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• #1 Seizures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20365711

  A seizure is a sudden burst of electrical activity in the brain. It can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings and levels of consciousness. Epilepsy is defined as having two or more seizures at least 24 hours apart that don’t have a known cause. But epilepsy doesn’t cause all seizures. […] There are many types of seizures. They have a range of symptoms and vary in how much they affect your daily life. Seizure types also vary by where they begin in the brain and how far they spread. Most seizures last from 30 seconds to two minutes. A seizure that lasts longer than five minutes is a medical emergency. […] Symptoms vary based on the type of seizure. They also can range from mild to serious. Seizure symptoms may include: Short-lived confusion. A staring spell. Jerking movements of the arms and legs that can’t be stopped. Loss of consciousness or awareness. Changes in thinking or emotions. These may include fear, anxiety or a feeling of already having lived the moment, called deja vu.

• #2 Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

  Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder in which groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes send the wrong signals and cause seizures. […] During a seizure, many neurons send signals at the same time, much faster than normal. This surge of excessive electrical activity may cause involuntary movements, sensations, emotions, and/or behaviors. The disturbance of normal nerve cell activity may cause a loss of awareness. Some people recover immediately after a seizure, while others may take minutes to hours to feel like themselves again. During this time, they may feel tired, sleepy, weak, or confused. […] Epilepsy can have many different causes and seizure types. Epilepsy varies in severity and impact from person to person and can be accompanied by a range of co-existing conditions.

• #2 Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

  Todd’s paralysis is a brief period of temporary paralysis that occurs in some individuals after a seizure. The paralysis usually occurs on just one side of the body. It can last from 30 minutes to 36 hours, before it goes away completely. […] It is very important to continue taking antiseizure medication for as long as it is prescribed. Discontinuing medication too early is one of the major reasons people who have been seizure-free start having new seizures and can lead to status epilepticus, which is potentially life threatening. […] Some people with epilepsy may be advised to discontinue their antiseizure drugs after two to three years have passed without a seizure. Others may be advised to wait for four to five years depending on the cause of the seizures.

• #3 Seizures – Types, Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/what-is-seizure/

  Seizures vary from person to person, depending upon their seizure type. Thats because epilepsy is a spectrum disorder, meaning the causes, type, and severity can differ greatly amongst those affected by it. […] The signs and symptoms of a seizure will vary from person to person, as well as the type, severity, and phase of the seizure. General signs and symptoms can include: Unusual behaviors/sensations, Uncontrollable movements, Loss of consciousness. […] Most seizures last between 30 seconds and 2 minutes; if a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, you should seek medical care immediately. […] Seizures themselves are not typically fatal, but certain complications or underlying conditions associated with seizures can be life-threatening. […] No, while epilepsy is a common cause of seizures, there are various other factors and conditions that can trigger seizures, such as brain injuries, infections, and genetic disorders. […] While it may not be possible to prevent all seizures, certain lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and avoiding known triggers can help reduce the risk of seizure occurrence.

• #4 Seizures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20365711

  Most seizures fall into one of two classes called focal or generalized. The classes are based on how and where the brain activity causing the seizure began. If health professionals don’t know how the seizures began, they may say the seizures are of unknown onset. […] Focal seizures result from electrical activity in one area of the brain. This type of seizure can happen with or without passing out, called losing consciousness. […] Seizures that appear to involve all areas of the brain from the time they start are called generalized seizures. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are the most common type of generalized seizure. They once were called grand mal seizures. They can cause passing out, body stiffness and shaking. They sometimes cause people to urinate or to bite their tongues. […] Seizures can have a beginning phase, a middle phase and an end phase. These phases also are called prodrome, ictal and postictal.

• #5 Types of Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/about/types-of-seizures.html

  There are two main types of seizures: generalized and focal seizures. […] These types describe where a seizure starts in the brain and how it may affect a person. […] Call 911 if a seizure (of any type) lasts more than 5 minutes or if the person does not wake up fully between seizures. […] Focal seizures also called focal onset seizures begin on one side of the brain. They may cause changes in awareness, behavior, or sensation, or abnormal movements usually on just one side of the body. […] It is possible for this type of seizure to spread to both sides of the brain. When this happens, it can cause a loss of consciousness and movements on both sides of the body. […] Generalized seizures also called generalized onset seizures — begin (or appear to begin) on both sides of the brain at the same time.

