Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes – Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7310804/

  The rising burden of type 2 diabetes is a major concern in healthcare worldwide. This research aimed to analyze the global epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. We analyzed the incidence, prevalence, and burden of suffering of diabetes mellitus based on epidemiological data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) current dataset from the Institute of Health Metrics, Seattle. Global and regional trends from 1990 to 2017 of type 2 diabetes for all ages were compiled. In 2017, approximately 462 million individuals were affected by type 2 diabetes corresponding to 6.28% of the worlds population (4.4% of those aged 1549 years, 15% of those aged 5069, and 22% of those aged 70+), or a prevalence rate of 6059 cases per 100,000. Over 1 million deaths per year can be attributed to diabetes alone, making it the ninth leading cause of mortality. The burden of diabetes mellitus is rising globally, and at a much faster rate in developed regions, such as Western Europe. Global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is projected to increase to 7079 individuals per 100,000 by 2030, reflecting a continued rise across all regions of the world. There are concerning trends of rising prevalence in lower-income countries.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001

  The rising burden of type 2 diabetes is a major concern in healthcare worldwide. This research aimed to analyze the global epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. We analyzed the incidence, prevalence, and burden of suffering of diabetes mellitus based on epidemiological data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) current dataset from the Institute of Health Metrics, Seattle. Global and regional trends from 1990 to 2017 of type 2 diabetes for all ages were compiled. […] In 2017, approximately 462 million individuals were affected by type 2 diabetes corresponding to 6.28% of the worlds population (4.4% of those aged 1549 years, 15% of those aged 5069, and 22% of those aged 70+), or a prevalence rate of 6059 cases per 100,000. Over 1 million deaths per year can be attributed to diabetes alone, making it the ninth leading cause of mortality. The burden of diabetes mellitus is rising globally, and at a much faster rate in developed regions, such as Western Europe.

• #3 Type 2 Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/type-2-diabetes

  Some 462 million people worldwide, or about 6.3% of the population, have type 2 diabetes. It’s the ninth leading cause of death, responsible for more than 1 million deaths each year. Cases of type 2 diabetes are increasing faster in developed countries such as the U.S. and Western Europe. […] Scientists say type 2 diabetes affects men and women at about the same rate. […] It’s more common in people in middle age and older, affecting: 4.4% of those aged 15-49, 15% of those aged 50-69, 22% of those aged 70 or older. […] It’s also more common in people of color, including those whose heritage is: Black, Hispanic, Native American, Asian.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes

  In 2022, 14% of adults aged 18 years and older were living with diabetes, an increase from 7% in 1990. […] Diabetes treatment coverage was lowest in low- and middle-income countries. […] Since 2000, mortality rates from diabetes have been increasing. […] Type 2 diabetes is often preventable. Factors that contribute to developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics. […] Early diagnosis is important to prevent the worst effects of type 2 diabetes. […] More than 95% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. […] Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. […] WHO aims to stimulate and support the adoption of effective measures for the surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] WHO conducts surveillance of diabetes and its risk factors.

• #5 Diabetes Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/diabetes-epidemiology-2023-1

  The CDC estimates that more than 37 million individuals in the United States have diabetes, and despite diagnosis and treatment advances, the incidence of this multifaceted, complex chronic metabolic condition continues to increase. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has risen in the U.S. and globally in the past 2 decades, and the ongoing obesity epidemic among pediatric and adult patient populations has been cited as a major contributing factor to this increase. The World Health Organization indicates that globally, an estimated 422 million individuals have diabetes, which is responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths annually. The American Diabetes Association and the CDC reveal that one in every 10 people in the U.S. have diabetes, with a confirmed diagnosis in 28.7 million individuals, including 28.5 million adults. Moreover, 8.5 million adults remain undiagnosed. A total of 96 million individuals aged 18 years and older have prediabetes (38% of the adult U.S. population), and an estimated 26.4 million individuals aged 65 years and older (48.8%) have prediabetes. T2DM accounts for an estimated 90% to 95% of all cases, while type 1 diabetes accounts for the remaining 5% to 10%.

• #6 Diabetes Facts and Figures | International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/about-diabetes/diabetes-facts-figures/

  Over 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, which is driven by socio-economic, demographic, environmental, and genetic factors. The key contributors to the rise in type 2 diabetes include: […] By 2050, IDF projections show that 1 in 8 adults, approximately 853 million, will be living with diabetes, an increase of 46%. […] Diabetes facts and figures show the growing global burden for individuals, families, and countries. The latest IDF Diabetes Atlas (2025) reports that 11.1% or 1 in 9 of the adult population (20-79 years) is living with diabetes, with over 4 in 10 unaware that they have the condition. […] The total number of people living with diabetes is projected to rise to 853 million by 2045. […] Over 4 in 5 adults (81%) with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries.

