Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures are relatively common neurological events, with an estimated lifetime risk of experiencing at least one seizure approaching 8-10% within the general population. […] In adults, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a new-onset seizure is 35%; the risk rises to 75% in persons who have had a second seizure. […] In children, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a single unprovoked seizure is about 50%; the risk rises to about 80% after two unprovoked seizures. […] In the United States in 2011, seizures resulted in an estimated 1.6 million emergency department visits; approximately 400,000 of these visits were for new-onset seizures. […] Global variations exist, with higher rates of seizures and epilepsy reported in regions with elevated prevalence of risk factors such as central nervous system infections, traumatic brain injury, and limited access to perinatal care. […] Seizures contribute significantly to the global burden of neurological disease, affecting individuals’ quality of life, social participation, and access to education and employment.

• #2 Seizure epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Seizure_epidemiology_and_demographics

  It is estimated that 11% of the population experience a seizure in their life compared to the estimation of 3% for epilepsy. […] In the US, seizure is estimated to account for 1 million or 1% of emergency department (ED) visits annually. […] The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is estimated to be 39 cases per 100,000 individuals in the US. […] Acute symptomatic seizures have the highest incidence among infants and small children, followed by those older than 75, and the lowest incidence among those between 25 to 34 years. […] Individuals of the African American race are more likely to have seizure-related ED visits compared to Whites. […] Males are more affected by seizures than females. […] The male to female ratio of a seizure-related ED visit is approximately 1.4 to 1. […] The male to female ratio of acute symptomatic seizures on a population level (not in the ED setting) is approximately 1.85 to 1 (lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females).

• #3 Seizure epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Seizure_epidemiology_and_demographics

  It is estimated that 11% of the population experience a seizure in their life compared to the estimation of 3% for epilepsy. […] In the US, seizure is estimated to account for 1 million or 1% of emergency department (ED) visits annually. […] The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is estimated to be 39 cases per 100,000 individuals in the US. […] Acute symptomatic seizures have the highest incidence among infants and small children, followed by those older than 75, and the lowest incidence among those between 25 to 34 years. […] Individuals of the African American race are more likely to have seizure-related ED visits compared to Whites. […] Males are more affected by seizures than females. […] The male to female ratio of a seizure-related ED visit is approximately 1.4 to 1. […] The male to female ratio of acute symptomatic seizures on a population level (not in the ED setting) is approximately 1.85 to 1 (lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females).

• #4 Seizure visits in US emergency departments: epidemiology and potential disparities in care | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12245-008-0024-4

  While epilepsy is a well-characterized disease, the majority of emergency department (ED) visits for seizure involve patients without known epilepsy. The epidemiology of seizure presentations and national patterns of management are unclear. The aim of this investigation was to characterize ED visits for seizure in a large representative US sample and investigate any potential impact of race or ethnicity on management. […] Seizure accounts for 1 million ED visits annually [95% confidence interval (CI): 926,0001,040,000], or 1% of all ED visits in the USA. […] Seizures account for 1% of ED visits (1 million annually). Seizure accounts for higher proportions of ED visits among infants and toddlers, males and Blacks. Racial/ethnic disparities in neuroimaging and hospital admission merit further investigation.

• #5 Seizure epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Seizure_epidemiology_and_demographics

  It is estimated that 11% of the population experience a seizure in their life compared to the estimation of 3% for epilepsy. […] In the US, seizure is estimated to account for 1 million or 1% of emergency department (ED) visits annually. […] The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is estimated to be 39 cases per 100,000 individuals in the US. […] Acute symptomatic seizures have the highest incidence among infants and small children, followed by those older than 75, and the lowest incidence among those between 25 to 34 years. […] Individuals of the African American race are more likely to have seizure-related ED visits compared to Whites. […] Males are more affected by seizures than females. […] The male to female ratio of a seizure-related ED visit is approximately 1.4 to 1. […] The male to female ratio of acute symptomatic seizures on a population level (not in the ED setting) is approximately 1.85 to 1 (lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females).

• #6 First Adult Seizure: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1186214-overview

  Epidemiology […] It is estimated that 1 in 26 people will develop epilepsy during his or her lifetime. […] The incidence of single unprovoked seizures is 23-61 cases per 100,000 persons-years, while the incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is 29-39 cases per 100,000 population per year. […] Beghi et al attributed the variability to differences in methodology and definitions. […] The rates were similar in different geographic areas despite technical differences in the studies. […] Racial differences have not been studied, but there appears to be a small to moderate male preponderance of men studies of first adult seizures in most reports. […] However, in an early study, Annegers et al found a slight overall preponderance of women. […] Their etiologic categories were neurologic deficit from birth, remote symptomatic, and no known previous etiology.

• #7 First Adult Seizure: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1186214-overview

  Epidemiology […] It is estimated that 1 in 26 people will develop epilepsy during his or her lifetime. […] The incidence of single unprovoked seizures is 23-61 cases per 100,000 persons-years, while the incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is 29-39 cases per 100,000 population per year. […] Beghi et al attributed the variability to differences in methodology and definitions. […] The rates were similar in different geographic areas despite technical differences in the studies. […] Racial differences have not been studied, but there appears to be a small to moderate male preponderance of men studies of first adult seizures in most reports. […] However, in an early study, Annegers et al found a slight overall preponderance of women. […] Their etiologic categories were neurologic deficit from birth, remote symptomatic, and no known previous etiology.

• #8 First Adult Seizure: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1186214-overview

  Epidemiology […] It is estimated that 1 in 26 people will develop epilepsy during his or her lifetime. […] The incidence of single unprovoked seizures is 23-61 cases per 100,000 persons-years, while the incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is 29-39 cases per 100,000 population per year. […] Beghi et al attributed the variability to differences in methodology and definitions. […] The rates were similar in different geographic areas despite technical differences in the studies. […] Racial differences have not been studied, but there appears to be a small to moderate male preponderance of men studies of first adult seizures in most reports. […] However, in an early study, Annegers et al found a slight overall preponderance of women. […] Their etiologic categories were neurologic deficit from birth, remote symptomatic, and no known previous etiology.

• #9 Seizure visits in US emergency departments: epidemiology and potential disparities in care | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12245-008-0024-4

  The epidemiology of epilepsy is well developed, but the epidemiology of acute symptomatic seizures is less so. […] Disparities are known to exist in the treatment of epilepsy, but little is known about racial/ethnic determinants of care for acute symptomatic seizures. […] We estimate that seizures account for 1 million ED visits per year, or 1% of all ED visits, in the US. […] On a population basis, the rate of ED visits for seizure was 3.7 per 1,000 population per year. […] We confirmed our hypothesis that seizures account for a higher proportion of ED visits among males than among females. […] Visits were proportionally higher among Black patients than among Whites. […] We observed racial and ethnic disparities in neuroimaging of ED patients with seizure. […] Hospital admission was the endpoint of 23% of seizure visits, versus 13% for non-seizure visits. […] Racial and ethnic disparities in health care have been documented in a variety of settings, including in the outpatient management of epilepsy, but to our knowledge this is the first report of disparities in the emergency care of patients with seizure.

• #10 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures are relatively common neurological events, with an estimated lifetime risk of experiencing at least one seizure approaching 8-10% within the general population. […] In adults, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a new-onset seizure is 35%; the risk rises to 75% in persons who have had a second seizure. […] In children, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a single unprovoked seizure is about 50%; the risk rises to about 80% after two unprovoked seizures. […] In the United States in 2011, seizures resulted in an estimated 1.6 million emergency department visits; approximately 400,000 of these visits were for new-onset seizures. […] Global variations exist, with higher rates of seizures and epilepsy reported in regions with elevated prevalence of risk factors such as central nervous system infections, traumatic brain injury, and limited access to perinatal care. […] Seizures contribute significantly to the global burden of neurological disease, affecting individuals’ quality of life, social participation, and access to education and employment.

