Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #2 Dengue Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430732/

  Dengue fever is caused by any of the 4 distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) of single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genus Flavivirus. Infection by one serotype confers lifelong immunity to that serotype but not to others. […] Dengue is a mosquito-transmitted virus, and dengue fever is the leading cause of arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide, posing a significant global health concern. […] The dengue virus is maintained by the following 2 transmission cycles: Mosquitoes carry the virus from a nonhuman primate to another nonhuman primate; Mosquitoes transmit the virus from human to human. […] The incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically over the past few decades, and the infection is now endemic in some parts of the world, possibly due to increased global travel. […] Dengue fever poses a significant public health challenge, with over 100 million cases annually and 20 to 25,000 deaths, marked by epidemics across different regions globally.

• #3 Factsheet for health professionals about dengue

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which breed in a peri-domestic environment. […] Dengue is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus, which includes viruses such as yellow fever virus, West Nile virus (WNV), and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus. […] There are four distinct dengue viruses without cross immunity. As such, people can have up to four dengue infections in their lifetime. […] The causes of the severe dengue (DHF/DSS) condition have been debated for decades, but remain unresolved. A hotly contested hypothesis is that after a primary infection with one serotype, secondary infections by one or more of the other serotypes can precipitate antibody-dependant enhancement (ADE).

• #4 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Vaccine, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/dengue-fever-reference

  Dengue (pronounced DEN-gee) fever is a mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses. You get dengue fever through the bite of an aedes mosquito infected with a dengue virus. The mosquito becomes infected when it bites a person with dengue virus in their blood. It cant be spread directly from one person to another person. […] About 400 million people worldwide are infected with dengue virus each year, and 100 million become mildly to severely ill with dengue fever. […] Dengue viruses come in four types, which doctors call serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4. All four serotypes are similar. They spread in the same parts of the world and cause the same symptoms. […] Malaria is another disease that spreads through the bite of infected mosquitoes in tropical countries. Aedes mosquitoes spread the virus that causes dengue fever.

• #5 Dengue virus infection: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dengue-virus-infection-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Dengue is a febrile illness caused by infection with one of four dengue viruses (DENV) transmitted by Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes during the taking of a blood meal. […] There are four closely related but serologically distinct DENV types of the genus Orthoflavivirus, called DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. […] Numerous viral, host, and vector factors are thought to impact risk of infection, disease, and disease severity. […] A primary DENV infection is the first wild-type infection an individual sustains; a secondary infection is the second wild-type infection caused by a different DENV type. […] The incubation period of DENV infection ranges from 3 to 14 days; symptoms typically develop between 4 and 7 days after the bite of an infected mosquito. […] The vast majority of infections that progress to a critical phase result from second DENV infections that occur more than 18 months after a resolved first infection.

• #6 Dengue fever – Causes, Symptoms, treatments, how long does it last? | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/dengue-fever

  Dengue fever a disease caused by the dengue virus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, specifically the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Four dengue virus strains (DENV-1 to DENV-4) can cause dengue fever. […] Dengue fever is due to infection with the dengue virus (DENV), which belongs to one of four strains: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, or DENV-4. The virus is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, also known as the yellow fever mosquito. […] The dengue virus can enter the cells of the mosquito’s stomach and salivary glands. […] When the infected mosquito bites another person, it can transmit the virus into the bloodstream of the bitten person, causing dengue fever symptoms to develop within 3 – 15 days.

• #7 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Vaccine | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/dengue-fever/

  Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection, common in Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, Africa, the Americas, Australia, and the Pacific islands. […] Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito (typically of the species Aedes aegypti) and usually causes flu-like symptoms such as fever, pain in the muscles, and general weakness. […] Dengue fever is spread by mosquitoes, not from person to person. […] The female Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main carrier of the virus that causes dengue fever. […] Aedes aegypti are the mosquito variety most closely associated with dengue fever. However, other mosquito types have also had dengue fever outbreaks attributed to them. […] Dengue fever is caused by four closely related viruses, known as serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. DEN-5 may also be responsible for a few dengue infections.

• #8 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dengue_fever/article_em.htm

  There are five dengue virus types (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, and recently, DENV-5; they are also termed DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, DEN-4, and DEN-5 in some publications). All five dengue serotypes are closely related. However, there are enough antigenic differences (antibody-dependent) between them that if a person becomes immune to one serotype, the person can still be infected by the other four serotypes.

• #9 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #10 Dengue | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/dengue.html

  Dengue, an acute febrile illness, is caused by infection with any of 4 related single-stranded RNA viruses of the genus Flavivirus, dengue virus 1, 2, 3, or 4 (DENV14). […] Severe dengue can be caused by any of the 4 DENV. […] The risk for severe dengue is greater during a second DENV infection, but severe dengue also can occur during the first or any subsequent infection. […] Almost all DENV transmission occurs through the bite of infected Aedes species mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. […] Dengue is endemic throughout the tropics and subtropics and occurs in 100 countries and destinations worldwide, including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. […] The incidence of dengue among travelers to the tropics has increased in recent years, and dengue burden continues to grow in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Asia, with estimates of 390 million DENV infections and 96 million symptomatic cases per year.

• #11 Dengue (dengue fever)

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/dengue-fever/

  Dengue fever is a viral infection. It’s caused by the dengue virus and is spread by mosquitoes. […] Dengue virus is found in parts of Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, the Indian subcontinent, South and Central America, Africa, the Pacific Islands, Australia, and some southern areas of North America. […] There are 4 types of the dengue virus. This means you can get it again if you’ve had it before. You may only be immune to 1 type of the virus. […] In rare cases, dengue fever can be very serious and potentially life-threatening. This is called severe dengue or dengue haemorrhagic fever.