• #5 Types of Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/about/types-of-seizures.html

  They usually cause a loss of consciousness or awareness and may also cause abnormal movements on both sides of the body. […] A person with epilepsy can have more than one type of seizure. […] Focal impaired awareness seizures cause a loss of awareness. […] Generalized motor seizures cause a person to lose awareness and have muscle movements. Muscles may stiffen, relax, jerk, spasm, or shake. […] „Tonic-clonic” seizures are a kind of generalized motor seizure that many people think of when they hear of a seizure. These cause muscle stiffness and rhythmic jerking. […] Generalized nonmotor or „absence” seizures cause short, sudden lapses of consciousness. […] Call 911 if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] The person has trouble breathing or waking up after the seizure. […] Epilepsy is a broad term used for a brain disorder that causes seizures.

• #6 Focal seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/focal-seizures

  When an epileptic seizure starts in one side of the brain, its called a focal onset seizure or a focal seizure. […] During a focal aware seizure, you stay fully aware of whats happening around you, even if you cant move or respond. […] The aura is in fact the seizure starting in a single part of the brain as a focal aware seizure, before spreading to affect both sides of the brain. […] If your awareness of whats happening around you is affected at any time during your seizure, its called a focal impaired awareness seizure. […] Doctors may also use the words motor or non-motor to describe focal seizures. Focal motor describes focal seizures where the main symptoms involve muscle activity, such as jerking, muscles becoming limp (loss of muscle tone) or repeated movements. Focal non-motor describes seizures where the main symptoms dont involve muscles.

• #6 Focal seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/focal-seizures

  What happens during a focal seizure depends on which area (lobe) of the brain is affected, and whether the seizure spreads to affect other areas. Some people just experience one symptom during a focal seizure, while others have several. […] Symptoms of seizures in the frontal lobes can include: Pelvic thrusting, kicking, pedalling, thrashing or rocking movements; Screaming, swearing or laughing; Unintentionally passing urine (urinary incontinence); Your head or eyes turning to one side; Having unusual body movements, such as stretching one arm while the other bends; Twitching, jerking or stiffening of muscles in one area of your body. The movements may sometimes spread bit by bit to other areas. […] Seizures starting in the occipital lobe often spread to involve other lobes. Symptoms include: Seeing flashing lights, colours or simple patterns; Seeing more complex images, such as pictures of people, animals or scenes; Not being able to see as well as usual, or not being able to see at all; Having eye movements you cant control, such as your eyes closing, moving to one side or moving quickly from side-to-side; Repeated blinking.

• #7 Seizures – Overview, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/seizures/

  Clonic seizures cause repetitive, rhythmic jerks and involuntary body movements. […] Tonic seizures cause stiffening of the muscles, which results in the body becoming inflexible or rigid. […] Atonic seizures cause unexpected loss of muscle tone, usually in the arms and legs. This can sometimes result in falls and other accidents. […] Tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as grand mal seizures) cause loss of consciousness, 30-60 seconds of stiffening of the body (including the arms and legs), followed by 30-60 seconds of involuntary muscle jerking of the arms and legs. After the seizure, most people fall into a deep sleep and may wake up after several minutes disoriented or confused. […] Focal aware seizures cause a variety of symptoms depending on where they originate in the brain. Some symptoms include a funny feeling in the stomach, anxiety, déjà vu, or involuntary movements of the body. They do not involve a loss of consciousness.

• #7 Seizures – Overview, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/seizures/

  Focal seizures with impaired awareness cause a loss of consciousness or awareness. Though a person’s eyes usually remain open, the person seems “out of it” and may stare into the distance. They also may perform repetitive actions, like lip smacking and hand waving. […] Sometimes focal seizures evolve into tonic-clonic seizures.

• #8 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure.html

  A tonic-clonic seizure, also called a grand mal seizure, causes violent muscle contractions and loss of consciousness. These are the types of seizures most people know about, and what they usually picture when they think about seizures in general. […] They are the most common type of generalized seizure, or seizure that affects the whole body. […] The muscles of the arms and legs stiffen during the first part of the seizure, called the tonic part. Then, the muscles of the arms, legs and face begin to jerk during the second phase of the seizure, known as the clonic part. Some patients may only experience one part of the seizure. Others may experience both. […] Tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. Any seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes will need medical attention.

• #9 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Seizures that appear to involve all areas of the brain are called generalized seizures. Generalized seizures include: Absence seizures, previously known as petit mal seizures, typically occur in children. Symptoms include staring into space with or without subtle body movements. Tonic seizures cause stiff muscles and may affect consciousness. Atonic seizures, also known as drop seizures, cause a loss of muscle control. Clonic seizures are associated with repeated or rhythmic jerking muscle movements. Myoclonic seizures usually appear as sudden brief jerks or twitches and usually affect the upper body, arms and legs. Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are the most dramatic type of epileptic seizure. They can cause a sudden loss of consciousness and body stiffening, twitching and shaking. […] Symptoms of focal seizures may be confused with other neurological conditions, such as migraine, narcolepsy or mental illness. A thorough exam and testing are needed to tell if symptoms are the result of epilepsy or another condition.