• #11 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures are relatively common neurological events, with an estimated lifetime risk of experiencing at least one seizure approaching 8-10% within the general population. […] In adults, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a new-onset seizure is 35%; the risk rises to 75% in persons who have had a second seizure. […] In children, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a single unprovoked seizure is about 50%; the risk rises to about 80% after two unprovoked seizures. […] In the United States in 2011, seizures resulted in an estimated 1.6 million emergency department visits; approximately 400,000 of these visits were for new-onset seizures. […] Global variations exist, with higher rates of seizures and epilepsy reported in regions with elevated prevalence of risk factors such as central nervous system infections, traumatic brain injury, and limited access to perinatal care. […] Seizures contribute significantly to the global burden of neurological disease, affecting individuals’ quality of life, social participation, and access to education and employment.

• #12 Seizure epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Seizure_epidemiology_and_demographics

  It is estimated that 11% of the population experience a seizure in their life compared to the estimation of 3% for epilepsy. […] In the US, seizure is estimated to account for 1 million or 1% of emergency department (ED) visits annually. […] The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is estimated to be 39 cases per 100,000 individuals in the US. […] Acute symptomatic seizures have the highest incidence among infants and small children, followed by those older than 75, and the lowest incidence among those between 25 to 34 years. […] Individuals of the African American race are more likely to have seizure-related ED visits compared to Whites. […] Males are more affected by seizures than females. […] The male to female ratio of a seizure-related ED visit is approximately 1.4 to 1. […] The male to female ratio of acute symptomatic seizures on a population level (not in the ED setting) is approximately 1.85 to 1 (lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females).

• #13 First Adult Seizure: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1186214-overview

  The investigators identified a preponderance of men in the group with neurologic deficit from birth, no sex preponderance in the group with remote symptomatic seizures, and a slight preponderance of women in the group with no known previous etiology. […] These authors did not determine if these sexual differences were statistically significant. […] Among patients who had an initial generalized tonic-clonic seizure, Bora et al found that only 45.5% were men. […] Patients with partial seizures and structural lesions proven on computed tomography (CT) scan were excluded from this study. […] Age does affect the incidence rate of epilepsy, with the highest incidence in the very young and very old groups. […] The incidence rate in children younger than 1 year is 100-233 per 100,000. […] The rate decreases in patients aged 20-60 years to 30-40 cases per 100,000, but the rate increases to 100-170 cases per 100,000 in patients older than 65 years.

• #14 Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10911047/

  People with epilepsy have increased mortality attributable to both seizure-related and unrelated causes (26, 27). It is estimated around 125,000 people worldwide succumb to epilepsy each year (28). The standardised mortality rates are 1.63.0 times higher than the general population in high-income countries (26), and up to 7.2 times higher in low- and middle-income countries (27). Uncontrolled seizures are known to be associated with increased mortality (29). Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) and status epilepticus are the most important epilepsy-related causes of mortality (30). […] The incidence of epilepsy varies across different age groups and has a U-shaped bimodal distribution with the highest rates observed in young children and older adults (37). […] Understanding the epidemiology of epilepsy is crucial for identifying at-risk populations, implementing preventive measures, and improving the overall management of the condition. The articles in this Research Topic present novel perspectives on epilepsy. They unveil unexpected treatment gaps in high-income countries and barriers to timely epilepsy diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, the Topic highlights decreasing trends and research gaps in the mortality of epilepsy and status epilepticus.

• #15 First Adult Seizure: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1186214-overview

  The investigators identified a preponderance of men in the group with neurologic deficit from birth, no sex preponderance in the group with remote symptomatic seizures, and a slight preponderance of women in the group with no known previous etiology. […] These authors did not determine if these sexual differences were statistically significant. […] Among patients who had an initial generalized tonic-clonic seizure, Bora et al found that only 45.5% were men. […] Patients with partial seizures and structural lesions proven on computed tomography (CT) scan were excluded from this study. […] Age does affect the incidence rate of epilepsy, with the highest incidence in the very young and very old groups. […] The incidence rate in children younger than 1 year is 100-233 per 100,000. […] The rate decreases in patients aged 20-60 years to 30-40 cases per 100,000, but the rate increases to 100-170 cases per 100,000 in patients older than 65 years.

• #16 Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10911047/

  Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterised by recurrent unprovoked seizures (1). It affects an estimated 50 million people worldwide with no socio-demographic boundary (2). Previous studies demonstrated the point prevalence of epilepsy to be between 4 and 10 per 1,000 persons, making it one of the most prevalent neurological conditions (28). The incidence rate of epilepsy is estimated around 5060 per 100,000 person-years (2, 5), and up to 8% of people having at least one seizure in their lifetime (9). […] Epileptic seizures account for 1% of hospital admissions and 3% of Emergency Department (ED) visits (14). The annual direct costs per patient with epilepsy is more than US$11,000, and indirect costs are more than US$3,000 (15, 16). […] Treatment gap in epilepsy has long been highlighted as a public health concern. Studies have shown that approximately 80% of people with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries, where the treatment gap contributes substantially to the global burden of epilepsy. Up to 90% of epilepsy in these areas is untreated or undertreated, due to factors such as limited healthcare resources, cultural beliefs, social stigma, and preferential use of traditional treatments (2123). This treatment gap is associated with poor health outcomes, life threatening conditions such as status epilepticus, and subsequently higher healthcare utilisation and healthcare costs. Recent studies also found that even in high-income countries, around a third of people with newly diagnosed epilepsy were not immediately treated (24, 25).

• #17 First Adult Seizure: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1186214-overview

  Epidemiology […] It is estimated that 1 in 26 people will develop epilepsy during his or her lifetime. […] The incidence of single unprovoked seizures is 23-61 cases per 100,000 persons-years, while the incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is 29-39 cases per 100,000 population per year. […] Beghi et al attributed the variability to differences in methodology and definitions. […] The rates were similar in different geographic areas despite technical differences in the studies. […] Racial differences have not been studied, but there appears to be a small to moderate male preponderance of men studies of first adult seizures in most reports. […] However, in an early study, Annegers et al found a slight overall preponderance of women. […] Their etiologic categories were neurologic deficit from birth, remote symptomatic, and no known previous etiology.

• #18 Seizure epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Seizure_epidemiology_and_demographics

  It is estimated that 11% of the population experience a seizure in their life compared to the estimation of 3% for epilepsy. […] In the US, seizure is estimated to account for 1 million or 1% of emergency department (ED) visits annually. […] The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is estimated to be 39 cases per 100,000 individuals in the US. […] Acute symptomatic seizures have the highest incidence among infants and small children, followed by those older than 75, and the lowest incidence among those between 25 to 34 years. […] Individuals of the African American race are more likely to have seizure-related ED visits compared to Whites. […] Males are more affected by seizures than females. […] The male to female ratio of a seizure-related ED visit is approximately 1.4 to 1. […] The male to female ratio of acute symptomatic seizures on a population level (not in the ED setting) is approximately 1.85 to 1 (lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females).

• #19 Seizure epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Seizure_epidemiology_and_demographics

  It is estimated that 11% of the population experience a seizure in their life compared to the estimation of 3% for epilepsy. […] In the US, seizure is estimated to account for 1 million or 1% of emergency department (ED) visits annually. […] The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is estimated to be 39 cases per 100,000 individuals in the US. […] Acute symptomatic seizures have the highest incidence among infants and small children, followed by those older than 75, and the lowest incidence among those between 25 to 34 years. […] Individuals of the African American race are more likely to have seizure-related ED visits compared to Whites. […] Males are more affected by seizures than females. […] The male to female ratio of a seizure-related ED visit is approximately 1.4 to 1. […] The male to female ratio of acute symptomatic seizures on a population level (not in the ED setting) is approximately 1.85 to 1 (lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females).

