Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Type 2 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513253/

  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. It may be due to impaired insulin secretion, resistance to peripheral actions of insulin, or both. […] DM is broadly classified into three types by etiology and clinical presentation, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes (GDM). […] Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for around 90% of all cases of diabetes. In T2DM, the response to insulin is diminished, and this is defined as insulin resistance. […] T2DM is most commonly seen in persons older than 45 years. Still, it is increasingly seen in children, adolescents, and younger adults due to rising levels of obesity, physical inactivity, and energy-dense diets. […] T2DM is caused due to duel defects in insulin resistance and insulin secretion.

• #2 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7503727/

  Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic -cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin. […] The main drivers of the T2DM epidemic are the global rise in obesity, sedentary lifestyles, high caloric diets and population aging, which have quadrupled the incidence and prevalence of T2DM. […] Evolving data suggest a role for adipokine dysregulation, inflammation, and abnormalities in gut microbiota, immune dysregulation, and inflammation have emerged as important pathophysiological factors. […] Genetic predisposition plays an important part in the risk of developing T2DM. […] Obesity (body-mass index [BMI]30 kg/m2) is the strongest risk factor for T2DM and is associated with metabolic abnormalities resulting in IR.

• #3 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/17/6275

  Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin. […] The main drivers of the T2DM epidemic are the global rise in obesity, sedentary lifestyles, high caloric diets and population aging, which have quadrupled the incidence and prevalence of T2DM. […] T2DM risk factors include a complex combination of genetic, metabolic and environmental factors that interact with one another contributing to its prevalence. […] Genetic predisposition plays an important part in the risk of developing T2DM. […] Obesity (body-mass index [BMI]≥30 kg/m²) is the strongest risk factor for T2DM and is associated with metabolic abnormalities resulting in IR.

• #4 Type 2 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193

  Type 2 diabetes is mainly the result of two issues: […] Cells in muscle, fat and the liver don’t respond to insulin as they should. As a result, the cells don’t take in enough sugar. […] The gland that makes insulin, called the pancreas, can’t make enough to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range. […] Being overweight and not moving enough are key factors.

• #5 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes happens when your body cant use insulin properly. […] The main cause of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. […] Several factors can contribute to insulin resistance, including: Genetics, Excess body fat, especially in your belly and around your organs (visceral fat), Physical inactivity, Eating highly processed, high-carbohydrate foods and saturated fats frequently, Certain medications, like long-term corticosteroid use, Hormonal disorders, like hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, Chronic stress and a lack of quality sleep. […] The cause of T2D is complex, but researchers know that genetics play a strong role. […] Researchers have identified at least 150 DNA variations linked to the risk of developing T2D some increase your risk and others decrease it.

• #6 Type 2 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193

  Type 2 diabetes is mainly the result of two issues: […] Cells in muscle, fat and the liver don’t respond to insulin as they should. As a result, the cells don’t take in enough sugar. […] The gland that makes insulin, called the pancreas, can’t make enough to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range. […] Being overweight and not moving enough are key factors.

• #7 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes mainly results from insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. Several factors and conditions contribute to varying degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and certain medications. […] The reason why your blood glucose levels are high differs depending on the type of diabetes. […] Long-term use of certain medications can also lead to Type 2 diabetes, including HIV/AIDS medications and corticosteroids.

• #8 What is the root cause of type 2 diabetes?

  https://www.wisdomheal.com/post/what-is-the-root-cause-of-type-2-diabetes

  Different classes of diabetes medications lower blood glucose levels through different mechanisms (such as increasing insulin production or reducing insulin resistance while the medications are taken daily or regularly), but they do not address the root cause of the problem, which is excess caloric intake more than what the body needs, resulting in insulin resistance. […] At the root cause, insulin resistance results from increased caloric intake that is in excess of energy expenditure. […] The fat (adipose) tissue in obesity fosters a chronic, low-grade inflammation that is a major and well-known cause of insulin resistance. […] The excess-calorie dietary habit also leads to a phenomenon called lipotoxicity, which occurs when higher levels of fatty acids circulate in the blood and more lipids accumulate in the cells of the body, particularly in the muscle and liver.

• #9 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7503727/

  Mitochondrial dysfunction includes a reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis, along with a decrease in the expression of mitochondrial oxidative proteins, such as ETC complexes, which leads to decreased substrate oxidation. […] The generation of ROS is highly implicated in the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance.

• #10 Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01951-9

  T2D, usually accompanied by other manifestations of MDS, is a complex metabolic disease with multiple underlying mechanisms not fully understood, while IR and cell dysfunction are two core pathophysiological mechanisms. […] Inflammation, ectopic lipid deposition, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and oxidative stress are involved in the onset and progression of T2D and TOD by impairing insulin sensitivity and/or cell dysfunction, reciprocal with metabolic disorders. […] The metabolites of chronic overnutrition, such as high glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), interfere with the activation of insulin receptor and its subsequent IRS-1/PI3K/Akt2 pathways, leading to the development of chronic inflammation in adipose tissue and ectopic lipid deposition in the liver and muscles, along with ERS and oxidative stress, etc.

• #11 Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01951-9

  The realization of T2D as downstream disease of MDS suggests that metabolic complications or MDS-related TOD may be more reasonable instead of so-called chronic diabetic complications. […] The used term chronic diabetic complications is misleading for both doctors and patients, leading to the blood glucose-focused management, while ignoring the development of TOD related to other metabolic disorders in the MDS. […] T2D is a complex multifactorial polygenetic disease that can attribute to many risk factors. Preobesity/obesity are major risk factors for T2D. […] Age is also an important risk factor for T2D. […] Other factors such as dietary risks, environmental or occupational risks, tobacco use, low physical activity alcohol use all account for part of the risk of T2D. […] In addition, genetics also play a modest but true role in T2D risk. Studies showed that the estimates of the heritability of T2D range from 30% to 70%, depending on the age of diabetes onset and the glycemic status of cases.

