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• #1 Seizures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20365711

  Seizures are caused by changes in the way nerve cells in the brain communicate. Nerve cells in the brain create, send and receive electrical impulses. The nerve cells are called neurons. The impulses allow the cells to communicate. Anything that gets in way of the communication pathways can lead to a seizure. Gene changes cause some types of seizures. […] Epilepsy is a common cause of seizures. But not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy. Sometimes the following can cause seizures: A high fever. When fever causes a seizure, it’s called a febrile seizure. An infection of the brain. This may include meningitis or encephalitis. Serious illness. This includes serious illness with COVID-19. Lack of sleep. Low blood sodium. This can happen if you take medicine that makes you urinate. Certain medicines that treat pain or depression or help people stop smoking. A new, active brain injury, such as head trauma. It can cause bleeding in an area of the brain or a stroke. The use of drugs that are sold on the streets. This includes amphetamines and cocaine. Alcohol misuse. Seizures can happen from withdrawal from alcohol or from drinking too much alcohol.

• #2 Seizures Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/seizures

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Seizures of all types are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Causes of seizures can include: Abnormal levels of sodium or glucose in the blood, Brain infection, including meningitis and encephalitis, Brain injury that occurs to a baby during labor or childbirth, Brain problems that occur before birth (congenital brain defects), Brain tumor (a rare cause), Electric shock, Epilepsy, Fever (particularly in young children), Head injury, Heart disease, Heat illness (heat intolerance), High fever, Phenylketonuria (PKU), which can cause seizures in infants, Poisoning, Street drugs, such as angel dust (PCP), cocaine, and amphetamines, Stroke, Toxemia of pregnancy, Toxin buildup in the body due to liver or kidney failure, Very high blood pressure (malignant hypertension), Venomous bites and stings (such as a snake bite), Withdrawal from alcohol or certain medicines after using it for a long time. […] Sometimes, no cause can be found. This is called idiopathic seizures. They are usually seen in children and young adults, but can occur at any age. There may be a family history of epilepsy or seizures.

• #3 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Seizures of all types are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Causes of seizures can include: Abnormal levels of sodium or glucose in the blood, Brain infection, including meningitis and encephalitis, Brain injury that occurs to a baby during labor or childbirth, Brain problems that occur before birth (congenital brain defects), Brain tumor (a rare cause), Electric shock, Epilepsy, Fever (particularly in young children), Head injury, Heart disease, Heat illness (heat intolerance), High fever, Phenylketonuria (PKU), which can cause seizures in infants, Poisoning, Street drugs, such as angel dust (PCP), cocaine, and amphetamines, Stroke, Toxemia of pregnancy, Toxin buildup in the body due to liver or kidney failure, Very high blood pressure (malignant hypertension), Venomous bites and stings (such as a snake bite), Withdrawal from alcohol or certain medicines after using it for a long time.

• #4 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  A seizure is abnormal electrical activity in your brain. It causes changes in awareness and muscle control. It also causes symptoms that affect your behavior and senses. Seizures can affect anyone at any age and there are a lot of possible causes, from an underlying medical condition to an injury or illness. […] There are many possible causes of seizures because a lot of things can interfere with your brains typical electrical patterns. These range from changes to your blood sugar levels to an illness, injury or underlying condition. […] A surge of electrical activity in your brain causes a seizure. Neurons (nerve cells) communicate by sending electrical signals to different parts of your brain. When a seizure happens, the affected brain cells fire signals uncontrollably to others around them. This kind of electrical activity overloads the affected areas of your brain and causes seizure symptoms.

• #5 Seizures: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/neuro/seizures

  A seizure is caused by a sudden firing of uncontrolled electric signals in part of the brain. […] The abrupt change in brain activity can be caused by several reasons and can vary greatly in severity and length, which ranges from 30 seconds to two minutes, on average. […] Understanding the symptoms and causes of repeated seizures can help you and your doctor determine a course of action and minimize the impact of seizures on day-to-day life. […] Doctors know that seizures occur from a disruption in the communication pathways of nerve cells in the brain, causing a burst of abnormal activity, like a strand of holiday lights suddenly blinking in a wild sequence. […] Epilepsy is a disorder that commonly causes seizures, but not all seizures are caused by epilepsy. What triggers seizures varies from person to person. […] Causes of seizures can include: High fever, Infection, such as meningitis, Lack of sleep, Flashing lights, Trauma to the head, Certain medications, Recreational drug use, Low sodium levels (hyponatremia), Low glucose levels (hypoglycemia), Sepsis.

• #6 What Causes Nonepileptic Seizures? – Neurology Center For Epilepsy & Seizures

  https://www.neurocenternj.com/blog/what-causes-nonepileptic-seizures/

  Epilepsy is a severe medical condition that causes you to have seizures without warning. But did you know you can also have episodes without having epilepsy? There are a lot of different conditions that can cause you to have convulsions similar to epilepsy. […] This condition is diagnosed when you suffer two or more seizures that aren’t provoked by another triggering factor. These neurological events must occur at least 24 hours apart for you to be diagnosed as epileptic. […] An epilepsy neurotransmitter imbalance isn’t the only cause of seizure conditions, so finding out what other things can cause them is the key to finding the best treatment option for you. […] Nonepileptic seizures are usually the result of another underlying problem. There are many other causes of nonepileptic seizures, including: Stroke, Infection, Electrolyte imbalance, Traumatic brain injury, High fever.

• #7 Epilepsy Causes and Seizure Triggers | UPMC HealthBeat

  https://share.upmc.com/2015/06/epilepsy-causes-triggers/

  Epilepsy is defined as an interruption in the electrical activity in the brain that disrupts its normal function. This disruption causes seizures. A person is considered to have epilepsy if they have at least two unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart. Most people dont know why they have epilepsy. Understanding the causes and triggers of seizures can help lessen the frequency and feel more in control. […] Certain conditions can upset the electrical activity in the brain leading to and causing epileptic seizures. […] Common causes of seizures include: Head injury. Stroke. Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) in the brain. Brain tumor or lesion. Infection, such as meningitis or encephalitis. Alzheimers disease. Withdrawal from alcohol or drugs. […] In some cases, you may not find the exact cause of seizures or antiseizure or antiepilepsy medicines may not prevent every seizure. Its important to find out what triggers a seizure as well as warning signs that youre about to have one.

• #8 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures can occur for many reasons and are broadly classified based on whether they are provoked (acute symptomatic) or unprovoked. Identifying the underlying cause is critical for guiding treatment and assessing the risk of recurrence. […] Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, occur in direct response to an identifiable, transient cause affecting brain function. Common causes include: […] Unprovoked seizures occur without an immediate precipitating event. These include spontaneous seizures and reflex seizures, which are consistently triggered by specific stimuli (e.g., flashing lights) but arise due to an enduring predisposition, not a transient cause. […] Causes and contexts for unprovoked seizures include: […] Seizures are classified as provoked, when triggered by a known cause such as fever, head trauma, or metabolic imbalance, or unprovoked, when no immediate trigger is identified. Recurrent unprovoked seizures define the neurological condition epilepsy. […] Identifying the underlying cause is critical for guiding treatment and assessing the risk of recurrence.

• #9 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Seizures may be either provoked or unprovoked. Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, may result from electrolyte disorders, toxins, head injury, infectious processes, vascular anomalies, tumors or other mass lesions, and many other causes. A listing of provoked causes of seizures is lengthy and could include complications of almost any disease process. Some common causes are listed below: […] Epilepsy occurs because of a predisposition to seizures from genetic susceptibility or a chronic pathologic process. By definition, unprovoked seizures occur in the absence of provocative causes or more than seven days after an acute injury or insult such as stroke or brain hemorrhage. Recurrent unprovoked seizures define epilepsy. […] Of patients in United States general hospitals presenting with generalized convulsive status epilepticus, roughly one-fourth are patients with epilepsy with breakthrough seizures, medication irregularity, or new-onset epilepsy; one-fourth are patients with ethanol-related seizures, and one-half are patients with seizures that are provoked by a variety of medical conditions.

• #10 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Seizures may be either provoked or unprovoked. Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, may result from electrolyte disorders, toxins, head injury, infectious processes, vascular anomalies, tumors or other mass lesions, and many other causes. A listing of provoked causes of seizures is lengthy and could include complications of almost any disease process. Some common causes are listed below: […] Epilepsy occurs because of a predisposition to seizures from genetic susceptibility or a chronic pathologic process. By definition, unprovoked seizures occur in the absence of provocative causes or more than seven days after an acute injury or insult such as stroke or brain hemorrhage. Recurrent unprovoked seizures define epilepsy.

• #11 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  Seizures can happen for many different reasons. These include but arent limited to the following: Aneurysms. Brain tumors. Cerebral hypoxia. Cerebrovascular disease. Diabetes. Severe concussion and traumatic brain injury, especially ones with loss of consciousness. Degenerative brain diseases like Alzheimers disease or frontotemporal dementia. Eclampsia. Electrolyte problems, especially low sodium (hyponatremia), calcium or magnesium. Epilepsy (seizures that happen frequently without any clear, underlying cause). Genetic conditions. […] Seizure causes fall into two main categories depending on why they happen: Provoked seizures (nonepileptic): A trigger, which could be a temporary condition or certain circumstances, causes seizure symptoms to happen. Unprovoked seizures (epileptic): Seizures happen spontaneously (randomly). They may happen often. These seizures are the primary symptom of epilepsy. […] Seizures without a known cause are called idiopathic seizures.

• #12 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  Seizures can happen for many different reasons. These include but arent limited to the following: Aneurysms. Brain tumors. Cerebral hypoxia. Cerebrovascular disease. Diabetes. Severe concussion and traumatic brain injury, especially ones with loss of consciousness. Degenerative brain diseases like Alzheimers disease or frontotemporal dementia. Eclampsia. Electrolyte problems, especially low sodium (hyponatremia), calcium or magnesium. Epilepsy (seizures that happen frequently without any clear, underlying cause). Genetic conditions. […] Seizure causes fall into two main categories depending on why they happen: Provoked seizures (nonepileptic): A trigger, which could be a temporary condition or certain circumstances, causes seizure symptoms to happen. Unprovoked seizures (epileptic): Seizures happen spontaneously (randomly). They may happen often. These seizures are the primary symptom of epilepsy. […] Seizures without a known cause are called idiopathic seizures.

• #13 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures can occur for many reasons and are broadly classified based on whether they are provoked (acute symptomatic) or unprovoked. Identifying the underlying cause is critical for guiding treatment and assessing the risk of recurrence. […] Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, occur in direct response to an identifiable, transient cause affecting brain function. Common causes include: […] Unprovoked seizures occur without an immediate precipitating event. These include spontaneous seizures and reflex seizures, which are consistently triggered by specific stimuli (e.g., flashing lights) but arise due to an enduring predisposition, not a transient cause. […] Causes and contexts for unprovoked seizures include: […] Seizures are classified as provoked, when triggered by a known cause such as fever, head trauma, or metabolic imbalance, or unprovoked, when no immediate trigger is identified. Recurrent unprovoked seizures define the neurological condition epilepsy. […] Identifying the underlying cause is critical for guiding treatment and assessing the risk of recurrence.

• #14 Causes of Epilepsy – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/neurology-neurosurgery/epilepsy-seizures/causes

  There are many causes of epilepsy. Generally, the causes of epilepsy can be classified into three broad categories: genetic, cryptogenic and other. […] A mutation in a persons genes can put him or her at risk of developing epilepsy. […] Experts believe that, in many cases, genetic predisposition combined with environmental conditions lead to epilepsy. About 30 to 40 percent of epilepsy is caused by genetic predisposition. […] In about half of all cases of epilepsy, doctors are unable to pinpoint an exact, identifiable cause. […] When doctors dont know the cause of epilepsy or cant determine the cause with certainty, they consider it cryptogenic epilepsy. […] Some people develop epilepsy after a car accident or other traumatic head injury. […] Brain conditions, such as vascular malformations, brain tumors and strokes, can damage the brain. That brain damage can cause epilepsy. Damage from a stroke is the leading cause of epilepsy in adults over the age of 35.

• #15 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  Seizures can happen for many different reasons. These include but arent limited to the following: Aneurysms. Brain tumors. Cerebral hypoxia. Cerebrovascular disease. Diabetes. Severe concussion and traumatic brain injury, especially ones with loss of consciousness. Degenerative brain diseases like Alzheimers disease or frontotemporal dementia. Eclampsia. Electrolyte problems, especially low sodium (hyponatremia), calcium or magnesium. Epilepsy (seizures that happen frequently without any clear, underlying cause). Genetic conditions. […] Seizure causes fall into two main categories depending on why they happen: Provoked seizures (nonepileptic): A trigger, which could be a temporary condition or certain circumstances, causes seizure symptoms to happen. Unprovoked seizures (epileptic): Seizures happen spontaneously (randomly). They may happen often. These seizures are the primary symptom of epilepsy. […] Seizures without a known cause are called idiopathic seizures.

• #16 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Epilepsy has no identifiable cause in about half the people with the condition. In the other half, the condition may be traced to various factors, including: […] Other causes can be related to genetic abnormalities, prior brain infection, prenatal injuries or developmental disorders. But in about half of people with epilepsy, there’s no apparent cause. […] Some types of epilepsy run in families. In these instances, it’s likely that there’s a genetic influence. Researchers have linked some types of epilepsy to specific genes. But some people have genetic epilepsy that isn’t hereditary. Genetic changes can occur in a child without being passed down from a parent. […] Head trauma as a result of a car accident or other traumatic injury can cause epilepsy. […] Brain tumors can cause epilepsy. Epilepsy also may be caused by the way blood vessels form in the brain. People with blood vessel conditions such as arteriovenous malformations and cavernous malformations can have seizures. And in adults older than age 35, stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy.

• #17 What Causes Seizures in Adults for the First Time?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-causes-seizures-in-adults-for-the-first-time

  The injury can also alter the electrical activity in your brain, resulting in a post-stroke seizure. […] Severe CNS infections caused by bacteria, parasites, or viruses can trigger seizures. […] Adult-onset seizures can be the first sign of a brain tumor. […] Another possible cause of a first-time seizure is a traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] A first-time seizure in adulthood may be related to the use of certain substances or withdrawal from them. […] Alcohol poisoning, or an alcohol overdose, is when you drink a large amount of alcohol in a short amount of time. This can cause alterations in your fluid and electrolyte levels, resulting in seizures. […] Not all adult-onset seizures are related to a specific medical condition or trauma to the brain. Sometimes, patterns in your life can affect your body and your brains electrical activity enough to put you at elevated risk for a seizure. […] According to a review from 2022, sleep deprivation when a person doesnt get enough sleep to meet their bodys needs is a well-documented risk factor for the development of epileptic seizures. […] Extreme stress is another risk factor for a seizure in some adults.

• #18 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Epilepsy has no identifiable cause in about half the people with the condition. In the other half, the condition may be traced to various factors, including: […] Other causes can be related to genetic abnormalities, prior brain infection, prenatal injuries or developmental disorders. But in about half of people with epilepsy, there’s no apparent cause. […] Some types of epilepsy run in families. In these instances, it’s likely that there’s a genetic influence. Researchers have linked some types of epilepsy to specific genes. But some people have genetic epilepsy that isn’t hereditary. Genetic changes can occur in a child without being passed down from a parent. […] Head trauma as a result of a car accident or other traumatic injury can cause epilepsy. […] Brain tumors can cause epilepsy. Epilepsy also may be caused by the way blood vessels form in the brain. People with blood vessel conditions such as arteriovenous malformations and cavernous malformations can have seizures. And in adults older than age 35, stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy.