• #10 Phases of Seizures – What happens during a Seizure

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/phases-of-seizures/

  A seizure is an electrical disturbance that interferes with normal brain function. The way that a seizure presents itself can vary a lot between people with epilepsy, depending upon the type of seizures they experience and their particular form of epilepsy. […] The four phases of seizure are: Prodromal, Early ictal (the aura), Ictal, Postictal. […] The prodromal phase is a subjective feeling or sensation that can occur several hours or even days before the actual seizure. The most common symptoms of a prodrome include confusion, anxiety, irritability, headache, tremor, and anger or other mood disturbances. About 20% of individuals with epilepsy experience this stage, which may serve as a warning sign of seizure onset for those who experience it. […] For many people with epilepsy, the earliest sign of seizure activity is an aura. Although it has traditionally been thought of as a warning of an oncoming seizure, an aura is the earliest sign of seizure activity and the beginning of the ictal phase. It is reported that as many as 65% of people with epilepsy experience auras. Some common symptoms include: Bitter, acidic taste, Dja Vu, Dizziness, Flickering vision, Hallucinations, Head, arm, or leg pain, Jamais vu, Nausea/stomachache, Numbness, Out-of-body sensation, Ringing or buzzing sounds, Strange, offensive smells, Strong feelings of joy, sadness, fear, or anger, Subtle arm or leg twitching, Tingling, Vision loss or blurring.

• #10 Phases of Seizures – What happens during a Seizure

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/phases-of-seizures/

  The ictal phase includes the time between the beginning (aura, if present) and the end of the seizure. This is the stage of the seizure that most people are familiar with and would identify as a seizure. A person may experience a variety of symptoms, including but not limited to: Arm or leg stiffening, Chewing or lip-smacking, Confusion, Difficulty breathing, Distractedness, Drooling, Eye or head twitching movement in one direction, Hearing loss, Inability to move or speak, Loss of bladder and/or bowel control, Memory lapses, Numbness, Pale/flushed skin, Pupil dilation, Racing heart, Sense of detachment, Strange sounds, Sweating, Tremors, Twitching, Unusual physical activity such as dressing/undressing, Vision loss, blurring, flashing vision, Walking/running. […] The recovery period following a seizure is called the post-ictal phase. Some people recover immediately, while others may require minutes, hours or days to feel like they’re back at their baseline. Typical symptoms include: Arm or leg weakness, Body soreness, Confusion, Difficulty finding names or words, Drowsiness, Feelings of fear, embarrassment, or sadness, General malaise, Headaches/migraines, Hypertension, Memory loss, Nausea, Thirst.

• #10 Phases of Seizures – What happens during a Seizure

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/phases-of-seizures/

  Seizure signs and symptoms can vary widely depending on the individual, as well as the type, severity, and stage of the seizure. Some seizures are noticeable to others, while some are not. Typically, seizures last between 30 seconds and 2 minutes. However, if a seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, seeking medical attention is crucial.

• #11 Seizure Phases | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizures/seizure-phases/

  Seizures take on many different forms and have a beginning (prodrome and aura), middle (ictal) and end (post-ictal) stage. […] During the prodromal stage some people can tell when a seizure is on its way. They may notice some early signs hours or even days before the seizure starts. Not all people experience this stage. Some common signs can include: Mood changes, Anxiety, Feeling lightheaded, Difficulty sleeping, Difficulty staying focused, Behaviour changes. […] Auras are generally considered an early part of the seizure. Symptoms of an aura may include: Dèjà vu (a sense that something has happened before when in fact it hasn’t), Jamais vu (a feeling that you’re seeing something you know well for the first time), Odd smells, sounds or tastes, Dizziness, Vision difficulties, Numbness or ‘pins and needles’ in parts of the body, Nausea, Headache, Panic, Feelings of intense fear.

• #12 Postictal State: What It Is, How Long It Lasts & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/postictal-state

  The postictal state is a temporary group of symptoms you feel immediately after a seizure and before you feel well again. Common symptoms include exhaustion, confusion and sore muscles. It goes away within minutes to days. […] The postictal state is a temporary brain condition that happens when a seizure ends and before you feel like yourself again. Its a group of symptoms that affect your behavior, thoughts, feelings and ability to function as expected. […] During your brains recovery, you may feel confused, have a headache or have trouble remembering things. You may need to spend the day in bed resting and avoiding activities requiring a lot of brain power or physical exertion. […] The postictal state could last for a few minutes to a few days. Each persons experience in the postictal state is different.