• #20 Seizure epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Seizure_epidemiology_and_demographics

  It is estimated that 11% of the population experience a seizure in their life compared to the estimation of 3% for epilepsy. […] In the US, seizure is estimated to account for 1 million or 1% of emergency department (ED) visits annually. […] The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is estimated to be 39 cases per 100,000 individuals in the US. […] Acute symptomatic seizures have the highest incidence among infants and small children, followed by those older than 75, and the lowest incidence among those between 25 to 34 years. […] Individuals of the African American race are more likely to have seizure-related ED visits compared to Whites. […] Males are more affected by seizures than females. […] The male to female ratio of a seizure-related ED visit is approximately 1.4 to 1. […] The male to female ratio of acute symptomatic seizures on a population level (not in the ED setting) is approximately 1.85 to 1 (lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females).

• #21 Seizure epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Seizure_epidemiology_and_demographics

  It is estimated that 11% of the population experience a seizure in their life compared to the estimation of 3% for epilepsy. […] In the US, seizure is estimated to account for 1 million or 1% of emergency department (ED) visits annually. […] The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures is estimated to be 39 cases per 100,000 individuals in the US. […] Acute symptomatic seizures have the highest incidence among infants and small children, followed by those older than 75, and the lowest incidence among those between 25 to 34 years. […] Individuals of the African American race are more likely to have seizure-related ED visits compared to Whites. […] Males are more affected by seizures than females. […] The male to female ratio of a seizure-related ED visit is approximately 1.4 to 1. […] The male to female ratio of acute symptomatic seizures on a population level (not in the ED setting) is approximately 1.85 to 1 (lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females).

• #22 Seizure visits in US emergency departments: epidemiology and potential disparities in care | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12245-008-0024-4

  The epidemiology of epilepsy is well developed, but the epidemiology of acute symptomatic seizures is less so. […] Disparities are known to exist in the treatment of epilepsy, but little is known about racial/ethnic determinants of care for acute symptomatic seizures. […] We estimate that seizures account for 1 million ED visits per year, or 1% of all ED visits, in the US. […] On a population basis, the rate of ED visits for seizure was 3.7 per 1,000 population per year. […] We confirmed our hypothesis that seizures account for a higher proportion of ED visits among males than among females. […] Visits were proportionally higher among Black patients than among Whites. […] We observed racial and ethnic disparities in neuroimaging of ED patients with seizure. […] Hospital admission was the endpoint of 23% of seizure visits, versus 13% for non-seizure visits. […] Racial and ethnic disparities in health care have been documented in a variety of settings, including in the outpatient management of epilepsy, but to our knowledge this is the first report of disparities in the emergency care of patients with seizure.

• #23 Clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis of neonatal seizures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-neonatal-seizures

  The occurrence of neonatal seizures may be the first, and perhaps the only, clinical sign of a central nervous system (CNS) disorder in the newborn infant. As such, seizures may indicate the presence of a potentially treatable etiology and should prompt an immediate evaluation to determine cause and to institute etiology-specific therapy. In addition, seizures themselves require emergency therapy, since they may adversely affect the infant’s homeostasis or contribute to further brain injury. […] […] Seizures occur more often in the neonatal period than at any other time of life; during this period, they most often occur within the first week of life. Reported incidence ranges from 1.5 to 5.5 per 1000 in newborns and may be even higher in premature infants. Seizure incidence varies with some specific risk factors. Occurrence increases with decreasing gestational age and birth weight, and with increasing acuity of illness. […] […] Most neonatal seizures (approximately 85 percent) are acute provoked seizures (previously called acute symptomatic seizures), occurring as a consequence of a specific identifiable etiology.

• #24 Clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis of neonatal seizures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-neonatal-seizures

  The occurrence of neonatal seizures may be the first, and perhaps the only, clinical sign of a central nervous system (CNS) disorder in the newborn infant. As such, seizures may indicate the presence of a potentially treatable etiology and should prompt an immediate evaluation to determine cause and to institute etiology-specific therapy. In addition, seizures themselves require emergency therapy, since they may adversely affect the infant’s homeostasis or contribute to further brain injury. […] […] Seizures occur more often in the neonatal period than at any other time of life; during this period, they most often occur within the first week of life. Reported incidence ranges from 1.5 to 5.5 per 1000 in newborns and may be even higher in premature infants. Seizure incidence varies with some specific risk factors. Occurrence increases with decreasing gestational age and birth weight, and with increasing acuity of illness. […] […] Most neonatal seizures (approximately 85 percent) are acute provoked seizures (previously called acute symptomatic seizures), occurring as a consequence of a specific identifiable etiology.

• #25 The epidemiology of afebrile seizures in the pediatric population of the Trans-Baikal Territory | Marueva | Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics

  https://nnp.ima-press.net/nnp/article/view/623?locale=en_US

  Objective: to study the epidemiology of afebrile seizures (ASs) in the pediatric population of the Trans-Baikal Territory in 2004 to 2013. […] Since the time of setting up the TAEC, the incidence of ASs in the Trans-Baikal Territory ranged from 0.23% (64 cases in 2005) to 0.49 (128 cases in 2008). […] The prevalence rate for ASs increased from 1.37 (431 cases in 2004) to 4.71 (1232 cases in 2013) per 1,000 pediatric population. […] The prevalence and incidence of ASs did not substantially differ among the children living in Chita and in the areas of the Trans-Baikal Territory. […] The rate of AS cases in the structure of the registry of children with epilepsy and convulsive syndromes decreased from 94.31% in 2004 to 83.19% in 2013. […] ASs were prevalent in children aged 3 years and 1 month to 7 years. […] The AS rate ratio between the boys and girls varied from 1:1.1 to 1.1:1.

• #26 Epidemiology of febrile seizures and epilepsy: a call for action | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://jped.elsevier.es/en-epidemiology-febrile-seizures-epilepsy-call-articulo-S0021755715001254

  Seizures triggered by fever, qualified as febrile seizures, have been for decades a major issue for children in developed countries and more so in resource-limited settings. Approximately 25% of children are affected by this kind of seizure. […] In this issue of Jornal de Pediatria, Dalbem et al. report a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Barra do Bugres in Brazil to assess the prevalence of benign febrile seizures during childhood. The main outcome was a prevalence of 6.4/1000 habitants (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8-10.1), which is much lower than the results reported in two studies also performed in Brazil, ranging from 13.9 to 16.0/1000, but within the literature range, from 3.5/1000 in an Arab population to 17.0/1000 in a rural north American population.

• #27 Epidemiology of febrile seizures and epilepsy: a call for action | Jornal de Pediatria

  https://jped.elsevier.es/en-epidemiology-febrile-seizures-epilepsy-call-articulo-S0021755715001254

  Seizures triggered by fever, qualified as febrile seizures, have been for decades a major issue for children in developed countries and more so in resource-limited settings. Approximately 25% of children are affected by this kind of seizure. […] In this issue of Jornal de Pediatria, Dalbem et al. report a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Barra do Bugres in Brazil to assess the prevalence of benign febrile seizures during childhood. The main outcome was a prevalence of 6.4/1000 habitants (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8-10.1), which is much lower than the results reported in two studies also performed in Brazil, ranging from 13.9 to 16.0/1000, but within the literature range, from 3.5/1000 in an Arab population to 17.0/1000 in a rural north American population.