• #7 IDF Diabetes Atlas | Global Diabetes Data & Statistics

  https://diabetesatlas.org/

  589 million adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes worldwide […] This number is predicted to rise to 853 million by 2050 […] Diabetes was responsible for 3.4 million deaths in 2024 1 every 9 seconds […] Diabetes caused at least USD 1 trillion dollars in health expenditure a 338% increase over the last 17 years.

• #8 Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes – Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7310804/

  This study reports on the current trends in the global burden of diabetes with emphasis on the burden of human suffering. The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes worldwide continues to rise, and there are no signs of it stabilizing. A concerning finding is the rapidly rising burden in lower-income countries. The burden of suffering due to diabetes, as measured by DALYs, is increasing despite significant investment in clinical care and pharmaceutical research. Notably, Western Europe has a rate of increase greater than that of global and Asian averages. […] Statistical forecasting using a model based on the 19902017 data showed that global diabetes prevalence could increase to 7079 per 100,000 by 2030 and 7862 by 2040. This estimate for 2040 is flanked by an upper confidence limit of 9904 and a lower limit of 5821 per 100,000.

• #9

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001

  Global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is projected to increase to 7079 individuals per 100,000 by 2030, reflecting a continued rise across all regions of the world. There are concerning trends of rising prevalence in lower-income countries. Urgent public health and clinical preventive measures are warranted.

• #10 Epidemiology of diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes

  Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world, but is more common (especially type 2) in the more developed countries. The greatest increase in prevalence is, however, occurring in low- and middle-income countries including in Asia and Africa, where most patients will probably be found by 2030. The increase in incidence in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor (often high in sugar and saturated fats, sometimes referred to as the Western pattern diet). The risk of getting type 2 diabetes has been widely found to be associated with lower socio-economic position across countries.

• #11 Type 2 Diabetes pathogenesis and treatments | DMSO

  https://www.dovepress.com/a-review-of-current-trends-with-type-2-diabetes-epidemiology-aetiology-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSO

  It has been estimated that there were ~382 million T2D patients globally in 2013 and that number has more than doubled in the last few decades. The incidence and prevalence of T2D continue to increase. By 2035, it is estimated that there will be 590 million T2D people diagnosed. Although the prevalence and incidence of T2D vary between countries, T2D is still considered to be a global disease. T2D used to be considered as a disease induced by western lifestyles (high-calorie diets and sedentary lifestyles). Interestingly, the rise in prevalence of T2D is estimated to be almost 4x as high in developing as in developed countries. This is thought to be due to developing countries adopting western lifestyles and the increase in obesity and the number of people being overweight in their populations. In general, the age group with the highest risk of developing T2D is 40-60 years in developed countries and 60+ years in developing countries. Although T2D is considered to be a disease associated with adulthood and the incidence of T2D increases with age, it is becoming more common for children to be affected.

• #12 Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes – Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7310804/

  Type 2 diabetes continues to increase in prevalence, incidence, and as a leading cause of human suffering and deaths. Despite significant investments in clinical care, research, and public health interventions, there appears to be no sign of reduction in the rate of increase. Certain regions of the world, such as Western Europe and island states in the Pacific, are experiencing a disproportionately high burden.

• #13 Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes – Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends | Atlantis Press

  https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/jegh/125921499/view

  The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes worldwide continues to rise, and there are no signs of it stabilizing. A concerning finding is the rapidly rising burden in lower-income countries. […] Type 2 diabetes continues to increase in prevalence, incidence, and as a leading cause of human suffering and deaths. Despite significant investments in clinical care, research, and public health interventions, there appears to be no sign of reduction in the rate of increase. Certain regions of the world, such as Western Europe and island states in the Pacific, are experiencing a disproportionately high burden.

• #14 Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in the Middle East and North Africa: Challenges and call for action

  https://red.library.usd.edu/ul-fp/36/

  Type 2 diabetes continues to be a serious and highly prevalent public health problem worldwide. In 2019, the highest prevalence of diabetes in the world at 12.2%, with its associated morbidity and mortality, was found in the Middle East and North Africa region. […] Evidence suggests that obesity, physical inactivity, urbanization, and poor nutritional habits have contributed to the high prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in the region. […] Furthermore, efforts to control the rising prevalence of diabetes and its complications have been challenged and complicated by the political instability and armed conflict in some countries of the region and the recent coronavirus disease 2019. Broad strategies, coupled with targeted interventions at the regional, national, and community levels are needed to address and curb the spread of this public health crisis.