• #12 Postictal State: What It Is, How Long It Lasts & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/postictal-state

  The majority of people who experience a seizure notice postictal state symptoms. The condition is temporary. […] The symptoms of the postictal state of a seizure most commonly may include: Headache or migraine, Confusion, Fatigue or exhaustion, Memory loss, Depression and/or anxiety, Soreness or muscle weakness, Mood or emotional changes (agitation, shame or embarrassment), Difficulty speaking. […] Symptoms vary based on where the abnormal electrical activity happened in your brain or how long the seizure lasts. […] Seizures can have a significant impact on your mental health. You may feel nervous and fearful that another seizure will happen. […] Symptoms usually go away on their own within a day after a seizure. […] The postictal state can last anywhere from minutes to days. On average, it lasts between five and 30 minutes.

• #13 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  A seizure is abnormal electrical activity in your brain. It causes changes in awareness and muscle control. It also causes symptoms that affect your behavior and senses. Seizure symptoms vary based on the type and severity, but may include: Loss of consciousness. Uncontrollable movements (convulsions, muscle spasms, jerking). Staring. Other symptoms may include: Sudden emotional changes (confusion, fear, joy, anxiety). Teeth clenching. Drooling. Abnormal eye movements. Loss of bladder or bowel control. Noise making (grunting or snorting). These symptoms are temporary and only last for a few seconds to minutes. The stages or phases of a seizure include: Prodrome phase: Before a seizure, you may notice mood or behavioral changes, feel lightheaded or have trouble focusing. Days before a seizure, you may have trouble sleeping. Aura phase: Right before the first symptoms of a seizure start, you may notice vision changes, a headache, dizziness, nausea, anxiety or fear, and changes to your senses (like taste, sound, smell and feeling). Ictal phase: This is when a seizure happens. Youll experience seizure symptoms. Postictal phase: Immediately after a seizure ends, you may feel confused, exhausted, sore, strong emotions and more. Not everyone who has a seizure experiences all phases, especially the aura. Many seizures come on suddenly and youre unaware of any early signs. Seizures can happen for many different reasons. These include but arent limited to the following: Aneurysms. Brain tumors. Cerebral hypoxia. Cerebrovascular disease. Diabetes. Severe concussion and traumatic brain injury, especially ones with loss of consciousness. Degenerative brain diseases like Alzheimers disease or frontotemporal dementia. Eclampsia. Electrolyte problems, especially low sodium (hyponatremia), calcium or magnesium. Epilepsy (seizures that happen frequently without any clear, underlying cause). Genetic conditions. Seizures often involve losing consciousness and passing out. When this happens, theres a risk of injuries from falling or suddenly stopping what youre doing at the time (like driving, operating machinery or climbing heights). Convulsions may cause you to smack your arms or legs on hard objects, causing cuts, bruises or broken bones. Status epilepticus happens when a seizure lasts for more than five minutes or you have more than one seizure without enough time between them to recover. Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency because it can cause brain damage or even death. Seizures can significantly impact your mental health. Its also common to have symptoms of anxiety and depression with seizures. This may happen because seizures are distracting and can pull you away from the activities you enjoy. You may feel anxious or fearful of having another seizure. You may keep yourself up at night worrying about when the next one might happen. You might avoid going out in public or spending time with loved ones if youre embarrassed about having a seizure in front of others. Seizures happen outside of your control, so its normal to have these feelings. A mental health professional can help you manage how seizures affect your emotional well-being. Seizure treatment varies based on the type, severity and cause. Your healthcare provider may recommend the following: Managing any underlying causes or conditions: Your provider will first treat any underlying conditions like a stroke or low blood sugar. This may prevent future seizures. Taking antiseizure medications: Medications may help prevent seizures or decrease how often they happen. Surgery: Surgery may reduce seizure frequency and severity by addressing the area of your brain where seizures start (focal point). Brain stimulation: A surgeon will implant a device into your brain to deliver a mild electrical current. The current interferes with and tries to stop abnormal electrical activity. There are different types of brain stimulation available, like vagus nerve stimulation. If certain types of treatment arent successful, your provider may recommend changing the foods you eat. A low- or no-carb (ketogenic) diet may reduce how often you have seizures. Studies are ongoing to learn more about the effectiveness of dietary changes in relation to seizures. Medications can help you manage seizures by: Stopping a seizure as it happens. Preventing future seizures. Reducing the severity of seizures. Reducing the frequency of seizures. Seizure symptoms usually last for a few seconds to minutes, up to 15 minutes. Symptoms can last longer if you have several seizures, one after the other (this is a medical emergency). Each persons experience with seizures is different, so the outlook can vary widely. Your outlook may depend on several factors. These include: Is there a known cause? Is the cause manageable or treatable? What type of seizure did you have? How severe was the seizure, and how long did it last? Was this your first seizure? Do you have an underlying condition where seizures are a common symptom? What treatment options are available to help you manage this seizure type?