• #12 Type 2 Diabetes: Statistics and Facts

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/type-2-diabetes-statistics-5214216

  Type 2 diabetes has a strong genetic component more so than Type 1 diabetes as indicated by twin studies that show that if one twin has the condition the other twin is three to four times as likely to get it. […] Additionally, race and ethnicity play a mysterious role in whether or not you’re more likely to develop diabetes. People who identify as African-American, Latinx, Pacific-Islander, or Alaskan Native (AI/AN) have a higher-than-normal rate of type 2 diabetes. Studies show more than 120 gene variants have been identified as linked to causing type 2 diabetes.

• #13 Patient education: Type 2 diabetes: Overview (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-2-diabetes-overview-beyond-the-basics

  Type 2 diabetes is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Many people with type 2 diabetes have a family member with either type 2 diabetes or other medical problems associated with diabetes, such as high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, or obesity. […] The lifetime risk of developing type 2 diabetes is 5 to 10 times higher in first-degree relatives (ie, sibling or child) of a person with diabetes compared with a person with no family history of diabetes. […] Eating an unhealthy diet and not getting enough exercise can lead to weight gain, which increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. […] Some people develop diabetes during pregnancy; when this happens, it is called „gestational diabetes.” Gestational diabetes is similar to type 2 diabetes, but it usually resolves after the woman delivers her baby. Women who develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

• #14 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes happens when your body cant use insulin properly. […] The main cause of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. […] Several factors can contribute to insulin resistance, including: Genetics, Excess body fat, especially in your belly and around your organs (visceral fat), Physical inactivity, Eating highly processed, high-carbohydrate foods and saturated fats frequently, Certain medications, like long-term corticosteroid use, Hormonal disorders, like hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, Chronic stress and a lack of quality sleep. […] The cause of T2D is complex, but researchers know that genetics play a strong role. […] Researchers have identified at least 150 DNA variations linked to the risk of developing T2D some increase your risk and others decrease it.

• #15 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #16 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #17 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7503727/

  Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic -cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin. […] The main drivers of the T2DM epidemic are the global rise in obesity, sedentary lifestyles, high caloric diets and population aging, which have quadrupled the incidence and prevalence of T2DM. […] Evolving data suggest a role for adipokine dysregulation, inflammation, and abnormalities in gut microbiota, immune dysregulation, and inflammation have emerged as important pathophysiological factors. […] Genetic predisposition plays an important part in the risk of developing T2DM. […] Obesity (body-mass index [BMI]30 kg/m2) is the strongest risk factor for T2DM and is associated with metabolic abnormalities resulting in IR.

• #18 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #19 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes happens when your body cant use insulin properly. […] The main cause of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. […] Several factors can contribute to insulin resistance, including: Genetics, Excess body fat, especially in your belly and around your organs (visceral fat), Physical inactivity, Eating highly processed, high-carbohydrate foods and saturated fats frequently, Certain medications, like long-term corticosteroid use, Hormonal disorders, like hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, Chronic stress and a lack of quality sleep. […] The cause of T2D is complex, but researchers know that genetics play a strong role. […] Researchers have identified at least 150 DNA variations linked to the risk of developing T2D some increase your risk and others decrease it.

• #20 Most Common Causes of Diabetes | U.S. NewsCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon

  https://health.usnews.com/health-care/patient-advice/slideshows/what-are-the-causes-of-diabetes

  The foods you eat can make a difference in the development of diabetes. Sugar-filled foods and foods with no nutritional value can raise the risk for diabetes. […] Repeated consumption of these types of foods can raise your insulin levels and eventually cause your body’s cells to lose sensitivity to insulin. […] Too little physical activity can also increase your chance of developing diabetes. […] Age can increase your risk for diabetes, particularly after age 50. […] If you’re overweight or obese, you have a greater chance of developing Type 2 diabetes. […] Excess fat in your belly – also called visceral fat – can shoot up your risk for Type 2 diabetes. […] Beyond the usual genetic, food and weight-related causes of diabetes, there are other possible causes. […] It’s also possible that these patients had mild insulin resistance before getting COVID-19, and the infection led to insulin resistance due to the stress placed on the body.

• #21 What is the root cause of type 2 diabetes?

  https://www.wisdomheal.com/post/what-is-the-root-cause-of-type-2-diabetes

  Different classes of diabetes medications lower blood glucose levels through different mechanisms (such as increasing insulin production or reducing insulin resistance while the medications are taken daily or regularly), but they do not address the root cause of the problem, which is excess caloric intake more than what the body needs, resulting in insulin resistance. […] At the root cause, insulin resistance results from increased caloric intake that is in excess of energy expenditure. […] The fat (adipose) tissue in obesity fosters a chronic, low-grade inflammation that is a major and well-known cause of insulin resistance. […] The excess-calorie dietary habit also leads to a phenomenon called lipotoxicity, which occurs when higher levels of fatty acids circulate in the blood and more lipids accumulate in the cells of the body, particularly in the muscle and liver.