• #19 What Cause Seizures? Epilepsy, Triggers, and More Explained

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/epilepsy/what-causes-seizures

  Causes of seizures include: structural brain differences, injury, infection, stroke, genetic conditions, certain medications. Seizures can occur due to epilepsy or another condition, such as infection or an autoimmune disorder. […] Stroke is the most common cause of epilepsy in adults over the age of 50. Other potential causes include infection, tumors, and metabolic or cerebrovascular conditions. […] Epileptic seizures occur due to irregular electrical activity in the brain. This can result from changes or injury to the brain present at birth or occurring later in life. In some cases, doctors are not sure what leads to the onset of epilepsy. […] Certain factors may trigger the onset of an epileptic seizure. These triggers can include certain foods, fatigue, and illness. […] Seizures may also be due to causes other than epilepsy. Clinicians refer to these as “provoked” seizures. Provoked seizures may be due to factors such as medication, injury, or illnesses such as infection.

• #20 Seizure Causes -Orlando Epilepsy Center

  https://orlando-epilepsy.com/seizure-causes-explained/

  Seizures are abrupt, unpredictable disruptions of normal brain function, often accompanied by convulsions or other involuntary movements. […] While seizures can result from various factors, understanding seizure causes is essential for proper diagnosis, treatment, and management. […] Epilepsy is the most common reason why people have repeated seizures. […] Epileptic seizures arise from abnormal electrical activity within the brain, disrupting its usual signaling processes. […] It is worth noting that brain injuries, infections, and developmental disorders can also contribute to epilepsy. […] Various structural abnormalities within the brain can lead to seizures, including brain tumors, vascular malformations, and brain issues since birth. […] Infections of the central nervous system can trigger seizures, leading to inflammation of the brain or its protective membranes, and affecting brain function.

• #21 Brain tumour seizure and epilepsy | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/living-with-a-brain-tumour/side-effects/seizures-epilepsy-and-brain-tumours/

  A brain tumour might cause a seizure or epilepsy, which means having repeated seizures. This might happen because of the tumour creating a chemical imbalance in the brain, or causing the cells around the tumour to develop differently. […] Up to 2 in 3 people diagnosed with a brain tumour will experience epilepsy or at least one brain tumour seizure. […] For those that do, the symptoms and severity can be different for each person, so you might not have the same problems as someone with a similar diagnosis and treatment plan. […] Seizures are the most common first symptom leading to a brain tumour diagnosis in adults. […] Epilepsy is the tendency to have repeated seizures, so its usually only diagnosed after youve had more than one seizure because of your brain tumour. There are more than 40 types of epilepsy of which brain tumour-related epilepsy (BTRE) is one.

• #22 Types of Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders-in-children/types

  A seizure is an excessive surge of electrical activity in the brain that can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on which parts of the brain are involved. Seizures can be provoked or unprovoked. Provoked seizures, caused by fever in a young child or severe hypoglycemia, are not considered to be forms of epilepsy. Unprovoked seizures have no clear cause but can be related to genetics or brain injury. When a child has two or more unprovoked seizures, epilepsy is often the diagnosis. […] Focal seizures may be caused by an underlying structural abnormality in the brain. However, MRI scan results can be normal. Even if doctors cant see an abnormality, there may be something wrong with the neuron, or brain cell, connections in the area. A child may have a cortical dysplasia, in which a region of the brain did not develop as it should, with brain cells failing to form proper connections with each other.

• #23 EPILEPSIES BY ETIOLOGY

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/epilepsies-etiology-groupoverview.html

  Epilepsy Etiologies […] Genetic Etiologies […] Chromosomal abnormalities […] Gene abnormalities […] Structural Etiologies […] Malformations of cortical development […] Vascular malformations […] Hippocampal sclerosis […] Hypoxic-Ischemic […] Traumatic brain injury […] Tumors […] Porencephalic Cyst […] Metabolic Etiologies […] Immune Etiologies […] Infectious Etiologies […] Unknown Etiologies […] Encephalopathy […] Epilepsy imitators […] […] […] In recent years there has been a significant expansion in our understanding of the underlying etiologies of the epilepsies, underpinned by advances in modern neuroimaging and genetic testing. As such terminology such as 'idiopathic’, 'cryptogenic’ and 'symptomatic’ are no longer used. Epilepsies are now described more precisely by their specific underlying etiologies. In this section of EpilepsyDiagnosis.org, important epilepsy etiologies are presented, with particular focus on those that are important to recognize and those for whom early recognition and treatment optimizes health outcomes.

• #24 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Epilepsy has no identifiable cause in about half the people with the condition. In the other half, the condition may be traced to various factors, including: […] Other causes can be related to genetic abnormalities, prior brain infection, prenatal injuries or developmental disorders. But in about half of people with epilepsy, there’s no apparent cause. […] Some types of epilepsy run in families. In these instances, it’s likely that there’s a genetic influence. Researchers have linked some types of epilepsy to specific genes. But some people have genetic epilepsy that isn’t hereditary. Genetic changes can occur in a child without being passed down from a parent. […] Head trauma as a result of a car accident or other traumatic injury can cause epilepsy. […] Brain tumors can cause epilepsy. Epilepsy also may be caused by the way blood vessels form in the brain. People with blood vessel conditions such as arteriovenous malformations and cavernous malformations can have seizures. And in adults older than age 35, stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy.

• #25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epileptic-Seizure-Causes.aspx

  High fever in some children may lead to convulsions or seizures called febrile convulsions. […] Disorders that affect the cavernous sinus, a blood-filled space that contains the carotid artery may cause headaches, brain haemorrhages and seizures. […] A condition called cerebral arteriovenous malformation, a deformity of the arteries and veins in the brain, commonly causes headaches and seizures. […] A severe fall in blood sugar (hypoglycemia) or a severe lack of oxygen in the body (hypoxia) can lead to seizures. […] Neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis may also cause seizures. […] Brain tumours, cancers and abscesses may also increase the risk of seizures by causing blockages and a build up of fluid in the brain referred to as hydrocephalus, which is a common cause of seizures. […] Brain damage caused by stroke can lead to epilepsy and is more likely to occur in a person who has suffered a hemorrhagic stroke rather than an ischemic stroke. […] Brain infections such as meningitis and encephalitis can provoke seizures.

• #26 EPILEPSIES BY ETIOLOGY

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/epilepsies-etiology-groupoverview.html

  Epilepsy Etiologies […] Genetic Etiologies […] Chromosomal abnormalities […] Gene abnormalities […] Structural Etiologies […] Malformations of cortical development […] Vascular malformations […] Hippocampal sclerosis […] Hypoxic-Ischemic […] Traumatic brain injury […] Tumors […] Porencephalic Cyst […] Metabolic Etiologies […] Immune Etiologies […] Infectious Etiologies […] Unknown Etiologies […] Encephalopathy […] Epilepsy imitators […] […] […] In recent years there has been a significant expansion in our understanding of the underlying etiologies of the epilepsies, underpinned by advances in modern neuroimaging and genetic testing. As such terminology such as 'idiopathic’, 'cryptogenic’ and 'symptomatic’ are no longer used. Epilepsies are now described more precisely by their specific underlying etiologies. In this section of EpilepsyDiagnosis.org, important epilepsy etiologies are presented, with particular focus on those that are important to recognize and those for whom early recognition and treatment optimizes health outcomes.

• #27 Epilepsy Causes and Common Seizure Symptoms

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/epilepsy-causes-risk-factors-1204427

  Epilepsy can develop in anyone, regardless of age, gender, or background. In about half of all cases, the cause of epilepsy is unknown, but it can also be linked to various factors that affect brain function. […] Some cases of epilepsy are linked to genetic factors, brain structure abnormalities, brain injuries, infections, or developmental disorders. Anything that disrupts normal nerve cell activity can lead to seizures. […] Genetics can play a big role in epilepsy, especially when it runs in families. Some people inherit epilepsy, while others develop it due to random gene changes (called mutations). However, genes don’t always cause epilepsy on their own—they may just increase the risk, especially if combined with other risk factors like brain injuries or illnesses. […] Up to 6% of all epilepsy cases are caused by a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The risk of epilepsy after a TBI depends on its severity, increasing by 3% for mild cases and up to 16% for more serious brain injuries.

• #28 Epilepsy Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy

  Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes unprovoked, recurrent seizures. […] In about half of people with epilepsy, the cause cannot be determined, per the WHO. A variety of factors can contribute to the development of seizures, such as: traumatic brain injury or other head trauma, brain scarring after a brain injury (post-traumatic epilepsy), serious illness or very high fever, stroke, which causes about half of epilepsy cases in older adults when there’s no identifiable cause, according to the CDC, lack of oxygen to the brain, brain tumor or cyst, dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, maternal use of some drugs, prenatal injury, brain malformation, or lack of oxygen at birth, infectious conditions like HIV and AIDS and meningitis, genetic or developmental disorders or neurological diseases.

• #29 Seizures and epilepsy – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/seizures-and-epilepsy/

  Rapidly reversible causes of seizures (e.g., hypoglycemia) should also be managed concurrently. […] Causes of acute symptomatic seizures include TBI, stroke, anoxic encephalopathy, intracranial surgery, acute CNS infections (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis), electrolyte imbalance (e.g., hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia), acute metabolic disturbances (e.g., uremia), alcohol withdrawal, recreational drug use, prescription drug toxicity, and exacerbations of autoimmune disorders (e.g., SLE). […] Common causes of epilepsy include genetic mutations affecting ion channels or transmitter receptors, chromosomal abnormalities, genetic metabolic disorders, mitochondrial diseases, chronic cerebral lesions or abnormalities, inborn errors of metabolism, autoimmune encephalitides, and chronic CNS infections or complications of acute CNS infections.

• #30 EPILEPSIES BY ETIOLOGY

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/epilepsies-etiology-groupoverview.html

  Epilepsy Etiologies […] Genetic Etiologies […] Chromosomal abnormalities […] Gene abnormalities […] Structural Etiologies […] Malformations of cortical development […] Vascular malformations […] Hippocampal sclerosis […] Hypoxic-Ischemic […] Traumatic brain injury […] Tumors […] Porencephalic Cyst […] Metabolic Etiologies […] Immune Etiologies […] Infectious Etiologies […] Unknown Etiologies […] Encephalopathy […] Epilepsy imitators […] […] […] In recent years there has been a significant expansion in our understanding of the underlying etiologies of the epilepsies, underpinned by advances in modern neuroimaging and genetic testing. As such terminology such as 'idiopathic’, 'cryptogenic’ and 'symptomatic’ are no longer used. Epilepsies are now described more precisely by their specific underlying etiologies. In this section of EpilepsyDiagnosis.org, important epilepsy etiologies are presented, with particular focus on those that are important to recognize and those for whom early recognition and treatment optimizes health outcomes.

• #31 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Epilepsy has no identifiable cause in about half the people with the condition. In the other half, the condition may be traced to various factors, including: […] Other causes can be related to genetic abnormalities, prior brain infection, prenatal injuries or developmental disorders. But in about half of people with epilepsy, there’s no apparent cause. […] Some types of epilepsy run in families. In these instances, it’s likely that there’s a genetic influence. Researchers have linked some types of epilepsy to specific genes. But some people have genetic epilepsy that isn’t hereditary. Genetic changes can occur in a child without being passed down from a parent. […] Head trauma as a result of a car accident or other traumatic injury can cause epilepsy. […] Brain tumors can cause epilepsy. Epilepsy also may be caused by the way blood vessels form in the brain. People with blood vessel conditions such as arteriovenous malformations and cavernous malformations can have seizures. And in adults older than age 35, stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy.

• #32 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  Epilepsy happens when the normal electrical activity in your brain changes. […] It’s thought that epilepsy is often related to the genes you inherit from your parents, or to changes in your genes. […] It’s sometimes caused by damage to your brain, for example after a head injury, a stroke or an infection. But for many people it’s not clear what causes it.

• #33 Seizures and epilepsy – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/seizures-and-epilepsy/

  Rapidly reversible causes of seizures (e.g., hypoglycemia) should also be managed concurrently. […] Causes of acute symptomatic seizures include TBI, stroke, anoxic encephalopathy, intracranial surgery, acute CNS infections (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis), electrolyte imbalance (e.g., hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia), acute metabolic disturbances (e.g., uremia), alcohol withdrawal, recreational drug use, prescription drug toxicity, and exacerbations of autoimmune disorders (e.g., SLE). […] Common causes of epilepsy include genetic mutations affecting ion channels or transmitter receptors, chromosomal abnormalities, genetic metabolic disorders, mitochondrial diseases, chronic cerebral lesions or abnormalities, inborn errors of metabolism, autoimmune encephalitides, and chronic CNS infections or complications of acute CNS infections.

• #34 Seizures and epilepsy – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/seizures-and-epilepsy/

  Rapidly reversible causes of seizures (e.g., hypoglycemia) should also be managed concurrently. […] Causes of acute symptomatic seizures include TBI, stroke, anoxic encephalopathy, intracranial surgery, acute CNS infections (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis), electrolyte imbalance (e.g., hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia), acute metabolic disturbances (e.g., uremia), alcohol withdrawal, recreational drug use, prescription drug toxicity, and exacerbations of autoimmune disorders (e.g., SLE). […] Common causes of epilepsy include genetic mutations affecting ion channels or transmitter receptors, chromosomal abnormalities, genetic metabolic disorders, mitochondrial diseases, chronic cerebral lesions or abnormalities, inborn errors of metabolism, autoimmune encephalitides, and chronic CNS infections or complications of acute CNS infections.

• #35 Epilepsy: Definition, symptoms, treatment, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8947

  According to one 2015 research review, around 70-80% of epilepsy cases occur as a result of genetics. […] A 2017 review of research linked over 900 genes to epilepsy. This number continues to grow as more studies take place. […] Genes may link to epilepsy directly, to brain anomalies that can lead to epilepsy, or to other genetic conditions that can cause seizures. […] Several factors may have links to an increased risk of epilepsy. According to a 2017 research review in the journal NeuroToxicology, these factors include: age, with new cases occurring more frequently in young children and older adults; brain injuries and tumors; genetics and family history; alcohol consumption; perinatal factors, such as stroke and preterm birth; central nervous system infections, such as bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, and neurocysticercosis.

• #36 What Causes Epilepsy and Seizures? Symptoms + Types

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/what-causes-epilepsy/

  The causes of epilepsy are broken into six subgroups: Structural, Genetic, Infections, Metabolic, Immune, Unknown. […] A structural cause refers to brain abnormalities that are visible on structural neuroimages, such as an MRI. […] When a patient’s epilepsy is the direct result of a genetic mutation, they are considered to have a genetic etiology. […] When a patient has an infection in which seizures are a main symptom, they are considered to have an infectious etiology. […] A metabolic disorder occurs when the process by which the body makes energy is disrupted or performs abnormally. […] When your body recognizes a foreign agent (such as a virus), it protects itself by initiating an immune response. […] As the name implies, epilepsies with an unknown etiology have a cause that is not yet known. […] A seizure happens when a sudden, uncontrollable surge of electrical activity in the brain disrupts normal function. This can be caused by conditions such as epilepsy, head trauma, infections, high fever, or neurological disorders.

• #37 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Causes of Seizures […] High fever […] Infections […] Brain infections […] Abscess […] AIDS […] Malaria […] Meningitis […] Rabies […] Syphilis […] Tetanus […] Toxoplasmosis […] Viral encephalitis […] Metabolic disorders […] High blood levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) or sodium […] Low blood levels of sugar (hypoglycemia), calcium, magnesium, or sodium […] Kidney failure or liver failure, which can lead to dysfunction of the brain (encephalopathy) […] Vitamin B6 deficiency (in newborns) […] Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain […] Abnormal heart rhythms […] Cardiac arrest […] Carbon monoxide poisoning […] Near drowning […] Near suffocation […] Stroke […] Vasculitis […] Structural damage to the brain […] Brain tumor (noncancerous or cancerous)

• #38 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Meningitis, HIV, viral encephalitis and some parasitic infections can cause epilepsy. […] Before they’re born, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors. They might include an infection in the mother, poor nutrition or not enough oxygen. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy. […] Epilepsy can sometimes occur with developmental conditions. People with autism are more likely to have epilepsy than are people without autism. Research also has found that people with epilepsy are more likely to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other developmental conditions. Having both conditions may be related to genes.