• #12 Dengue | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/dengue

  Dengue, an acute febrile illness, is caused by infection with any of 4 related single-stranded RNA viruses of the genus Flavivirus, dengue virus 1, 2, 3, or 4 (DENV14). […] Infection with any of the 4 DENV confers long-term immunity to that virus but only short-lived protection against the other 3 dengue viruses. […] Severe dengue can be caused by any of the 4 DENV. […] The risk for severe dengue is greater during a second DENV infection, but severe dengue also can occur during the first or any subsequent infection.

• #13 Dengue fever – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078

  Dengue fever is caused by any one of four types of dengue viruses. […] Dengue fever is spread through mosquito bites. […] When a mosquito bites a person infected with a dengue virus, the virus enters the mosquito. Then, when the infected mosquito bites another person, the virus enters that person’s bloodstream and causes an infection. […] After you’ve recovered from dengue fever, you have long-term immunity to the type of virus that infected you but not to the other three dengue fever virus types. […] Your risk of developing severe dengue fever increases if you get dengue fever a second, third or fourth time.

• #14 Factsheet for health professionals about dengue

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which breed in a peri-domestic environment. […] Dengue is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus, which includes viruses such as yellow fever virus, West Nile virus (WNV), and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus. […] There are four distinct dengue viruses without cross immunity. As such, people can have up to four dengue infections in their lifetime. […] The causes of the severe dengue (DHF/DSS) condition have been debated for decades, but remain unresolved. A hotly contested hypothesis is that after a primary infection with one serotype, secondary infections by one or more of the other serotypes can precipitate antibody-dependant enhancement (ADE).

• #15 Symptoms, Causes and risk factors of Dengue

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/symptoms-causes-and-risk-factors-of-dengue

  Dengue fever is a result of 1 or more kinds of dengue viruses that are spread by mosquitoes thriving in near human lodgings. The virus enters into a mosquito when it bites someone infected with the virus. Then when the mosquito bites some other individual, the virus also penetrates the bloodstream of this person. […] Once an individual recovers from a dengue fever, he gains immunity to the virus type that infected him, however, not the other 3 dengue virus types. The risk of developing a severe dengue rather increases if he is infected twice, thrice or for a 4th time. […] Prior infection with dengue virus raises our risk of having the severe symptoms if we are infected again.

• #16 Dengue fever

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/d/dengue-fever2/?section=Causes

  Dengue fever is caused by any one of four types of dengue viruses. You can’t get dengue fever from being around an infected person. Instead, dengue fever is spread through mosquito bites. […] The two types of mosquitoes that most often spread the dengue viruses are common both in and around human lodgings. When a mosquito bites a person infected with a dengue virus, the virus enters the mosquito. Then, when the infected mosquito bites another person, the virus enters that person’s bloodstream and causes an infection. […] After you’ve recovered from dengue fever, you have long-term immunity to the type of virus that infected you — but not to the other three dengue fever virus types. This means you can be infected again in the future by one of the other three virus types. Your risk of developing severe dengue fever increases if you get dengue fever a second, third or fourth time.

• #17 Dengue fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever

  Subsequent re-infection with a different serotype increases the risk of severe complications due to a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). […] The exact mechanism of ADE is not fully understood. […] When a dengue virus carrying mosquito bites a person, the virus enters the skin together with the mosquito’s saliva. […] The principal risk for infection with dengue is the bite of an infected mosquito.

• #18 Insights into potential causes of vascular hyperpermeability in dengue | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010065

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by dengue virus (DENV), where four serotypes can infect humans. Most DENV infections are self-resolving, but in some individuals, severe dengue characterised by a sudden increase in haematocrit, rapid decrease in platelet counts, and vascular leakage is a complication. […] In severe dengue, a major pathogenic mechanism is a transient increase in vascular permeability resulting in severe plasma leakage (herein referred to vascular hyperpermeability) leading to hypotension, circulatory collapse, and organ dysfunction. […] The precise mechanism in DENV-associated vascular hyperpermeability is unclear, and several hypotheses including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and cytokine storm have been proposed. […] In ADE, suboptimal DENV neutralising antibodies against a heterologous serotype (in secondary infection) promotes DENV uptake into immunological cells, increasing infection and viral replication that can exacerbate the immune response.

• #19 Dengue fever – Causes, Symptoms, treatments, how long does it last? | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/dengue-fever

  Dengue fever a disease caused by the dengue virus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, specifically the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Four dengue virus strains (DENV-1 to DENV-4) can cause dengue fever. […] Dengue fever is due to infection with the dengue virus (DENV), which belongs to one of four strains: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, or DENV-4. The virus is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, also known as the yellow fever mosquito. […] The dengue virus can enter the cells of the mosquito’s stomach and salivary glands. […] When the infected mosquito bites another person, it can transmit the virus into the bloodstream of the bitten person, causing dengue fever symptoms to develop within 3 – 15 days.

• #20

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. […] The dengue virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti mosquito. […] Previous infection with DENV increases the risk of the individual developing severe dengue. […] There is evidence however, of the possibility of maternal transmission (from a pregnant mother to her baby). […] The primary mode of transmission of the dengue virus between humans involves mosquito vectors.