• #15 Type 2 Diabetes pathogenesis and treatments | DMSO

  https://www.dovepress.com/a-review-of-current-trends-with-type-2-diabetes-epidemiology-aetiology-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSO

  Diabetes was considered to be rare in the first half of the twentieth century in the USA; less than 1% of the population was diagnosed with diabetes in 1958. However, both the incidence and prevalence of T2D increased throughout the second half of the 20th century in developed countries, becoming an epidemic towards the end of the century and remaining as such into the 21st century. Over recent decades, T2D incidence and prevalence have also increased in developing countries, becoming a comparable health burden in these countries. In 1980, 1% of China’s population had diabetes but this increased to almost 10% by 2008. In urban areas of South India, almost 20% of the population was estimated to be affected by diabetes in 2008. In 2014, a study revealed that 46% of newly diagnosed T2D patients in India were under 40 years of age, which is a contrast with the notion that patients in developing countries are usually over 60. T2D incidence and prevalence have continued to increase globally in the 21st century as well. By 2045, it has been estimated that there will be over 700 million T2D patients worldwide.

• #16 Type 2 Diabetes pathogenesis and treatments | DMSO

  https://www.dovepress.com/a-review-of-current-trends-with-type-2-diabetes-epidemiology-aetiology-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSO

  Studies have demonstrated that the incidence of T2D potently increased globally in the latter half of the 20th century (especially paediatric cases), and one study even reported the incidence of diabetes rose from 2.6 to 9.4% between 1980 and 1988 in the USA. Although life expectancy has generally increased globally over the last few decades, this does not fully explain the rise in T2D incidence and prevalence given the drastic increase in childhood cases, but it likely accounts for at least part of the rise in T2D in developing countries where patients are generally aged 60+ years. Globally, it was estimated that diabetes accounted for ~12% of health expenditures in 2010 (at least $376 billion), and the healthcare cost will continue to rise to ~$490 billion in 2030. Many developing countries do not have adequate infrastructure to treat this pandemic, meaning that diabetes is a serious concern for the future. Additionally, there is continuing emerging evidence that the prevalence and incidence of diabetes are likely higher in developing countries than currently documented due to undiagnosed diabetes.

• #17 At-a-glance – Twenty years of diabetes surveillance using the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-39-no-11-2019/twenty-years-diabetes-surveillance.html

  In 1999, the Government of Canada, along with the provinces and territories, established the National Diabetes Surveillance System (NDSS) to track rates of diabetes in Canada. […] Currently, 8.8% of Canadians (9.4% male, 8.1% female, aged one year and older) live with diabetes, and approximately 549 new cases are diagnosed each day. […] Since 2000, the age-standardized prevalence rate has increased by an average of 3.3% per year. […] The age-standardized incidence rate has remained relatively stable, and all-cause mortality rates among those with diabetes have decreased by an average of 2.1% per year. […] The CCDSS first reported on diabetes in 2000; thus, 2019 marks 20 years of diabetes surveillance using the CCDSS. […] In 2016/17, approximately 8.8% of Canadians (9.4% male, 8.1% female, aged 1 year) were living with diabetes.

• #18 At-a-glance – Twenty years of diabetes surveillance using the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-39-no-11-2019/twenty-years-diabetes-surveillance.html

  Since 2000/01, age-standardized prevalence rates have increased by an average of 3.3% per year (p .001; Figure 1-A). […] In 2016/17, the rate of newly diagnosed diabetes cases was 603.5 per 100 000 Canadians (aged 1 year). […] From 2000/01 to 2016/17, there was a decrease in the all-cause mortality rate (average annual percent change: 2.1, p .001). […] Compared to those without diabetes, the mortality rate ratio for those with diabetes is approximately 1.96 (95% CI: 1.91, 2.02) times higher. […] This report provides the most up-to-date information on diabetes prevalence, incidence and mortality in Canada.

• #19 Diabetes, 2022 | Australian Bureau of Statistics

  https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/diabetes/latest-release

  One in twenty (5.3% or 1.3 million) people had diabetes in 2022. […] Diabetes prevalence has slowly increased from 3.3% in 2001 to 5.3% in 2022. […] In 2022, diabetes was ranked seventh in the leading causes of death in Australia with 6,050 deaths. […] In the same year, Type 2 diabetes was the twelfth leading contributor (4.8%) to Australia’s total disease burden. […] Type 2 diabetes was the most common type of diabetes (87.6%).

• #20 National Diabetes Statistics Report | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/index.html

  The National Diabetes Statistics Report provides up-to-date information on the prevalence and incidence of diabetes and prediabetes, risk factors for complications, acute and long-term complications, deaths, and costs. […] Data in the report can help focus efforts to prevent and control diabetes across the United States. […] Among the U.S. population overall, crude estimates for 2021 were: 38.4 million people of all ages or 11.6% of the U.S. population had diabetes. […] 38.1 million adults aged 18 years or older or 14.7% of all U.S. adults had diabetes. […] 8.7 million adults aged 18 years or older who met laboratory criteria for diabetes were not aware of or did not report having diabetes (undiagnosed diabetes). […] The percentage of adults with diabetes increased with age, reaching 29.2% among those aged 65 years or older.