• #28 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FEBRILE SEIZURES IN CHILHOOD POPULATION AT KRASNOYARSK CITY | Martynova | Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions

  https://www.epilepsia.su/jour/article/view/36?locale=en_US

  Abstract: the purpose is the study of frequency and prevalence of febrile seizures (FS) in childhood population at Krasnoyarsk city. […] The prevalence of FS among children aged 0-14 years old ranged from 75 to 112 per 100 000 childhood population of Krasnoyarsk city in the period 2009-2012. […] The greatest number of FS cases registered in 2010 177 (30.6%), and the lowest in 2009 130 (22.5%). […] The prevalence of FS in the Soviet intercity area (371.9 per 100 000 children from newborn to 14 ye.o.) gives the relevant indicators in Lenin`s and the October`s intercity areas (respectively 479.5 and 427.3 per 100 000 children from newborn to 14 ye.o.). […] Frequency and prevalence of FS in Krasnoyarsk city exceed those in the Russian Federation.

• #29 Seizures and epilepsy in older adults: Etiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seizures-and-epilepsy-in-older-adults-etiology-clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis

  Seizures and epilepsy are common in older adults. Nearly one-half of new-onset seizures occur in individuals over the age of 65 years; however, recognizing seizures in this population is challenging because of the paroxysmal nature of the condition and the clinically subtle presentation of seizures in the majority of cases. […] Seizures and epilepsy increase in patients ≥60 years – Age has been shown to be an independent risk factor for developing seizures and epilepsy. Acute symptomatic seizures are common in older patients. The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures in patients older than age 60 years is estimated at 0.55 to 1 per 1000 person-years, with linear increases every decade after age 30 years. […] The incidence and prevalence of epilepsy (recurrent unprovoked seizures) also increase with age in adulthood and are highest in patients over 75 years of age.

• #30 Seizures and epilepsy in older adults: Etiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seizures-and-epilepsy-in-older-adults-etiology-clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis

  Seizures and epilepsy are common in older adults. Nearly one-half of new-onset seizures occur in individuals over the age of 65 years; however, recognizing seizures in this population is challenging because of the paroxysmal nature of the condition and the clinically subtle presentation of seizures in the majority of cases. […] Seizures and epilepsy increase in patients ≥60 years – Age has been shown to be an independent risk factor for developing seizures and epilepsy. Acute symptomatic seizures are common in older patients. The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures in patients older than age 60 years is estimated at 0.55 to 1 per 1000 person-years, with linear increases every decade after age 30 years. […] The incidence and prevalence of epilepsy (recurrent unprovoked seizures) also increase with age in adulthood and are highest in patients over 75 years of age.

• #31 Seizures and epilepsy in older adults: Etiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seizures-and-epilepsy-in-older-adults-etiology-clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis

  Seizures and epilepsy are common in older adults. Nearly one-half of new-onset seizures occur in individuals over the age of 65 years; however, recognizing seizures in this population is challenging because of the paroxysmal nature of the condition and the clinically subtle presentation of seizures in the majority of cases. […] Seizures and epilepsy increase in patients ≥60 years – Age has been shown to be an independent risk factor for developing seizures and epilepsy. Acute symptomatic seizures are common in older patients. The incidence of acute symptomatic seizures in patients older than age 60 years is estimated at 0.55 to 1 per 1000 person-years, with linear increases every decade after age 30 years. […] The incidence and prevalence of epilepsy (recurrent unprovoked seizures) also increase with age in adulthood and are highest in patients over 75 years of age.

• #32 Epilepsy facts and terminology – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/press/epilepsy-facts-and-terminology

  Epilepsy is a serious neurological condition that can affect anyone at any age and from any walk of life. There are 630,000 people with epilepsy living in the UK, around one in every 100 people. Every day, 80 people are diagnosed. […] One in every four people newly diagnosed with epilepsy is over the age of 65. One in 67 older people have epilepsy and this number is likely to keep increasing. […] There are around 60 different types of seizure and someone may have more than one type. Seizures vary depending on where in the brain they are happening. Some people remain aware throughout, while others can lose consciousness. […] Every year in the UK, around 1,000 people die from causes related to epilepsy. Half of these 1,000 deaths are from sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), when someone with epilepsy dies and no obvious cause of death can be found.

• #33 Seizures in older adults may signal Alzheimer’s disease | Epidemiology & Biostatistics

  https://epibiostat.ucsf.edu/news/seizures-older-adults-may-signal-alzheimer%E2%80%99s-disease

  New findings suggest that unexplained seizures in older adults may be an early sign of Alzheimers disease. […] Seizures can be a symptom of advanced dementia, but they also occur in older adults with mild or no symptoms of cognitive decline. […] Yaffe and Keret using health records of just under 300,000 veterans in the Veterans Affairs health system found that those who had seizures with no known cause were twice as likely to develop dementia. […] The findings were published this week in JAMA Neurology. […] Yaffe and Keret posit that unexplained seizures may result from changes in the brain resulting from Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative forms of dementia that have yet to result in outward signs of dementia. […] We need more research before we can definitively say whats causing the seizures, Yaffe said, but these findings ought to encourage clinicians to follow these patients more closely for cognitive screening and possible interventions.

• #34 2 Surveillance, Measurement, and Data Collection | Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13379/chapter/4

  Existing surveillance data on epilepsy do not provide current or complete information on how this disorder affects the U.S. population. […] Currently epilepsy-related data are not standardized across studies, which limits the accuracy of case ascertainment and coding and hinders monitoring of health services and quality of life. […] Actions needed to provide more timely information on a number of key attributes of the epilepsies such as incidence, prevalence, comorbidities, services utilization, and costs include the standardization of definitions and criteria for epilepsy surveillance and research as well as the continuation and expansion of epilepsy-related data collection from a variety of sources. […] The increasing use of electronic health records, which can be linked across providers and payers, may facilitate the gathering of surveillance data.

• #35 2 Surveillance, Measurement, and Data Collection | Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13379/chapter/4

  Existing surveillance data on epilepsy do not provide current or complete information on how this disorder affects the U.S. population. […] Currently epilepsy-related data are not standardized across studies, which limits the accuracy of case ascertainment and coding and hinders monitoring of health services and quality of life. […] Actions needed to provide more timely information on a number of key attributes of the epilepsies such as incidence, prevalence, comorbidities, services utilization, and costs include the standardization of definitions and criteria for epilepsy surveillance and research as well as the continuation and expansion of epilepsy-related data collection from a variety of sources. […] The increasing use of electronic health records, which can be linked across providers and payers, may facilitate the gathering of surveillance data.

• #36 2 Surveillance, Measurement, and Data Collection | Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13379/chapter/4

  Existing surveillance data on epilepsy do not provide current or complete information on how this disorder affects the U.S. population. […] Currently epilepsy-related data are not standardized across studies, which limits the accuracy of case ascertainment and coding and hinders monitoring of health services and quality of life. […] Actions needed to provide more timely information on a number of key attributes of the epilepsies such as incidence, prevalence, comorbidities, services utilization, and costs include the standardization of definitions and criteria for epilepsy surveillance and research as well as the continuation and expansion of epilepsy-related data collection from a variety of sources. […] The increasing use of electronic health records, which can be linked across providers and payers, may facilitate the gathering of surveillance data.