• #21 Factsheet for health professionals about dengue

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts

  The Aedes albopictus mosquito is present in southern Europe and well adapted to winter temperatures. It is likely to extend its range northwards. It is already a major nuisance in several Mediterranean countries, and has been responsible for autochthonous cases of dengue in southern Europe since 2010.

• #22 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dengue_fever/article_em.htm

  Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that causes high fevers with headaches and severe muscle and joint pains; a rash may develop. […] Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease; high fevers, severe muscle, and joint pains, and a rash are the major symptoms and signs. […] The disease has probably been known since the Chinese described it in 420 AD. Outbreaks are increasing although there is no human-to-human transfer, only mosquito-to-human viral transfer (therefore it is not contagious). […] Four closely related viruses cause dengue fever. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes spread the viruses to humans in a viral life cycle that requires both humans and these mosquitoes. There is no human-to-human dengue fever transmission. […] Once a mosquito is infected, it remains infected for its lifespan. A human can infect mosquitoes when the human has a high number of viruses in the blood (right before symptoms develop). The viruses belong to the Flaviviridae family and have an RNA strand as their genetic makeup.

• #23 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/dengue-fever

  Apart from mosquito bites, there are additional factors that contribute to the spread of dengue fever. Understanding these causes can help individuals take necessary precautions: […] Lack of effective mosquito control: Stagnant water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Poor waste management and inadequate drainage systems contribute to water accumulation, creating an ideal environment for dengue mosquitoes to breed. […] Urbanisation and globalisation: Rapid urbanisation and increased international travel have led to the expansion of urban areas and facilitated the movement of infected mosquitoes from one region to another. […] Climate change: Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can influence mosquito breeding habits and distribution, potentially increasing their population in certain areas.

• #24 Dengue fever – Causes, Symptoms, treatments, how long does it last? | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/dengue-fever

  Dengue fever a disease caused by the dengue virus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, specifically the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Four dengue virus strains (DENV-1 to DENV-4) can cause dengue fever. […] Dengue fever is due to infection with the dengue virus (DENV), which belongs to one of four strains: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, or DENV-4. The virus is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, also known as the yellow fever mosquito. […] The dengue virus can enter the cells of the mosquito’s stomach and salivary glands. […] When the infected mosquito bites another person, it can transmit the virus into the bloodstream of the bitten person, causing dengue fever symptoms to develop within 3 – 15 days.

• #25 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/dengue-fever

  Dengue fever is a viral infection caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected dengue mosquito, primarily Aedes aegypti. […] Dengue fever is caused by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. Understanding the causes of dengue fever is crucial for prevention and control. […] The Aedes mosquito becomes a carrier of the dengue virus after biting a person who has already been infected. The dengue mosquito then carries the virus within its body. […] The infected mosquito then bites another person, injecting the virus into their bloodstream during the feeding process. […] Once inside the new host’s body, the dengue virus multiplies in the bloodstream. […] Within 4 to 10 days, the infected person may start experiencing dengue symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, dengue rash and fatigue.

• #26 Dengue fever: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001374.htm

  Dengue fever is a virus-caused disease that is spread by mosquitoes. […] Dengue fever is caused by 1 of 4 different but related viruses. It is spread by the bite of mosquitoes, most commonly the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which is found in tropic and subtropic regions. […] Many cases in the United States occur when someone travels to an area where dengue is present and returns home with the illness. Dengue cannot spread from human to human.

• #27 Dengue Fever (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/dengue.html

  Dengue fever is a disease caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes. A person can get dengue (DEN-gey) fever through a mosquito bite, but it does not spread from person to person. […] Dengue fever spreads through mosquito bites. When a mosquito bites a person who has dengue fever, the mosquito becomes infected with dengue. The mosquito can then spread dengue fever to other people by biting them. […] Dengue fever is not contagious, so it can’t spread directly from person to person.

• #28 Factsheet for health professionals about dengue

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts

  Humans are the main amplifying host of the virus. In tropical and sub-tropical urban areas, the viruses are maintained in a human/mosquito cycle. […] Although bites from infected mosquitoes are the predominant mode of transmission, non-vectorial transmissions (e.g., mucocutaneous, nosocomial, sexual, intrapartum and perinatal transmission, as well as transmission through breastfeeding, laboratory accident, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant and organ transplant) have also been reported. […] Aedes aegypti was once present in Europe and responsible for large epidemics of yellow fever and dengue. Its disappearance from Europe after World War II has never been explained. Currently, it is present in Madeira, and it is conceivable that it could become re-established and widespread in Europe.

• #29 Factsheet for health professionals about dengue

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts

  Humans are the main amplifying host of the virus. In tropical and sub-tropical urban areas, the viruses are maintained in a human/mosquito cycle. […] Although bites from infected mosquitoes are the predominant mode of transmission, non-vectorial transmissions (e.g., mucocutaneous, nosocomial, sexual, intrapartum and perinatal transmission, as well as transmission through breastfeeding, laboratory accident, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant and organ transplant) have also been reported. […] Aedes aegypti was once present in Europe and responsible for large epidemics of yellow fever and dengue. Its disappearance from Europe after World War II has never been explained. Currently, it is present in Madeira, and it is conceivable that it could become re-established and widespread in Europe.

• #30

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

  Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. […] The dengue virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti mosquito. […] Previous infection with DENV increases the risk of the individual developing severe dengue. […] There is evidence however, of the possibility of maternal transmission (from a pregnant mother to her baby). […] The primary mode of transmission of the dengue virus between humans involves mosquito vectors.