• #39 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Seizures of all types are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Causes of seizures can include: Abnormal levels of sodium or glucose in the blood, Brain infection, including meningitis and encephalitis, Brain injury that occurs to a baby during labor or childbirth, Brain problems that occur before birth (congenital brain defects), Brain tumor (a rare cause), Electric shock, Epilepsy, Fever (particularly in young children), Head injury, Heart disease, Heat illness (heat intolerance), High fever, Phenylketonuria (PKU), which can cause seizures in infants, Poisoning, Street drugs, such as angel dust (PCP), cocaine, and amphetamines, Stroke, Toxemia of pregnancy, Toxin buildup in the body due to liver or kidney failure, Very high blood pressure (malignant hypertension), Venomous bites and stings (such as a snake bite), Withdrawal from alcohol or certain medicines after using it for a long time.

• #40 What Causes Seizures in Adults for the First Time?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-causes-seizures-in-adults-for-the-first-time

  The injury can also alter the electrical activity in your brain, resulting in a post-stroke seizure. […] Severe CNS infections caused by bacteria, parasites, or viruses can trigger seizures. […] Adult-onset seizures can be the first sign of a brain tumor. […] Another possible cause of a first-time seizure is a traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] A first-time seizure in adulthood may be related to the use of certain substances or withdrawal from them. […] Alcohol poisoning, or an alcohol overdose, is when you drink a large amount of alcohol in a short amount of time. This can cause alterations in your fluid and electrolyte levels, resulting in seizures. […] Not all adult-onset seizures are related to a specific medical condition or trauma to the brain. Sometimes, patterns in your life can affect your body and your brains electrical activity enough to put you at elevated risk for a seizure. […] According to a review from 2022, sleep deprivation when a person doesnt get enough sleep to meet their bodys needs is a well-documented risk factor for the development of epileptic seizures. […] Extreme stress is another risk factor for a seizure in some adults.

• #41 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Causes of Seizures […] High fever […] Infections […] Brain infections […] Abscess […] AIDS […] Malaria […] Meningitis […] Rabies […] Syphilis […] Tetanus […] Toxoplasmosis […] Viral encephalitis […] Metabolic disorders […] High blood levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) or sodium […] Low blood levels of sugar (hypoglycemia), calcium, magnesium, or sodium […] Kidney failure or liver failure, which can lead to dysfunction of the brain (encephalopathy) […] Vitamin B6 deficiency (in newborns) […] Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain […] Abnormal heart rhythms […] Cardiac arrest […] Carbon monoxide poisoning […] Near drowning […] Near suffocation […] Stroke […] Vasculitis […] Structural damage to the brain […] Brain tumor (noncancerous or cancerous)

• #42 Causes of seizures – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_seizures

  In some cases, certain parasites can cause seizures. […] Stress can induce seizures in people with epilepsy, and is a risk factor for developing epilepsy. […] A breakthrough seizure is an epileptic seizure that occurs despite the use of anticonvulsants that have otherwise successfully prevented seizures in the patient. […] Some illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria may lead to a seizure, especially when vomiting or diarrhea occur, as this may reduce the absorption of the anticonvulsant. […] Malnutrition may be the result of poor dietary habits, lack of access to proper nourishment, or fasting.

• #43 What Cause Seizures? Epilepsy, Triggers, and More Explained

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/epilepsy/what-causes-seizures

  Epileptic seizures occur due to irregular electrical activity in the brain, affecting brain and body functions. Seizures can have a variety of underlying causes. […] While epilepsy is a common cause of seizures, they can also occur for other medical reasons. […] Several types of conditions and injuries can lead to epilepsy. Clinicians organize these into the following categories: Structural differences: Damage to the brain that causes structural changes may result in epilepsy. This can include damage due to: the birthing process, stroke, tumor, other physical trauma such as traumatic brain injury. Genetic differences: Congenital and genetic conditions that cause brain malformations may lead to epilepsy. Infection: Infection of the brain from conditions such as meningitis, malaria, or neurocysticercosis can result in epilepsy. Metabolic disorders: Metabolic conditions can sometimes lead to epilepsy. Immune conditions: Conditions affecting the immune system, such as autoimmune limbic encephalitis, can result in epilepsy. Unknown causes: About half of epilepsy cases worldwide have an unknown cause.

• #44 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Causes of Seizures […] High fever […] Infections […] Brain infections […] Abscess […] AIDS […] Malaria […] Meningitis […] Rabies […] Syphilis […] Tetanus […] Toxoplasmosis […] Viral encephalitis […] Metabolic disorders […] High blood levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) or sodium […] Low blood levels of sugar (hypoglycemia), calcium, magnesium, or sodium […] Kidney failure or liver failure, which can lead to dysfunction of the brain (encephalopathy) […] Vitamin B6 deficiency (in newborns) […] Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain […] Abnormal heart rhythms […] Cardiac arrest […] Carbon monoxide poisoning […] Near drowning […] Near suffocation […] Stroke […] Vasculitis […] Structural damage to the brain […] Brain tumor (noncancerous or cancerous)

• #45 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Causes of Seizures […] High fever […] Infections […] Brain infections […] Abscess […] AIDS […] Malaria […] Meningitis […] Rabies […] Syphilis […] Tetanus […] Toxoplasmosis […] Viral encephalitis […] Metabolic disorders […] High blood levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) or sodium […] Low blood levels of sugar (hypoglycemia), calcium, magnesium, or sodium […] Kidney failure or liver failure, which can lead to dysfunction of the brain (encephalopathy) […] Vitamin B6 deficiency (in newborns) […] Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain […] Abnormal heart rhythms […] Cardiac arrest […] Carbon monoxide poisoning […] Near drowning […] Near suffocation […] Stroke […] Vasculitis […] Structural damage to the brain […] Brain tumor (noncancerous or cancerous)

• #46 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Causes of Seizures […] High fever […] Infections […] Brain infections […] Abscess […] AIDS […] Malaria […] Meningitis […] Rabies […] Syphilis […] Tetanus […] Toxoplasmosis […] Viral encephalitis […] Metabolic disorders […] High blood levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) or sodium […] Low blood levels of sugar (hypoglycemia), calcium, magnesium, or sodium […] Kidney failure or liver failure, which can lead to dysfunction of the brain (encephalopathy) […] Vitamin B6 deficiency (in newborns) […] Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain […] Abnormal heart rhythms […] Cardiac arrest […] Carbon monoxide poisoning […] Near drowning […] Near suffocation […] Stroke […] Vasculitis […] Structural damage to the brain […] Brain tumor (noncancerous or cancerous)

• #47 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Causes of Seizures […] High fever […] Infections […] Brain infections […] Abscess […] AIDS […] Malaria […] Meningitis […] Rabies […] Syphilis […] Tetanus […] Toxoplasmosis […] Viral encephalitis […] Metabolic disorders […] High blood levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) or sodium […] Low blood levels of sugar (hypoglycemia), calcium, magnesium, or sodium […] Kidney failure or liver failure, which can lead to dysfunction of the brain (encephalopathy) […] Vitamin B6 deficiency (in newborns) […] Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain […] Abnormal heart rhythms […] Cardiac arrest […] Carbon monoxide poisoning […] Near drowning […] Near suffocation […] Stroke […] Vasculitis […] Structural damage to the brain […] Brain tumor (noncancerous or cancerous)

• #48 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Causes of Seizures […] High fever […] Infections […] Brain infections […] Abscess […] AIDS […] Malaria […] Meningitis […] Rabies […] Syphilis […] Tetanus […] Toxoplasmosis […] Viral encephalitis […] Metabolic disorders […] High blood levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) or sodium […] Low blood levels of sugar (hypoglycemia), calcium, magnesium, or sodium […] Kidney failure or liver failure, which can lead to dysfunction of the brain (encephalopathy) […] Vitamin B6 deficiency (in newborns) […] Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain […] Abnormal heart rhythms […] Cardiac arrest […] Carbon monoxide poisoning […] Near drowning […] Near suffocation […] Stroke […] Vasculitis […] Structural damage to the brain […] Brain tumor (noncancerous or cancerous)

• #49 What causes seizures in adults with no history?

  https://www.moleculera.com/seizures-adults-with-no-history/

  In some cases, autoimmune seizures may be the result of an infection-triggered autoimmune encephalopathy/encephalitis. This occurs when the immune system produces antibodies meant to destroy a foreign substance (i.e. bacteria, virus) but instead mistakenly attack healthy tissue in the brain (autoantibodies), causing inflammation (encephalitis) and the onset of seizures in children and adults with no history of epilepsy. […] Certain infections are known to trigger encephalitis (brain inflammation) and epilepsy in children, states Korff and Dale. […] Some of them directly infect the brain and cause a primary viral encephalitis; on the other hand, certain micro-organisms can induce a secondary autoimmune encephalitis. For instance, herpes simplex and mycoplasma have the highest potential to result in ongoing epilepsy.

• #50 Epilepsy Causes and Common Seizure Symptoms

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/epilepsy-causes-risk-factors-1204427

  Changes in brain structure can increase the risk of epilepsy by interfering with normal electrical signals. These changes may be present at birth or result from injury, stroke, infection, or tumors. […] Infections that affect the brain can lead to epilepsy by causing inflammation, scarring, or structural damage. This is a major cause of epilepsy worldwide, especially in low-resource areas. […] Some developmental disorders raise the risk of epilepsy because of brain differences, genetic causes, or problems with brain signals. Seizures are often one of many symptoms. […] Alcohol and drugs can trigger seizures and, in some cases, contribute to epilepsy. They may directly affect the brain, cause withdrawal-related seizures, or lead to long-term brain damage. […] In many cases, the cause of epilepsy is unknown. If no clear brain injury, genetic mutation, infection, or other cause is found, it’s called idiopathic epilepsy or epilepsy of unknown origin.

• #51 Seizure Causes -Orlando Epilepsy Center

  https://orlando-epilepsy.com/seizure-causes-explained/

  Metabolic disturbances can disrupt the balance of chemicals and electrolytes within the body, affecting the brains electrical activity. […] There are some kinds of medications, that can cause seizures when used incorrectly, such as overdosing on some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and opioids. […] Excessive alcohol consumption and substance abuse are significant risk factors for seizures, as long-term alcohol abuse can result in a condition called alcohol withdrawal seizures. […] Traumatic brain injuries resulting from falls, accidents, or sports-related incidents can disrupt the brains normal function and lead to seizures. […] One of the most common seizure causes is stress and sleep deprivation. […] Seizures are complex neurological events that can result from a wide range of causes.

• #52 What Causes Nonepileptic Seizures? – Neurology Center For Epilepsy & Seizures

  https://www.neurocenternj.com/blog/what-causes-nonepileptic-seizures/

  Another reason for this type of seizure, such as those associated with epilepsy, is withdrawal symptoms when you’re detoxing from drugs or alcohol. […] Although slightly less common, you can have seizures due to severe stress and extreme sleep deprivation. […] Chemical seizures are yet another type of seizure that can occur due to various factors. One of the key triggers is the exposure to certain toxic substances or withdrawal from drugs. […] However, any imbalance in these hormones can also result in what are known as hormone imbalance seizures. […] No matter the cause of your seizure, whether it’s related to electrolytes and epilepsy or other factors, one thing is for sure: you need to find a treatment option to prevent further seizure activity. […] An imbalance in certain electrolytes, particularly sodium and calcium, can cause seizures. […] Yes, low levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood and reward, can potentially cause seizures. […] Yes, a hormonal imbalance can potentially lead to seizures.

• #53 Causes of seizures – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_seizures

  In children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, a fever of 38 C (100.4 F) or higher may lead to a febrile seizure. […] In some epileptics, flickering or flashing lights, such as strobe lights, can be responsible for the onset of a tonic clonic, absence, or myoclonic seizure. […] A severe head injury, such as one sustained in a motor vehicle accident, fall, assault, or sports injury, can result in one or more seizures that can occur immediately after the fact or up to a significant amount of time later. […] Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, can increase frequency of seizure. […] Curiously, hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can also trigger seizures. […] In catamenial epilepsy, seizures become more common during a specific period of the menstrual cycle. […] Sleep deprivation is the second most common trigger of seizures.

• #54 Adult Seizures: What Causes Them for the First Time?

  https://www.health.com/mind-body/6-things-that-can-trigger-a-seizure-even-if-you-dont-have-epilepsy

  Hypoglycemia, or having too low sugar levels in your blood, can provoke changes in your brain activity, leading to seizures. It can also cause strokes, which are linked to seizures. […] Underlying medical issues can cause seizures if they significantly affect brain activity in some way. For example, the most common reason for seizures in older adults is a stroke, when part of the brain has less blood flowing to it. […] Seizures can be a serious side effect of certain medications and drug intoxication. Researchers have found that 9% of status epilepticuslife-threatening seizures that last longer than five minutescan be linked to drugs or poisoning. […] TBIs can lead to seizures and other symptoms like headache or speech and memory difficulties. TBIs usually require immediate medical attention, especially within 24 hours of the injury. Severe cases can cause permanent disability or be potentially fatal.

• #55 Causes of seizures – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_seizures

  In children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, a fever of 38 C (100.4 F) or higher may lead to a febrile seizure. […] In some epileptics, flickering or flashing lights, such as strobe lights, can be responsible for the onset of a tonic clonic, absence, or myoclonic seizure. […] A severe head injury, such as one sustained in a motor vehicle accident, fall, assault, or sports injury, can result in one or more seizures that can occur immediately after the fact or up to a significant amount of time later. […] Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, can increase frequency of seizure. […] Curiously, hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can also trigger seizures. […] In catamenial epilepsy, seizures become more common during a specific period of the menstrual cycle. […] Sleep deprivation is the second most common trigger of seizures.

• #56 Seizures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20365711

  Seizures are caused by changes in the way nerve cells in the brain communicate. Nerve cells in the brain create, send and receive electrical impulses. The nerve cells are called neurons. The impulses allow the cells to communicate. Anything that gets in way of the communication pathways can lead to a seizure. Gene changes cause some types of seizures. […] Epilepsy is a common cause of seizures. But not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy. Sometimes the following can cause seizures: A high fever. When fever causes a seizure, it’s called a febrile seizure. An infection of the brain. This may include meningitis or encephalitis. Serious illness. This includes serious illness with COVID-19. Lack of sleep. Low blood sodium. This can happen if you take medicine that makes you urinate. Certain medicines that treat pain or depression or help people stop smoking. A new, active brain injury, such as head trauma. It can cause bleeding in an area of the brain or a stroke. The use of drugs that are sold on the streets. This includes amphetamines and cocaine. Alcohol misuse. Seizures can happen from withdrawal from alcohol or from drinking too much alcohol.