• #22 Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Support (Type 2 Diabetes)

  https://www.trted.org/articles/what-causes-type-2-diabetes

  If T2DM boils down to one primary cause, it is body fatness. Gaining body fat increases the risk of T2DM, and losing body fat increases the chance of remission. […] The leading theory of T2DM is known as the personal fat threshold. Expanding on the twin-cycle hypothesis, which highlighted that too much fat in the liver and pancreas is central to T2DM, the personal fat threshold more generally posits that body fatness is the primary cause of T2DM. […] It states that everyone has a limit to how much body fat they can store without developing T2DM. […] As more fat is stored around the body, the pancreas eventually becomes dysfunctional and can no longer produce enough insulin to keep pulling sugar out of the bloodstream. Thus, T2DM ensues and blood sugar levels rise. […] The personal fat threshold is strongly supported by many lines of evidence. First is that a progressive increase in body weight is associated with a greater risk of developing T2DM.

• #23 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes happens when your body cant use insulin properly. […] The main cause of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. […] Several factors can contribute to insulin resistance, including: Genetics, Excess body fat, especially in your belly and around your organs (visceral fat), Physical inactivity, Eating highly processed, high-carbohydrate foods and saturated fats frequently, Certain medications, like long-term corticosteroid use, Hormonal disorders, like hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, Chronic stress and a lack of quality sleep. […] The cause of T2D is complex, but researchers know that genetics play a strong role. […] Researchers have identified at least 150 DNA variations linked to the risk of developing T2D some increase your risk and others decrease it.

• #24 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7503727/

  A sedentary lifestyle is another risk factor for T2DM. […] In the case of -cell dysfunction, insulin secretion is reduced, limiting the body’s capacity to maintain physiological glucose levels. […] However, when both -cell dysfunction and IR are present, hyperglycaemia is amplified leading to the progression of T2DM. […] High-caloric Western diet contains large amounts of fats and carbohydrates that elevate blood glucose and circulating very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), chylomicrons (CMs) and their remnants (CMRs) that are rich in triglycerides (TG). […] The increase in O2 production activates the five major pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications: enhancement of the polyol pathway, increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), increased expression of AGEs receptor and its activating ligands, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and overactivity of the hexosamine pathway.

• #25 What Causes Type 2 Diabetes? Doctors Explain Risk Factors | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/type-2-diabetes-causes

  Inheriting certain genes can increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. […] According to the American Diabetes Association, those who are of Indigenous, Black, Hispanic, and Asian or Pacific Islander descent are at greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes than white people. […] Certain aspects of your medical history can also increase your chances of developing type 2 diabetes. […] Research shows that carrying extra weight around your belly, in particular, can increase your risk for type 2 diabetes. […] According to a 2017 study published in Nature Reviews in Endocrinology, exercise may be protective against insulin resistance, because it helps the body use insulin better. […] People who smoke are 30% to 40% more likely to have type 2 diabetes than those who don’t. […] Much of what people think they know about type 2 diabetes is wrong.

• #26 Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/hormones-and-glands/diabetes/causes.html

  Women with a waist measurement of more than 35 inches, and men with a waist more than 40 inches, are particularly at risk for diabetes. […] Being inactive or exercising fewer than three times a week increases your risk for diabetes even if your weight is normal. […] Having a parent or sibling with any form of diabetes increases your risk for the disease. […] African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics, American Indians, and Pacific Islanders are at an increased risk for diabetes. […] People who have a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher are at increased risk. […] Delivering a baby weighing more than nine pounds or having had gestational diabetes increases your risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Having impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose on past tests increases your risk.

• #27 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm

  People of African, Asian American, American Indian, Alaska Native, and Spanish or Latin American ancestry are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes tends to run in families. […] Certain disorders and medications can affect the way the body uses insulin and can lead to type 2 diabetes. […] Diabetes also may occur in people with excess production of growth hormone (acromegaly) and in people with certain hormone-secreting tumors. Severe or recurring pancreatitis and other disorders that directly damage the pancreas can lead to diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes can be prevented with lifestyle changes. People who have overweight and lose as little as 7 percent of their body weight and who increase physical activity (for example, walking 30 minutes per day) can decrease their risk of diabetes mellitus by more than 50%. Metformin, a medication that is used to treat diabetes, may reduce the risk of diabetes in people with impaired glucose regulation.

• #28 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes happens when your body cant use insulin properly. […] The main cause of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. […] Several factors can contribute to insulin resistance, including: Genetics, Excess body fat, especially in your belly and around your organs (visceral fat), Physical inactivity, Eating highly processed, high-carbohydrate foods and saturated fats frequently, Certain medications, like long-term corticosteroid use, Hormonal disorders, like hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, Chronic stress and a lack of quality sleep. […] The cause of T2D is complex, but researchers know that genetics play a strong role. […] Researchers have identified at least 150 DNA variations linked to the risk of developing T2D some increase your risk and others decrease it.

• #29 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7503727/

  A sedentary lifestyle is another risk factor for T2DM. […] In the case of -cell dysfunction, insulin secretion is reduced, limiting the body’s capacity to maintain physiological glucose levels. […] However, when both -cell dysfunction and IR are present, hyperglycaemia is amplified leading to the progression of T2DM. […] High-caloric Western diet contains large amounts of fats and carbohydrates that elevate blood glucose and circulating very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), chylomicrons (CMs) and their remnants (CMRs) that are rich in triglycerides (TG). […] The increase in O2 production activates the five major pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications: enhancement of the polyol pathway, increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), increased expression of AGEs receptor and its activating ligands, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and overactivity of the hexosamine pathway.