• #14 Epilepsy | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/epilepsy/

  The symptoms of a focal impaired awareness seizure can involve random bodily behaviour, like smacking your lips, rubbing your hands, making random noises, moving your arms around, picking at clothes, fiddling with objects, adopting an unusual posture, chewing or swallowing. […] Absence seizures mainly affect children, but they also occur in adults. They cause the person to lose awareness of their surroundings, usually for up to 15 seconds. […] Myoclonic seizures cause your arms, legs or upper body to jerk or twitch, as if you have received an electric shock. […] Clonic seizures cause the same sort of twitching as myoclonic jerks, except the symptoms will last longer, normally up to 2 minutes. […] Atonic seizures cause all your muscles to relax suddenly. There’s a chance you may fall to the ground and you could injure yourself.

• #15 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  There are different types of epileptic seizure. They can affect people differently. […] The main types of epileptic seizure are: tonic clonic seizures, where you become unconscious and may fall, your muscles get stiff and your body jerks and shakes, tonic seizures, where your muscles suddenly get stiff and you may fall, then recover quickly, atonic seizures, where your muscles suddenly go floppy and you may fall, then recover quickly, absence seizures, where you briefly lose awareness of what’s going on around you, focal seizures, where you have unusual feelings, sensations or movements, myoclonic seizures, where your muscles briefly jerk. […] For most people, medicine works well to prevent or reduce seizures, and epilepsy has a small impact on their daily life. But some people have seizures that are harder to control, and need more support.

• #15 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  An epileptic seizure usually stops by itself and does not cause any lasting problems. […] Rarely, a seizure can last a long time, or you may have several seizures without recovering in between. This is called status epilepticus, and needs urgent treatment to prevent damage to your brain. […] There’s also a small risk of dying suddenly, called sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). But this is rare, and epilepsy treatment can reduce the risk.

• #15 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  Usually the only symptom of epilepsy is having seizures. […] Symptoms of seizures can include: your body becoming stiff or floppy, suddenly falling to the floor, jerking or twitching movements in your body, peeing unintentionally, losing awareness of what’s around you you may stare into space and not be able to respond normally, unusual feelings or sensations, such as strange smells, numbness or tingling, changes in your vision, or suddenly feeling scared, unusual behaviour, such as fidgeting or walking around and not being aware of what you’re doing. […] A seizure usually lasts a few seconds or minutes, and stops by itself. […] Symptoms of epilepsy often start in young children and people over 50, but it can happen at any age. […] Having a seizure does not always mean you have epilepsy, as seizures can have other causes. You’ll usually be diagnosed with epilepsy if you’ve had more than 1 seizure, or if tests show you’re at risk of having more seizures.

• #16 Types and Symptoms – Epilepsy 101 | Epilepsy Foundation of Metropolitan New York

  https://www.efmny.org/epilepsy-101-know-the-facts/types-and-symptoms/

  Simple partial seizures only affect a small part of the brain, usually the temporal lobes or hippocampi, and are usually brief in duration, lasting only a couple of minutes. […] The most common partial seizure is what is now termed complex-partial and formerly was known as temporal lobe or psychomotor. The complex-partial seizure consists of three brief phases: The person stops ongoing activity and assumes a dazed and staring expression. Then a pattern of repititous, automatic, purposeless behavior begins and typically lasts a few minutes. Such behavior may include lip smacking, picking at clothes, buttoning and unbuttoning clothes or finger pulling. As the person returns to consciousness, a short period of disorientation and confusion occurs.

• #16 Types and Symptoms – Epilepsy 101 | Epilepsy Foundation of Metropolitan New York

  https://www.efmny.org/epilepsy-101-know-the-facts/types-and-symptoms/

  A generalized seizure, especially prevalent in children three to fourteen years old, is absence. The absence seizure looks considerably milder in form than the tonic-clonic and, in fact, often passes for daydreaming. Thus, the elementary school teacher often notices the disorder before anyone else is aware of it. […] A brief lapse of consciousness with staring, eye blinking, or upward rolling of the eyes most commonly characterizes the absence seizure. It is not uncommon for a child to have 50 to 100 absence seizures a day. Most children outgrow this epilepsy at puberty. […] Myoclonic seizures can be described as jerking or twitching of the body in a muscle or a group of muscles, and are typically brief in duration, usually lasting only a couple of seconds. […] Tonic seizures are characterized by the sudden contraction and stiffening of the muscles. Often a persons eyes may roll back into their head, and as the chest muscles tighten and contract, it may become more difficult to breathe. These seizures are short in duration, and usually last less than 20 seconds.