• #57 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Causes of Seizures […] High fever […] Infections […] Brain infections […] Abscess […] AIDS […] Malaria […] Meningitis […] Rabies […] Syphilis […] Tetanus […] Toxoplasmosis […] Viral encephalitis […] Metabolic disorders […] High blood levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) or sodium […] Low blood levels of sugar (hypoglycemia), calcium, magnesium, or sodium […] Kidney failure or liver failure, which can lead to dysfunction of the brain (encephalopathy) […] Vitamin B6 deficiency (in newborns) […] Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain […] Abnormal heart rhythms […] Cardiac arrest […] Carbon monoxide poisoning […] Near drowning […] Near suffocation […] Stroke […] Vasculitis […] Structural damage to the brain […] Brain tumor (noncancerous or cancerous)

• #58 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Seizures may be either provoked or unprovoked. Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, may result from electrolyte disorders, toxins, head injury, infectious processes, vascular anomalies, tumors or other mass lesions, and many other causes. A listing of provoked causes of seizures is lengthy and could include complications of almost any disease process. Some common causes are listed below: […] Epilepsy occurs because of a predisposition to seizures from genetic susceptibility or a chronic pathologic process. By definition, unprovoked seizures occur in the absence of provocative causes or more than seven days after an acute injury or insult such as stroke or brain hemorrhage. Recurrent unprovoked seizures define epilepsy. […] Of patients in United States general hospitals presenting with generalized convulsive status epilepticus, roughly one-fourth are patients with epilepsy with breakthrough seizures, medication irregularity, or new-onset epilepsy; one-fourth are patients with ethanol-related seizures, and one-half are patients with seizures that are provoked by a variety of medical conditions.

• #59 Seizures DDx • LITFL • CCC Differential Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/seizures-ddx/

  Seizures are the manifestation of abnormal hyperexcitable discharges of cortical neurons. […] 10 minutes of continuous seizure activity is now considered status epilepticus, which may result in neuronal damage. Seizures should be aggressively treated if they last longer than 5 minutes. […] Other conditions which cause generalized or focal CNS injury can also precipitate or perpetuate seizures. […] Hypoxia. […] Metabolic disturbances (e.g. hypoglycaemia, uremia, hepatic encephalopathy). […] Electrolyte imbalance (e.g. hyponatraemia, hypernatraemia, hypercalcaemia). […] Drug intoxication (e.g. anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antipsychotics, isoniazid, opioids, theophylline, sympathomimetics). […] Drug withdrawal (e.g. alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines). […] Trauma. […] CNS neoplasia. […] Stroke. […] Intracranial haemorrhage (e.g. subrachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage). […] CNS infection (e.g. meningoencephalitis, cerebral abscess, neurocysticercosis).

• #60 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  Seizures can happen for many different reasons. These include but arent limited to the following: Aneurysms. Brain tumors. Cerebral hypoxia. Cerebrovascular disease. Diabetes. Severe concussion and traumatic brain injury, especially ones with loss of consciousness. Degenerative brain diseases like Alzheimers disease or frontotemporal dementia. Eclampsia. Electrolyte problems, especially low sodium (hyponatremia), calcium or magnesium. Epilepsy (seizures that happen frequently without any clear, underlying cause). Genetic conditions. […] Seizure causes fall into two main categories depending on why they happen: Provoked seizures (nonepileptic): A trigger, which could be a temporary condition or certain circumstances, causes seizure symptoms to happen. Unprovoked seizures (epileptic): Seizures happen spontaneously (randomly). They may happen often. These seizures are the primary symptom of epilepsy. […] Seizures without a known cause are called idiopathic seizures.

• #61 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Causes of Seizures […] High fever […] Infections […] Brain infections […] Abscess […] AIDS […] Malaria […] Meningitis […] Rabies […] Syphilis […] Tetanus […] Toxoplasmosis […] Viral encephalitis […] Metabolic disorders […] High blood levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) or sodium […] Low blood levels of sugar (hypoglycemia), calcium, magnesium, or sodium […] Kidney failure or liver failure, which can lead to dysfunction of the brain (encephalopathy) […] Vitamin B6 deficiency (in newborns) […] Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain […] Abnormal heart rhythms […] Cardiac arrest […] Carbon monoxide poisoning […] Near drowning […] Near suffocation […] Stroke […] Vasculitis […] Structural damage to the brain […] Brain tumor (noncancerous or cancerous)

• #62 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Seizures of all types are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Causes of seizures can include: Abnormal levels of sodium or glucose in the blood, Brain infection, including meningitis and encephalitis, Brain injury that occurs to a baby during labor or childbirth, Brain problems that occur before birth (congenital brain defects), Brain tumor (a rare cause), Electric shock, Epilepsy, Fever (particularly in young children), Head injury, Heart disease, Heat illness (heat intolerance), High fever, Phenylketonuria (PKU), which can cause seizures in infants, Poisoning, Street drugs, such as angel dust (PCP), cocaine, and amphetamines, Stroke, Toxemia of pregnancy, Toxin buildup in the body due to liver or kidney failure, Very high blood pressure (malignant hypertension), Venomous bites and stings (such as a snake bite), Withdrawal from alcohol or certain medicines after using it for a long time.

• #63 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Head injury […] Hydrocephalus […] Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding within the skull) […] Abnormalities present or occurring at birth, including genetic disorders […] Birth defect […] Hereditary metabolic disorders, such as Tay-Sachs disease or phenylketonuria […] Injury during birth […] Fluid accumulation in the brain (cerebral edema) […] Eclampsia […] Hypertensive encephalopathy […] Various medications can cause seizures if too much is taken. In some people, certain medications can make seizures more likely to occur by making nerve cells in the brain easier to stimulate. These medications are thought to lower the seizure threshold. […] Phenytoin, used to treat seizure disorders, can cause seizures if too much is taken.

• #64 Causes of epilepsy

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/epilepsy/causes-and-risk-factors

  Cerebral CT angiography or computed tomography angiography. […] Changes in neuroimaging studies are observed, which are often acquired after a stroke, brain tumour or head injury. […] Genetic mutations can lead to epilepsy. […] This is the most typical cause of epilepsy worldwide. For example, encephalitis or neurocysticercosis can cause epileptic seizures. […] Epilepsy can develop as a central characteristic of certain metabolic disorders such as porphyrias. […] This occurs when an autoimmune defect affects the central nervous system. […] In many cases, advances in diagnostic tests, it is not possible to determine the causes of epilepsy.

• #65 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Causes of Seizures […] High fever […] Infections […] Brain infections […] Abscess […] AIDS […] Malaria […] Meningitis […] Rabies […] Syphilis […] Tetanus […] Toxoplasmosis […] Viral encephalitis […] Metabolic disorders […] High blood levels of sugar (hyperglycemia) or sodium […] Low blood levels of sugar (hypoglycemia), calcium, magnesium, or sodium […] Kidney failure or liver failure, which can lead to dysfunction of the brain (encephalopathy) […] Vitamin B6 deficiency (in newborns) […] Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain […] Abnormal heart rhythms […] Cardiac arrest […] Carbon monoxide poisoning […] Near drowning […] Near suffocation […] Stroke […] Vasculitis […] Structural damage to the brain […] Brain tumor (noncancerous or cancerous)

• #66 What Causes Epilepsy and Seizures? Symptoms + Types

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/what-causes-epilepsy/

  The causes of epilepsy are broken into six subgroups: Structural, Genetic, Infections, Metabolic, Immune, Unknown. […] A structural cause refers to brain abnormalities that are visible on structural neuroimages, such as an MRI. […] When a patient’s epilepsy is the direct result of a genetic mutation, they are considered to have a genetic etiology. […] When a patient has an infection in which seizures are a main symptom, they are considered to have an infectious etiology. […] A metabolic disorder occurs when the process by which the body makes energy is disrupted or performs abnormally. […] When your body recognizes a foreign agent (such as a virus), it protects itself by initiating an immune response. […] As the name implies, epilepsies with an unknown etiology have a cause that is not yet known. […] A seizure happens when a sudden, uncontrollable surge of electrical activity in the brain disrupts normal function. This can be caused by conditions such as epilepsy, head trauma, infections, high fever, or neurological disorders.

• #67 Autoimmune causes of seizures and epilepsy | Encephalitis International

  https://www.encephalitis.info/news/autoimmune-causes-of-seizures-and-epilepsy/

  A seizure is a sudden change in behaviour, movement, and/or consciousness due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] There are many causes of seizures and epilepsy. However, it is only relatively recently that it has been found that the body’s own defence system can be a cause. […] In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) officially added autoimmune conditions as a possible cause for seizures in some patients. […] While it is uncertain how many people with regular epilepsy have an autoimmune cause, we do know that around 75% of people with AE will have at least one seizure during their illness. […] Overall, we have made remarkable progress in understanding and treating seizures caused by autoimmune conditions.

• #68 What causes seizures in adults with no history?

  https://www.moleculera.com/seizures-adults-with-no-history/

  Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders Autoimmune factors may play a bigger role in seizure disorders than previously suspected. In fact, a growing number of autoantibodies are being linked with idiopathic seizures. […] Seizures occur when there is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. An imbalance in neurotransmitter signaling causes neurons to become overexcited, inducing abnormal bursts of electrical activity in the brain. […] However, not everyone who has seizures has epilepsy. It can be difficult to identify the exact cause of seizures in adults with no prior history. In fact, for 1 in 3 adults with epilepsy, there is no known cause. But now, studies indicate that an autoimmune cause appears to be the potential culprit in at least 20% of [those] cases. […] Seizures in adults with no seizure history can be caused by a number of factors ranging from high blood pressure, drug abuse and toxic exposures to brain injury, brain infection (encephalitis) and heart disease. Mounting evidence also indicates that an immune dysfunction or abnormal autoimmune activity can elicit a sudden onset of seizures in adults with no history of the illness.

• #69 What causes seizures in adults with no history?

  https://www.moleculera.com/seizures-adults-with-no-history/

  In some cases, autoimmune seizures may be the result of an infection-triggered autoimmune encephalopathy/encephalitis. This occurs when the immune system produces antibodies meant to destroy a foreign substance (i.e. bacteria, virus) but instead mistakenly attack healthy tissue in the brain (autoantibodies), causing inflammation (encephalitis) and the onset of seizures in children and adults with no history of epilepsy. […] Certain infections are known to trigger encephalitis (brain inflammation) and epilepsy in children, states Korff and Dale. […] Some of them directly infect the brain and cause a primary viral encephalitis; on the other hand, certain micro-organisms can induce a secondary autoimmune encephalitis. For instance, herpes simplex and mycoplasma have the highest potential to result in ongoing epilepsy.

• #70 What causes seizures in adults with no history?

  https://www.moleculera.com/seizures-adults-with-no-history/

  Its well-established that people with certain autoimmune disorders, such as lupus, type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis, are at greater risk of developing epileptic seizures. […] Investigators from Mayo Clinic point out, Its now a recognized and accepted fact that a proportion of patients with new-onset epilepsy can have an autoimmune etiology. […] Autoimmune factors may play a role in the onset of seizures in adults with no history and who do not respond to standard medication. […] Identifying whether an autoimmune condition is causing the seizures or drug resistant epilepsy is important since treatment with immunotherapies can dramatically impact chances of recovery. […] A growing number of autoantibodies are being identified and linked with seizures that have no known cause. Specific autoimmune causes, typically associated with autoantibodies, have been increasingly identified in a subset of previously idiopathic seizure disorders.

• #71 What Cause Seizures? Epilepsy, Triggers, and More Explained

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/epilepsy/what-causes-seizures

  Epileptic seizures occur due to irregular electrical activity in the brain, affecting brain and body functions. Seizures can have a variety of underlying causes. […] While epilepsy is a common cause of seizures, they can also occur for other medical reasons. […] Several types of conditions and injuries can lead to epilepsy. Clinicians organize these into the following categories: Structural differences: Damage to the brain that causes structural changes may result in epilepsy. This can include damage due to: the birthing process, stroke, tumor, other physical trauma such as traumatic brain injury. Genetic differences: Congenital and genetic conditions that cause brain malformations may lead to epilepsy. Infection: Infection of the brain from conditions such as meningitis, malaria, or neurocysticercosis can result in epilepsy. Metabolic disorders: Metabolic conditions can sometimes lead to epilepsy. Immune conditions: Conditions affecting the immune system, such as autoimmune limbic encephalitis, can result in epilepsy. Unknown causes: About half of epilepsy cases worldwide have an unknown cause.

• #72 Causes Of Epilepsy | Epilepsy Research Institute

  https://epilepsy-institute.org.uk/eri/about-epilepsy/causes/

  There are also autoimmune disorders which affect multiple organ systems and frequently involve inflammation of the central nervous system, in which seizures are a core symptom. […] Structural is when there is a distinct abnormal structural cause present in the brain that is known to substantially increase the risk of seizures. […] These structural abnormalities often cause drug resistant epilepsy. Most of these causes can be seen on imaging of the brain with an MRI.

• #73 What causes seizures in adults with no history?

  https://www.moleculera.com/seizures-adults-with-no-history/

  Its well-established that people with certain autoimmune disorders, such as lupus, type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis, are at greater risk of developing epileptic seizures. […] Investigators from Mayo Clinic point out, Its now a recognized and accepted fact that a proportion of patients with new-onset epilepsy can have an autoimmune etiology. […] Autoimmune factors may play a role in the onset of seizures in adults with no history and who do not respond to standard medication. […] Identifying whether an autoimmune condition is causing the seizures or drug resistant epilepsy is important since treatment with immunotherapies can dramatically impact chances of recovery. […] A growing number of autoantibodies are being identified and linked with seizures that have no known cause. Specific autoimmune causes, typically associated with autoantibodies, have been increasingly identified in a subset of previously idiopathic seizure disorders.

• #74 Seizure Causes -Orlando Epilepsy Center

  https://orlando-epilepsy.com/seizure-causes-explained/

  Metabolic disturbances can disrupt the balance of chemicals and electrolytes within the body, affecting the brains electrical activity. […] There are some kinds of medications, that can cause seizures when used incorrectly, such as overdosing on some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and opioids. […] Excessive alcohol consumption and substance abuse are significant risk factors for seizures, as long-term alcohol abuse can result in a condition called alcohol withdrawal seizures. […] Traumatic brain injuries resulting from falls, accidents, or sports-related incidents can disrupt the brains normal function and lead to seizures. […] One of the most common seizure causes is stress and sleep deprivation. […] Seizures are complex neurological events that can result from a wide range of causes.

• #75 Common Causes of Drug-Induced Seizures

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/common-causes-of-drug-induced-seizures

  It has been established that the elderly, particularly those with some degree of neurologic disease, are especially susceptible to the actions of medications. In light of the ubiquity of polypharmacy in seniors, this column has previously presented an overview of the causes of seizures in the elderly with reference to the risk of drug-induced events. In seniors, causes of seizures may be multifactorial, including cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, CNS infections, metabolic disorders, head trauma, and tumors. One group of investigators, Thundiyil et al, were interested in determining if the causes and consequences of drug-induced seizures had changed in the last decade. According to the records of the California Poison Control System in 2003, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, stimulants, and isoniazid continue to be classified as common causes of drug-induced seizures. Of the 386 cases evaluated that were related to poisoning or drug intoxication in which seizures occurred, the leading causes were the following in order of frequency: bupropion, diphenhydramine, tricyclic antidepressants, tramadol, amphetamines, isoniazid, and venlafaxine. It is not difficult to imagine seniors at risk for drug-induced seizures when an offending agent is used in circumstances that may increase their risk, including comorbidities, polypharmacy, medication-adherence problems, errors in administration (i.e., due to vision difficulties, misunderstanding, dementia), and age-related reduced medication clearance (e.g., renal and hepatic impairment). Bupropion, like other antidepressant agents, lowers seizure threshold. Seizure risk is increased in patients with the following: a history of seizures, head trauma, anorexia/bulimia, CNS tumor, severe hepatic cirrhosis, abrupt discontinuation of a sedative hypnotic or alcohol, and medications that lower the seizure threshold (e.g., neuroleptics). It was reported in a 2002 study that bupropion-induced seizures were the third most common cause of drug-induced seizures after cocaine ingestion and benzodiazepine withdrawal. Tramadol is associated, however, with two significant adverse reactionsseizures and serotonin syndrome. There may be a greater risk of adverse events in patients who are elderly (particularly 75 years of age), are debilitated, or have chronic respiratory disorders. Venlafaxine is a potent inhibitor of serotonin reuptake; at higher doses, it is an inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake. While the causes of seizures in the elderly may be multifactorial, many age-related issues are potential contributors to the risk of drug-induced seizures in this population. […] Pharmacists should note the common causes of seizures in seniors and be able to identify those drugs that place a senior at particular risk in light of the individuals history, clinical status, and risk for drug interactions.