• #30 Diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes

  Diabetes is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics. […] A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity (defined by a body mass index of greater than 30), lack of physical activity, poor diet such as Western Pattern Diet, stress, and urbanization. […] Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in people of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60-80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders. […] Dietary factors such as sugar-sweetened drinks are associated with an increased risk. […] The type of fats in the diet is also important, with saturated fat and trans fats increasing the risk and polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat decreasing the risk. […] Adverse childhood experiences, including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with neglect having the strongest effect.

• #31 Diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes

  Diabetes is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics. […] A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity (defined by a body mass index of greater than 30), lack of physical activity, poor diet such as Western Pattern Diet, stress, and urbanization. […] Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in people of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60-80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders. […] Dietary factors such as sugar-sweetened drinks are associated with an increased risk. […] The type of fats in the diet is also important, with saturated fat and trans fats increasing the risk and polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat decreasing the risk. […] Adverse childhood experiences, including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with neglect having the strongest effect.

• #32 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7503727/

  A sedentary lifestyle is another risk factor for T2DM. […] In the case of -cell dysfunction, insulin secretion is reduced, limiting the body’s capacity to maintain physiological glucose levels. […] However, when both -cell dysfunction and IR are present, hyperglycaemia is amplified leading to the progression of T2DM. […] High-caloric Western diet contains large amounts of fats and carbohydrates that elevate blood glucose and circulating very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), chylomicrons (CMs) and their remnants (CMRs) that are rich in triglycerides (TG). […] The increase in O2 production activates the five major pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications: enhancement of the polyol pathway, increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), increased expression of AGEs receptor and its activating ligands, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and overactivity of the hexosamine pathway.

• #33 Type 2 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513253/

  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. It may be due to impaired insulin secretion, resistance to peripheral actions of insulin, or both. […] DM is broadly classified into three types by etiology and clinical presentation, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes (GDM). […] Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for around 90% of all cases of diabetes. In T2DM, the response to insulin is diminished, and this is defined as insulin resistance. […] T2DM is most commonly seen in persons older than 45 years. Still, it is increasingly seen in children, adolescents, and younger adults due to rising levels of obesity, physical inactivity, and energy-dense diets. […] T2DM is caused due to duel defects in insulin resistance and insulin secretion.

• #34 Patient education: Type 2 diabetes: Overview (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-2-diabetes-overview-beyond-the-basics

  Type 2 diabetes is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Many people with type 2 diabetes have a family member with either type 2 diabetes or other medical problems associated with diabetes, such as high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, or obesity. […] The lifetime risk of developing type 2 diabetes is 5 to 10 times higher in first-degree relatives (ie, sibling or child) of a person with diabetes compared with a person with no family history of diabetes. […] Eating an unhealthy diet and not getting enough exercise can lead to weight gain, which increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. […] Some people develop diabetes during pregnancy; when this happens, it is called „gestational diabetes.” Gestational diabetes is similar to type 2 diabetes, but it usually resolves after the woman delivers her baby. Women who develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

• #35 Type 2 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-2-diabetes/

  Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age. This may be because people tend to gain weight and exercise less as they get older. […] Genetics is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Your risk of developing the condition is increased if you have a close relative such as a parent, brother or sister who has the condition. […] You’re more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you’re overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. […] People of south Asian, Chinese, African-Caribbean and black African origin are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. […] Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes is also increased if your blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not yet high enough to be diagnosed with diabetes. […] Women who have had gestational diabetes during pregnancy also have a greater risk of developing diabetes in later life.

• #36 What are the causes of diabetes type 2?

  https://blog.walgreens.com/health/diabetes/causes-of-type-2-diabetes.html

  The food we eat is broken down into many components that our bodies use for different purposes. […] Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes: More than 90% of adults diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Many factors can contribute to developing type 2 diabetes, such as genetics, age, other diseases, and things you can control like lifestyle choices. […] People with certain genetic makeups are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, including those who have: Genes that make it more difficult for the pancreas to make insulin. […] You are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you are age 45 or older. This is because as you get older, your body may become more resistant to insulin. […] Certain diseases that change how your body produces hormones, such as Cushing’s syndrome and hyperthyroidism, can make you resistant to insulin. This can lead to type 2 diabetes.

• #37 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #38 Type 2 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-2-diabetes/

  Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age. This may be because people tend to gain weight and exercise less as they get older. […] Genetics is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Your risk of developing the condition is increased if you have a close relative such as a parent, brother or sister who has the condition. […] You’re more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you’re overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. […] People of south Asian, Chinese, African-Caribbean and black African origin are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. […] Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes is also increased if your blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not yet high enough to be diagnosed with diabetes. […] Women who have had gestational diabetes during pregnancy also have a greater risk of developing diabetes in later life.

• #39 10 Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors You May Not Know About

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is a condition that occurs when an individual’s blood glucose, or blood sugar, is chronically high. It is caused when the body becomes resistant to insulin, and the cells do not respond appropriately. While genetics plays a role in developing insulin resistance, lifestyle choices, including diet and exercise, are predominant factors contributing to type 2 diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes and is caused by a combination of risk factors, including lifestyle and genetics. […] Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which muscle, liver, and fat cells do not use insulin well. As a result, the body needs more insulin to help glucose enter cells. […] People with insulin resistance or prediabetic have a 50% chance of developing type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years. […] Lab tests and other preventative tools can be used to identify if a person has insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes. […] Chronic stress can increase cortisol levels and lead to chronically elevated glucose levels and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

• #40 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #41 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #42 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #43 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes happens when your body cant use insulin properly. […] The main cause of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. […] Several factors can contribute to insulin resistance, including: Genetics, Excess body fat, especially in your belly and around your organs (visceral fat), Physical inactivity, Eating highly processed, high-carbohydrate foods and saturated fats frequently, Certain medications, like long-term corticosteroid use, Hormonal disorders, like hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, Chronic stress and a lack of quality sleep. […] The cause of T2D is complex, but researchers know that genetics play a strong role. […] Researchers have identified at least 150 DNA variations linked to the risk of developing T2D some increase your risk and others decrease it.

