Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bipolar Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic-depressive illness or manic depression) is a mental illness that causes clear shifts in a persons mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration. People with bipolar disorder often experience periods of extremely up, elated, irritable, or energized behavior (known as manic episodes) and very down, sad, indifferent, or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes). […] The symptoms of bipolar disorder can impose serious challenges to a persons mental and physical health. People with bipolar disorder often have other mental disorders, and some people may experience symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations or delusions. The symptoms can interfere with everyday activities, relationships, and work or school responsibilities. Some people may also experience stigma related to their symptoms, which can keep them from seeking the help they need.

• #2 Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder that causes intense shifts in mood, energy levels and behavior. […] To diagnose bipolar disorder, your healthcare provider may use many tools, including: A physical exam. A thorough medical history, which will include asking about your symptoms, lifetime history, experiences and family history. Medical tests, such as blood tests, to rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms, such as hyperthyroidism. A mental health evaluation. Your healthcare provider may perform the evaluation, or they may refer you to a mental health specialist, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. […] To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, you must have experienced at least one episode of mania or hypomania. Mental health providers use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to diagnose the type of bipolar disorder a person may be experiencing.

• #3 Bipolar Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic-depressive illness or manic depression) is a mental illness that causes clear shifts in a persons mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration. People with bipolar disorder often experience periods of extremely up, elated, irritable, or energized behavior (known as manic episodes) and very down, sad, indifferent, or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes). […] The symptoms of bipolar disorder can impose serious challenges to a persons mental and physical health. People with bipolar disorder often have other mental disorders, and some people may experience symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations or delusions. The symptoms can interfere with everyday activities, relationships, and work or school responsibilities. Some people may also experience stigma related to their symptoms, which can keep them from seeking the help they need.

• #4 Bipolar disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355961

  Treatment is best guided by a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats mental health conditions (psychiatrist) who is skilled in treating bipolar and related disorders. […] Your care team also may include a psychologist, social worker or psychiatric nurse. […] Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, with treatment directed to manage symptoms. […] The main treatments for bipolar disorder include medicines and talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy, to control symptoms. […] Several medicines are used to treat bipolar disorder. […] The types and doses of medicines prescribed are based on your symptoms. […] Finding the right medicine for you likely will take some trial and error. […] If one doesn’t work well for you, there may be others to try. […] Sometimes, two or three medicines are used at the same time.

• #5 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4195640/

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic episodic illness, characterized by recurrent episodes of manic or depressive symptoms. Patients with bipolar disorder frequently present first to primary care, but the diversity of the potential symptoms and a low index of suspicion among physicians can lead to misdiagnosis in many patients. […] A thorough diagnostic evaluation at clinical interview, combined with supportive case-finding tools, is essential to reach an accurate diagnosis. […] Early, accurate diagnosis can substantially reduce the burden of bipolar disorder and improve the long-term outcome for patients. […] Establishing the diagnosis can, however, be problematic, given the diversity of symptoms that can suggest a number of alternative diagnoses. A high index of suspicion that the symptoms may indicate bipolar disorder is essential.

• #6 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4195640/

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic episodic illness, characterized by recurrent episodes of manic or depressive symptoms. Patients with bipolar disorder frequently present first to primary care, but the diversity of the potential symptoms and a low index of suspicion among physicians can lead to misdiagnosis in many patients. […] A thorough diagnostic evaluation at clinical interview, combined with supportive case-finding tools, is essential to reach an accurate diagnosis. […] Early, accurate diagnosis can substantially reduce the burden of bipolar disorder and improve the long-term outcome for patients. […] Establishing the diagnosis can, however, be problematic, given the diversity of symptoms that can suggest a number of alternative diagnoses. A high index of suspicion that the symptoms may indicate bipolar disorder is essential.