• #76 Common Causes of Drug-Induced Seizures

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/common-causes-of-drug-induced-seizures

  It has been established that the elderly, particularly those with some degree of neurologic disease, are especially susceptible to the actions of medications. In light of the ubiquity of polypharmacy in seniors, this column has previously presented an overview of the causes of seizures in the elderly with reference to the risk of drug-induced events. In seniors, causes of seizures may be multifactorial, including cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, CNS infections, metabolic disorders, head trauma, and tumors. One group of investigators, Thundiyil et al, were interested in determining if the causes and consequences of drug-induced seizures had changed in the last decade. According to the records of the California Poison Control System in 2003, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, stimulants, and isoniazid continue to be classified as common causes of drug-induced seizures. Of the 386 cases evaluated that were related to poisoning or drug intoxication in which seizures occurred, the leading causes were the following in order of frequency: bupropion, diphenhydramine, tricyclic antidepressants, tramadol, amphetamines, isoniazid, and venlafaxine. It is not difficult to imagine seniors at risk for drug-induced seizures when an offending agent is used in circumstances that may increase their risk, including comorbidities, polypharmacy, medication-adherence problems, errors in administration (i.e., due to vision difficulties, misunderstanding, dementia), and age-related reduced medication clearance (e.g., renal and hepatic impairment). Bupropion, like other antidepressant agents, lowers seizure threshold. Seizure risk is increased in patients with the following: a history of seizures, head trauma, anorexia/bulimia, CNS tumor, severe hepatic cirrhosis, abrupt discontinuation of a sedative hypnotic or alcohol, and medications that lower the seizure threshold (e.g., neuroleptics). It was reported in a 2002 study that bupropion-induced seizures were the third most common cause of drug-induced seizures after cocaine ingestion and benzodiazepine withdrawal. Tramadol is associated, however, with two significant adverse reactionsseizures and serotonin syndrome. There may be a greater risk of adverse events in patients who are elderly (particularly 75 years of age), are debilitated, or have chronic respiratory disorders. Venlafaxine is a potent inhibitor of serotonin reuptake; at higher doses, it is an inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake. While the causes of seizures in the elderly may be multifactorial, many age-related issues are potential contributors to the risk of drug-induced seizures in this population. […] Pharmacists should note the common causes of seizures in seniors and be able to identify those drugs that place a senior at particular risk in light of the individuals history, clinical status, and risk for drug interactions.

• #77 Common Causes of Drug-Induced Seizures

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/common-causes-of-drug-induced-seizures

  It has been established that the elderly, particularly those with some degree of neurologic disease, are especially susceptible to the actions of medications. In light of the ubiquity of polypharmacy in seniors, this column has previously presented an overview of the causes of seizures in the elderly with reference to the risk of drug-induced events. In seniors, causes of seizures may be multifactorial, including cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, CNS infections, metabolic disorders, head trauma, and tumors. One group of investigators, Thundiyil et al, were interested in determining if the causes and consequences of drug-induced seizures had changed in the last decade. According to the records of the California Poison Control System in 2003, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, stimulants, and isoniazid continue to be classified as common causes of drug-induced seizures. Of the 386 cases evaluated that were related to poisoning or drug intoxication in which seizures occurred, the leading causes were the following in order of frequency: bupropion, diphenhydramine, tricyclic antidepressants, tramadol, amphetamines, isoniazid, and venlafaxine. It is not difficult to imagine seniors at risk for drug-induced seizures when an offending agent is used in circumstances that may increase their risk, including comorbidities, polypharmacy, medication-adherence problems, errors in administration (i.e., due to vision difficulties, misunderstanding, dementia), and age-related reduced medication clearance (e.g., renal and hepatic impairment). Bupropion, like other antidepressant agents, lowers seizure threshold. Seizure risk is increased in patients with the following: a history of seizures, head trauma, anorexia/bulimia, CNS tumor, severe hepatic cirrhosis, abrupt discontinuation of a sedative hypnotic or alcohol, and medications that lower the seizure threshold (e.g., neuroleptics). It was reported in a 2002 study that bupropion-induced seizures were the third most common cause of drug-induced seizures after cocaine ingestion and benzodiazepine withdrawal. Tramadol is associated, however, with two significant adverse reactionsseizures and serotonin syndrome. There may be a greater risk of adverse events in patients who are elderly (particularly 75 years of age), are debilitated, or have chronic respiratory disorders. Venlafaxine is a potent inhibitor of serotonin reuptake; at higher doses, it is an inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake. While the causes of seizures in the elderly may be multifactorial, many age-related issues are potential contributors to the risk of drug-induced seizures in this population. […] Pharmacists should note the common causes of seizures in seniors and be able to identify those drugs that place a senior at particular risk in light of the individuals history, clinical status, and risk for drug interactions.

• #78 Common Causes of Drug-Induced Seizures

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/common-causes-of-drug-induced-seizures

  It has been established that the elderly, particularly those with some degree of neurologic disease, are especially susceptible to the actions of medications. In light of the ubiquity of polypharmacy in seniors, this column has previously presented an overview of the causes of seizures in the elderly with reference to the risk of drug-induced events. In seniors, causes of seizures may be multifactorial, including cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, CNS infections, metabolic disorders, head trauma, and tumors. One group of investigators, Thundiyil et al, were interested in determining if the causes and consequences of drug-induced seizures had changed in the last decade. According to the records of the California Poison Control System in 2003, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, stimulants, and isoniazid continue to be classified as common causes of drug-induced seizures. Of the 386 cases evaluated that were related to poisoning or drug intoxication in which seizures occurred, the leading causes were the following in order of frequency: bupropion, diphenhydramine, tricyclic antidepressants, tramadol, amphetamines, isoniazid, and venlafaxine. It is not difficult to imagine seniors at risk for drug-induced seizures when an offending agent is used in circumstances that may increase their risk, including comorbidities, polypharmacy, medication-adherence problems, errors in administration (i.e., due to vision difficulties, misunderstanding, dementia), and age-related reduced medication clearance (e.g., renal and hepatic impairment). Bupropion, like other antidepressant agents, lowers seizure threshold. Seizure risk is increased in patients with the following: a history of seizures, head trauma, anorexia/bulimia, CNS tumor, severe hepatic cirrhosis, abrupt discontinuation of a sedative hypnotic or alcohol, and medications that lower the seizure threshold (e.g., neuroleptics). It was reported in a 2002 study that bupropion-induced seizures were the third most common cause of drug-induced seizures after cocaine ingestion and benzodiazepine withdrawal. Tramadol is associated, however, with two significant adverse reactionsseizures and serotonin syndrome. There may be a greater risk of adverse events in patients who are elderly (particularly 75 years of age), are debilitated, or have chronic respiratory disorders. Venlafaxine is a potent inhibitor of serotonin reuptake; at higher doses, it is an inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake. While the causes of seizures in the elderly may be multifactorial, many age-related issues are potential contributors to the risk of drug-induced seizures in this population. […] Pharmacists should note the common causes of seizures in seniors and be able to identify those drugs that place a senior at particular risk in light of the individuals history, clinical status, and risk for drug interactions.

• #79 Common Causes of Drug-Induced Seizures

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/common-causes-of-drug-induced-seizures

  It has been established that the elderly, particularly those with some degree of neurologic disease, are especially susceptible to the actions of medications. In light of the ubiquity of polypharmacy in seniors, this column has previously presented an overview of the causes of seizures in the elderly with reference to the risk of drug-induced events. In seniors, causes of seizures may be multifactorial, including cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, CNS infections, metabolic disorders, head trauma, and tumors. One group of investigators, Thundiyil et al, were interested in determining if the causes and consequences of drug-induced seizures had changed in the last decade. According to the records of the California Poison Control System in 2003, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, stimulants, and isoniazid continue to be classified as common causes of drug-induced seizures. Of the 386 cases evaluated that were related to poisoning or drug intoxication in which seizures occurred, the leading causes were the following in order of frequency: bupropion, diphenhydramine, tricyclic antidepressants, tramadol, amphetamines, isoniazid, and venlafaxine. It is not difficult to imagine seniors at risk for drug-induced seizures when an offending agent is used in circumstances that may increase their risk, including comorbidities, polypharmacy, medication-adherence problems, errors in administration (i.e., due to vision difficulties, misunderstanding, dementia), and age-related reduced medication clearance (e.g., renal and hepatic impairment). Bupropion, like other antidepressant agents, lowers seizure threshold. Seizure risk is increased in patients with the following: a history of seizures, head trauma, anorexia/bulimia, CNS tumor, severe hepatic cirrhosis, abrupt discontinuation of a sedative hypnotic or alcohol, and medications that lower the seizure threshold (e.g., neuroleptics). It was reported in a 2002 study that bupropion-induced seizures were the third most common cause of drug-induced seizures after cocaine ingestion and benzodiazepine withdrawal. Tramadol is associated, however, with two significant adverse reactionsseizures and serotonin syndrome. There may be a greater risk of adverse events in patients who are elderly (particularly 75 years of age), are debilitated, or have chronic respiratory disorders. Venlafaxine is a potent inhibitor of serotonin reuptake; at higher doses, it is an inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake. While the causes of seizures in the elderly may be multifactorial, many age-related issues are potential contributors to the risk of drug-induced seizures in this population. […] Pharmacists should note the common causes of seizures in seniors and be able to identify those drugs that place a senior at particular risk in light of the individuals history, clinical status, and risk for drug interactions.

• #80 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-seizures-basics

  Some medications, like antipsychotics and some asthma drugs […] Withdrawal or overdose from medications like benzodiazepines, narcotics, or alcohol […] Narcotics such as cocaine and heroin […] Brain infections like meningitis […] A high fever […] COVID-19 […] Developmental brain issues […] Hormone changes […] Toxins […] Eclampsia (very high blood pressure during pregnancy) […] Degenerative brain diseases (like dementia).

• #81 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-seizures-basics

  Some medications, like antipsychotics and some asthma drugs […] Withdrawal or overdose from medications like benzodiazepines, narcotics, or alcohol […] Narcotics such as cocaine and heroin […] Brain infections like meningitis […] A high fever […] COVID-19 […] Developmental brain issues […] Hormone changes […] Toxins […] Eclampsia (very high blood pressure during pregnancy) […] Degenerative brain diseases (like dementia).

• #82 Seizure Disorders – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Common causes of seizures vary by age of onset: […] Before age 2: Fever, hereditary or congenital neurologic disorders, birth injuries, and inherited or acquired metabolic disorders […] Adults: Cerebral trauma, alcohol withdrawal, tumors, strokes, and an unknown cause (in 50%) […] Older people: Tumors and strokes […] Epilepsy is often idiopathic, but various brain disorders, such as malformations, strokes, and tumors, can cause symptomatic epilepsy. […] Symptomatic epilepsy is epilepsy due to a known cause (eg, brain tumor, stroke). […] In cryptogenic epilepsy and often in refractory epilepsy, a rare but increasingly identified cause is anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, especially in young women. […] Various medications can cause seizures if too much is taken. […] These medications are said to lower the seizure threshold. […] Phenytoin, used to treat seizure disorders, can cause seizures if too much is taken.

• #83 Common Causes of Drug-Induced Seizures

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/common-causes-of-drug-induced-seizures

  It has been established that the elderly, particularly those with some degree of neurologic disease, are especially susceptible to the actions of medications. In light of the ubiquity of polypharmacy in seniors, this column has previously presented an overview of the causes of seizures in the elderly with reference to the risk of drug-induced events. In seniors, causes of seizures may be multifactorial, including cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, CNS infections, metabolic disorders, head trauma, and tumors. One group of investigators, Thundiyil et al, were interested in determining if the causes and consequences of drug-induced seizures had changed in the last decade. According to the records of the California Poison Control System in 2003, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, stimulants, and isoniazid continue to be classified as common causes of drug-induced seizures. Of the 386 cases evaluated that were related to poisoning or drug intoxication in which seizures occurred, the leading causes were the following in order of frequency: bupropion, diphenhydramine, tricyclic antidepressants, tramadol, amphetamines, isoniazid, and venlafaxine. It is not difficult to imagine seniors at risk for drug-induced seizures when an offending agent is used in circumstances that may increase their risk, including comorbidities, polypharmacy, medication-adherence problems, errors in administration (i.e., due to vision difficulties, misunderstanding, dementia), and age-related reduced medication clearance (e.g., renal and hepatic impairment). Bupropion, like other antidepressant agents, lowers seizure threshold. Seizure risk is increased in patients with the following: a history of seizures, head trauma, anorexia/bulimia, CNS tumor, severe hepatic cirrhosis, abrupt discontinuation of a sedative hypnotic or alcohol, and medications that lower the seizure threshold (e.g., neuroleptics). It was reported in a 2002 study that bupropion-induced seizures were the third most common cause of drug-induced seizures after cocaine ingestion and benzodiazepine withdrawal. Tramadol is associated, however, with two significant adverse reactionsseizures and serotonin syndrome. There may be a greater risk of adverse events in patients who are elderly (particularly 75 years of age), are debilitated, or have chronic respiratory disorders. Venlafaxine is a potent inhibitor of serotonin reuptake; at higher doses, it is an inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake. While the causes of seizures in the elderly may be multifactorial, many age-related issues are potential contributors to the risk of drug-induced seizures in this population. […] Pharmacists should note the common causes of seizures in seniors and be able to identify those drugs that place a senior at particular risk in light of the individuals history, clinical status, and risk for drug interactions.

• #84 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-seizures-basics

  Seizures can happen with no explanation, but many conditions and events are known to bring them on, including: […] Seizures happen when there are issues with the electrical activity in your brain. They can be caused by many things including cancer, stroke, brain tumors, head injuries, and more. […] If you have two or more unprovoked seizures, you may be diagnosed with epilepsy. This brain condition sometimes runs in families. But it can also be caused by a head trauma, infection, tumor, or injury that happened before birth. […] Seizure Causes […] Stroke […] Cancer […] Brain tumors […] Head injuries […] Electrolyte imbalance (too high or too low levels of minerals in your blood) […] Very low blood sugar […] Repeating sounds or flashing lights, like you might find in video games

• #85 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-seizures-basics

  Some medications, like antipsychotics and some asthma drugs […] Withdrawal or overdose from medications like benzodiazepines, narcotics, or alcohol […] Narcotics such as cocaine and heroin […] Brain infections like meningitis […] A high fever […] COVID-19 […] Developmental brain issues […] Hormone changes […] Toxins […] Eclampsia (very high blood pressure during pregnancy) […] Degenerative brain diseases (like dementia).

• #86 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Seizures of all types are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Causes of seizures can include: Abnormal levels of sodium or glucose in the blood, Brain infection, including meningitis and encephalitis, Brain injury that occurs to a baby during labor or childbirth, Brain problems that occur before birth (congenital brain defects), Brain tumor (a rare cause), Electric shock, Epilepsy, Fever (particularly in young children), Head injury, Heart disease, Heat illness (heat intolerance), High fever, Phenylketonuria (PKU), which can cause seizures in infants, Poisoning, Street drugs, such as angel dust (PCP), cocaine, and amphetamines, Stroke, Toxemia of pregnancy, Toxin buildup in the body due to liver or kidney failure, Very high blood pressure (malignant hypertension), Venomous bites and stings (such as a snake bite), Withdrawal from alcohol or certain medicines after using it for a long time.