• #31 Dengue | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/dengue.html

  DENV infection has been associated with a higher risk for abortion if infection occurs during the first trimester, as well as a higher risk for low-weight and preterm birth. […] Vertical transmission should be considered for mothers who are symptomatic late in pregnancy or at delivery. […] Presence of virus by RT-PCR or DENV NS1 antigen in a single diagnostic specimen is considered laboratory confirmation of dengue in patients with a compatible clinical and travel history. […] No specific antiviral agents exist for dengue. […] Dengue is a nationally notifiable disease in the United States; report all suspected cases to the state or local health department.

• #32

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/dengue.aspx

  Dengue virus is transmitted to people by mosquitoes infected with the dengue virus. […] Dengue is a viral infection that is caused by one of four dengue viruses (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4). […] People develop dengue fever after being bitten by a mosquito that is infected with the virus. […] Dengue fever is occasionally transmitted through blood transfusions, tissue or organ transplants, by needlestick injuries or by mucous membrane contact with blood that is infected with dengue virus. […] People who travel to dengue-affected areas are at risk of catching the disease. […] Most areas of Australia do not have the mosquitoes that can spread dengue virus, with the exception of Central and Far North Queensland (where the Dengue mosquito can be found) and in the Torres Strait (where the Asian Tiger mosquito can be found).

• #33 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Prevention

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/dengue-fever-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-prevention

  Dengue fever, a viral disease of significant concern, spreads through the bites of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti. […] The dengue virus encompasses four distinct serotypes and belongs to the Flaviviridae family. […] Dengue can be transmitted through blood products, organ donations, and transfusions, although these cases are rare. […] Dengue is caused by the dengue virus (DENV), which has four distinct serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4).

• #34 Factsheet for health professionals about dengue

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts

  Humans are the main amplifying host of the virus. In tropical and sub-tropical urban areas, the viruses are maintained in a human/mosquito cycle. […] Although bites from infected mosquitoes are the predominant mode of transmission, non-vectorial transmissions (e.g., mucocutaneous, nosocomial, sexual, intrapartum and perinatal transmission, as well as transmission through breastfeeding, laboratory accident, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant and organ transplant) have also been reported. […] Aedes aegypti was once present in Europe and responsible for large epidemics of yellow fever and dengue. Its disappearance from Europe after World War II has never been explained. Currently, it is present in Madeira, and it is conceivable that it could become re-established and widespread in Europe.

• #35 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Transmission, and Prevention Explained

  https://www.riomed.com/understanding-dengue-fever-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  It is an illness one can get from the bite of a mosquito carrying one of four types of dengue virus (DENV). […] Dengue is not contagious and does not spread from person to person except when passed from a pregnant person to their child. […] Several factors are associated with the increasing risk of spread of the dengue epidemic: the changing distribution of the vectors (chiefly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes), especially in previously dengue nave countries; and climate change leading to increasing temperatures and high rainfall and humidity. […] Dengue fever is essentially transmitted through the bites of Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus mosquitoes. […] The lifecycle of the Aedes mosquito involves laying eggs in stagnant water, which hatch into larvae and develop into adult mosquitoes. […] Dengue fever causes a high fever 104 F (40 C) and any of the following signs and symptoms: […] Severe dengue happens when the blood vessels become damaged and leaky. […] Dengue fever is a concerning global health challenge.

• #36 Dengue fever – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/dengue-fever

  Dengue fever is a virus-caused disease that is spread by mosquitoes. […] Dengue fever is caused by 1 of 4 different but related viruses. It is spread by the bite of mosquitoes, most commonly the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which is found in tropic and subtropic regions. […] The main risk factor for severe dengue is a prior infection with dengue.

• #37 Dengue fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever

  Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease caused by dengue virus, prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. […] Dengue virus has four confirmed serotypes; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. […] Dengue is spread by several species of female mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, principally Aedes aegypti. […] Dengue virus (DENV) is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. […] Dengue virus is most frequently transmitted by the bite of mosquitos in the Aedes genus, particularly A. aegypti. […] Chronic diseases such as asthma, sickle cell anemia, and diabetes mellitus increase the risk of developing a severe form of the disease. […] Infection with one serotype is thought to produce lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term protection against the other three.

• #38 Dengue virus infection: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dengue-virus-infection-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Dengue is a febrile illness caused by infection with one of four dengue viruses (DENV) transmitted by Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes during the taking of a blood meal. […] There are four closely related but serologically distinct DENV types of the genus Orthoflavivirus, called DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. […] Numerous viral, host, and vector factors are thought to impact risk of infection, disease, and disease severity. […] A primary DENV infection is the first wild-type infection an individual sustains; a secondary infection is the second wild-type infection caused by a different DENV type. […] The incubation period of DENV infection ranges from 3 to 14 days; symptoms typically develop between 4 and 7 days after the bite of an infected mosquito. […] The vast majority of infections that progress to a critical phase result from second DENV infections that occur more than 18 months after a resolved first infection.

• #39 Dengue Fever – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430732/

  Dengue fever is caused by any of the 4 distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) of single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genus Flavivirus. Infection by one serotype confers lifelong immunity to that serotype but not to others. […] Dengue is a mosquito-transmitted virus, and dengue fever is the leading cause of arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide, posing a significant global health concern. […] The dengue virus is maintained by the following 2 transmission cycles: Mosquitoes carry the virus from a nonhuman primate to another nonhuman primate; Mosquitoes transmit the virus from human to human. […] The incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically over the past few decades, and the infection is now endemic in some parts of the world, possibly due to increased global travel. […] Dengue fever poses a significant public health challenge, with over 100 million cases annually and 20 to 25,000 deaths, marked by epidemics across different regions globally.