• #21 National Diabetes Statistics Report 2024

  https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11854/

  The National Diabetes Statistics Report provides updated statistics about diabetes in the United States including information on prevalence and incidence of diabetes and prediabetes, risk factors for complications, acute and long-term complications, deaths, and costs. The 2024 report documented that in 2021, more than 38 million people of all ages (11.6% of the U.S. population) had diabetes, but 8.7 million adults (22.8% of adults with diabetes) were not aware of having diabetes. Among those aged 65 years or older, the percentage of adults with diabetes increased to 29.2%. […] The report used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the National Health Interview Survey, the IHS National Data Warehouse, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States Diabetes Surveillance System, and population estimates to derive estimated percentages and total number of people with diabetes and prediabetes.

• #22 National Diabetes Statistics Report | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/index.html

  During 2001-2020, the age-adjusted prevalence of total diabetes significantly increased among adults aged 18 years or older. […] Prevalence estimates for total diabetes were 10.3% in 2001-2004 and 13.2% in 2017-2020. […] During this period, the age-adjusted prevalence significantly increased for diagnosed diabetes. […] Among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older, age-adjusted data for 2019-2021 indicated the following: For both men and women, prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was highest among American Indian and Alaska Native adults (13.6%), followed by non-Hispanic Black adults (12.1%), adults of Hispanic origin (11.7%), non-Hispanic Asian adults (9.1%) and non-Hispanic White adults (6.9%). […] Among U.S. adults aged 20 years or older, age-adjusted, county-level data indicated: In 2021, estimates of diagnosed diabetes prevalence varied across U.S. counties, ranging from 4.4% to 17.9%.

• #23 Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Prevalence and risk factors – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-2-diabetes-mellitus-prevalence-and-risk-factors

  Given the marked increase in childhood obesity, there is concern that the prevalence of diabetes will continue to increase substantially. Global data appear to substantiate this concern. […] The prevalence of diabetes is higher in certain populations. […] Using data from a national survey for people aged 20 years or older, the prevalence of diagnosed type 2 diabetes in the United States (2018) was 7.5 percent in non-Hispanic White Americans, 9.2 percent in non-Hispanic Asian Americans, 12.5 percent in Hispanic Americans, 11.7 percent in non-Hispanic Black Americans, and 14.7 percent in Native Americans/Alaska Natives.

• #24 Diabetes Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/diabetes-epidemiology-2023-1

  According to estimates in the CDCs 2022 National Diabetes Statistics Report, more than 130 million U.S. adults have diabetes or prediabetes. Moreover, for the first time, the report included diabetes data by income level, which reveals that higher incidence of diabetes is correlated with poverty. […] An estimated 1.4 million new cases of diabetes were diagnosed among individuals aged 18 years and older in 2019. The percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes was highest among American Indian and Alaska Native individuals (14.5%), non-Hispanic black individuals (12.1%), and individuals of Hispanic origin (11.8%), followed by non-Hispanic Asian individuals (9.5%) and non-Hispanic white individuals (7.4%) in 2018-2019. Adults with a family income below the federal poverty level had the greatest prevalence, with a rate of 13.7% in men and 14.4% in women. Individuals with less education were more likely to have diagnosed diabetes.

• #25 National Diabetes Statistics Report | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/index.html

  Median county-level prevalence of diagnosed diabetes increased from 6.3% in 2004 to 8.3% in 2021. […] Among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older, crude estimates for 2021 were: 1.2 million new cases of diabetes or 5.9 per 1,000 people were diagnosed. […] Compared to adults aged 18 to 44 years, incidence rates of diagnosed diabetes were higher among adults aged 45 to 64 years and those aged 65 years and older. […] Among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older, age-adjusted data for 2019-2021 indicated: Compared to non-Hispanic White adults and Asian adults, incidence estimates were higher for non-Hispanic Black adults and Hispanic adults. […] Incidence rates of diagnosed diabetes were higher among those with less than high school education and those with high school education only compared to adults with more than high school education. […] In 2021, diabetes was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. […] In 2021, there were 399,401 death certificates with diabetes listed as the underlying or contributing cause of death.

• #26 Diabetes Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/diabetes-epidemiology-2023-1

  Diabetes is also the eighth leading cause of death in the U.S., but the actual number of deaths due to diabetes and its related complications may be underreported. The most recent CDC statistics reveal that diabetes accounted for more than 100,000 U.S. deaths in each of the past 2 years. In a 2023 publication in Diabetes Care, authors indicated that 21.4% of individuals hospitalized with COVID-19 had diabetes. In a recent article in the BMJ, the authors noted that diabetes was the most common underlying condition in the U.S. and COVID-19 was an exacerbating factor. Moreover, an estimated 40% of Americans who died of COVID-19 also had diabetes.

• #27 How many people in the UK have diabetes?