• #17 Types of Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders/types

  Typical absence seizures involve a sudden cessation of movement, with staring and sometimes with blinking. Sometimes a mild loss of muscle tone occurs, causing the person to lean forward or backward slightly. […] Myoclonic seizures cause brief, shock-like, jerking movements in a muscle or a group of muscles. This type of seizure usually causes jerking movements on both sides of the body at the same time. […] Generalized tonicclonic seizures start on both sides of the brain and cause the body to stiffen, called the tonic phase, and then convulse, or shake, which is known as the clonic phase. […] Progressive myoclonic epilepsy is rare and frequently results from hereditary metabolic disorders, such as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and mitochondrial encephalopathy. In addition to seizures, symptoms may include unsteadiness, muscle rigidity, and intellectual disability.

• #18 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  The person may have warning symptoms before the attack, such as: Fear or anxiety, Nausea, Vertigo (feeling as if you are spinning or moving), Visual symptoms (such as flashing bright lights, spots, or wavy lines before the eyes). […] If seizures continue repeatedly after any underlying problem is treated, the condition is called epilepsy.

• #19 Seizure Disorders – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Most people do not remember what happened during the seizure (a condition called postictal amnesia). […] Seizures may have serious consequences. Intense, rapid muscle contractions can cause injuries, including broken bones. […] If seizures are not well-controlled, people may be unable to get a drivers license. […] If seizures are not completely controlled, people are two to three times more likely to die than those who do not have seizures. […] With treatment, one third of people with epilepsy are free from seizures, and most become seizure-free shortly after starting treatment.

• #20 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a type of seizure that involves the entire body. It is also called grand mal seizure. The terms generalized seizure, convulsion, or epilepsy are most often associated with bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. […] Seizures result from overactivity in the brain. Bilateral tonic-clonic seizures may occur in people of any age. They can occur once (single episode). Or, they can occur as part of a repeated, chronic illness (epilepsy). Some seizures are due to psychological problems (psychogenic or non-epileptic). […] Many people with generalized bilateral tonic-clonic seizures have one or more symptoms such as: Vision, taste, smell, or sensory changes. Hallucinations. Dizziness before the seizure. This is called an aura. […] The seizures often result in rigid muscles (tonic phase). This is followed by violent muscle contractions (clonic phase). Other symptoms that occur during the seizure may include: Biting the cheek or tongue, Clenched teeth or jaw, Loss of urine or stool control (incontinence), Stopped breathing or difficulty breathing, Blue skin color.

• #21 Seizures Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/seizures

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Specific symptoms depend on which part of the brain is involved. Symptoms occur suddenly and may include: Brief blackout followed by a period of confusion (the person cannot remember for a short time), Changes in behavior, such as picking at one’s clothing, Drooling or frothing at the mouth, Eye movements, Grunting and snorting, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Mood changes, such as sudden anger, unexplainable fear, panic, joy, or laughter, Shaking of the entire body, Sudden falling, Tasting a bitter or metallic flavor, Teeth clenching, Temporary stop in breathing, Uncontrollable muscle spasms with twitching and jerking limbs. […] Symptoms may stop after a few seconds or minutes, or continue for up to 15 minutes. They rarely continue longer. […] If seizures continue repeatedly after any underlying problem is treated, the condition is called epilepsy.

• #22 Generalized tonic-clonic seizure Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a type of seizure that involves the entire body. It is also called grand mal seizure. The terms generalized seizure, convulsion, or epilepsy are most often associated with bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. […] Many people with generalized bilateral tonic-clonic seizures have an aura with one or more symptoms before the seizure such as: Vision, taste, smell, or sensory changes. Seeing, smelling, or sometimes hearing things that are not there (hallucinations). Dizziness or other symptoms. […] The seizures often result in rigid muscles (tonic phase). This is followed by violent muscle contractions (clonic phase). Other symptoms that occur during the seizure may include: Biting the cheek or tongue, Clenched teeth or jaw, Loss of urine or stool control (incontinence), Stopped breathing or difficulty breathing, Blue skin color (cyanosis).