• #7 Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis: How Doctors Diagnosis BPD

  https://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-disorder-diagnosis

  Your doctor may have you fill out a mood questionnaire or checklist to help guide the clinical interview when they assess mood symptoms. […] While doctors dont rely on brain scans or imaging tests for making a bipolar diagnosis, some high-tech neuroimaging tests may help doctors make specific neurologic diagnoses that can account for psychiatric symptoms. […] But bipolar disorder remains a clinical diagnosis, and no imaging study or other lab test has yet been established to confirm its diagnosis or guide its treatment.

• #8 Getting a Diagnosis for Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-diagnosis-guide

  There are no specific blood tests or brain scans to diagnose bipolar disorder. Even so, a doctor may perform a physical exam and order lab tests, including a thyroid function test and urine analysis. These tests can help determine whether other conditions or factors could be causing your symptoms. […] Bipolar disorder is most often misdiagnosed in its early stages, which is frequently during the teenage years. When its diagnosed as something else, symptoms of bipolar disorder can get worse. This usually occurs because the wrong treatment is provided. […] According to a 2018 study, bipolar disorder has a misdiagnosis rate as high as 76.8%. […] A bipolar disorder diagnosis will most likely fit into one of these categories: Bipolar I disorder involves one or more manic episodes or mixed (manic and depressive) episodes, and it may include a major depressive episode.

• #9 Bipolar disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder

  Bipolar disorder is commonly diagnosed during adolescence or early adulthood, but onset can occur throughout life. Its diagnosis is based on the self-reported experiences of the individual, abnormal behavior reported by family members, friends or co-workers, observable signs of illness as assessed by a clinician, and ideally a medical work-up to rule out other causes. The most widely used criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder are from the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition (ICD-10). Several rating scales for the screening and evaluation of bipolar disorder exist, including the Bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale, Mood Disorder Questionnaire, the General Behavior Inventory and the Hypomania Checklist. Although there are no biological tests that are diagnostic of bipolar disorder, blood tests and/or imaging are carried out to investigate whether medical illnesses with clinical presentations similar to that of bipolar disorder are present before making a definitive diagnosis. Bipolar spectrum disorders include: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder and cases where subthreshold symptoms are found to cause clinically significant impairment or distress.

• #10 Bipolar disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355961

  To find out if you have bipolar disorder, your evaluation may include: […] Your healthcare professional may do a physical exam and lab tests to find any medical problems that could be causing your symptoms. […] Your healthcare professional may refer you to a psychiatrist, who will talk to you about your thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. […] You may be asked to keep a daily record of your moods, sleep patterns or other factors that could help make the right diagnosis and get you the right treatment. […] Although children and teenagers with bipolar disorder are diagnosed with bipolar disorder based on the same criteria used for adults, symptoms in children and teens often have different patterns. […] These patterns may not fit neatly into diagnostic categories. […] Also, children who have bipolar disorder are often diagnosed with other mental health conditions, such as ADHD or behavior problems.

• #11 Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder, also known as manicdepressive illness, is a medical condition that causes a person to experience intense mood swings that alternate between depression and mania. […] Mental health specialists at NYU Langone Psychiatry Associates, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, and licensed clinical social workers, can help determine if a person has bipolar disorder and, if so, how best to manage symptoms. […] A correct diagnosis is essential to the appropriate management of bipolar disorder. […] To diagnose bipolar disorder, a doctor performs a physical exam, asks about your symptoms, and recommends blood testing to determine if another condition, such as hypothyroidism, is causing your symptoms. […] If the doctor does not find an underlying cause of your symptoms, he or she performs a psychological evaluation.

• #12 Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder that causes intense shifts in mood, energy levels and behavior. […] To diagnose bipolar disorder, your healthcare provider may use many tools, including: A physical exam. A thorough medical history, which will include asking about your symptoms, lifetime history, experiences and family history. Medical tests, such as blood tests, to rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms, such as hyperthyroidism. A mental health evaluation. Your healthcare provider may perform the evaluation, or they may refer you to a mental health specialist, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. […] To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, you must have experienced at least one episode of mania or hypomania. Mental health providers use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to diagnose the type of bipolar disorder a person may be experiencing.