• #40 Dengue | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/dengue.html

  Dengue, an acute febrile illness, is caused by infection with any of 4 related single-stranded RNA viruses of the genus Flavivirus, dengue virus 1, 2, 3, or 4 (DENV14). […] Severe dengue can be caused by any of the 4 DENV. […] The risk for severe dengue is greater during a second DENV infection, but severe dengue also can occur during the first or any subsequent infection. […] Almost all DENV transmission occurs through the bite of infected Aedes species mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. […] Dengue is endemic throughout the tropics and subtropics and occurs in 100 countries and destinations worldwide, including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. […] The incidence of dengue among travelers to the tropics has increased in recent years, and dengue burden continues to grow in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Asia, with estimates of 390 million DENV infections and 96 million symptomatic cases per year.

• #41 Dengue fever and chikungunya | About Neglected Tropical Diseases and Three Major Infectious Diseases | Eisai Co., Ltd.

  https://www.eisai.com/sustainability/atm/ntds/diseases/dengue.html

  An infected mosquito, usually Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus, transmits the dengue virus through bites to humans, thereby causing dengue fever. […] Dengue is not directly transmitted from one person to another. That is caused by dengue viruses, which are transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes (mostly Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus). […] It is estimated the dengue virus infects 390 million people each year, of which 96 million manifest clinically (with any level of severity).

• #42 Dengue fever cases are rising: What’s causing the outbreak and what can be done? | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/11/dengue-fever-outbreak-climate-change/

  Around half the world’s population, are currently at risk from mosquito-borne infections. […] Cases of dengue fever around the globe have doubled between 2023 and 2024. […] The virus is now endemic in more than 130 countries. […] Dengue fever is cyclical, with large outbreaks tending to occur in areas with more mosquitoes, including both dengue-carrying Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, every couple of years, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Dengue cases have also grown as urbanization (particularly unplanned) grows, bringing people further into mosquito habitats, and as people travel more internationally to places where it’s more common and then unwittingly spread the virus. […] In Brazil, El Niño brought hotter, wetter weather for longer, creating optimal conditions for mosquitoes to breed and transmit well into winter 2023.

• #43 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Vaccine | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/dengue-fever/

  Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection, common in Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, Africa, the Americas, Australia, and the Pacific islands. […] Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito (typically of the species Aedes aegypti) and usually causes flu-like symptoms such as fever, pain in the muscles, and general weakness. […] Dengue fever is spread by mosquitoes, not from person to person. […] The female Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main carrier of the virus that causes dengue fever. […] Aedes aegypti are the mosquito variety most closely associated with dengue fever. However, other mosquito types have also had dengue fever outbreaks attributed to them. […] Dengue fever is caused by four closely related viruses, known as serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. DEN-5 may also be responsible for a few dengue infections.

• #44 Dengue Fever: Causes, Complications, and Vaccine Strategies – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27525287/

  Dengue is a highly endemic infectious disease of the tropical countries and is rapidly becoming a global burden. It is caused by any of the 4 serotypes of dengue virus and is transmitted within humans through female Aedes mosquitoes. […] Globalization, increased air travel, and unplanned urbanization have led to increase in the rate of infection and helped dengue to expand its geographic and demographic distribution. […] Dengue vaccine development has been a challenging task due to the existence of four antigenically distinct dengue virus serotypes, each capable of eliciting cross-reactive and disease-enhancing antibody response against the remaining three serotypes.

• #45 Rising Dengue Fever Cases Carry One Health Implications

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/rising-dengue-fever-cases-carry-one-health-implications

  During the past 2 decades, dengue fever cases have increased 10-fold, with more than 5 million total cases worldwide in 2023. […] Globally, dengue is the most widespread vector-borne disease, and the World Health Organization estimates that 3.9 billion people are at risk of infection. […] About 5% of patients go on to develop what is known as severe dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever, which causes bleeding and endothelial leak. […] This alarming rise in one of the most concerning vector-borne diseases is attributable to a few key factors, several of which are interconnected. […] Part of the spike in dengue fever cases in 2023, particularly in parts of South America, can be attributed to the El Nino phenomenon, which brings longer rainy seasons to some regions, allowing mosquitoes to breed for longer periods.

• #46 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/dengue-fever

  Apart from mosquito bites, there are additional factors that contribute to the spread of dengue fever. Understanding these causes can help individuals take necessary precautions: […] Lack of effective mosquito control: Stagnant water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Poor waste management and inadequate drainage systems contribute to water accumulation, creating an ideal environment for dengue mosquitoes to breed. […] Urbanisation and globalisation: Rapid urbanisation and increased international travel have led to the expansion of urban areas and facilitated the movement of infected mosquitoes from one region to another. […] Climate change: Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can influence mosquito breeding habits and distribution, potentially increasing their population in certain areas.

• #47 Dengue Fever: Causes, Complications, and Vaccine Strategies – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27525287/

  Dengue is a highly endemic infectious disease of the tropical countries and is rapidly becoming a global burden. It is caused by any of the 4 serotypes of dengue virus and is transmitted within humans through female Aedes mosquitoes. […] Globalization, increased air travel, and unplanned urbanization have led to increase in the rate of infection and helped dengue to expand its geographic and demographic distribution. […] Dengue vaccine development has been a challenging task due to the existence of four antigenically distinct dengue virus serotypes, each capable of eliciting cross-reactive and disease-enhancing antibody response against the remaining three serotypes.