• #87 Epilepsy Causes and Seizure Triggers | UPMC HealthBeat

  https://share.upmc.com/2015/06/epilepsy-causes-triggers/

  According to the Epilepsy Foundation, common triggers for epilepsy include: Poor sleep being overtired, not sleeping well, not getting enough sleep, disrupted sleep. Illness (both with and without fever). Flashing bright lights or patterns. Alcohol use or alcohol withdrawal. Drug use, particularly cocaine and other recreational drugs like ecstasy. High levels of stress. Menstrual cycle or other hormonal changes. Not eating well or going a long time without eating. Dehydration, not enough fluids. Low blood sugar, particularly if you are living with diabetes. Specific foods such as too much caffeine or other products that may aggravate seizures. Use of certain medicines or missing medicine doses. […] Learning your triggers and warning signs can help you gain more control over your seizure activity.

• #88 What Causes Seizures in Adults for the First Time?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-causes-seizures-in-adults-for-the-first-time

  The injury can also alter the electrical activity in your brain, resulting in a post-stroke seizure. […] Severe CNS infections caused by bacteria, parasites, or viruses can trigger seizures. […] Adult-onset seizures can be the first sign of a brain tumor. […] Another possible cause of a first-time seizure is a traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] A first-time seizure in adulthood may be related to the use of certain substances or withdrawal from them. […] Alcohol poisoning, or an alcohol overdose, is when you drink a large amount of alcohol in a short amount of time. This can cause alterations in your fluid and electrolyte levels, resulting in seizures. […] Not all adult-onset seizures are related to a specific medical condition or trauma to the brain. Sometimes, patterns in your life can affect your body and your brains electrical activity enough to put you at elevated risk for a seizure. […] According to a review from 2022, sleep deprivation when a person doesnt get enough sleep to meet their bodys needs is a well-documented risk factor for the development of epileptic seizures. […] Extreme stress is another risk factor for a seizure in some adults.

• #89 Seizures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20365711

  Seizures are caused by changes in the way nerve cells in the brain communicate. Nerve cells in the brain create, send and receive electrical impulses. The nerve cells are called neurons. The impulses allow the cells to communicate. Anything that gets in way of the communication pathways can lead to a seizure. Gene changes cause some types of seizures. […] Epilepsy is a common cause of seizures. But not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy. Sometimes the following can cause seizures: A high fever. When fever causes a seizure, it’s called a febrile seizure. An infection of the brain. This may include meningitis or encephalitis. Serious illness. This includes serious illness with COVID-19. Lack of sleep. Low blood sodium. This can happen if you take medicine that makes you urinate. Certain medicines that treat pain or depression or help people stop smoking. A new, active brain injury, such as head trauma. It can cause bleeding in an area of the brain or a stroke. The use of drugs that are sold on the streets. This includes amphetamines and cocaine. Alcohol misuse. Seizures can happen from withdrawal from alcohol or from drinking too much alcohol.

• #90 Seizure Causes -Orlando Epilepsy Center

  https://orlando-epilepsy.com/seizure-causes-explained/

  Metabolic disturbances can disrupt the balance of chemicals and electrolytes within the body, affecting the brains electrical activity. […] There are some kinds of medications, that can cause seizures when used incorrectly, such as overdosing on some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and opioids. […] Excessive alcohol consumption and substance abuse are significant risk factors for seizures, as long-term alcohol abuse can result in a condition called alcohol withdrawal seizures. […] Traumatic brain injuries resulting from falls, accidents, or sports-related incidents can disrupt the brains normal function and lead to seizures. […] One of the most common seizure causes is stress and sleep deprivation. […] Seizures are complex neurological events that can result from a wide range of causes.

• #91 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-seizures-basics

  Some medications, like antipsychotics and some asthma drugs […] Withdrawal or overdose from medications like benzodiazepines, narcotics, or alcohol […] Narcotics such as cocaine and heroin […] Brain infections like meningitis […] A high fever […] COVID-19 […] Developmental brain issues […] Hormone changes […] Toxins […] Eclampsia (very high blood pressure during pregnancy) […] Degenerative brain diseases (like dementia).

• #92 Seizures DDx • LITFL • CCC Differential Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/seizures-ddx/

  Seizures are the manifestation of abnormal hyperexcitable discharges of cortical neurons. […] 10 minutes of continuous seizure activity is now considered status epilepticus, which may result in neuronal damage. Seizures should be aggressively treated if they last longer than 5 minutes. […] Other conditions which cause generalized or focal CNS injury can also precipitate or perpetuate seizures. […] Hypoxia. […] Metabolic disturbances (e.g. hypoglycaemia, uremia, hepatic encephalopathy). […] Electrolyte imbalance (e.g. hyponatraemia, hypernatraemia, hypercalcaemia). […] Drug intoxication (e.g. anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antipsychotics, isoniazid, opioids, theophylline, sympathomimetics). […] Drug withdrawal (e.g. alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines). […] Trauma. […] CNS neoplasia. […] Stroke. […] Intracranial haemorrhage (e.g. subrachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage). […] CNS infection (e.g. meningoencephalitis, cerebral abscess, neurocysticercosis).

• #93 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-seizures-basics

  Some medications, like antipsychotics and some asthma drugs […] Withdrawal or overdose from medications like benzodiazepines, narcotics, or alcohol […] Narcotics such as cocaine and heroin […] Brain infections like meningitis […] A high fever […] COVID-19 […] Developmental brain issues […] Hormone changes […] Toxins […] Eclampsia (very high blood pressure during pregnancy) […] Degenerative brain diseases (like dementia).

• #94 Seizure disorder: Types, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/seizure-disorder

  A range of conditions may cause seizures. The three major types of seizure disorders are epileptic seizure disorder (ESD), psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, and nonepileptic seizures. […] Many conditions, disorders, and other factors can cause seizure or seizure disorders, such as: cerebral edema (fluid buildup around the brain), central nervous system (CNS) infections, brain malformations, genetic disorders, head trauma or injury, sores or tumors growing on the brain, exposure to toxins, certain drugs, such as CNS stimulants, sedating antihistamines, and antipsychotics, cerebral ischemia or hypoxia, which is when the brain is starved of oxygen, autoimmune disorders, stroke, withdrawal from alcohol, flashing lights, repetitive sounds, parts of music and video games, or, rarely, touch, metabolic and electrolyte disorders, lack of sleep, extreme stress.

• #95 Seizure Disorders – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Common causes of seizures vary by age of onset: […] Before age 2: Fever, hereditary or congenital neurologic disorders, birth injuries, and inherited or acquired metabolic disorders […] Adults: Cerebral trauma, alcohol withdrawal, tumors, strokes, and an unknown cause (in 50%) […] Older people: Tumors and strokes […] Epilepsy is often idiopathic, but various brain disorders, such as malformations, strokes, and tumors, can cause symptomatic epilepsy. […] Symptomatic epilepsy is epilepsy due to a known cause (eg, brain tumor, stroke). […] In cryptogenic epilepsy and often in refractory epilepsy, a rare but increasingly identified cause is anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, especially in young women. […] Various medications can cause seizures if too much is taken. […] These medications are said to lower the seizure threshold. […] Phenytoin, used to treat seizure disorders, can cause seizures if too much is taken.

• #96 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Meningitis, HIV, viral encephalitis and some parasitic infections can cause epilepsy. […] Before they’re born, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors. They might include an infection in the mother, poor nutrition or not enough oxygen. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy. […] Epilepsy can sometimes occur with developmental conditions. People with autism are more likely to have epilepsy than are people without autism. Research also has found that people with epilepsy are more likely to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other developmental conditions. Having both conditions may be related to genes.

• #97 Common Epilepsy Causes and Seizure Triggers

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/epilepsy-causes

  When identifiable, the causes of epilepsy usually involve some form of injury to the brain. […] Typically, the known causes of seizure involve some injury to the brain. Some of the main causes of epilepsy include: […] Experts think the combination of genetics and something else, like a medical condition, may be to blame. […] Injury before, during, or soon after birth. Any problems with brain development in the womb or in early infancy raise the chance of epilepsy. […] Head or brain trauma. Either can trigger seizures. […] Brain conditions. Most cases of epilepsy in people older than 35 happen because of brain damage from a stroke or even after brain surgery. […] Infectious diseases. Conditions caused by a viral or bacterial infection can cause epilepsy, too, especially if they infect your brain.

• #98 Causes of Seizures in Infants (and What to Do)

  https://vancleavelaw.com/three-common-causes-of-babys-seizures/

  Three Common Causes of Baby’s Seizures […] Although some seizures may be related to fever or genetic issues, seizures can also result from birth injuries caused by the negligence of medical professionals and/or faulty medical care. […] Birth injuries are a common cause of infant seizures. […] Examples of birth injuries that can cause seizures include the following: Skull fractures that happen during delivery, Cerebral palsy due to a brain injury or lack of oxygen, Hematomas from brain trauma, Maternal high blood pressure that cuts off oxygen flow to the baby, Umbilical cord-related brain injuries such as nuchal cord, umbilical cord prolapse, and cord compression. […] One of the most common reasons for a birth injury is when the baby’s access to oxygen is cut off during the labor and delivery process. This can sometimes cause a lasting brain injury.

• #99 Epilepsy: Causes, Triggers, and Types of… | Schneck Medical Center

  https://www.schneckmed.org/blog/epilepsy

  Developmental conditions: People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism are more likely to get epilepsy. […] Birth defects: If the baby in the womb doesn’t receive enough oxygen or nutrition, or if the mother catches some kind of infection while pregnant, then that individual may be more susceptible to epilepsy. […] In some cases of epilepsy, the cause is not easily spotted. However, your doctor will still work with you to mitigate the symptoms. […] Seizures can be categorized into two groups: focal and generalized. Focal seizures are caused by activity in one part of the brain, while all areas of the brain cause generalized seizures. […] Depending on what part of the brain a focal seizure starts, it can affect the individual differently. […] There are certain factors to look out for that may cause seizures if you are an individual with epilepsy. Some of these have no effect on people with epilepsy, while others are quite sensitive to them. Some of the most common seizure triggers are:

• #100 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Meningitis, HIV, viral encephalitis and some parasitic infections can cause epilepsy. […] Before they’re born, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors. They might include an infection in the mother, poor nutrition or not enough oxygen. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy. […] Epilepsy can sometimes occur with developmental conditions. People with autism are more likely to have epilepsy than are people without autism. Research also has found that people with epilepsy are more likely to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other developmental conditions. Having both conditions may be related to genes.

• #101 Seizures | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/seizures

  Seizures happen when brain cells fire or “talk” too much, temporarily disrupting the brain’s normal electrical signals. They’re quite common, especially in infants and young children, and they have a wide range of causes. Sometimes, seizures are triggered by a disease or injury, but for most children, there is no detectable cause. […] Seizures can take a wide variety of forms, depending in part on what part of the brain has the abnormal electrical activity. Many different diseases and injuries can cause children to have seizures. These include: Head injuries, Birth trauma, Congenital conditions (conditions that your child is born with), Poisoning, Fever or infection, Brain tumors, Maternal illness during pregnancy, Heredity, Degenerative brain disorders, Stroke, Metabolic problems and chemical imbalances in the body, Alcohol or drugs, Medications. Often, however, the exact cause of seizures cannot be determined.

• #102 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-seizures-basics

  Some medications, like antipsychotics and some asthma drugs […] Withdrawal or overdose from medications like benzodiazepines, narcotics, or alcohol […] Narcotics such as cocaine and heroin […] Brain infections like meningitis […] A high fever […] COVID-19 […] Developmental brain issues […] Hormone changes […] Toxins […] Eclampsia (very high blood pressure during pregnancy) […] Degenerative brain diseases (like dementia).

• #103 Table: Causes of Seizures-MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/causes-of-seizures

  Head injury […] Hydrocephalus […] Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding within the skull) […] Abnormalities present or occurring at birth, including genetic disorders […] Birth defect […] Hereditary metabolic disorders, such as Tay-Sachs disease or phenylketonuria […] Injury during birth […] Fluid accumulation in the brain (cerebral edema) […] Eclampsia […] Hypertensive encephalopathy […] Various medications can cause seizures if too much is taken. In some people, certain medications can make seizures more likely to occur by making nerve cells in the brain easier to stimulate. These medications are thought to lower the seizure threshold. […] Phenytoin, used to treat seizure disorders, can cause seizures if too much is taken.

• #104 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Meningitis, HIV, viral encephalitis and some parasitic infections can cause epilepsy. […] Before they’re born, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors. They might include an infection in the mother, poor nutrition or not enough oxygen. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy. […] Epilepsy can sometimes occur with developmental conditions. People with autism are more likely to have epilepsy than are people without autism. Research also has found that people with epilepsy are more likely to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other developmental conditions. Having both conditions may be related to genes.

• #105 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Meningitis, HIV, viral encephalitis and some parasitic infections can cause epilepsy. […] Before they’re born, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors. They might include an infection in the mother, poor nutrition or not enough oxygen. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy. […] Epilepsy can sometimes occur with developmental conditions. People with autism are more likely to have epilepsy than are people without autism. Research also has found that people with epilepsy are more likely to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other developmental conditions. Having both conditions may be related to genes.

• #106 Epilepsy: Definition, symptoms, treatment, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8947

  People with epilepsy usually experience recurrent seizures. These seizures occur due to a disruption of electrical activity in the brain, which temporarily disturbs the messaging systems between brain cells. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describe epilepsy as a common brain condition that causes repeated seizures. […] Epilepsy develops due to a disruption in this system, which may result from brain dysfunction. […] In many cases, healthcare professionals will not know the exact cause. Some people inherit genetic factors that make epilepsy more likely to occur. Other factors that may increase the risk include: head trauma, such as from a vehicle accident; brain conditions, including stroke and tumors; infectious diseases, such as viral encephalitis; cysticercosis; AIDS; prenatal injury or brain damage that occurs before birth; developmental conditions, including autism and neurofibromatosis.

• #107 Causes of Epilepsy – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/neurology-neurosurgery/epilepsy-seizures/causes

  Certain factors can lead to brain damage that can result in epilepsy or other conditions (like cerebral palsy). […] Meningitis, viral encephalitis and HIV/AIDs all have the potential to cause epilepsy. […] Some people with developmental disorders, like autism or neurofibromatosis (NF), also have epilepsy.

• #108 Types of Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders-in-children/types

  Seizures occur in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome, a congenital neurological disorder, due to abnormalities in the blood vessels lining the brain. […] Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in multiple organs of the body, such as the brain, skin, kidneys, lungs, and heart. When these tumors are in the brain, they trigger seizures. […] Many disorders that affect the structure and function of the brain in early life can lead to epilepsy, causing seizures in children. Some genetic and neurologic disorders may lead to seizures, along with other neurologic, development, and behavioral symptoms.

• #109 Types of Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders-in-children/types

  Seizures occur in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome, a congenital neurological disorder, due to abnormalities in the blood vessels lining the brain. […] Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in multiple organs of the body, such as the brain, skin, kidneys, lungs, and heart. When these tumors are in the brain, they trigger seizures. […] Many disorders that affect the structure and function of the brain in early life can lead to epilepsy, causing seizures in children. Some genetic and neurologic disorders may lead to seizures, along with other neurologic, development, and behavioral symptoms.

• #110 Epilepsy Causes and Common Seizure Symptoms

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/epilepsy-causes-risk-factors-1204427

  Changes in brain structure can increase the risk of epilepsy by interfering with normal electrical signals. These changes may be present at birth or result from injury, stroke, infection, or tumors. […] Infections that affect the brain can lead to epilepsy by causing inflammation, scarring, or structural damage. This is a major cause of epilepsy worldwide, especially in low-resource areas. […] Some developmental disorders raise the risk of epilepsy because of brain differences, genetic causes, or problems with brain signals. Seizures are often one of many symptoms. […] Alcohol and drugs can trigger seizures and, in some cases, contribute to epilepsy. They may directly affect the brain, cause withdrawal-related seizures, or lead to long-term brain damage. […] In many cases, the cause of epilepsy is unknown. If no clear brain injury, genetic mutation, infection, or other cause is found, it’s called idiopathic epilepsy or epilepsy of unknown origin.