• #44 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes mainly results from insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. Several factors and conditions contribute to varying degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and certain medications. […] The reason why your blood glucose levels are high differs depending on the type of diabetes. […] Long-term use of certain medications can also lead to Type 2 diabetes, including HIV/AIDS medications and corticosteroids.

• #45 Type 2 diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. Some people are genetically more at risk than others. […] The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. While some of these factors are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, other factors are not, such as increasing age, female sex, and genetics. […] Lifestyle factors are important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity and being overweight (defined by a body mass index of greater than 25), lack of physical activity, poor diet, psychological stress, and urbanization. […] Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. The proportion of diabetes that is inherited is estimated at 72%. […] There are a number of medications and other health problems that can predispose to diabetes. Some of the medications include: glucocorticoids, thiazides, beta blockers, atypical antipsychotics, and statins.

• #46 10 Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors You May Not Know About

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is a condition that occurs when an individual’s blood glucose, or blood sugar, is chronically high. It is caused when the body becomes resistant to insulin, and the cells do not respond appropriately. While genetics plays a role in developing insulin resistance, lifestyle choices, including diet and exercise, are predominant factors contributing to type 2 diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes and is caused by a combination of risk factors, including lifestyle and genetics. […] Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which muscle, liver, and fat cells do not use insulin well. As a result, the body needs more insulin to help glucose enter cells. […] People with insulin resistance or prediabetic have a 50% chance of developing type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years. […] Lab tests and other preventative tools can be used to identify if a person has insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes. […] Chronic stress can increase cortisol levels and lead to chronically elevated glucose levels and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

• #47 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The genetics of type 2 diabetes are complex and not completely understood. Evidence supports the involvement of multiple genes in pancreatic beta-cell failure and insulin resistance. […] Diabetes can also be a finding in more severe mitochondrial disorders such as Kearns-Sayre syndrome and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episode (MELAS). […] A meta-analysis of two studies indicated that a genetically associated low birth weight increases an individual’s risk for developing type 2 diabetes. […] Accumulating evidence suggests that depression is a significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. […] Schizophrenia has been linked to the risk for type 2 diabetes. […] A population-based, retrospective cohort study of 1,010,068 pregnant women examined the association between preeclampsia and gestational hypertension during pregnancy and the risk of developing diabetes post partum. […] Evidence exists that COVID-19 may actually lead to the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

• #48 Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms, Diet, Treatments, Medications & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/type_2_diabetes/article_em.htm

  Age is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The incidence increases with advancing age. […] Certain racial and ethnic groups are more likely than others to develop type 2 diabetes. […] Women who had diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes) are at increased risk for subsequently developing type 2 diabetes. […] Untreated sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea, are associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Being physically active decreases the chance of getting type 2 diabetes. […] Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.

• #49

  https://synappsehealth.com/en/articles/i/type-2-diabetes-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Excess fat in the body, especially abdominal obesity, causes 60-80% of cases among people of European descent. […] Another factor predisposing to an increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes is the aging of the population. […] It is believed that permanent sleep deficiencies can also cause illness because they slow down metabolism. […] In the United States, high-risk groups include: people over 45 years old, people with a first-degree relative who is diabetic, some ethnic groups, including Hispanics, African Americans and Native Americans, women with a history of gestational diabetes or polycystic ovary syndrome, overweight people and irregularities associated with the metabolic syndrome. […] Preventing the development of type 2 diabetes is primarily a change in lifestyle. The most important is to maintain a healthy body weight and prevent abdominal obesity through proper diet and regular physical activity.

• #50 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #51 Environmental Causes of Type 2 Diabetes | City of Bridgeport

  https://www.bridgeportct.gov/news/environmental-causes-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is a disease where the body has trouble managing its levels of blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes occurs when our bodies stop responding to insulin, which is an important hormone for controlling blood sugar levels. […] Research has consistently found that cities and towns that are more difficult to walk in have higher rates of diabetes. This is also true for cities and towns with less green space. This is because low physical activity is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. […] Another environmental factor that causes diabetes is air pollution. Air pollution can have many negative effects on the body, such as increasing inflammation and damaging blood vessels. […] A third major factor that is related to diabetes is poverty. Previous research has repeatedly shown that poorer areas have higher rates of type 2 diabetes. […] The researchers conclude that these are the most consistent environmental causes of type 2 diabetes. […] However, a lack of walking space, air pollution, and poverty are the most consistent environmental contributors to type 2 diabetes.

• #52 Environmental Causes of Type 2 Diabetes | City of Bridgeport

  https://www.bridgeportct.gov/news/environmental-causes-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is a disease where the body has trouble managing its levels of blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes occurs when our bodies stop responding to insulin, which is an important hormone for controlling blood sugar levels. […] Research has consistently found that cities and towns that are more difficult to walk in have higher rates of diabetes. This is also true for cities and towns with less green space. This is because low physical activity is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. […] Another environmental factor that causes diabetes is air pollution. Air pollution can have many negative effects on the body, such as increasing inflammation and damaging blood vessels. […] A third major factor that is related to diabetes is poverty. Previous research has repeatedly shown that poorer areas have higher rates of type 2 diabetes. […] The researchers conclude that these are the most consistent environmental causes of type 2 diabetes. […] However, a lack of walking space, air pollution, and poverty are the most consistent environmental contributors to type 2 diabetes.

