dyshidrotic eczema is clinical and based on a detailed history and the appearance of the rash. […] In less obvious cases, rapid plasma reagin testing and a potassium hydroxide preparation should be considered as part of the diagnostic workup. […] A culture of the vesicles may rule out a secondary infection. […] A punch biopsy of the affected area will reveal spongiosis with an epidermal lymphocytic infiltrate.
  • #51 Pompholyx: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/pompholyx-pro
    It is more common in spring and summer and in countries with warmer climates. A Portuguese study found that pompholyx was the third most common type of hand eczema. A French study reported a female-to-male preponderance of 1.18:1 and a mean age of 35 years. […] Investigations are not usually necessary, as the diagnosis can invariably be made clinically. However, in cases which do not respond to treatment, culture and sensitivity to exclude bacterial infection, punch biopsy to exclude fungal infection and patch testing for contact dermatitis should be considered. Serology for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) should also be performed to rule out dyshidrosis-like variant of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
  • #52 DYSHIDROTIC ECZEMA | Hand Surgery Resource
    https://www.handsurgeryresource.net/dysh-eczema
    Dyshidrotic eczema accounts for 5-20% of all cases of hand eczema. The mean age of occurrence is 38 years, with a peak incidence between 20-40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] Although hand dermatitis in general is more common in young women, dyshidrotic eczema appears to have a fairly even male-to-female distribution ratio. […] Although dyshidrotic eczema is a fairly common condition, relatively few randomized controlled trials have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of various interventions. There is ample evidence to support the use of topical drugs such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and bexarotene, but no randomized study has yet been published on concomitant topical and short-term systemic corticosteroids, which is the most common treatment combination used for this condition. […] It was once believed that there was an association between dyshidrotic eczema and abnormal sweating of the palms, but this has since been disproven by histological studies.
  • #53 DYSHIDROTIC ECZEMA | Hand Surgery Resource
    https://www.handsurgeryresource.net/dysh-eczema
    Dyshidrotic eczema accounts for 5-20% of all cases of hand eczema. The mean age of occurrence is 38 years, with a peak incidence between 20-40 years. After middle age, the frequency of dyshidrotic eczema episodes tends to decrease. […] Although hand dermatitis in general is more common in young women, dyshidrotic eczema appears to have a fairly even male-to-female distribution ratio. […] Although dyshidrotic eczema is a fairly common condition, relatively few randomized controlled trials have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of various interventions. There is ample evidence to support the use of topical drugs such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and bexarotene, but no randomized study has yet been published on concomitant topical and short-term systemic corticosteroids, which is the most common treatment combination used for this condition. […] It was once believed that there was an association between dyshidrotic eczema and abnormal sweating of the palms, but this has since been disproven by histological studies.
  • #54 Dyshidrotic Eczema: Difficulty of Etiological Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmil/cmil-7-176.php/1000
    Dyshidrotic Eczema (DE) or acute palmoplantar eczema is a common cause of hand dermatitis in adults. […] The exact prevalence of DE is unknown but it accounts for approximately 5-20% of the causes of hand eczema. […] The diagnosis is mostly clinical and suggested by a recurrent rash of acute onset with vesicles and bullae located in the fingers extending to the palmar surfaces of the hands. […] The management of DE focuses on the treatment of acute eruptions and long-term skincare. […] DE treatment is considered refractory when there is a lack of improvement after two to four weeks of adequate therapy. […] The identification of the condition by clinical features is crucial given that it is mainly a clinical diagnosis and biopsy is reserved for patients with refractory disease or suspected secondary infection.
  • #55 Dyshidrotic Eczema: Difficulty of Etiological Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management
    https://www.onlinescientificresearch.com/articles/dyshidrotic-eczema-difficulty-of-etiological-diagnosis-and-therapeutic-management.html
    Dyshidrotic eczema (DE) or acute palmoplantar eczema is a common cause of hand dermatitis in adults. […] The exact prevalence of DE is unknown but it accounts for approximately 5-20% of the causes of hand eczema. […] The identification of the condition by clinical features is crucial given that it is mainly a clinical diagnosis and biopsy is reserved for patients with refractory disease or suspected secondary infection.