• #48 Dengue fever cases are rising: What’s causing the outbreak and what can be done? | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/11/dengue-fever-outbreak-climate-change/

  Around half the world’s population, are currently at risk from mosquito-borne infections. […] Cases of dengue fever around the globe have doubled between 2023 and 2024. […] The virus is now endemic in more than 130 countries. […] Dengue fever is cyclical, with large outbreaks tending to occur in areas with more mosquitoes, including both dengue-carrying Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, every couple of years, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Dengue cases have also grown as urbanization (particularly unplanned) grows, bringing people further into mosquito habitats, and as people travel more internationally to places where it’s more common and then unwittingly spread the virus. […] In Brazil, El Niño brought hotter, wetter weather for longer, creating optimal conditions for mosquitoes to breed and transmit well into winter 2023.

• #49 Rising Dengue Fever Cases Carry One Health Implications

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/rising-dengue-fever-cases-carry-one-health-implications

  As temperatures rise, the mosquitoes that spread dengue (mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) are expanding into new geographic ranges and can breed for longer periods in regions where they already exist. […] Although dengue traditionally has been considered a primarily urban disease, recent research has suggested that rural cases may be growing. […] A major issue is that the insecticides that once controlled mosquito populations are now much less effective. […] Even if new pesticides are developed, it is impossible to outrun evolution forevermosquitos have a short generation time, meaning populations can evolve rapidly. […] Given the severe threat posed by dengue, identifying and treating cases is critically important. […] Dengue is difficult to track, as most primary infections are asymptomatic and unlikely to be reported. […] There are 2 vaccines for dengue, but neither is as effective as would be ideal.

• #50 Rising Dengue Fever Cases Carry One Health Implications

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/rising-dengue-fever-cases-carry-one-health-implications

  As temperatures rise, the mosquitoes that spread dengue (mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) are expanding into new geographic ranges and can breed for longer periods in regions where they already exist. […] Although dengue traditionally has been considered a primarily urban disease, recent research has suggested that rural cases may be growing. […] A major issue is that the insecticides that once controlled mosquito populations are now much less effective. […] Even if new pesticides are developed, it is impossible to outrun evolution forevermosquitos have a short generation time, meaning populations can evolve rapidly. […] Given the severe threat posed by dengue, identifying and treating cases is critically important. […] Dengue is difficult to track, as most primary infections are asymptomatic and unlikely to be reported. […] There are 2 vaccines for dengue, but neither is as effective as would be ideal.

• #51 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/dengue-fever

  Lack of community awareness: Insufficient knowledge about dengue prevention measures and the importance of eliminating mosquito breeding sites may contribute to the spread of the disease. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment: Late diagnosis and delayed medical intervention can increase the risk of complications and severe dengue.

• #52 Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/dengue-fever

  Lack of community awareness: Insufficient knowledge about dengue prevention measures and the importance of eliminating mosquito breeding sites may contribute to the spread of the disease. […] Delayed diagnosis and treatment: Late diagnosis and delayed medical intervention can increase the risk of complications and severe dengue.

• #53 Dengue fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever

  Subsequent re-infection with a different serotype increases the risk of severe complications due to a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). […] The exact mechanism of ADE is not fully understood. […] When a dengue virus carrying mosquito bites a person, the virus enters the skin together with the mosquito’s saliva. […] The principal risk for infection with dengue is the bite of an infected mosquito.

• #54 Dengue Fever – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/dengue-fever-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  Dengue fever is a painful, debilitating mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses. These viruses are related to the viruses that cause West Nile infection and yellow fever. […] Dengue fever is caused by one of four dengue viruses (DENV). Transmission of these viruses to humans happens through the bites of an infected mosquito. The most common types of mosquitoes responsible for spreading dengue fever are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. […] When an infected mosquito bites a person, the virus initially enters the bloodstream, targets the liver, and then propagates to other organs. It replicates there and impairs the liver’s functioning, accumulating toxins in the blood, resulting in fever, muscle pain, headache, and rash. If not managed, its severity may cause liver failure.

• #55 Dengue Fever: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17753-dengue-fever

  Dengue fever is an illness spread by the bite of mosquitos infected with one of the dengue viruses. […] Dengue fever is caused by one of four dengue viruses. When a mosquito infected with the dengue virus bites you, the virus can enter your blood and make copies of itself. The virus itself and your immune systems response can make you feel sick. […] The virus can destroy parts of your blood that form clots and give structure to your blood vessels. This, along with certain chemicals that your immune system creates, can make your blood leak out of your vessels and cause internal bleeding. This leads to the life-threatening symptoms of severe dengue.

• #56 Dengue Fever: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention Tips

  https://psrihospital.com/dengue-fever-causes-symptoms-and-prevention-tips/

  Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne illness that causes intense pain and discomfort. Its triggered by one of four related dengue viruses, which are similar to the viruses responsible for West Nile infection and yellow fever. […] Dengue fever is a viral illness primarily caused by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito bites you, the virus enters your body, specifically your blood, and then generates copies. […] The four different species of the virus increase the risk of multiple infections in a person over time. […] The blood clotting factors that provide shape and support to your blood vessels gets destroyed by the virus. This can induce internal bleeding by causing your blood to flow out of the vessels, along with some chemicals produced by your immune system. This can even lead to severe and life-threatening symptoms of Dengue.