• #53 Environmental Causes of Type 2 Diabetes | City of Bridgeport

  https://www.bridgeportct.gov/news/environmental-causes-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is a disease where the body has trouble managing its levels of blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes occurs when our bodies stop responding to insulin, which is an important hormone for controlling blood sugar levels. […] Research has consistently found that cities and towns that are more difficult to walk in have higher rates of diabetes. This is also true for cities and towns with less green space. This is because low physical activity is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. […] Another environmental factor that causes diabetes is air pollution. Air pollution can have many negative effects on the body, such as increasing inflammation and damaging blood vessels. […] A third major factor that is related to diabetes is poverty. Previous research has repeatedly shown that poorer areas have higher rates of type 2 diabetes. […] The researchers conclude that these are the most consistent environmental causes of type 2 diabetes. […] However, a lack of walking space, air pollution, and poverty are the most consistent environmental contributors to type 2 diabetes.

• #54 Key cause of type 2 diabetes uncovered | University of Oxford

  https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-11-14-key-cause-type-2-diabetes-uncovered

  Glucose metabolites (chemicals produced when glucose is broken down by cells), rather than glucose itself, have been discovered to be key to the progression of type 2 diabetes. […] Now a new study led by Dr Elizabeth Haythorne and Professor Frances Ashcroft of the Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics at the University of Oxford has revealed how chronic hyperglycaemia causes beta-cell failure. […] The teams new study is important because it shows that a breakdown product of glucose metabolism, rather than glucose itself, is what causes the failure of beta-cells to release insulin in diabetes. […] Crucially, the team found that blocking an enzyme called glucokinase, which regulates the first step in glucose metabolism, could prevent the gene changes taking place and maintain glucose-stimulated insulin secretion even in the presence of chronic hyperglycaemia.

• #55 Have we got the causes of type 2 diabetes wrong?

  https://theconversation.com/have-we-got-the-causes-of-type-2-diabetes-wrong-93326

  The proportion of adults with diabetes around the world has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to more than 8.5% today. […] However, new research from Heidelberg University in Germany suggests that we may have got the causes of type 2 diabetes wrong. […] Type 2 diabetes often associated with obesity happens when the pancreas doesnt release enough of the hormone, insulin, or the bodys cells dont react to insulin. […] The cause of these defects remains controversial. […] The latest research, published in Cell Metabolism, suggests that a molecule called methylglyoxal (MG) may cause many of the defects associated with type 2 diabetes. […] MG is formed as a result of metabolic pathways a linked series of chemical reactions occurring in a cell that are overactive in diabetes and obesity. So it was previously thought that MG production was the result of obesity and diabetes. However, this new research suggests that MG might also contribute to the development of these conditions.

• #56 Study reveals what causes type 2 diabetes and how to reverse it

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327390

  As the incidence of diabetes continues to increase globally, the fight against this chronic condition continues. New research explains not only what triggers type 2 diabetes but also how to reverse the condition. […] The theory proposed that type 2 diabetes results from the accumulation of fat in the liver, which induces insulin resistance and increases blood sugar production. […] These increased levels of liver fat cause the lipids to overspill into several tissues, including the pancreas. […] Long-term exposure to saturated fatty acids is harmful to beta-cells, write the authors. […] The study revealed that the majority of the trial participants maintained remission over the 2 years but that this was only possible if liver triglycerides and fat in the pancreas remained low. […] When fat cannot be safely stored under the skin, it is then stored inside the liver and overspills to the rest of the body, including the pancreas. This clogs up the pancreas, switching off the genes that direct how insulin should effectively be produced, and this causes type 2 diabetes. […] Importantly, this means that through diet and persistence, patients are able to lose the fat and potentially reverse their diabetes. The sooner this is done after diagnosis, the more likely it is that remission can be achieved.

• #57 Type 2 Diabetes | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-2-diabetes.html

  More than 38 million Americans have diabetes (about 1 in 10), and about 90% to 95% of them have type 2 diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed with lifestyle changes. […] You’re at risk for type 2 diabetes if you: Have prediabetes. […] Insulin is a hormone made by your pancreas. It acts like a key to let blood sugar into cells in your body for use as energy. If you have type 2 diabetes, cells don’t respond normally to insulin. This is called insulin resistance. […] Over time your pancreas can’t keep up, and your blood sugar rises, setting the stage for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. […] High blood sugar is damaging to the body. It can cause other serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.

• #58

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is often preventable. Factors that contribute to developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics. […] Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. […] To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should: reach and keep a health body weight, stay physically active with at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week, eat a healthy diet and avoid sugar and saturated fat, not smoke tobacco.

• #59 Diabetes type 2 | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-type-2

  Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. While there are some risk factors that cant be changed, being overweight and inactive increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. […] Research shows that type 2 diabetes can often be prevented or delayed with early lifestyle changes. […] There are genetic and environmental risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes. […] Lifestyle risk factors for type 2 diabetes include being overweight, especially around the waist, low levels of physical activity, unhealthy eating habits, cigarette smoking, high blood pressure and cholesterol. […] Diabetes can be delayed or prevented in some people with pre-diabetes by increasing physical activity, following a healthy eating plan developed by a dietitian, losing 5 to 10% of their body weight, if they are overweight. […] Early evidence shows that some people with type 2 diabetes who are overweight and recently diagnosed can reverse type 2 diabetes if they are able to achieve significant weight loss.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is often preventable. Factors that contribute to developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics. […] Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. […] To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should: reach and keep a health body weight, stay physically active with at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week, eat a healthy diet and avoid sugar and saturated fat, not smoke tobacco.