• #13 Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder-in-children/diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder, also known as manicdepressive illness, is a chronic mental health condition that causes a child or teen to experience intense mood swings, in alternating episodes of depression and mania. […] Mental health specialists at NYU Langones Child Study Center can help determine if your child has bipolar disorder and, if so, how best to manage his or her symptoms. […] NYU Langone specialists diagnose bipolar disorder in children and adolescents based on a comprehensive evaluation, including in-person interviews with you and your child, both individually and together. […] To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, a child must have experienced at least one manic episode. […] There have been misperceptions and controversy about the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, especially in younger children. […] Our clinicians are especially skilled in clarifying the confusion and making an accurate diagnosis.

• #14 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Several types of general medical disorders (eg, endocrine or neurologic) can cause bipolar disorder (ie, bipolar and related disorders due to another medical condition). Findings from the general medical history or physical examination that suggest a general medical condition in patients with bipolar disorder are the same findings that occur in patients without bipolar disorder. […] Although screening for bipolar disorder is often recommended and there are several available instruments, we suggest not screening because it is not known whether screening improves patient outcomes. In addition, studies in unipolar major depression indicate that screening is beneficial only in settings that can provide follow-up interviews to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. […] We suggest diagnosing bipolar mood episodes and disorders according to the criteria in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). However, a reasonable alternative is the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases-11th Revision (ICD-11). The two sets of criteria are largely the same.

• #15 Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder that causes intense shifts in mood, energy levels and behavior. […] To diagnose bipolar disorder, your healthcare provider may use many tools, including: A physical exam. A thorough medical history, which will include asking about your symptoms, lifetime history, experiences and family history. Medical tests, such as blood tests, to rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms, such as hyperthyroidism. A mental health evaluation. Your healthcare provider may perform the evaluation, or they may refer you to a mental health specialist, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. […] To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, you must have experienced at least one episode of mania or hypomania. Mental health providers use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to diagnose the type of bipolar disorder a person may be experiencing.

• #16 Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder, also known as manicdepressive illness, is a medical condition that causes a person to experience intense mood swings that alternate between depression and mania. […] Mental health specialists at NYU Langone Psychiatry Associates, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, and licensed clinical social workers, can help determine if a person has bipolar disorder and, if so, how best to manage symptoms. […] A correct diagnosis is essential to the appropriate management of bipolar disorder. […] To diagnose bipolar disorder, a doctor performs a physical exam, asks about your symptoms, and recommends blood testing to determine if another condition, such as hypothyroidism, is causing your symptoms. […] If the doctor does not find an underlying cause of your symptoms, he or she performs a psychological evaluation.

• #17 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  The initial clinical evaluation of patients with a possible diagnosis of bipolar disorder includes a psychiatric and general medical history, mental status and physical examination, and a basic set of laboratory tests (eg, thyroid stimulating hormone, complete blood count, chemistries, and urine toxicology to screen for illicit substances). […] The psychiatric history and mental status examination should assess patients for major depression, mania, hypomania, impulsive or risk-taking behaviors, suicidal thoughts and behavior, risk factors for suicide attempts and deaths, psychotic features (eg, delusions or hallucinations), and comorbid psychiatric and general medical disorders. […] In addition to current symptoms, it is important to ascertain the number, frequency, intensity, and duration of past mood episodes.

• #18 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Several types of general medical disorders (eg, endocrine or neurologic) can cause bipolar disorder (ie, bipolar and related disorders due to another medical condition). Findings from the general medical history or physical examination that suggest a general medical condition in patients with bipolar disorder are the same findings that occur in patients without bipolar disorder. […] Although screening for bipolar disorder is often recommended and there are several available instruments, we suggest not screening because it is not known whether screening improves patient outcomes. In addition, studies in unipolar major depression indicate that screening is beneficial only in settings that can provide follow-up interviews to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. […] We suggest diagnosing bipolar mood episodes and disorders according to the criteria in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). However, a reasonable alternative is the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases-11th Revision (ICD-11). The two sets of criteria are largely the same.