• #111 Causes of seizures – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_seizures

  In children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, a fever of 38 C (100.4 F) or higher may lead to a febrile seizure. […] In some epileptics, flickering or flashing lights, such as strobe lights, can be responsible for the onset of a tonic clonic, absence, or myoclonic seizure. […] A severe head injury, such as one sustained in a motor vehicle accident, fall, assault, or sports injury, can result in one or more seizures that can occur immediately after the fact or up to a significant amount of time later. […] Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, can increase frequency of seizure. […] Curiously, hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can also trigger seizures. […] In catamenial epilepsy, seizures become more common during a specific period of the menstrual cycle. […] Sleep deprivation is the second most common trigger of seizures.

• #112 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Types | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/seizures?srsltid=AfmBOoroA4vFsVHpcv_30QWfqQ3SFR1qBYPQAz6nyvt_8b6gdDzQ-4sb

  A seizure is the result of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, leading to temporary and involuntary changes in body movement, function, sensation, awareness or behavior. Seizures can have many different causes. One common cause is epilepsy, a chronic seizure disorder that can often be controlled with medication. Other causes of seizure include fever, infection, diabetic emergencies, heat stroke and injuries to the brain tissue. […] Epilepsy is a chronic seizure disorder that can often be controlled with medication.

• #113 Causes of seizures – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_seizures

  In children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, a fever of 38 C (100.4 F) or higher may lead to a febrile seizure. […] In some epileptics, flickering or flashing lights, such as strobe lights, can be responsible for the onset of a tonic clonic, absence, or myoclonic seizure. […] A severe head injury, such as one sustained in a motor vehicle accident, fall, assault, or sports injury, can result in one or more seizures that can occur immediately after the fact or up to a significant amount of time later. […] Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, can increase frequency of seizure. […] Curiously, hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can also trigger seizures. […] In catamenial epilepsy, seizures become more common during a specific period of the menstrual cycle. […] Sleep deprivation is the second most common trigger of seizures.

• #114 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  Seizures are caused by sudden and uncoordinated changes to electrical signals in the brain. […] Seizures can be caused by: epilepsy, head injury, brain infection, stroke or brain bleeds, birth defects, birth trauma and genetic factors, some prescription medicines, brain tumours and other medical conditions affecting the brain. […] For some people who have epileptic seizures, there will be some things that are likely to trigger a seizure. Common seizure triggers include: recreational drugs, alcohol, caffeine and energy drinks, dehydration or not eating for a long time, hormone level changes in females, flashing lights, lack of sleep, extreme stress, being sick, even without a fever.

• #115 Causes of seizures – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_seizures

  In children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, a fever of 38 C (100.4 F) or higher may lead to a febrile seizure. […] In some epileptics, flickering or flashing lights, such as strobe lights, can be responsible for the onset of a tonic clonic, absence, or myoclonic seizure. […] A severe head injury, such as one sustained in a motor vehicle accident, fall, assault, or sports injury, can result in one or more seizures that can occur immediately after the fact or up to a significant amount of time later. […] Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, can increase frequency of seizure. […] Curiously, hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can also trigger seizures. […] In catamenial epilepsy, seizures become more common during a specific period of the menstrual cycle. […] Sleep deprivation is the second most common trigger of seizures.

• #116 Seizure Causes -Orlando Epilepsy Center

  https://orlando-epilepsy.com/seizure-causes-explained/

  Metabolic disturbances can disrupt the balance of chemicals and electrolytes within the body, affecting the brains electrical activity. […] There are some kinds of medications, that can cause seizures when used incorrectly, such as overdosing on some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and opioids. […] Excessive alcohol consumption and substance abuse are significant risk factors for seizures, as long-term alcohol abuse can result in a condition called alcohol withdrawal seizures. […] Traumatic brain injuries resulting from falls, accidents, or sports-related incidents can disrupt the brains normal function and lead to seizures. […] One of the most common seizure causes is stress and sleep deprivation. […] Seizures are complex neurological events that can result from a wide range of causes.

• #117 Causes of seizures – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_seizures

  In some cases, certain parasites can cause seizures. […] Stress can induce seizures in people with epilepsy, and is a risk factor for developing epilepsy. […] A breakthrough seizure is an epileptic seizure that occurs despite the use of anticonvulsants that have otherwise successfully prevented seizures in the patient. […] Some illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria may lead to a seizure, especially when vomiting or diarrhea occur, as this may reduce the absorption of the anticonvulsant. […] Malnutrition may be the result of poor dietary habits, lack of access to proper nourishment, or fasting.

• #118 What Causes Seizures in Adults for the First Time?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-causes-seizures-in-adults-for-the-first-time

  The injury can also alter the electrical activity in your brain, resulting in a post-stroke seizure. […] Severe CNS infections caused by bacteria, parasites, or viruses can trigger seizures. […] Adult-onset seizures can be the first sign of a brain tumor. […] Another possible cause of a first-time seizure is a traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] A first-time seizure in adulthood may be related to the use of certain substances or withdrawal from them. […] Alcohol poisoning, or an alcohol overdose, is when you drink a large amount of alcohol in a short amount of time. This can cause alterations in your fluid and electrolyte levels, resulting in seizures. […] Not all adult-onset seizures are related to a specific medical condition or trauma to the brain. Sometimes, patterns in your life can affect your body and your brains electrical activity enough to put you at elevated risk for a seizure. […] According to a review from 2022, sleep deprivation when a person doesnt get enough sleep to meet their bodys needs is a well-documented risk factor for the development of epileptic seizures. […] Extreme stress is another risk factor for a seizure in some adults.

• #119 Causes of seizures – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_seizures

  In children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, a fever of 38 C (100.4 F) or higher may lead to a febrile seizure. […] In some epileptics, flickering or flashing lights, such as strobe lights, can be responsible for the onset of a tonic clonic, absence, or myoclonic seizure. […] A severe head injury, such as one sustained in a motor vehicle accident, fall, assault, or sports injury, can result in one or more seizures that can occur immediately after the fact or up to a significant amount of time later. […] Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, can increase frequency of seizure. […] Curiously, hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can also trigger seizures. […] In catamenial epilepsy, seizures become more common during a specific period of the menstrual cycle. […] Sleep deprivation is the second most common trigger of seizures.

• #120 Seizure disorder: Types, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/seizure-disorder

  A range of conditions may cause seizures. The three major types of seizure disorders are epileptic seizure disorder (ESD), psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, and nonepileptic seizures. […] Many conditions, disorders, and other factors can cause seizure or seizure disorders, such as: cerebral edema (fluid buildup around the brain), central nervous system (CNS) infections, brain malformations, genetic disorders, head trauma or injury, sores or tumors growing on the brain, exposure to toxins, certain drugs, such as CNS stimulants, sedating antihistamines, and antipsychotics, cerebral ischemia or hypoxia, which is when the brain is starved of oxygen, autoimmune disorders, stroke, withdrawal from alcohol, flashing lights, repetitive sounds, parts of music and video games, or, rarely, touch, metabolic and electrolyte disorders, lack of sleep, extreme stress.

• #121 Seizure disorder: Types, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/seizure-disorder

  A range of conditions may cause seizures. The three major types of seizure disorders are epileptic seizure disorder (ESD), psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, and nonepileptic seizures. […] Many conditions, disorders, and other factors can cause seizure or seizure disorders, such as: cerebral edema (fluid buildup around the brain), central nervous system (CNS) infections, brain malformations, genetic disorders, head trauma or injury, sores or tumors growing on the brain, exposure to toxins, certain drugs, such as CNS stimulants, sedating antihistamines, and antipsychotics, cerebral ischemia or hypoxia, which is when the brain is starved of oxygen, autoimmune disorders, stroke, withdrawal from alcohol, flashing lights, repetitive sounds, parts of music and video games, or, rarely, touch, metabolic and electrolyte disorders, lack of sleep, extreme stress.

• #122 Causes of seizures – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_seizures

  In children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, a fever of 38 C (100.4 F) or higher may lead to a febrile seizure. […] In some epileptics, flickering or flashing lights, such as strobe lights, can be responsible for the onset of a tonic clonic, absence, or myoclonic seizure. […] A severe head injury, such as one sustained in a motor vehicle accident, fall, assault, or sports injury, can result in one or more seizures that can occur immediately after the fact or up to a significant amount of time later. […] Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, can increase frequency of seizure. […] Curiously, hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can also trigger seizures. […] In catamenial epilepsy, seizures become more common during a specific period of the menstrual cycle. […] Sleep deprivation is the second most common trigger of seizures.

• #123 What Causes Nonepileptic Seizures? – Neurology Center For Epilepsy & Seizures

  https://www.neurocenternj.com/blog/what-causes-nonepileptic-seizures/

  Another reason for this type of seizure, such as those associated with epilepsy, is withdrawal symptoms when you’re detoxing from drugs or alcohol. […] Although slightly less common, you can have seizures due to severe stress and extreme sleep deprivation. […] Chemical seizures are yet another type of seizure that can occur due to various factors. One of the key triggers is the exposure to certain toxic substances or withdrawal from drugs. […] However, any imbalance in these hormones can also result in what are known as hormone imbalance seizures. […] No matter the cause of your seizure, whether it’s related to electrolytes and epilepsy or other factors, one thing is for sure: you need to find a treatment option to prevent further seizure activity. […] An imbalance in certain electrolytes, particularly sodium and calcium, can cause seizures. […] Yes, low levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood and reward, can potentially cause seizures. […] Yes, a hormonal imbalance can potentially lead to seizures.

• #124 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Seizures of all types are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Causes of seizures can include: Abnormal levels of sodium or glucose in the blood, Brain infection, including meningitis and encephalitis, Brain injury that occurs to a baby during labor or childbirth, Brain problems that occur before birth (congenital brain defects), Brain tumor (a rare cause), Electric shock, Epilepsy, Fever (particularly in young children), Head injury, Heart disease, Heat illness (heat intolerance), High fever, Phenylketonuria (PKU), which can cause seizures in infants, Poisoning, Street drugs, such as angel dust (PCP), cocaine, and amphetamines, Stroke, Toxemia of pregnancy, Toxin buildup in the body due to liver or kidney failure, Very high blood pressure (malignant hypertension), Venomous bites and stings (such as a snake bite), Withdrawal from alcohol or certain medicines after using it for a long time.

• #125 Epilepsy and Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-overview

  Epileptic seizures have many causes, including a genetic predisposition for certain types of seizures, head trauma, stroke, brain tumors, alcohol or drug withdrawal, repeated episodes of metabolic insults, such as hypoglycemia, and other conditions. […] In a substantial number of cases, the cause of epilepsy remains unknown. Identified causes tend to vary with patient age. Inherited syndromes, congenital brain malformations, infection, and head trauma are leading causes in children. Head trauma is the most common known cause in young adults. Strokes, tumors, and head trauma become more frequent in middle age, with stroke becoming the most common cause in the elderly, along with Alzheimer disease and other degenerative conditions. […] The genetic contribution to seizure disorders is not completely understood, but at the present time, hundreds of genes have been shown to cause or predispose individuals to seizure disorders of various types. Seizures are frequently seen in patients that are referred to a genetics clinic. In some cases, the seizures are isolated in an otherwise normal child. In many cases, seizures are part of a syndrome that may also include intellectual disability, specific brain malformations, or a host of multiple congenital anomalies.

• #126 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-seizures-basics

  Some medications, like antipsychotics and some asthma drugs […] Withdrawal or overdose from medications like benzodiazepines, narcotics, or alcohol […] Narcotics such as cocaine and heroin […] Brain infections like meningitis […] A high fever […] COVID-19 […] Developmental brain issues […] Hormone changes […] Toxins […] Eclampsia (very high blood pressure during pregnancy) […] Degenerative brain diseases (like dementia).

• #127 Seizures in elderly people – causes, diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.epsyhealth.com/seizure-epilepsy-blog/seizures-in-elderly-people—causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Seizures in elderly people are very common. […] There are many different causes of seizures in elderly people. […] There are many different causes of seizures in elderly people, including: Cerebrovascular disease (conditions which affect blood flow to the brain), Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimers disease of Parkinsons disease, which change brain structure, Brain tumors, Head injuries, Stroke. […] That being said, in up to 50% of senior patients, the cause is unknown.

• #128 Late-Onset Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/late-onset-epilepsy/31945/

  The key to trials of ASMs is to reach a therapeutic dose with slow titration. Once a therapeutic dose is reached, the duration of ASM treatment is based on whether symptoms respond to treatment, provided the ASM is taken for a period long enough that a seizure would be expected. […] With approximately two-thirds of LOE having identifiable causes, treatment is often focused on the underlying cause with ASMs also used. For LOUE, the remaining third, treatment with ASMs is successful in up to 92% of cases.

• #129 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Seizures of all types are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Causes of seizures can include: Abnormal levels of sodium or glucose in the blood, Brain infection, including meningitis and encephalitis, Brain injury that occurs to a baby during labor or childbirth, Brain problems that occur before birth (congenital brain defects), Brain tumor (a rare cause), Electric shock, Epilepsy, Fever (particularly in young children), Head injury, Heart disease, Heat illness (heat intolerance), High fever, Phenylketonuria (PKU), which can cause seizures in infants, Poisoning, Street drugs, such as angel dust (PCP), cocaine, and amphetamines, Stroke, Toxemia of pregnancy, Toxin buildup in the body due to liver or kidney failure, Very high blood pressure (malignant hypertension), Venomous bites and stings (such as a snake bite), Withdrawal from alcohol or certain medicines after using it for a long time.

• #130 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Seizures of all types are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Causes of seizures can include: Abnormal levels of sodium or glucose in the blood, Brain infection, including meningitis and encephalitis, Brain injury that occurs to a baby during labor or childbirth, Brain problems that occur before birth (congenital brain defects), Brain tumor (a rare cause), Electric shock, Epilepsy, Fever (particularly in young children), Head injury, Heart disease, Heat illness (heat intolerance), High fever, Phenylketonuria (PKU), which can cause seizures in infants, Poisoning, Street drugs, such as angel dust (PCP), cocaine, and amphetamines, Stroke, Toxemia of pregnancy, Toxin buildup in the body due to liver or kidney failure, Very high blood pressure (malignant hypertension), Venomous bites and stings (such as a snake bite), Withdrawal from alcohol or certain medicines after using it for a long time.

• #131 Adult Seizures: What Causes Them for the First Time?

  https://www.health.com/mind-body/6-things-that-can-trigger-a-seizure-even-if-you-dont-have-epilepsy

  About one in 10 people will experience a seizurea sudden attack of brain activity that typically lasts a few seconds or minutesin their lives. You can have a seizure without a diagnosis of epilepsy or a history of seizures. […] Low blood sugar, high fevers, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), and medication side effectsamong other factorscan all cause seizures in adults for the first time. However, epilepsy is diagnosed when a person has multiple unprovoked seizures. […] Severe cases of alcohol withdrawal can develop into a state of delirium tremens, which can also result in seizures, agitation, hallucinations, and severe confusion. […] Heat stroke is a potentially fatal condition and requires immediate medical attention. Overheating might also affect your brain. For example, symptoms of heatstroke include: Seizures.

• #132 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Seizures of all types are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Causes of seizures can include: Abnormal levels of sodium or glucose in the blood, Brain infection, including meningitis and encephalitis, Brain injury that occurs to a baby during labor or childbirth, Brain problems that occur before birth (congenital brain defects), Brain tumor (a rare cause), Electric shock, Epilepsy, Fever (particularly in young children), Head injury, Heart disease, Heat illness (heat intolerance), High fever, Phenylketonuria (PKU), which can cause seizures in infants, Poisoning, Street drugs, such as angel dust (PCP), cocaine, and amphetamines, Stroke, Toxemia of pregnancy, Toxin buildup in the body due to liver or kidney failure, Very high blood pressure (malignant hypertension), Venomous bites and stings (such as a snake bite), Withdrawal from alcohol or certain medicines after using it for a long time.