• #61

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is often preventable. Factors that contribute to developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics. […] Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. […] To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should: reach and keep a health body weight, stay physically active with at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week, eat a healthy diet and avoid sugar and saturated fat, not smoke tobacco.

• #62

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is often preventable. Factors that contribute to developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics. […] Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. […] To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should: reach and keep a health body weight, stay physically active with at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week, eat a healthy diet and avoid sugar and saturated fat, not smoke tobacco.

• #63 Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2017.151

  Globally, about 1 in 11 adults have diabetes mellitus (90% have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)), and Asia is the epicentre of this global T2DM epidemic. […] The major driving factors of the global T2DM epidemic include overweight and obesity, sedentary lifestyle and increased consumption of unhealthy diets containing high levels of red meat and processed meat, refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages. […] Although genetic predisposition partly determines individual susceptibility to T2DM, an unhealthy diet and a sedentary lifestyle are important drivers of the current global epidemic; early developmental factors (such as intrauterine exposures) also have a role in susceptibility to T2DM later in life. […] Many cases of T2DM could be prevented with lifestyle changes, including maintaining a healthy body weight, consuming a healthy diet, staying physically active, not smoking and drinking alcohol in moderation. […] The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus present and future perspectives.

• #64 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm

  People of African, Asian American, American Indian, Alaska Native, and Spanish or Latin American ancestry are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes tends to run in families. […] Certain disorders and medications can affect the way the body uses insulin and can lead to type 2 diabetes. […] Diabetes also may occur in people with excess production of growth hormone (acromegaly) and in people with certain hormone-secreting tumors. Severe or recurring pancreatitis and other disorders that directly damage the pancreas can lead to diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes can be prevented with lifestyle changes. People who have overweight and lose as little as 7 percent of their body weight and who increase physical activity (for example, walking 30 minutes per day) can decrease their risk of diabetes mellitus by more than 50%. Metformin, a medication that is used to treat diabetes, may reduce the risk of diabetes in people with impaired glucose regulation.

• #65 Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01951-9

  T2D, usually accompanied by other manifestations of MDS, is a complex metabolic disease with multiple underlying mechanisms not fully understood, while IR and cell dysfunction are two core pathophysiological mechanisms. […] Inflammation, ectopic lipid deposition, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and oxidative stress are involved in the onset and progression of T2D and TOD by impairing insulin sensitivity and/or cell dysfunction, reciprocal with metabolic disorders. […] The metabolites of chronic overnutrition, such as high glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), interfere with the activation of insulin receptor and its subsequent IRS-1/PI3K/Akt2 pathways, leading to the development of chronic inflammation in adipose tissue and ectopic lipid deposition in the liver and muscles, along with ERS and oxidative stress, etc.

• #66 Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01951-9

  The realization of T2D as downstream disease of MDS suggests that metabolic complications or MDS-related TOD may be more reasonable instead of so-called chronic diabetic complications. […] The used term chronic diabetic complications is misleading for both doctors and patients, leading to the blood glucose-focused management, while ignoring the development of TOD related to other metabolic disorders in the MDS. […] T2D is a complex multifactorial polygenetic disease that can attribute to many risk factors. Preobesity/obesity are major risk factors for T2D. […] Age is also an important risk factor for T2D. […] Other factors such as dietary risks, environmental or occupational risks, tobacco use, low physical activity alcohol use all account for part of the risk of T2D. […] In addition, genetics also play a modest but true role in T2D risk. Studies showed that the estimates of the heritability of T2D range from 30% to 70%, depending on the age of diabetes onset and the glycemic status of cases.

• #67 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7503727/

  Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic -cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin. […] The main drivers of the T2DM epidemic are the global rise in obesity, sedentary lifestyles, high caloric diets and population aging, which have quadrupled the incidence and prevalence of T2DM. […] Evolving data suggest a role for adipokine dysregulation, inflammation, and abnormalities in gut microbiota, immune dysregulation, and inflammation have emerged as important pathophysiological factors. […] Genetic predisposition plays an important part in the risk of developing T2DM. […] Obesity (body-mass index [BMI]30 kg/m2) is the strongest risk factor for T2DM and is associated with metabolic abnormalities resulting in IR.

• #68 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7503727/

  A sedentary lifestyle is another risk factor for T2DM. […] In the case of -cell dysfunction, insulin secretion is reduced, limiting the body’s capacity to maintain physiological glucose levels. […] However, when both -cell dysfunction and IR are present, hyperglycaemia is amplified leading to the progression of T2DM. […] High-caloric Western diet contains large amounts of fats and carbohydrates that elevate blood glucose and circulating very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), chylomicrons (CMs) and their remnants (CMRs) that are rich in triglycerides (TG). […] The increase in O2 production activates the five major pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications: enhancement of the polyol pathway, increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), increased expression of AGEs receptor and its activating ligands, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and overactivity of the hexosamine pathway.

• #69 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes happens when your body cant use insulin properly. […] The main cause of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. […] Several factors can contribute to insulin resistance, including: Genetics, Excess body fat, especially in your belly and around your organs (visceral fat), Physical inactivity, Eating highly processed, high-carbohydrate foods and saturated fats frequently, Certain medications, like long-term corticosteroid use, Hormonal disorders, like hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, Chronic stress and a lack of quality sleep. […] The cause of T2D is complex, but researchers know that genetics play a strong role. […] Researchers have identified at least 150 DNA variations linked to the risk of developing T2D some increase your risk and others decrease it.