• #19 Bipolar Disorder Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Substance and Alcohol Screening

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-workup

  A number of reasons exist for obtaining selected laboratory studies in patients with bipolar disorder. First, an extensive range of tests is indicated because bipolar disorder encompasses both depression and mania and because a significant number of medical causes for each state exists. The basic principle remains, „Do not miss a treatable medical cause for the mental status.” […] Second, the condition necessitates use of a number of medications that require certain body systems to be working properly. For example, lithium requires an intact genitourinary (GU) system and can affect certain other systems, and certain anticonvulsants can suppress bone marrow. […] Third, because bipolar illness is a lifelong disorder, performing certain baseline studies is important to establish any long-term effects of the medications.

• #20 Bipolar Disorder Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Substance and Alcohol Screening

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-workup

  Thyroid tests are performed to rule out hyperthyroidism (mania) and hypothyroidism (depression). Treatment with lithium can cause hypothyroidism, and hypothyroidism may cause rapid cycling of mood, especially in women. […] In a study to assess the relationship between bipolar disorder and thyroid dysfunction, Krishna et al found that elevated T3 hormone had a statistically significantly association with bipolar disorder. […] Kidney failure can present as depression. Treatment with lithium can affect urinary clearances, and serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels can increase; however, other signs and symptoms of kidney failure will appear first. […] Many of the antidepressants, especially the tricyclic agents and some of the antipsychotics, can affect the heart and cause conduction problems. Lithium also can lead to changes such as reversible flattening or inversion of T waves on electrocardiography (ECG).

• #21 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  The initial clinical evaluation of patients with a possible diagnosis of bipolar disorder includes a psychiatric and general medical history, mental status and physical examination, and a basic set of laboratory tests (eg, thyroid stimulating hormone, complete blood count, chemistries, and urine toxicology to screen for illicit substances). […] The psychiatric history and mental status examination should assess patients for major depression, mania, hypomania, impulsive or risk-taking behaviors, suicidal thoughts and behavior, risk factors for suicide attempts and deaths, psychotic features (eg, delusions or hallucinations), and comorbid psychiatric and general medical disorders. […] In addition to current symptoms, it is important to ascertain the number, frequency, intensity, and duration of past mood episodes.

• #22 Bipolar Disorder Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Substance and Alcohol Screening

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-workup

  Thyroid tests are performed to rule out hyperthyroidism (mania) and hypothyroidism (depression). Treatment with lithium can cause hypothyroidism, and hypothyroidism may cause rapid cycling of mood, especially in women. […] In a study to assess the relationship between bipolar disorder and thyroid dysfunction, Krishna et al found that elevated T3 hormone had a statistically significantly association with bipolar disorder. […] Kidney failure can present as depression. Treatment with lithium can affect urinary clearances, and serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels can increase; however, other signs and symptoms of kidney failure will appear first. […] Many of the antidepressants, especially the tricyclic agents and some of the antipsychotics, can affect the heart and cause conduction problems. Lithium also can lead to changes such as reversible flattening or inversion of T waves on electrocardiography (ECG).

• #23 Bipolar Disorder Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Substance and Alcohol Screening

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-workup

  Generally, routine electroencephalography (EEG) is unnecessary in the evaluation of bipolar disorder. However, some reasons for ordering EEG in patients with bipolar illness may be appropriate and include the following: EEG provides a baseline and helps to rule out any neurologic problems; use this test to rule out a seizure disorder and brain tumor.

• #24 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder due to a general medical condition consists of a mood disturbance that is characterized by a persistently elevated or irritable mood as well as increased energy or activity. […] Other specified bipolar disorder applies to patients with bipolar symptoms that cause significant distress or impair psychosocial functioning but do not meet the full criteria for a specific bipolar disorder. […] Unspecified bipolar disorder applies to patients with bipolar symptoms that cause significant distress or impair psychosocial functioning but do not meet the full criteria for a specific bipolar disorder. […] The differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder includes unipolar major depression, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and borderline personality disorder. […] Symptoms of bipolar disorder in adults can overlap with symptoms of other psychiatric disorders, which need to be considered to prevent inappropriate treatment. Some of these other disorders may be comorbid with bipolar disorder.