• #37 2 Surveillance, Measurement, and Data Collection | Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13379/chapter/4

  Up-to-date and representative data are needed on epilepsy trends and disparities in specific populations in order to generate actionable information that enables the public health community to target its resources for prevention and intervention in areas that will produce maximum benefit. […] Improving epilepsy surveillance will involve overcoming several challenges in measurement and methodology. […] Many of the data currently collected cannot be validated, are not comparable, cannot be used to understand trends over time, are not representative of the U.S. population, and cannot be analyzed for important population subgroups. […] The following are among the major measurement and methodological considerations that are barriers to epilepsy surveillance and research: a lack of standardization in case ascertainment and diagnostic accuracy, such as the use of varying definitions and coding algorithms; variations in measurement of health service use, quality, access, and costs; heterogeneous approaches to assessing the impact of epilepsy on health status and quality of life; and challenges in identifying and recruiting health care providers and people with epilepsy to participate in surveillance and research projects.

• #38 2 Surveillance, Measurement, and Data Collection | Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13379/chapter/4

  Up-to-date and representative data are needed on epilepsy trends and disparities in specific populations in order to generate actionable information that enables the public health community to target its resources for prevention and intervention in areas that will produce maximum benefit. […] Improving epilepsy surveillance will involve overcoming several challenges in measurement and methodology. […] Many of the data currently collected cannot be validated, are not comparable, cannot be used to understand trends over time, are not representative of the U.S. population, and cannot be analyzed for important population subgroups. […] The following are among the major measurement and methodological considerations that are barriers to epilepsy surveillance and research: a lack of standardization in case ascertainment and diagnostic accuracy, such as the use of varying definitions and coding algorithms; variations in measurement of health service use, quality, access, and costs; heterogeneous approaches to assessing the impact of epilepsy on health status and quality of life; and challenges in identifying and recruiting health care providers and people with epilepsy to participate in surveillance and research projects.

• #39 2 Surveillance, Measurement, and Data Collection | Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13379/chapter/4

  Determining timely and accurate incidence and prevalence estimates of epilepsy requires identifying individuals within a population who have epilepsy and determining when they developed the disorder. […] Surveillance of the epilepsies strives toward complete ascertainment of people with epilepsy. […] For epidemiologic studies, this is particularly important to reduce the chance of artificially increasing or decreasing the proportion of the study population with epilepsy. […] Under- or overestimating the number of people with epilepsy in a population can occur for many reasons. […] The use of varying definitions of epilepsy leads to some studies including cases that others would not, which increases the potential for under- or over-reporting epilepsy incidence and prevalence and prevents researchers from being able to compare data across sites and studies.

• #40 2 Surveillance, Measurement, and Data Collection | Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13379/chapter/4

  Determining timely and accurate incidence and prevalence estimates of epilepsy requires identifying individuals within a population who have epilepsy and determining when they developed the disorder. […] Surveillance of the epilepsies strives toward complete ascertainment of people with epilepsy. […] For epidemiologic studies, this is particularly important to reduce the chance of artificially increasing or decreasing the proportion of the study population with epilepsy. […] Under- or overestimating the number of people with epilepsy in a population can occur for many reasons. […] The use of varying definitions of epilepsy leads to some studies including cases that others would not, which increases the potential for under- or over-reporting epilepsy incidence and prevalence and prevents researchers from being able to compare data across sites and studies.

• #41 Seizures Epidemiology Forecast 2034

  https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/epidemiology-reports/seizures-epidemiology-forecast

  The epidemiology of seizures varies between countries, owing to differences in factors such as the prevalence of infections (like meningitis, malaria, or neurocysticercosis), healthcare access, infectious diseases, socioeconomic factors, genetic predispositions, trauma rates, and lifestyle patterns. The Epilepsy Foundation states that around 1 in 100 people experienced a single unproved seizure or had an epilepsy diagnosis in the United States.

• #42 Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10911047/

  Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterised by recurrent unprovoked seizures (1). It affects an estimated 50 million people worldwide with no socio-demographic boundary (2). Previous studies demonstrated the point prevalence of epilepsy to be between 4 and 10 per 1,000 persons, making it one of the most prevalent neurological conditions (28). The incidence rate of epilepsy is estimated around 5060 per 100,000 person-years (2, 5), and up to 8% of people having at least one seizure in their lifetime (9). […] Epileptic seizures account for 1% of hospital admissions and 3% of Emergency Department (ED) visits (14). The annual direct costs per patient with epilepsy is more than US$11,000, and indirect costs are more than US$3,000 (15, 16). […] Treatment gap in epilepsy has long been highlighted as a public health concern. Studies have shown that approximately 80% of people with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries, where the treatment gap contributes substantially to the global burden of epilepsy. Up to 90% of epilepsy in these areas is untreated or undertreated, due to factors such as limited healthcare resources, cultural beliefs, social stigma, and preferential use of traditional treatments (2123). This treatment gap is associated with poor health outcomes, life threatening conditions such as status epilepticus, and subsequently higher healthcare utilisation and healthcare costs. Recent studies also found that even in high-income countries, around a third of people with newly diagnosed epilepsy were not immediately treated (24, 25).

• #43

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  Epilepsy accounts for a significant proportion of the worlds disease burden, affecting around 50 million people worldwide. The estimated proportion of the general population with active epilepsy (i.e. continuing seizures or with the need for treatment) at a given time is between 4 and 10 per 1000 people. […] Globally, an estimated 5 million people are diagnosed with epilepsy each year. In high-income countries, there are estimated to be 49 per 100 000 people diagnosed with epilepsy each year. In low- and middle-income countries, this figure can be as high as 139 per 100 000. […] In low-income countries, about three quarters of people with epilepsy may not receive the treatment they need. This is called the treatment gap. […] In many low- and middle-income countries, there is low availability of antiseizure medicines. A recent study found the average availability of generic antiseizure medicines in the public sector of low- and middle-income countries to be less than 50%. This may act as a barrier to accessing treatment.

• #44 Epilepsy Monitoring Device Market Size, Forecasts Report 2034

  https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/epilepsy-monitoring-device-market

  The growth of the global epilepsy monitoring device market is highly attributed due to the increasing prevalence of epilepsy, which is a key catalyst that is accelerating the market growth. For instance, according to the data from the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2024, around 50 million people globally were affected. […] Moreover, WHO also reported that around 5 million new epilepsy diagnoses are made annually. […] Epilepsy monitoring devices play a significant role in accurately detecting abnormal brain activity and seizure classification. Therefore, as the prevalence of epilepsy conditions increases, so does the demand for these devices, which in turn necessities the need for epilepsy monitoring devices in order to ensure the safety and effective treatment, thereby fostering market growth.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  Epilepsy accounts for a significant proportion of the worlds disease burden, affecting around 50 million people worldwide. The estimated proportion of the general population with active epilepsy (i.e. continuing seizures or with the need for treatment) at a given time is between 4 and 10 per 1000 people. […] Globally, an estimated 5 million people are diagnosed with epilepsy each year. In high-income countries, there are estimated to be 49 per 100 000 people diagnosed with epilepsy each year. In low- and middle-income countries, this figure can be as high as 139 per 100 000. […] In low-income countries, about three quarters of people with epilepsy may not receive the treatment they need. This is called the treatment gap. […] In many low- and middle-income countries, there is low availability of antiseizure medicines. A recent study found the average availability of generic antiseizure medicines in the public sector of low- and middle-income countries to be less than 50%. This may act as a barrier to accessing treatment.

• #46

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  Epilepsy accounts for a significant proportion of the worlds disease burden, affecting around 50 million people worldwide. The estimated proportion of the general population with active epilepsy (i.e. continuing seizures or with the need for treatment) at a given time is between 4 and 10 per 1000 people. […] Globally, an estimated 5 million people are diagnosed with epilepsy each year. In high-income countries, there are estimated to be 49 per 100 000 people diagnosed with epilepsy each year. In low- and middle-income countries, this figure can be as high as 139 per 100 000. […] In low-income countries, about three quarters of people with epilepsy may not receive the treatment they need. This is called the treatment gap. […] In many low- and middle-income countries, there is low availability of antiseizure medicines. A recent study found the average availability of generic antiseizure medicines in the public sector of low- and middle-income countries to be less than 50%. This may act as a barrier to accessing treatment.