• #23 Neonatal (Newborn) Seizures | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/neonatal-seizures

  A seizure is caused by sudden, abnormal and excessive electrical activity in the brain. By definition, neonatal seizures occur during the neonatal, or newborn, period. For a full-term infant, this is the first 28 days after their birth. Most of these seizures occur within the first week of a baby’s life. Premature or low birth weight babies are more likely to suffer neonatal seizures than full-term infants. […] Many of the visible signs of neonatal seizures such as chewing motions and „bicycling” movements also occur in healthy newborns. Therefore, testing is usually required to confirm the diagnosis. […] The outcomes for babies who have neonatal seizures depend on the type of seizure and the underlying cause. Some neonatal seizures are mild and short-lived and do not cause any lasting health problems. However, prolonged and untreated seizures can cause permanent damage. This is due to decreased oxygen flow to the brain and excessive brain cell activity. Neonatal seizures are often symptoms of a more serious underlying condition, particularly a brain injury. For this reason, babies experiencing neonatal seizures should receive specialized care immediately.

• #23 Neonatal (Newborn) Seizures | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/neonatal-seizures

  About half of all babies who have neonatal seizures will develop epilepsy later in life. Those with seizures related to brain injuries or developmental abnormalities may have other complications stemming from the underlying brain damage such as cerebral palsy, intellectual disability and other neurological disorders. […] Neonatal seizures can be difficult to diagnose because the seizure may be short and subtle. In addition, the signs of seizures may mimic normal movements and behaviors seen in healthy newborns. […] Symptoms depend on the type of seizure the baby is experiencing: subtle, clonic, tonic or myoclonic. […] Subtle seizures are more common among full-term babies. Symptoms include: Random or roving eye movements, eyelid blinking or fluttering, eyes rolling up, eye opening, staring, sucking, smacking, chewing and protruding tongue, unusual bicycling or pedalling movements of the legs, thrashing or struggling movements, long pauses in breathing, also called apnea.

• #24

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/seizures/Pages/Infantile-Spasms-What-Parents-Need-to-Know.aspx

  Infantile spasms are little seizures that can have big consequences. Early recognition leads to better outcomes; waiting to seek treatment can increase your baby’s risk of permanent brain injury. […] While these seizures may last only a second or two, they often happen close together with each spasm occurring every 5-10 seconds in a series. During a spasm, the body stiffens suddenly. The back may arch, and the arms, legs, and head may bend forward. However, infantile spasms can sometimes be hard to noticeperhaps only the eyes roll up or there is a small tummy crunch. […] Soon after the spasms begin, parents may notice a number of changes in their baby: Loss of developmental milestones previously learned (such as rolling over, sitting, crawling, babbling), Loss of social interactions and smiles, Increased fussiness or silence.

• #25 Seizures: Know the Symptoms | TriHealth

  https://www.trihealth.com/blogs/neurology/seizures-know-the-symptoms

  Sometimes seizure symptoms are so subtle that you may have no idea that your child experienced one. These are known as absence seizures. Sometimes these will present as the teacher complaining that it seems like your child is not paying attention in school, but theyre actually having these little seizures throughout the day, Dr. Brinker says.

• #26 Seizures in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/seizures-children

  Seizures in children are caused by disturbances in these electrical signals that temporarily interrupt typical brain function. Seizures have many different looks, but usually involve unusual movements, a change in level of awareness or both. […] Seizures in children are often part of epilepsy, which involves experiencing at least two or more seizures. It is possible to have a single seizure in childhood and not have epilepsy. […] Your child may have a variety of symptoms depending upon the type of seizure they experience. The following are general warning signs that may help identify a seizure: Staring, sudden pause in activity, not responding; Jerking movements of the arms and legs; Stiffening of the body; Loss of consciousness; Breathing problems or breathing stops; Loss of bowel or bladder control; Falling suddenly for no apparent reason; Not responding to noise or words for brief periods; Appearing confused or in a haze; Sleepiness and irritability upon waking in the morning; Nodding the head; Periods of rapid eye blinking and staring.

• #27 Evaluation After a First Seizure in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0500/p507.html

  Seizures are transient signs and symptoms of abnormal, excessive, or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Up to 10% of adults have a seizure during their lifetime, with increasing incidence in people older than 55 years. One-third of people have a recurrent seizure within one year of an initial unprovoked seizure. […] Acute symptomatic (provoked) seizures recur less often, especially when provoking factors are addressed. […] After confirming a probable seizure, evaluation focuses on identifying provoking factors such as tumor, metabolic derangement, infectious disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, medications, or substance misuse. […] Immediate initiation of anti-seizure medication reduces seizure recurrence by 35% within the first two years. Recurrence rates between three and five years are similar between patients who start anti-seizure medication immediately after the first seizure and those who do not.