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-us/about-the-charity/our-strategy/statistics

  We estimate that more than 5.8 million people in the UK are living with diabetes, which is an all-time high. […] Additionally, nearly 1.3 million people could be living with type 2 diabetes who are yet to be diagnosed. […] Around 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. […] An estimated 6.3 million people are at an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the UK based on blood sugar levels. […] We estimate that 1.3 million people are currently living with type 2 diabetes but are yet to be diagnosed. […] This mean an estimated 12.1 million adults in the UK are living with diabetes or prediabetes. […] The risk factors of type 2 diabetes are multiple and complex. […] Factors such as income, education, housing, access to healthy food, as well as poorer access to healthcare, have been shown to be strongly linked to an increased risk of developing several health conditions including obesity and type 2 diabetes.

• #28 Prevalence of Type 2 diabetes – Diet and healthy weight: monitoring report 2020 – gov.scot

  https://www.gov.scot/publications/diet-healthy-weight-monitoring-report-2020/pages/5/

  At the end of 2018, there were 304,375 people diagnosed with diabetes in Scotland recorded on local diabetes registers. This represented 5.6% of the population of all ages. […] Of all cases, 87.9% (267,615) were Type 2 diabetes. […] A greater proportion of those with diagnosed Type 2 diabetes are male (56.4%). This proportion has remained relatively stable since the survey started in 2001. […] Although the number of people with a Type 2 diabetes diagnosis continues to increase steadily, there were 15,980 new cases of Type 2 diabetes in 2018, down from 16,216 in 2017. […] In 2018, the highest number of new Type 2 diabetes cases was observed in the 60-69 age group (4,268), followed by the 50-59 age group (4,252). […] In 2018, 31.8% of patients with a recorded BMI and Type 2 diabetes were overweight (BMI 25 to less than 30) and 55.2% were obese (BMI 30+).

• #29 Diabetes Prevalence in Ireland – Diabetes Ireland : Diabetes Ireland

  https://www.diabetes.ie/about-us/diabetes-in-ireland/

  There are two main types of diabetes, one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses worldwide: Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. […] The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) 2015 showed that 10% of adults aged 50 and over in Ireland, have Type 2 diabetes rising to 16% in those aged 80 and over. This study further revealed that one in ten people with diabetes in this population are undiagnosed. A further 5.5% of the older population have pre-diabetes which puts them at an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes in the future. […] The burden of diabetes is continuously increasing. According to a systematic review of Irish evidence on epidemiology of diabetes and its complications, which included 15 studies published before 2016, in adults aged 18 years and over, the national prevalence of doctor diagnosed diabetes significantly increased from 2.2 % in 1998 to 5.2 % in 2015. […] The lack of a national Diabetes Registry hinders the HSEs ability to plan for Diabetes.

• #30 Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2017.151

  Globally, about 1 in 11 adults have diabetes mellitus (90% have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)), and Asia is the epicentre of this global T2DM epidemic. […] The major driving factors of the global T2DM epidemic include overweight and obesity, sedentary lifestyle and increased consumption of unhealthy diets containing high levels of red meat and processed meat, refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages. […] Among patients with T2DM, cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and kidney complications are highly prevalent in patients in Asia with diabetes mellitus. […] This Review provides an updated view of the global epidemiology of T2DM, as well as dietary, lifestyle and other risk factors for T2DM and its complications. […] Globally, the number of people with diabetes mellitus has quadrupled in the past three decades, and diabetes mellitus is the ninth major cause of death. About 1 in 11 adults worldwide now have diabetes mellitus, 90% of whom have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Asia is a major area of the rapidly emerging T2DM global epidemic, with China and India the top two epicentres. […] Most patients with T2DM have at least one complication, and cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients.

• #31 A cross-sectional study on diabetes epidemiology among people aged 40 years and above in Shenyang, China | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-74889-x

  This study aimed at understanding the diabetic prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates and their influencing factors among people aged 40 years in Shenyang, China. A total of 3922 respondents were enrolled, including 609 cases of diabetes. The diabetic prevalence rate was 15.5%, and was higher in rural areas than that in urban areas (17.7% vs 14.2%, p=0.004) […] Shenyang people aged 40 years have higher diabetic prevalence and awareness rates, and lower diabetic treatment and control rates. Finally, it is necessary to enhance awareness and education about diabetes, to improve its treatment and control rates. […] In this study, the diabetic prevalence, awareness, treatment, control rates, and their influencing factors, were explored in 2019 and for the first time, among adults aged 40 years and above in Shenyang, China. A total of 3922 participants were enrolled, and the diabetic overall prevalence rate was 15.5%. […] Although its awareness (82.3%) and treatment (36.6%) rates were higher than those of the national level, its control rate (17.1%) was markedly lower than that of the national level.