• #133 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  Sometimes, no cause can be found. This is called idiopathic seizures. They are usually seen in children and young adults, but can occur at any age. There may be a family history of epilepsy or seizures. […] If seizures continue repeatedly after any underlying problem is treated, the condition is called epilepsy.

• #134 Causes of Epilepsy – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/neurology-neurosurgery/epilepsy-seizures/causes

  There are many causes of epilepsy. Generally, the causes of epilepsy can be classified into three broad categories: genetic, cryptogenic and other. […] A mutation in a persons genes can put him or her at risk of developing epilepsy. […] Experts believe that, in many cases, genetic predisposition combined with environmental conditions lead to epilepsy. About 30 to 40 percent of epilepsy is caused by genetic predisposition. […] In about half of all cases of epilepsy, doctors are unable to pinpoint an exact, identifiable cause. […] When doctors dont know the cause of epilepsy or cant determine the cause with certainty, they consider it cryptogenic epilepsy. […] Some people develop epilepsy after a car accident or other traumatic head injury. […] Brain conditions, such as vascular malformations, brain tumors and strokes, can damage the brain. That brain damage can cause epilepsy. Damage from a stroke is the leading cause of epilepsy in adults over the age of 35.

• #135 Epilepsy and Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-overview

  Epileptic seizures have many causes, including a genetic predisposition for certain types of seizures, head trauma, stroke, brain tumors, alcohol or drug withdrawal, repeated episodes of metabolic insults, such as hypoglycemia, and other conditions. […] In a substantial number of cases, the cause of epilepsy remains unknown. Identified causes tend to vary with patient age. Inherited syndromes, congenital brain malformations, infection, and head trauma are leading causes in children. Head trauma is the most common known cause in young adults. Strokes, tumors, and head trauma become more frequent in middle age, with stroke becoming the most common cause in the elderly, along with Alzheimer disease and other degenerative conditions. […] The genetic contribution to seizure disorders is not completely understood, but at the present time, hundreds of genes have been shown to cause or predispose individuals to seizure disorders of various types. Seizures are frequently seen in patients that are referred to a genetics clinic. In some cases, the seizures are isolated in an otherwise normal child. In many cases, seizures are part of a syndrome that may also include intellectual disability, specific brain malformations, or a host of multiple congenital anomalies.

• #136 What Causes Epilepsy and Seizures? Symptoms + Types

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/what-causes-epilepsy/

  The causes of epilepsy are broken into six subgroups: Structural, Genetic, Infections, Metabolic, Immune, Unknown. […] A structural cause refers to brain abnormalities that are visible on structural neuroimages, such as an MRI. […] When a patient’s epilepsy is the direct result of a genetic mutation, they are considered to have a genetic etiology. […] When a patient has an infection in which seizures are a main symptom, they are considered to have an infectious etiology. […] A metabolic disorder occurs when the process by which the body makes energy is disrupted or performs abnormally. […] When your body recognizes a foreign agent (such as a virus), it protects itself by initiating an immune response. […] As the name implies, epilepsies with an unknown etiology have a cause that is not yet known. […] A seizure happens when a sudden, uncontrollable surge of electrical activity in the brain disrupts normal function. This can be caused by conditions such as epilepsy, head trauma, infections, high fever, or neurological disorders.

• #137 Late-Onset Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/late-onset-epilepsy/31945/

  The key to trials of ASMs is to reach a therapeutic dose with slow titration. Once a therapeutic dose is reached, the duration of ASM treatment is based on whether symptoms respond to treatment, provided the ASM is taken for a period long enough that a seizure would be expected. […] With approximately two-thirds of LOE having identifiable causes, treatment is often focused on the underlying cause with ASMs also used. For LOUE, the remaining third, treatment with ASMs is successful in up to 92% of cases.

• #138 Medical causes of seizures – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9717943/

  Seizures are commonly encountered in patients who do not have epilepsy. Factors that may provoke such seizures include organ failure, electrolyte imbalance, medication and medication withdrawal, and hypersensitive encephalopathy. There is usually one underlying cause, which may be reversible in some patients. […] Most ill patients with secondary seizures do not have epilepsy, and this should be explained to patients and their families. Only those patients with recurrent seizures and uncorrectable predisposing factors need long-term treatment with anticonvulsant medication.

• #139 Epilepsy: Definition, symptoms, treatment, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8947

  According to one 2015 research review, around 70-80% of epilepsy cases occur as a result of genetics. […] A 2017 review of research linked over 900 genes to epilepsy. This number continues to grow as more studies take place. […] Genes may link to epilepsy directly, to brain anomalies that can lead to epilepsy, or to other genetic conditions that can cause seizures. […] Several factors may have links to an increased risk of epilepsy. According to a 2017 research review in the journal NeuroToxicology, these factors include: age, with new cases occurring more frequently in young children and older adults; brain injuries and tumors; genetics and family history; alcohol consumption; perinatal factors, such as stroke and preterm birth; central nervous system infections, such as bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, and neurocysticercosis.

• #140 Epilepsy – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/epilepsy/

  Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by repeated seizures. A seizure is usually defined as a sudden alteration of behavior due to a temporary change in the electrical functioning of the brain. […] In epilepsy the brains electrical rhythms have a tendency to become imbalanced, resulting in recurrent seizures. […] Epilepsy is usually diagnosed after a person has had at least two seizures that were not caused by some known medical condition, such as alcohol withdrawal or extremely low blood sugar. […] Some partial seizures are related to head injury, brain infection, stroke or tumor but, in most cases, the cause is unknown. […] About half of the people who have one seizure without a clear cause will have another one, usually within six months. A person is twice as likely to have another seizure if there is a known brain injury or other type of brain abnormality.

• #141 Epilepsy: Definition, symptoms, treatment, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8947

  According to one 2015 research review, around 70-80% of epilepsy cases occur as a result of genetics. […] A 2017 review of research linked over 900 genes to epilepsy. This number continues to grow as more studies take place. […] Genes may link to epilepsy directly, to brain anomalies that can lead to epilepsy, or to other genetic conditions that can cause seizures. […] Several factors may have links to an increased risk of epilepsy. According to a 2017 research review in the journal NeuroToxicology, these factors include: age, with new cases occurring more frequently in young children and older adults; brain injuries and tumors; genetics and family history; alcohol consumption; perinatal factors, such as stroke and preterm birth; central nervous system infections, such as bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, and neurocysticercosis.

• #142 Causes of Epilepsy | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/brain-spine-neuro/epilepsy/causes

  Epilepsy has many possible causes, including illness, brain injury and abnormal brain development. […] But in many cases, the underlying cause is unknown and thats OK. […] We do know that men have a slightly higher risk for epilepsy, while race and ethnicity appear to have little impact on risk. […] In addition, genetics may play a role in some types of epilepsy, although research is still exploring these connections. […] Additional examples of risk factors include febrile seizures, previous brain infections, previous head traumas and strong family history of seizures.

• #143 Causes of Epilepsy | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/brain-spine-neuro/epilepsy/causes

  Epilepsy has many possible causes, including illness, brain injury and abnormal brain development. […] But in many cases, the underlying cause is unknown and thats OK. […] We do know that men have a slightly higher risk for epilepsy, while race and ethnicity appear to have little impact on risk. […] In addition, genetics may play a role in some types of epilepsy, although research is still exploring these connections. […] Additional examples of risk factors include febrile seizures, previous brain infections, previous head traumas and strong family history of seizures.

• #144 Causes of Epilepsy | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/brain-spine-neuro/epilepsy/causes

  Epilepsy has many possible causes, including illness, brain injury and abnormal brain development. […] But in many cases, the underlying cause is unknown and thats OK. […] We do know that men have a slightly higher risk for epilepsy, while race and ethnicity appear to have little impact on risk. […] In addition, genetics may play a role in some types of epilepsy, although research is still exploring these connections. […] Additional examples of risk factors include febrile seizures, previous brain infections, previous head traumas and strong family history of seizures.

• #145 Causes of Epilepsy | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/brain-spine-neuro/epilepsy/causes

  Epilepsy has many possible causes, including illness, brain injury and abnormal brain development. […] But in many cases, the underlying cause is unknown and thats OK. […] We do know that men have a slightly higher risk for epilepsy, while race and ethnicity appear to have little impact on risk. […] In addition, genetics may play a role in some types of epilepsy, although research is still exploring these connections. […] Additional examples of risk factors include febrile seizures, previous brain infections, previous head traumas and strong family history of seizures.

• #146 Seizures and epilepsy after stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/effects/physical/seizures-and-epilepsy-after-stroke

  A stroke sometimes causes seizures, either soon after the stroke or some time later. This can have a big impact on your life, but your medical team should ensure you get any treatment you may need. […] If you have a seizure after a stroke, it does not necessarily mean you have epilepsy or will go on to develop it. Some people have more than one seizure and may be diagnosed with epilepsy. This page has more information on types of seizure, diagnosis and treatment. […] A stroke can trigger this burst of electrical activity by damaging the connections between some of your brain cells. […] A seizure is most likely to happen within the first few days after a stroke but can also happen months or years later. Around 5 in 100 people (about 5%) may have a seizure soon after a stroke. […] You are more likely to have a seizure if you had a severe stroke, a haemorrhagic stroke, or a stroke in the cerebral cortex, the large outer layer of the brain where vital functions like movement, thinking, vision and emotion take place.

• #147 Causes of Epilepsy | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/brain-spine-neuro/epilepsy/causes

  Epilepsy has many possible causes, including illness, brain injury and abnormal brain development. […] But in many cases, the underlying cause is unknown and thats OK. […] We do know that men have a slightly higher risk for epilepsy, while race and ethnicity appear to have little impact on risk. […] In addition, genetics may play a role in some types of epilepsy, although research is still exploring these connections. […] Additional examples of risk factors include febrile seizures, previous brain infections, previous head traumas and strong family history of seizures.

• #148 Seizure disorder: Types, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/seizure-disorder

  The most common causes of seizure disorders vary by age in many cases. Examples based on age include: Less than 2 years old: Fever leading to febrile seizures, birth injuries involving the head, acquired or inherited metabolic disorders, and congenital neurological disorders. 214 years old: Fever, tumors, and infections. Adults: Tumors, stroke, head injury, and infections. Older adults: Stroke, tumors, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease. […] Several conditions can cause seizures and seizure disorders.

• #149 Seizure disorder: Types, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/seizure-disorder

  The most common causes of seizure disorders vary by age in many cases. Examples based on age include: Less than 2 years old: Fever leading to febrile seizures, birth injuries involving the head, acquired or inherited metabolic disorders, and congenital neurological disorders. 214 years old: Fever, tumors, and infections. Adults: Tumors, stroke, head injury, and infections. Older adults: Stroke, tumors, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease. […] Several conditions can cause seizures and seizure disorders.

• #150 Late-Onset Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/late-onset-epilepsy/31945/

  For approximately two-thirds of LOE, a structural cause can be identified, most commonly, cerebrovascular disease (30%-50%), neurodegenerative disease (10%-20%), traumatic brain injury (TBI; 25%), and brain tumors (10%-30%). Drug intoxication, drug or alcohol withdrawal, neurologic infections, and autoimmune encephalitis (AE) can also cause seizures in the elderly. […] Over one-third of LOE has no structural cause identified. There is evidence suggesting that LOUE may be related to cerebrovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and sleep disorders, which are all known to interact with one another. […] LOE is common after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and hypertension, even in the absence of stroke, is known to be correlated with the development of LOE. […] A study of people from diverse communities who had LOE showed that having ever smoked, diabetes, and hypertension were risk factors for LOE.

• #151 Late-Onset Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/late-onset-epilepsy/31945/

  For approximately two-thirds of LOE, a structural cause can be identified, most commonly, cerebrovascular disease (30%-50%), neurodegenerative disease (10%-20%), traumatic brain injury (TBI; 25%), and brain tumors (10%-30%). Drug intoxication, drug or alcohol withdrawal, neurologic infections, and autoimmune encephalitis (AE) can also cause seizures in the elderly. […] Over one-third of LOE has no structural cause identified. There is evidence suggesting that LOUE may be related to cerebrovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and sleep disorders, which are all known to interact with one another. […] LOE is common after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and hypertension, even in the absence of stroke, is known to be correlated with the development of LOE. […] A study of people from diverse communities who had LOE showed that having ever smoked, diabetes, and hypertension were risk factors for LOE.

• #152 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures can occur for many reasons and are broadly classified based on whether they are provoked (acute symptomatic) or unprovoked. Identifying the underlying cause is critical for guiding treatment and assessing the risk of recurrence. […] Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, occur in direct response to an identifiable, transient cause affecting brain function. Common causes include: […] Unprovoked seizures occur without an immediate precipitating event. These include spontaneous seizures and reflex seizures, which are consistently triggered by specific stimuli (e.g., flashing lights) but arise due to an enduring predisposition, not a transient cause. […] Causes and contexts for unprovoked seizures include: […] Seizures are classified as provoked, when triggered by a known cause such as fever, head trauma, or metabolic imbalance, or unprovoked, when no immediate trigger is identified. Recurrent unprovoked seizures define the neurological condition epilepsy. […] Identifying the underlying cause is critical for guiding treatment and assessing the risk of recurrence.

• #153 Evaluation and management of the first seizure in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-the-first-seizure-in-adults

  Seizures are a common occurrence, affecting an estimated 8 to 10 percent of the population over a lifetime. […] Causes of seizures include acute brain injury, acute systemic disorder, and underlying brain lesion or disorder and causes of epilepsy. […] The differential diagnosis and clinical features of seizures and the diagnostic evaluation of the first seizure in adults are reviewed here. […] Seizures account for 1 to 2 percent of all emergency department visits, and approximately one-quarter of these will be a first seizure.

• #154 Epilepsy: Causes, Triggers, and Types of… | Schneck Medical Center

  https://www.schneckmed.org/blog/epilepsy

  To properly diagnose epilepsy, the team at Schneck Neurology will perform a series of tests and/or exams to gain an understanding of the condition at hand. […] The purpose of these tests is to pinpoint the exact cause of your seizures. […] While epilepsy doesn’t have a cure, there are plenty of methods used to prevent seizures from happening. […] If you’ve experienced multiple seizures and have been diagnosed with epilepsy, talk with your doctor to discuss what anti-epileptic medication you should be taking. […] Usually, you will experience fewer or no seizures upon taking medications. However, if the medications are not helping, surgery is an alternative. […] While it’s not entirely understood how it works, the Ketogenic diet has been proven successful in preventing seizures.

• #155 Seizures in Adults: What You Should Know | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0500/p507-s1.html

  Seizures can be caused by a brain injury, most often from a stroke, damage, infection, or tumor. […] If you stop using alcohol or some drugs, you can have side effects called withdrawal. Withdrawal sometimes causes seizures. […] Some medicines also can cause seizures. […] Less commonly, you might have a seizure disorder called epilepsy. […] Your doctor may do tests to find out what is causing your seizures.

• #156

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  Epilepsy is a chronic noncommunicable disease of the brain that affects around 50 million people worldwide. […] Seizure episodes are a result of excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells. […] Epilepsy is not contagious. Although many underlying disease mechanisms can lead to epilepsy, the cause of the disease is still unknown in about 50% of cases globally. The causes of epilepsy are divided into the following categories: structural, genetic, infectious, metabolic, immune and unknown. […] A great proportion of the causes of death related to epilepsy, especially in low- and middle-income countries, are potentially preventable, such as falls, drowning, burns and prolonged seizures. […] A documented etiology of the seizure and an abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) pattern are the two most consistent predictors of seizure recurrence.

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