• #70 Type 2 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-2-diabetes/

  Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age. This may be because people tend to gain weight and exercise less as they get older. […] Genetics is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Your risk of developing the condition is increased if you have a close relative such as a parent, brother or sister who has the condition. […] You’re more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you’re overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. […] People of south Asian, Chinese, African-Caribbean and black African origin are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. […] Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes is also increased if your blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not yet high enough to be diagnosed with diabetes. […] Women who have had gestational diabetes during pregnancy also have a greater risk of developing diabetes in later life.

• #71 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #72 Diabetes Risk Factors | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/risk-factors/index.html

  Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes share almost all of the same risk factors. […] You’re at risk for both prediabetes and type 2 diabetes if you: […] Have a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes. […] Having a history of gestational diabetes increases your risk for type 2 diabetes. […] You can reverse prediabetes to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.

• #73 Type 2 diabetes | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-2-diabetes/

  Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age. This may be because people tend to gain weight and exercise less as they get older. […] Genetics is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Your risk of developing the condition is increased if you have a close relative such as a parent, brother or sister who has the condition. […] You’re more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you’re overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. […] People of south Asian, Chinese, African-Caribbean and black African origin are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. […] Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes is also increased if your blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not yet high enough to be diagnosed with diabetes. […] Women who have had gestational diabetes during pregnancy also have a greater risk of developing diabetes in later life.

• #74 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview

  The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to involve complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Presumably, the disease develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie, excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype. […] Approximately 90% of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are overweight or have obesity. […] A study by Cameron et al indicated that in the United States between 2013 and 2016, obesity was responsible for the development of new-onset diabetes in 41% of adults. […] Some studies suggest that environmental pollutants may play a role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus include the following: Age greater than 45 years (though, as noted above, type 2 diabetes mellitus is occurring with increasing frequency in young individuals), Weight greater than 120% of desirable body weight, Family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative (eg, parent or sibling), Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander descent, History of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Hypertension (130/80 mm Hg or above) or dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol level 40 mg/dL or triglyceride level 150 mg/dL), History of gestational diabetes mellitus or of delivering a baby with a birth weight of over 9 lb, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (which results in insulin resistance).

• #75 Type 2 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes happens when your body cant use insulin properly. […] The main cause of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. […] Several factors can contribute to insulin resistance, including: Genetics, Excess body fat, especially in your belly and around your organs (visceral fat), Physical inactivity, Eating highly processed, high-carbohydrate foods and saturated fats frequently, Certain medications, like long-term corticosteroid use, Hormonal disorders, like hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, Chronic stress and a lack of quality sleep. […] The cause of T2D is complex, but researchers know that genetics play a strong role. […] Researchers have identified at least 150 DNA variations linked to the risk of developing T2D some increase your risk and others decrease it.

• #76 Diabetes: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes mainly results from insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver dont respond as they should to insulin. Several factors and conditions contribute to varying degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and certain medications. […] The reason why your blood glucose levels are high differs depending on the type of diabetes. […] Long-term use of certain medications can also lead to Type 2 diabetes, including HIV/AIDS medications and corticosteroids.

• #77 10 Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors You May Not Know About

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-causes-type-2-diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes is a condition that occurs when an individual’s blood glucose, or blood sugar, is chronically high. It is caused when the body becomes resistant to insulin, and the cells do not respond appropriately. While genetics plays a role in developing insulin resistance, lifestyle choices, including diet and exercise, are predominant factors contributing to type 2 diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes and is caused by a combination of risk factors, including lifestyle and genetics. […] Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which muscle, liver, and fat cells do not use insulin well. As a result, the body needs more insulin to help glucose enter cells. […] People with insulin resistance or prediabetic have a 50% chance of developing type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years. […] Lab tests and other preventative tools can be used to identify if a person has insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes. […] Chronic stress can increase cortisol levels and lead to chronically elevated glucose levels and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

• #78 Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2017.151

  Globally, about 1 in 11 adults have diabetes mellitus (90% have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)), and Asia is the epicentre of this global T2DM epidemic. […] The major driving factors of the global T2DM epidemic include overweight and obesity, sedentary lifestyle and increased consumption of unhealthy diets containing high levels of red meat and processed meat, refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages. […] Although genetic predisposition partly determines individual susceptibility to T2DM, an unhealthy diet and a sedentary lifestyle are important drivers of the current global epidemic; early developmental factors (such as intrauterine exposures) also have a role in susceptibility to T2DM later in life. […] Many cases of T2DM could be prevented with lifestyle changes, including maintaining a healthy body weight, consuming a healthy diet, staying physically active, not smoking and drinking alcohol in moderation. […] The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus present and future perspectives.

• #79 Diabetes type 2 | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-type-2

  Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. While there are some risk factors that cant be changed, being overweight and inactive increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. […] Research shows that type 2 diabetes can often be prevented or delayed with early lifestyle changes. […] There are genetic and environmental risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes. […] Lifestyle risk factors for type 2 diabetes include being overweight, especially around the waist, low levels of physical activity, unhealthy eating habits, cigarette smoking, high blood pressure and cholesterol. […] Diabetes can be delayed or prevented in some people with pre-diabetes by increasing physical activity, following a healthy eating plan developed by a dietitian, losing 5 to 10% of their body weight, if they are overweight. […] Early evidence shows that some people with type 2 diabetes who are overweight and recently diagnosed can reverse type 2 diabetes if they are able to achieve significant weight loss.

Zobacz więcej