• #47 Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10911047/

  Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterised by recurrent unprovoked seizures (1). It affects an estimated 50 million people worldwide with no socio-demographic boundary (2). Previous studies demonstrated the point prevalence of epilepsy to be between 4 and 10 per 1,000 persons, making it one of the most prevalent neurological conditions (28). The incidence rate of epilepsy is estimated around 5060 per 100,000 person-years (2, 5), and up to 8% of people having at least one seizure in their lifetime (9). […] Epileptic seizures account for 1% of hospital admissions and 3% of Emergency Department (ED) visits (14). The annual direct costs per patient with epilepsy is more than US$11,000, and indirect costs are more than US$3,000 (15, 16). […] Treatment gap in epilepsy has long been highlighted as a public health concern. Studies have shown that approximately 80% of people with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries, where the treatment gap contributes substantially to the global burden of epilepsy. Up to 90% of epilepsy in these areas is untreated or undertreated, due to factors such as limited healthcare resources, cultural beliefs, social stigma, and preferential use of traditional treatments (2123). This treatment gap is associated with poor health outcomes, life threatening conditions such as status epilepticus, and subsequently higher healthcare utilisation and healthcare costs. Recent studies also found that even in high-income countries, around a third of people with newly diagnosed epilepsy were not immediately treated (24, 25).

• #48 Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10911047/

  People with epilepsy have increased mortality attributable to both seizure-related and unrelated causes (26, 27). It is estimated around 125,000 people worldwide succumb to epilepsy each year (28). The standardised mortality rates are 1.63.0 times higher than the general population in high-income countries (26), and up to 7.2 times higher in low- and middle-income countries (27). Uncontrolled seizures are known to be associated with increased mortality (29). Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) and status epilepticus are the most important epilepsy-related causes of mortality (30). […] The incidence of epilepsy varies across different age groups and has a U-shaped bimodal distribution with the highest rates observed in young children and older adults (37). […] Understanding the epidemiology of epilepsy is crucial for identifying at-risk populations, implementing preventive measures, and improving the overall management of the condition. The articles in this Research Topic present novel perspectives on epilepsy. They unveil unexpected treatment gaps in high-income countries and barriers to timely epilepsy diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, the Topic highlights decreasing trends and research gaps in the mortality of epilepsy and status epilepticus.

• #49 Discoveries in Medicine – Surveying a New Frontier in Seizure Epidemiology

  https://discoveries.vanderbilthealth.com/2021/03/surveying-a-new-frontier-in-seizure-epidemiology/

  A large retrospective study by Vanderbilt University Medical Center researchers represents a major step toward understanding functional psychogenic non-epileptic seizure disorder and its associations. Evidence from deidentified patient data affirmed a high association of functional seizures with psychiatric conditions, and unveiled new ties with cerebrovascular disease. The findings were recently published in JAMA Neurology. […] The study included EHR data from over 500,000 Vanderbilt patients, including adults with functional seizures, epilepsy, functional seizures and epilepsy, and a control population. The researchers developed clinically validated algorithms to investigate comorbidities and other factors associated with functional seizures. […] Results confirmed significantly more women than men had functional seizure disorder. The study also found strong associations between functional seizures and PTSD, anxiety and depression.

• #50 Discoveries in Medicine – Surveying a New Frontier in Seizure Epidemiology

  https://discoveries.vanderbilthealth.com/2021/03/surveying-a-new-frontier-in-seizure-epidemiology/

  A large retrospective study by Vanderbilt University Medical Center researchers represents a major step toward understanding functional psychogenic non-epileptic seizure disorder and its associations. Evidence from deidentified patient data affirmed a high association of functional seizures with psychiatric conditions, and unveiled new ties with cerebrovascular disease. The findings were recently published in JAMA Neurology. […] The study included EHR data from over 500,000 Vanderbilt patients, including adults with functional seizures, epilepsy, functional seizures and epilepsy, and a control population. The researchers developed clinically validated algorithms to investigate comorbidities and other factors associated with functional seizures. […] Results confirmed significantly more women than men had functional seizure disorder. The study also found strong associations between functional seizures and PTSD, anxiety and depression.

• #51 Discoveries in Medicine – Surveying a New Frontier in Seizure Epidemiology

  https://discoveries.vanderbilthealth.com/2021/03/surveying-a-new-frontier-in-seizure-epidemiology/

  Researchers also found novel associations with cerebrovascular events. Functional seizures were associated with greater risk of experiencing transient cerebral ischemia, occlusion of cerebral arteries or intracranial hemorrhage. […] This study is the first to give some hard numbers to a large population on the incidence and prevalence.

• #52

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40266-021-00837-7

  Stroke is the leading cause of seizures and epilepsy in older adults. […] In this review, we describe the epidemiology, risk factors, biomarkers, and management of seizures after an ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke. […] Stroke is the most common identifiable aetiology of acquired epilepsy in high-income countries. […] An incidence of post-stroke epilepsy of 6.4% was found both in a population-based study in London (UK) and in a nationwide registry in Sweden. […] The incidence of epilepsy after haemorrhagic stroke is just above 12%. […] The risk of post-stroke epilepsy is greatest within the first years after stroke. […] The epidemiology of acute symptomatic seizures is less well defined. […] Acute seizures were observed in 14% of patients with ischaemic stroke but in up to 16% of those with intracerebral haemorrhage.

• #53

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40266-021-00837-7

  Stroke is the leading cause of seizures and epilepsy in older adults. […] In this review, we describe the epidemiology, risk factors, biomarkers, and management of seizures after an ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke. […] Stroke is the most common identifiable aetiology of acquired epilepsy in high-income countries. […] An incidence of post-stroke epilepsy of 6.4% was found both in a population-based study in London (UK) and in a nationwide registry in Sweden. […] The incidence of epilepsy after haemorrhagic stroke is just above 12%. […] The risk of post-stroke epilepsy is greatest within the first years after stroke. […] The epidemiology of acute symptomatic seizures is less well defined. […] Acute seizures were observed in 14% of patients with ischaemic stroke but in up to 16% of those with intracerebral haemorrhage.

• #54

  https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5768

  Post stroke seizure (PSS) represent a significant and often notable complication following cerebrovascular damage due to infarct and hemorrhage, that can affect stroke recovery and the long-term prognosis. […] This review aims to delineate the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of PSS through an extensive analysis of current literature. […] Key risk factors include the type, location, and severity of the stroke, with cortical and hemorrhagic strokes being more prone to induce seizures. […] PSS is associated with poorer functional recovery, reduced quality of life, cognitive decline, increased morbidity, and a higher risk of developing epilepsy. […] Preventing stroke and PSS remains a cornerstone of any strategy to achieve optimal brain health. […] Early identification and appropriate management of PSS are crucial for minimizing their impact and thereby improving long term outcomes for stroke survivors. […] Continued research and individualized treatment plans are essential to develop better preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for PSS, ultimately enhancing the prognosis and wellbeing of those affected by strokes.

• #55

  https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5768

  Post stroke seizure (PSS) represent a significant and often notable complication following cerebrovascular damage due to infarct and hemorrhage, that can affect stroke recovery and the long-term prognosis. […] This review aims to delineate the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of PSS through an extensive analysis of current literature. […] Key risk factors include the type, location, and severity of the stroke, with cortical and hemorrhagic strokes being more prone to induce seizures. […] PSS is associated with poorer functional recovery, reduced quality of life, cognitive decline, increased morbidity, and a higher risk of developing epilepsy. […] Preventing stroke and PSS remains a cornerstone of any strategy to achieve optimal brain health. […] Early identification and appropriate management of PSS are crucial for minimizing their impact and thereby improving long term outcomes for stroke survivors. […] Continued research and individualized treatment plans are essential to develop better preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for PSS, ultimately enhancing the prognosis and wellbeing of those affected by strokes.