• #32 A cross-sectional study on diabetes epidemiology among people aged 40 years and above in Shenyang, China | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-74889-x

  According to the survey results, the diabetic prevalence rate was higher in rural areas compared to that in urban areas (17.7% vs 14.2%, p=0.004), while the diabetic awareness rate was lower in rural areas compared to that in urban areas (68.4% vs 92.8%, p=0.001). The above findings suggest that it is necessary to strengthen adults diabetic screening in low economic level rural areas. […] In this study, the diabetic treatment rate in rural areas, was higher than that in urban areas (79.4% vs 24.9%, p=0.001). […] In this study, the proportion of metabolic syndromes, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, overweight or obesity among the diabetic respondents in rural areas was markedly higher than that among those in urban areas. […] This study also revealed that the diabetic control rate in Shenyang was 17.1% higher than that in Shanghai (12.42%) […] The potential reasons may be associated with differences in the definition or diagnostic criteria of diabetes dietary habits, economic and educational levels, and degrees of emphasis on the publicity on diabetic prevention and control among the regions.

• #33 Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and treatment utilization patterns among the elderly from the first wave of Longitudinal Aging study in India (2017-18)using a Heckman selection model | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15661-4

  Unmanaged Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) substantially contributes to the multi-morbidity of the elderly. The present study intends to evaluate the epidemiology of T2DM in the elderly in India and explore the socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors determining the treatment utilization among the elderly 60 years in India by addressing the missing data to generate robust estimates. Almost 14% elderly reported to be living with T2DM. The odds of living with T2DM increased with non-working status, a sedentary lifestyle, and a higher BMI. A higher proportion of the elderly was on oral drugs than insulin and had been practicing lifestyle modifications to control their disease. The probability of developing T2DM was lower among females than males, but females had better odds for treatment utilization of health medication than males. Lastly, treatment utilization was significantly affected by socio-demographic characteristics like education and monthly per capita expenditure. Treatment utilization by the elderly living with T2DM is significantly affected by socio-demographic characteristics. The burden of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in India is massive, and with 77 million people, the country ranks second for having the highest number of T2DM patients in the world, following China. A forecasting analysis suggests that the estimated burden figure will increase to 134 million by 2045. Overall, the prevalence of diabetes varies significantly by age group, with older people at greater risk than younger people. The prevalence was reported to be higher among males and those who were in union, with more years of education. A substantially higher prevalence of T2DM was observed in OBC, other social classes, and those following religions other than Hinduism or Islam. The prevalence was higher among the participants who were not engaged in vigorous activity and moderate energetic activity; a lower prevalence was found among current smokers and alcohol users. The prevalence was significantly higher in overweight and obese elderly. The odds of living with T2DM were higher between 70 and 79 years, male gender, in a union, with more years of education, belonging to OBC or other social castes, Muslim, or other non-Hindu religion, richest quintiles, urban areas, currently not working, non-smoking, not frequently drinking, less vigorous activities, doing less energetic activities, not doing Yoga/meditation/asana/pranayama, and being overweight or obese. The probability of developing T2DM was lower among females than males, but elderly females depicted better treatment utilization in our study. This is in contrast to the usual pattern seen in young age, who may rely on others to help them be compliant; in the latter case, women are less compliant in some situations. However, a woman’s adherence to traditional sex roles may be a hidden barrier to her compliance with a diabetic regimen. The woman may not be willing to change her family’s lifestyle to accommodate her health needs, may not feel that she has strong support from her family, or may be unwilling to discuss her illness with her husband. Diabetes in women has more detrimental effects. Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease by about four times in women compared to two times in men, and women have worse outcomes after a heart attack. Women are also at higher risk of other diabetes-related complications such as blindness, kidney disease, and depression. Socio-demographic inequalities are crucial in diagnosing and managing T2DM, especially in the elderly worldwide. Socioeconomic status is attributable to three major health domains: healthcare utilization, environmental exposure, and health-related behavior. While diagnosis is related to healthcare utilization, adherence is related to health-related behavior. In our study, poor people have a lesser tendency to get diagnosed and managed for T2DM, which is a cause of concern.

• #34 Diabetes in Canada – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/advocacy-policies/advocacy-reports/national-and-provincial-backgrounders/diabetes-in-canada

  Diabetes (type 1 + type 2 diagnosed + type 2 undiagnosed) 5,805,000 / 15% […] Diabetes (type 1 and type 2 diagnosed) 4,007,000 / 10% […] Among people in Canada (1): 10% live with diagnosed diabetes, a figure that climbs to 15% when cases of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes are included. […] Diabetes contributes to (5): 40% of heart attacks […] The risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not well understood, but interaction between genetic and environmental factors are likely involved (11). Type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of individual, social, environmental, and genetic factors (11). […] Certain populations are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, such as those of African, Arab, Asian, Hispanic, Indigenous, or South Asian descent, those who are older, have a lower level of income or education, are physically inactive, or are living with overweight or obesity (11).