• #28 Symptoms of Epilepsy in Adults | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/epilepsy-adults/symptoms-epilepsy-adults

  Complex partial seizures (also called psychomotor attacks) often begin with the individual experiencing an aura. […] The aura varies and may be experienced as a smell, a feeling of anxiety, an odd sensation in the stomach, or other perceptions that are not outwardly visible to anyone else. […] The aura may be followed by a change in consciousness not necessarily a collapse into unconsciousness but a brief period of blankness in which others will notice lack of responsiveness or inability to speak. […] Generalized epilepsy can cause several different types of seizures. […] Petit mal seizures, also known as absence seizures, are most common in children. […] Grand mal seizures are the most severe, and most dangerous, type of seizures. […] Grand mal seizures usually stop on their own, but when the seizing continues uncontrollably the condition is known as status epilepticus.

• #29 5 Signs of Epilepsy in Older Adults | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/news/5-signs-epilepsy-older-adults

  When you think of an epileptic seizure, you probably picture a person lying on the floor having convulsions. […] In older adults, however, seizures are often far more subtle so subtle that they’re easy to miss, mistake for something else or dismiss altogether. […] And left untreated, epileptic seizures have been shown to lead to faster cognitive decline. […] „Uncontrolled seizures are a treatable cause of dementia.” […] That’s why its essential to be able to recognize when an older adult is suffering seizures. […] Seizures can also pose a safety risk (e.g., falls, driving accidents) and contribute to mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, and treatment can improve both mood and quality of life. […] The period after a seizure, called the post-ictal period, tends to last longer in older adults than in younger people many hours, or even days.

• #30 What Are the Long-Term Effects of Seizures? | EpilepsyAdvocate

  https://www.epilepsyadvocate.com/blog/what-are-long-term-effects-seizures

  Some research suggests that uncontrolled seizures can lead to losses in visual memory, attention, problem solving, and perception, while other studies suggest that seizures relationship to cognitive function is variable, because seizures are symptoms of an underlying condition. […] One thing is certain: The effects vary from person to person. […] Eventually, over a long period of time, they do suffer problems with memory and cognition. […] One factor does make a significant difference. According to Dr. Betjemann, status epilepticuslong, uninterrupted seizures or multiple seizures occurring very close togetherdoes have after effects. […] The Epilepsy Foundation of Greater Chicago says that each year, about 42,000 deaths and many more instances of brain damage follow episodes of status, and status epilepticus is the most likely form to cause long-term damage.

• #31 Seizures and epilepsy after stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/effects/physical/seizures-and-epilepsy-after-stroke

  Further tests may be needed, particularly if the seizure did not involve convulsions (shaking movements). These tests do not prove whether you have epilepsy, but they can give information about the possible cause, and the type of epilepsy you have. […] Anti-seizure medication (ASM), also known as anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), can often reduce or stop seizures. […] Surgery may be an option if medication does not help you, and if your epilepsy is due to certain causes in your brain, such as scarring or stroke damage. […] SUDEP can lead to someone dying unexpectedly during an epileptic seizure, often in their sleep. SUDEP is rare, affecting about one in 1,000 adults with epilepsy a year. […] Status epilepticus is a serious complication of epilepsy. It means someone has a seizure which lasts a long time (over five minutes) or has repeated seizures without recovering in between. It is a medical emergency and you need to get help straight away.

• #32

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/neurology/neurological-conditions/seizures

  If you believe someone is having a seizure, ease them to the floor and cushion their head with a pillow or item of clothing. […] If the seizure lasts more than five minutes or the person has multiple seizures for more than five minutes also call for medical help immediately. This condition is called status epilepticus and its a medical emergency. Status epilepticus can cause permanent brain damage or death if its not treated right away. […] Dietary therapy and stress reduction can help seizure disorders in some people. In other cases, however, doctors will prescribe anti-seizure medication to help limit seizure frequency. […] If medications arent effective to control seizure disorders, your doctor may recommend a surgical treatment such as vagal nerve stimulation, laser ablation or surgical resection.

• #33 What are the symptoms of epilepsy? | Paris Brain Institute

  https://parisbraininstitute.org/disease-files/epilepsy/what-are-symptoms-epilepsy

  Epileptic status is defined as the persistence of a seizure after a delay of several minutes. Generalized seizures usually stop spontaneously after 1 or 2 minutes. In exceptional cases, such a seizure may persist for more than 5 minutes: a state of generalized convulsive sickness. […] any other type of crisis can also evolve into a state of sickness: this defines states of focal sickness, with for example a motor activity of an arm when it lasts longer than 10 minutes. This type of condition does not commit the vital prognosis, but can lead to neurological sequelae, through damage to neurons subjected to hyperstimulation.

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