• #56 Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10911047/

  Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterised by recurrent unprovoked seizures (1). It affects an estimated 50 million people worldwide with no socio-demographic boundary (2). Previous studies demonstrated the point prevalence of epilepsy to be between 4 and 10 per 1,000 persons, making it one of the most prevalent neurological conditions (28). The incidence rate of epilepsy is estimated around 5060 per 100,000 person-years (2, 5), and up to 8% of people having at least one seizure in their lifetime (9). […] Epileptic seizures account for 1% of hospital admissions and 3% of Emergency Department (ED) visits (14). The annual direct costs per patient with epilepsy is more than US$11,000, and indirect costs are more than US$3,000 (15, 16). […] Treatment gap in epilepsy has long been highlighted as a public health concern. Studies have shown that approximately 80% of people with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries, where the treatment gap contributes substantially to the global burden of epilepsy. Up to 90% of epilepsy in these areas is untreated or undertreated, due to factors such as limited healthcare resources, cultural beliefs, social stigma, and preferential use of traditional treatments (2123). This treatment gap is associated with poor health outcomes, life threatening conditions such as status epilepticus, and subsequently higher healthcare utilisation and healthcare costs. Recent studies also found that even in high-income countries, around a third of people with newly diagnosed epilepsy were not immediately treated (24, 25).

• #57 Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10911047/

  Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterised by recurrent unprovoked seizures (1). It affects an estimated 50 million people worldwide with no socio-demographic boundary (2). Previous studies demonstrated the point prevalence of epilepsy to be between 4 and 10 per 1,000 persons, making it one of the most prevalent neurological conditions (28). The incidence rate of epilepsy is estimated around 5060 per 100,000 person-years (2, 5), and up to 8% of people having at least one seizure in their lifetime (9). […] Epileptic seizures account for 1% of hospital admissions and 3% of Emergency Department (ED) visits (14). The annual direct costs per patient with epilepsy is more than US$11,000, and indirect costs are more than US$3,000 (15, 16). […] Treatment gap in epilepsy has long been highlighted as a public health concern. Studies have shown that approximately 80% of people with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries, where the treatment gap contributes substantially to the global burden of epilepsy. Up to 90% of epilepsy in these areas is untreated or undertreated, due to factors such as limited healthcare resources, cultural beliefs, social stigma, and preferential use of traditional treatments (2123). This treatment gap is associated with poor health outcomes, life threatening conditions such as status epilepticus, and subsequently higher healthcare utilisation and healthcare costs. Recent studies also found that even in high-income countries, around a third of people with newly diagnosed epilepsy were not immediately treated (24, 25).

• #58 Epilepsy Facts and Stats | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Almost 3 million U.S. adults have epilepsy. […] During 2021 and 2022, about 2.9 million U.S. adults 18 and older reported having active epilepsy. That is about 1% of all U.S. adults. […] About 456,000 U.S. children 17 and younger have active epilepsy. […] 2021 and 2022 data describing active epilepsy prevalence by age group, educational level, race and ethnicity, sex, current employment status, and insurance coverage are available. […] Data are also available describing epilepsy-related variables for adults with active epilepsy who have had at least one seizure over the past year, have taken anti-seizure medication, and have seen a neurologist or specialist in the last year. […] In 2019, the average annual health care spending for epilepsy and seizures alone was $24.5 billion in the United States. […] Adults with epilepsy have a harder time getting health care compared to adults without epilepsy. […] Finding transportation and health care can be challenging for people with epilepsy.

• #59 Seizure visits in US emergency departments: epidemiology and potential disparities in care | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12245-008-0024-4

  The epidemiology of epilepsy is well developed, but the epidemiology of acute symptomatic seizures is less so. […] Disparities are known to exist in the treatment of epilepsy, but little is known about racial/ethnic determinants of care for acute symptomatic seizures. […] We estimate that seizures account for 1 million ED visits per year, or 1% of all ED visits, in the US. […] On a population basis, the rate of ED visits for seizure was 3.7 per 1,000 population per year. […] We confirmed our hypothesis that seizures account for a higher proportion of ED visits among males than among females. […] Visits were proportionally higher among Black patients than among Whites. […] We observed racial and ethnic disparities in neuroimaging of ED patients with seizure. […] Hospital admission was the endpoint of 23% of seizure visits, versus 13% for non-seizure visits. […] Racial and ethnic disparities in health care have been documented in a variety of settings, including in the outpatient management of epilepsy, but to our knowledge this is the first report of disparities in the emergency care of patients with seizure.

• #60

  https://aesnet.org/abstractslisting/epidemiology-of-seizures-amongst-patients-treated-in-u-s–hospitals-during-2016-2019

  Epidemiology of Seizures Amongst Patients Treated in U.S. Hospitals During 2016-2019: Among hospital patients, seizures are common and have been associated with poor clinical outcomes. Little is known about the current prevalence of seizures amongst U.S. inpatients (IP) and emergency department (ED) outpatients and their characteristics. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and distribution of seizures within the hospital setting, understand the patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and patient journey. The prevalence of seizures in ED and IP was estimated to be 2.05% and 4.85%, respectively. Among the 1,359,891 unique patients (652,769 ED outpatients and 702,122 inpatients) with seizure diagnosis, mean age was 57.9518.58 years, 50.6% were female, 70.3% were White, 72.2% were non-Hispanic, and 53.8% Medicare insured. The most common seizure type was unspecified (49.1%), followed by other (42.8%, including 38.5% with convulsion), generalized (4.4%), partial onset/focal (2.9%) and multiple types (0.8%). Among seizure-associated visits, seizure was the primary diagnosis for 42% of ED visits compared to 17% of IP admits. Among seizure inpatients, 31.6% had ICU/NCCU stay, 1.1% were intubated; the most common comorbidities were hypertension (62.9%), congestive heart failure (15.0%), cardiac arrhythmia (14.0%), and dementia (12.7%). In terms of patient journey, 71.7% of seizure inpatients were admitted through ED or trauma center as referred by physician (90.7%). Approximately 25% of seizure inpatients were admitted directly to ICU ward, 6% were admitted to regular ward then admitted to ICU, and 69% were admitted to regular ward only. Less than 1% of seizure inpatients were discharged directly from ICU ward and majority as expired (45.1%). Fewer patients expired (5.5%) when discharged from regular ward. Conclusion: Seizure prevalence in ED and IP settings was higher than previously reported. Nearly a third of IP seizure patients had ICU stay and almost half of all seizures were unspecified. The overall in-hospital mortality rate among IP seizure patients is high.