• #57 Why the NS1 viral protein makes dengue a severe disease explained | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/video/protein-NS1-leak-reactions-dengue-disease-shock/-201844

  The dengue NS1 protein is thought to play a critical role in severe dengue disease by triggering immune reactions associated with vascular leak and shock, which are the major causes of death in persons suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever. […] Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral illness. […] When a mosquito infects a person with dengue virus, it enters the bloodstream and then infects white blood cells. […] What we have now found is that this NS1 protein by itself can cause vascular leak, which means fluids escaping from your bloodstream that leads to then shock and potentially death. […] The disease causes vascular leak. […] And we feel that NS1 now should be considered as part of the causal factors in dengue severe disease. […] One, it’s compatible with what we’ve always known about severe dengue disease, which is that it’s a result of what we call a cytokine storm, an excessive release of inflammatory immune molecules.

• #58 Why the NS1 viral protein makes dengue a severe disease explained | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/video/protein-NS1-leak-reactions-dengue-disease-shock/-201844

  The dengue NS1 protein is thought to play a critical role in severe dengue disease by triggering immune reactions associated with vascular leak and shock, which are the major causes of death in persons suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever. […] Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral illness. […] When a mosquito infects a person with dengue virus, it enters the bloodstream and then infects white blood cells. […] What we have now found is that this NS1 protein by itself can cause vascular leak, which means fluids escaping from your bloodstream that leads to then shock and potentially death. […] The disease causes vascular leak. […] And we feel that NS1 now should be considered as part of the causal factors in dengue severe disease. […] One, it’s compatible with what we’ve always known about severe dengue disease, which is that it’s a result of what we call a cytokine storm, an excessive release of inflammatory immune molecules.

• #59 Why the NS1 viral protein makes dengue a severe disease explained | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/video/protein-NS1-leak-reactions-dengue-disease-shock/-201844

  And we’ve now shown that NS1 can directly cause the release of these inflammatory immune molecules, leading thus to vascular leak. […] The second aspect is that we’ve found that NS1 can cause leakage directly on the endothelial cells in the lung, meaning those cells that line the blood vessels in the lung.

• #60 Factsheet for health professionals about dengue

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which breed in a peri-domestic environment. […] Dengue is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus, which includes viruses such as yellow fever virus, West Nile virus (WNV), and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus. […] There are four distinct dengue viruses without cross immunity. As such, people can have up to four dengue infections in their lifetime. […] The causes of the severe dengue (DHF/DSS) condition have been debated for decades, but remain unresolved. A hotly contested hypothesis is that after a primary infection with one serotype, secondary infections by one or more of the other serotypes can precipitate antibody-dependant enhancement (ADE).

• #61 Insights into potential causes of vascular hyperpermeability in dengue | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010065

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by dengue virus (DENV), where four serotypes can infect humans. Most DENV infections are self-resolving, but in some individuals, severe dengue characterised by a sudden increase in haematocrit, rapid decrease in platelet counts, and vascular leakage is a complication. […] In severe dengue, a major pathogenic mechanism is a transient increase in vascular permeability resulting in severe plasma leakage (herein referred to vascular hyperpermeability) leading to hypotension, circulatory collapse, and organ dysfunction. […] The precise mechanism in DENV-associated vascular hyperpermeability is unclear, and several hypotheses including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and cytokine storm have been proposed. […] In ADE, suboptimal DENV neutralising antibodies against a heterologous serotype (in secondary infection) promotes DENV uptake into immunological cells, increasing infection and viral replication that can exacerbate the immune response.

• #62 Insights into potential causes of vascular hyperpermeability in dengue | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010065

  Similarly, infected monocytes release excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and, if dysregulated, can lead to cytokine storm. […] In this article, we present current understandings on the potential causes of dengue-associated vascular hyperpermeability, which is a consequence of complex interactions between the virus and the host endothelium immune response.

• #63 Dengue Fever Without Rash: Causes, Symptoms, and When to Seek Medical Help | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/dengue-fever-without-rash-why-and-how-en

  Dengue fever is caused by the Dengue virus. The Dengue virus is transferred from person to person by female mosquitoes of the Aedes genus. […] In most cases of dengue fever, the primary warning sign is a rash on the skin; however, there are still cases of dengue fever without a rash, which makes many people mistake it for the flu caused by a common virus, causing subjectivity and negligence. […] Dengue fever with rash is not a mandatory symptom. A patient can be diagnosed with dengue fever without rash symptoms. […] Most cases of dengue fever death are due to severe shock, which is a syndrome with symptoms of hypothermia (body temperature drops below normal – if the body temperature drops at the same time with the effect of antipyretic drugs, it is hazardous), decreased perception, poor mental alertness, lethargy, drowsiness, delirium, hypotension.

• #64 Dengue Fever Without Rash: Causes, Symptoms, and When to Seek Medical Help | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/dengue-fever-without-rash-why-and-how-en

  Dengue fever is caused by the Dengue virus. The Dengue virus is transferred from person to person by female mosquitoes of the Aedes genus. […] In most cases of dengue fever, the primary warning sign is a rash on the skin; however, there are still cases of dengue fever without a rash, which makes many people mistake it for the flu caused by a common virus, causing subjectivity and negligence. […] Dengue fever with rash is not a mandatory symptom. A patient can be diagnosed with dengue fever without rash symptoms. […] Most cases of dengue fever death are due to severe shock, which is a syndrome with symptoms of hypothermia (body temperature drops below normal – if the body temperature drops at the same time with the effect of antipyretic drugs, it is hazardous), decreased perception, poor mental alertness, lethargy, drowsiness, delirium, hypotension.