• #35 Diabetes in Canada – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/advocacy-policies/advocacy-reports/national-and-provincial-backgrounders/diabetes-in-canada

  The prevalence of diabetes among adults in the lowest income groups is 2.1 times that of adults in the highest income group (12). […] Canada faces unique challenges in preventing type 2 diabetes and meeting the needs of people living with diabetes: Non-modifiable risk factors of type 2 diabetes include age, gender, and ethnicity (11). […] Approximately 30% of Canadians self-identify as being of African, Arab, Asian, Hispanic, or South Asian descent (14). These groups are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (11). […] There are approximately 1.8 million Indigenous people in Canada, who face significantly higher rates of diabetes and adverse health consequences than the overall population (16).

• #36 Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925700-overview

  More recent data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study show that between 2002 and 2018, the annual incidence of type 2 diabetes rose by about 5% per year in the United States. Annual rates of increase were highest for Asian Pacific Islanders (8.92%), followed by Hispanic (7.17%) and Black youth (5.99%). […] Type 2 diabetes primarily affects minority populations. From 1967-1976 to 1987-1996, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes increased 6-fold in Pima Indian adolescents and appeared for the first time in children and adolescents younger than age 15 years. […] The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the pediatric population is higher among girls than boys, just as the prevalence is higher among adult females than it is in adult males. […] According to data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study, the overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes among American youths aged 10-19 years rose by 35% between 2001 and 2009 (from 0.34 per 1000 to 0.46 per 1000). The greatest increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes from 2001 to 2009 was observed in Hispanic youths (from 0.45 per 1000 to 0.79 per 1000), followed by Blacks (from 0.95 per 1000 to 1.06 per 1000), and Whites (from 0.14 per 1000 to 0.17 per 1000).

• #37 Diabetes Data and Statistics | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/data-statistics/index.html

  The U.S. Diabetes Surveillance System is an interactive web tool that provides diabetes data at national, state, and county levels. It also provides data by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education. […] Get the latest data on diabetes incidence, prevalence, complications, cost, and more. […] About 1 in 10 Americans has diabetes.

• #38 Twenty Years of Diabetes surveillance using the Canadian Chronic Disese Surveillance System – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/20-years-diabetes-surveillance.html

  Diabetes surveillance in Canada: How has the CCDSS evolved over time? […] The CCDSS is updated annually and is supported by a pan-Canadian partnership between the Public Health Agency of Canada and all provinces and territories. […] Between 2000 and 2016, the proportion of Canadians living with diabetes has increased by an average of 3.3% per year, but the rate of new cases has remained stable.

• #39 Epidemiology & Research | What We Do | International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/what-we-do/epidemiology-and-research/

  Epidemiology and research are key components of IDFs work. They strengthen understanding of the global impact of diabetes and lead to effective strategies to support healthcare professionals in preventing and treating diabetes and related complications. […] Through these activities, IDF is advancing diabetes epidemiology, research and awareness of the global impact of the condition. This evidence-based information on the prevalence and effects of diabetes aims to drive diabetes policies and programmes for management and prevention. […] The IDF Diabetes Atlas is the authoritative resource on the global impact of diabetes, providing global, regional and national impact data on diabetes prevalence, mortality and expenditure. […] An IDF programme that provides global data on prevalence, quality of care and outcomes for people living with type 2 diabetes and cardio-renal complications.

• #40 Epidemiology & Research | What We Do | International Diabetes Federation

  https://idf.org/what-we-do/epidemiology-and-research/

  The IDF Diabetes Atlas 11th edition provides detailed information on the estimated and projected prevalence of diabetes, globally, by region, country and territory, for 2024 and 2050. It draws attention to the growing impact of diabetes across the world and highlights proven and effective actions that governments and policy-makers must urgently take to tackle it. […] This IDF Diabetes Atlas report looks at the relationship between diabetes and kidney disease across the globe and ways to reduce its impact. […] This IDF Diabetes Atlas Report provides a summary of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among indigenous peoples across all age groups. […] Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (DRCP) is the official journal of the International Diabetes Federation, providing high-quality original research articles and expert reviews in diabetes and related areas for health-care providers and clinically oriented researchers. Published monthly, topics of focus include epidemiology, prevention.

• #41 Diabetes Data and Surveillance

  https://dphhs.mt.gov/publichealth/Diabetes/Data

  The Montana Diabetes Program (MDP) collects, analyzes and reports data from many different sources to help the people of Montana understand the complexities of prediabetes and diabetes and make the best decisions for their health. […] These reports aim to increase the understanding of data related to diabetes prevention, education, and management as well as provides clinical recommendations to the health care community. […] Risk factors for type 2 diabetes are high among Montana’s children (May, 2023).