• #61

  https://aesnet.org/abstractslisting/epidemiology-of-seizures-amongst-patients-treated-in-u-s–hospitals-during-2016-2019

  Epidemiology of Seizures Amongst Patients Treated in U.S. Hospitals During 2016-2019: Among hospital patients, seizures are common and have been associated with poor clinical outcomes. Little is known about the current prevalence of seizures amongst U.S. inpatients (IP) and emergency department (ED) outpatients and their characteristics. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and distribution of seizures within the hospital setting, understand the patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and patient journey. The prevalence of seizures in ED and IP was estimated to be 2.05% and 4.85%, respectively. Among the 1,359,891 unique patients (652,769 ED outpatients and 702,122 inpatients) with seizure diagnosis, mean age was 57.9518.58 years, 50.6% were female, 70.3% were White, 72.2% were non-Hispanic, and 53.8% Medicare insured. The most common seizure type was unspecified (49.1%), followed by other (42.8%, including 38.5% with convulsion), generalized (4.4%), partial onset/focal (2.9%) and multiple types (0.8%). Among seizure-associated visits, seizure was the primary diagnosis for 42% of ED visits compared to 17% of IP admits. Among seizure inpatients, 31.6% had ICU/NCCU stay, 1.1% were intubated; the most common comorbidities were hypertension (62.9%), congestive heart failure (15.0%), cardiac arrhythmia (14.0%), and dementia (12.7%). In terms of patient journey, 71.7% of seizure inpatients were admitted through ED or trauma center as referred by physician (90.7%). Approximately 25% of seizure inpatients were admitted directly to ICU ward, 6% were admitted to regular ward then admitted to ICU, and 69% were admitted to regular ward only. Less than 1% of seizure inpatients were discharged directly from ICU ward and majority as expired (45.1%). Fewer patients expired (5.5%) when discharged from regular ward. Conclusion: Seizure prevalence in ED and IP settings was higher than previously reported. Nearly a third of IP seizure patients had ICU stay and almost half of all seizures were unspecified. The overall in-hospital mortality rate among IP seizure patients is high.

• #62 Seizure visits in US emergency departments: epidemiology and potential disparities in care | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12245-008-0024-4

  The epidemiology of epilepsy is well developed, but the epidemiology of acute symptomatic seizures is less so. […] Disparities are known to exist in the treatment of epilepsy, but little is known about racial/ethnic determinants of care for acute symptomatic seizures. […] We estimate that seizures account for 1 million ED visits per year, or 1% of all ED visits, in the US. […] On a population basis, the rate of ED visits for seizure was 3.7 per 1,000 population per year. […] We confirmed our hypothesis that seizures account for a higher proportion of ED visits among males than among females. […] Visits were proportionally higher among Black patients than among Whites. […] We observed racial and ethnic disparities in neuroimaging of ED patients with seizure. […] Hospital admission was the endpoint of 23% of seizure visits, versus 13% for non-seizure visits. […] Racial and ethnic disparities in health care have been documented in a variety of settings, including in the outpatient management of epilepsy, but to our knowledge this is the first report of disparities in the emergency care of patients with seizure.

• #63 Seizure visits in US emergency departments: epidemiology and potential disparities in care | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12245-008-0024-4

  The epidemiology of epilepsy is well developed, but the epidemiology of acute symptomatic seizures is less so. […] Disparities are known to exist in the treatment of epilepsy, but little is known about racial/ethnic determinants of care for acute symptomatic seizures. […] We estimate that seizures account for 1 million ED visits per year, or 1% of all ED visits, in the US. […] On a population basis, the rate of ED visits for seizure was 3.7 per 1,000 population per year. […] We confirmed our hypothesis that seizures account for a higher proportion of ED visits among males than among females. […] Visits were proportionally higher among Black patients than among Whites. […] We observed racial and ethnic disparities in neuroimaging of ED patients with seizure. […] Hospital admission was the endpoint of 23% of seizure visits, versus 13% for non-seizure visits. […] Racial and ethnic disparities in health care have been documented in a variety of settings, including in the outpatient management of epilepsy, but to our knowledge this is the first report of disparities in the emergency care of patients with seizure.

• #64 Seizure visits in US emergency departments: epidemiology and potential disparities in care | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12245-008-0024-4

  The epidemiology of epilepsy is well developed, but the epidemiology of acute symptomatic seizures is less so. […] Disparities are known to exist in the treatment of epilepsy, but little is known about racial/ethnic determinants of care for acute symptomatic seizures. […] We estimate that seizures account for 1 million ED visits per year, or 1% of all ED visits, in the US. […] On a population basis, the rate of ED visits for seizure was 3.7 per 1,000 population per year. […] We confirmed our hypothesis that seizures account for a higher proportion of ED visits among males than among females. […] Visits were proportionally higher among Black patients than among Whites. […] We observed racial and ethnic disparities in neuroimaging of ED patients with seizure. […] Hospital admission was the endpoint of 23% of seizure visits, versus 13% for non-seizure visits. […] Racial and ethnic disparities in health care have been documented in a variety of settings, including in the outpatient management of epilepsy, but to our knowledge this is the first report of disparities in the emergency care of patients with seizure.

• #65 Epilepsy facts and terminology – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/press/epilepsy-facts-and-terminology

  Deaths in people with epilepsy increased by 70% between 2001 and 2014. Deaths occur on average eight years earlier than those for the rest of the population. The 2018 report by Public Health England also found that people with epilepsy are three times more likely to die from their condition if they live in a deprived area. With the right treatment, over 60% of people with epilepsy could stop having seizures altogether. But neurology is known to be severely underfunded compared to other UK health services.

• #66 Epilepsy facts and terminology – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/press/epilepsy-facts-and-terminology

  Deaths in people with epilepsy increased by 70% between 2001 and 2014. Deaths occur on average eight years earlier than those for the rest of the population. The 2018 report by Public Health England also found that people with epilepsy are three times more likely to die from their condition if they live in a deprived area. With the right treatment, over 60% of people with epilepsy could stop having seizures altogether. But neurology is known to be severely underfunded compared to other UK health services.

• #67 2 Surveillance, Measurement, and Data Collection | Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13379/chapter/4

  Public health surveillance systems provide public health agencies, health care providers, policy makers, and the general public with critically important information on the health of people in the United States. […] This chapter describes the need for more comprehensive, timely, and accurate epilepsy surveillance by discussing gaps in current data, assessing the measurement and methodological challenges of collecting data, and reviewing available data sources. […] Epilepsy surveillance data inform all of the other chapters of this report. However, current epilepsy surveillance resources and mechanisms are inadequate, and improvements are necessary to increase understanding of the epidemiologic aspects of epilepsy and to identify effective action in prevention, health care, and community services, as well as education and awareness.

• #68 2 Surveillance, Measurement, and Data Collection | Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13379/chapter/4

  Public health surveillance systems provide public health agencies, health care providers, policy makers, and the general public with critically important information on the health of people in the United States. […] This chapter describes the need for more comprehensive, timely, and accurate epilepsy surveillance by discussing gaps in current data, assessing the measurement and methodological challenges of collecting data, and reviewing available data sources. […] Epilepsy surveillance data inform all of the other chapters of this report. However, current epilepsy surveillance resources and mechanisms are inadequate, and improvements are necessary to increase understanding of the epidemiologic aspects of epilepsy and to identify effective action in prevention, health care, and community services, as well as education and awareness.

• #69

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5706a1.htm

  Additional descriptive and analytic studies of epilepsy occurrence in diverse U.S. communities and populations are needed to better characterize epilepsy incidence rates, risk factors and etiologies, and types and severity, as well as epilepsy-associated conditions and disabilities. […] Population-based epidemiological studies of epilepsy are important for policymakers and health-care providers to plan and provide prevention programs and appropriate care and services for those affected. […] The findings in this study regarding inadequate seizure control by medications might partly be a result of limited knowledge of current diagnostic and treatment standards for the care of epilepsy among certain groups of health care professionals.

• #70

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5706a1.htm

  Additional descriptive and analytic studies of epilepsy occurrence in diverse U.S. communities and populations are needed to better characterize epilepsy incidence rates, risk factors and etiologies, and types and severity, as well as epilepsy-associated conditions and disabilities. […] Population-based epidemiological studies of epilepsy are important for policymakers and health-care providers to plan and provide prevention programs and appropriate care and services for those affected. […] The findings in this study regarding inadequate seizure control by medications might partly be a result of limited knowledge of current diagnostic and treatment standards for the care of epilepsy among certain groups of health care professionals.

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