• #65 Dengue | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/dengue.html

  DENV infection has been associated with a higher risk for abortion if infection occurs during the first trimester, as well as a higher risk for low-weight and preterm birth. […] Vertical transmission should be considered for mothers who are symptomatic late in pregnancy or at delivery. […] Presence of virus by RT-PCR or DENV NS1 antigen in a single diagnostic specimen is considered laboratory confirmation of dengue in patients with a compatible clinical and travel history. […] No specific antiviral agents exist for dengue. […] Dengue is a nationally notifiable disease in the United States; report all suspected cases to the state or local health department.

• #66 Dengue Fever Without Rash: Causes, Symptoms, and When to Seek Medical Help | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/dengue-fever-without-rash-why-and-how-en

  Dengue fever without rash may be underestimated or confused with common colds or fevers. To ensure early diagnosis and safety, patients presenting with suspected symptoms of dengue fever must visit a medical center for examination and diagnostic testing. Whether dengue fever presents with or without rash, it can progress to shock, a life-threatening complication. Prompt medical intervention is critical.

• #67 Dengue | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/dengue.html

  DENV infection has been associated with a higher risk for abortion if infection occurs during the first trimester, as well as a higher risk for low-weight and preterm birth. […] Vertical transmission should be considered for mothers who are symptomatic late in pregnancy or at delivery. […] Presence of virus by RT-PCR or DENV NS1 antigen in a single diagnostic specimen is considered laboratory confirmation of dengue in patients with a compatible clinical and travel history. […] No specific antiviral agents exist for dengue. […] Dengue is a nationally notifiable disease in the United States; report all suspected cases to the state or local health department.

• #68 Dengue Fever – Africa CDC

  https://africacdc.org/disease/dengue-fever/

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection. […] The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of dengue. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes. […] Infected symptomatic or asymptomatic humans are the main carriers and multipliers of the virus, serving as a source of the virus for uninfected mosquitoes. […] There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. […] The main method to control or prevent the transmission of dengue virus is to combat vector mosquitoes.

• #69 Dengue hemorrhagic fever

  https://www.thaitravelclinic.com/Knowledge/dengue-hemorrhagic-fever.html

  Standard criteria of the World Health Organization for the diagnosis of DHF are high fever, easy bleeding, abdominal pain at the right costal margin because of the enlargement of the liver, shock, decreased platelets, and hemoconcentration. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment. […] The goal for the prevention and control of DHF is the control of mosquito vectors by several means.

• #70 Dengue Fever: Causes, Complications, and Vaccine Strategies – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27525287/

  Dengue is a highly endemic infectious disease of the tropical countries and is rapidly becoming a global burden. It is caused by any of the 4 serotypes of dengue virus and is transmitted within humans through female Aedes mosquitoes. […] Globalization, increased air travel, and unplanned urbanization have led to increase in the rate of infection and helped dengue to expand its geographic and demographic distribution. […] Dengue vaccine development has been a challenging task due to the existence of four antigenically distinct dengue virus serotypes, each capable of eliciting cross-reactive and disease-enhancing antibody response against the remaining three serotypes.

• #71 Dengue fever cases are rising: What’s causing the outbreak and what can be done? | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/11/dengue-fever-outbreak-climate-change/

  The first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, was licensed in 2015 but requires a pre-vaccination screening test. Qdenga has been widely licensed based on phase 3 results showing a high level of efficacy in both previously uninfected (seronegative) and infected (seropositive) individuals, according to the WHO.

• #72 Dengue fever cases are rising: What’s causing the outbreak and what can be done? | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/11/dengue-fever-outbreak-climate-change/

  The first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, was licensed in 2015 but requires a pre-vaccination screening test. Qdenga has been widely licensed based on phase 3 results showing a high level of efficacy in both previously uninfected (seronegative) and infected (seropositive) individuals, according to the WHO.

• #73 Dengue virus infection: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dengue-virus-infection-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Dengue vaccines may not provide complete protection from dengue disease; immunized individuals may present with attenuated disease. […] In addition, there is a theoretical possibility that immunization with a poorly immunogenic dengue vaccine could increase the risk of severe dengue infection with subsequent exposure to wild-type virus.

• #74 Dengue Fever – Africa CDC

  https://africacdc.org/disease/dengue-fever/

  Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection. […] The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of dengue. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes. […] Infected symptomatic or asymptomatic humans are the main carriers and multipliers of the virus, serving as a source of the virus for uninfected mosquitoes. […] There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. […] The main method to control or prevent the transmission of dengue virus is to combat vector mosquitoes.

• #75 Dengue | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/dengue.html

  DENV infection has been associated with a higher risk for abortion if infection occurs during the first trimester, as well as a higher risk for low-weight and preterm birth. […] Vertical transmission should be considered for mothers who are symptomatic late in pregnancy or at delivery. […] Presence of virus by RT-PCR or DENV NS1 antigen in a single diagnostic specimen is considered laboratory confirmation of dengue in patients with a compatible clinical and travel history. […] No specific antiviral agents exist for dengue. […] Dengue is a nationally notifiable disease in the United States; report all suspected cases to the state or local health department.

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