• #42 Michigan Diabetes Statistics and Reports

  https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/keep-mi-healthy/chronicdiseases/diabetes/michigan-diabetes-statistics-and-reports

  A number of data sources are available to and through the Diabetes Prevention and Control Program about: […] These dashboards provide a snapshot of the diabetes burden and complications among Michigan adults aged 18 years and older with diabetes at the statewide level. […] For many people with unmanaged type 2 diabetes, health complications can develop including vision loss, chronic kidney disease, nerve damage, and feet amputation. […] Diabetes burden and indicators are presented as briefs, presentations, and downloadable tables, charts, and maps.

• #43 Diabetes Prevalence* | County Health Rankings & Roadmaps

  https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/health-data/population-health-and-well-being/quality-of-life/physical-health/diabetes-prevalence

  Diabetes Prevalence is the percentage of adults ages 18 and above with diagnosed diabetes in a given county. […] Diabetes Prevalence estimates are age-adjusted. […] The method for calculating Diabetes Prevalence has changed. […] Diabetes Prevalence estimates are created using statistical modeling. […] There are substantial limitations to using this measure to track progress. […] The PLACES Project provides county-, city-, census tract-, and zip code-level small-area estimates for chronic disease risk factors, health outcomes, and clinical preventive service use, including Diabetes Prevalence, across the United States.

• #44 Diabetes and Diabetes Prevention

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/diabetes/

  About 38.4 million Americans have diabetes. […] Diabetes is the 8th leading cause of death in the United States. […] The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2022 is $413 billion. […] Around 1 in 3 (34.5%) adults in the United States have prediabetes. Using this number, as many as 5.3 million adult New Yorkers may have prediabetes. […] Without lifestyle changes, 15-30% of people with prediabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within 5 years. People with prediabetes are also at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, and for having heart disease and stroke. […] The good news is that people can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes by: Participating in a CDC-recognized diabetes prevention lifestyle change program to learn skills and get resources to help make healthy changes, Losing small amounts of weight (5 to 7 percent of total body weight), Making healthy food choices, Being more physically active, 150 minutes per week.

• #45 Diabetes mellitus type 2 epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is well studied in the United States and other developed countries. However, worldwide there is a large variation in the results of the population studies in developing countries and particularly in rural areas with poor access to healthcare. For this reason, diabetes is estimated to be undiagnosed in approximately 50% of adults worldwide. […] In 2011, about 336 million people had type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide. This is approximately 5,000 per 100,000. […] The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the U.S is estimated at 7000 to 9,300 per 100,000. Approximately 20% of the population over age 65 have type 2 DM. […] The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is approximately 20% among people older than 65 years old, compared to a prevalence of approximately 5% in the general population.

• #46

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes

  Type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t make enough insulin. In the past 3 decades the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. More than half of people living with diabetes are not receiving treatment. Both the number of people with diabetes and the number of people with untreated diabetes have been steadily increasing over the past decades. […] Symptoms for type 2 diabetes are generally similar to those of type 1 diabetes but are often less marked. As a result, the disease may be diagnosed several years after onset, after complications have already arisen. […] Effective approaches are available to prevent type 2 diabetes and to prevent the complications and premature death that can result from all types of diabetes. […] A series of cost-effective interventions can improve patient outcomes, regardless of what type of diabetes they may have.

• #47 Diabetes – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/diabetes

  Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t make enough insulin. In the past three decades, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. […] Symptoms of type 2 diabetes are generally similar to those of type 1 diabetes but are often less marked. As a result, the disease may be diagnosed several years after onset, after complications have already arisen. […] The expansive increase in the diabetes epidemic goes hand in hand with the increase in its risk factors. The Americas is the region with the most overweight/obesity and physical inactivity in the world: 68 out of every 100 adults are overweight or obese, and 36 out of every 100 people have an insufficient level of physical activity.

• #48 Epidemiology of diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes

  The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death. However another 2.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of associated complications (e.g. heart disease, stroke, kidney failure), which often result in premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes. The burden of diabetes (both type 1 and 2) has a possibility to lead to complications of multiple body systems including nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. About half of patients with type 2 diabetes die due to cardiovascular disease and 10% from kidney failure. Women who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy have a 20-50% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. […] The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that 23.6 million are living with diabetes in Africa. The region of Africa has the highest percentage of undiagnosed diabetes cases reaching 53.6%.

• #49 How many people in the UK have diabetes?

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-us/about-the-charity/our-strategy/statistics

  Research has consistently shown that for some people, combined lifestyle interventions – including diet, physical activity and sustained weight loss – can be effective in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes by about 50%. […] Type 2 diabetes is also more likely to develop at lower weight thresholds for these groups compared to people of White ethnicity. […] Our Diabetes is Serious 2022 report: Recovering diabetes care: preventing the mounting crisis, sets out the latest diabetes statistics and our recommendations for improvement in prioritised areas of diabetes care and type 2 prevention.

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