• #25 Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis: How Doctors Diagnosis BPD

  https://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-disorder-diagnosis

  Doctors have come a long way in fully understanding different moods in bipolar disorder and in making an accurate diagnosis. It wasnt that long ago when bipolar disorder was confused with other disorders such as unipolar depression or with schizophrenia (a serious mental illness with symptoms of incoherent speech, delusions, and hallucinations). […] In making the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, the psychiatrist or other mental health expert will ask you questions about your personal and family history of mental illness and bipolar disorder or other mood disorders. […] A bipolar disorder diagnosis is made only by taking careful note of symptoms, including their severity, length, and frequency. […] The patients symptoms are fully assessed using specific criteria from the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM-5.

• #26 Bipolar disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder

  Bipolar disorder is commonly diagnosed during adolescence or early adulthood, but onset can occur throughout life. Its diagnosis is based on the self-reported experiences of the individual, abnormal behavior reported by family members, friends or co-workers, observable signs of illness as assessed by a clinician, and ideally a medical work-up to rule out other causes. The most widely used criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder are from the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition (ICD-10). Several rating scales for the screening and evaluation of bipolar disorder exist, including the Bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale, Mood Disorder Questionnaire, the General Behavior Inventory and the Hypomania Checklist. Although there are no biological tests that are diagnostic of bipolar disorder, blood tests and/or imaging are carried out to investigate whether medical illnesses with clinical presentations similar to that of bipolar disorder are present before making a definitive diagnosis. Bipolar spectrum disorders include: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder and cases where subthreshold symptoms are found to cause clinically significant impairment or distress.

• #27 Diagnosis of bipolar disorder – NeuRA Library

  https://library.neura.edu.au/bipolar-disorder/assessment-and-diagnosis/diagnosis-and-screening/index.html

  Moderate to high quality evidence finds reasonable diagnostic stability of bipolar disorder over time. There was better inter-rater and test-retest reliability for diagnosing bipolar disorder using any method, than for diagnosing schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, or unipolar depression. […] Moderate to high quality evidence finds the Hypomania Checklist, the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire have good accuracy for detecting bipolar disorder. The Hypomania Checklist was better at detecting bipolar disorder II than the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. […] Moderate quality evidence finds reasonable predictive value and moderate agreement for bipolar disorder diagnosis between administrative databases using the ICD-10, and clinical or research diagnoses. However, an estimated 17% of people in primary care settings that were diagnosed with depression had undiagnosed bipolar disorder.

• #28 To Be or Not to Be? Understanding False Positives in Bipolar Diagnosis

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/to-be-or-not-to-be-understanding-false-positives-in-bipolar-diagnosis

  Data are trending towards a recent phenomenon of overdiagnosis of bipolar illness in certain settings. […] Although not diagnostic, validated screening instruments can help frame the conversation of presenting symptoms and ensure that important context is not overlooked. […] Screenings are not diagnostic. […] A good screening instrument will detect almost all patients with the disorder (high sensitivity) and rule out the disorder for almost all patients who screen negative (high negative predictive value). […] To reduce false positive diagnoses, clinicians must uphold screening as a 2-stage process. […] Reducing false positives in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires careful consideration and implementation of key principles. […] A comprehensive assessment, utilizing a semi-structured clinical interview remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder.

• #29 To Be or Not to Be? Understanding False Positives in Bipolar Diagnosis

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/to-be-or-not-to-be-understanding-false-positives-in-bipolar-diagnosis

  Data are trending towards a recent phenomenon of overdiagnosis of bipolar illness in certain settings. […] Although not diagnostic, validated screening instruments can help frame the conversation of presenting symptoms and ensure that important context is not overlooked. […] Screenings are not diagnostic. […] A good screening instrument will detect almost all patients with the disorder (high sensitivity) and rule out the disorder for almost all patients who screen negative (high negative predictive value). […] To reduce false positive diagnoses, clinicians must uphold screening as a 2-stage process. […] Reducing false positives in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires careful consideration and implementation of key principles. […] A comprehensive assessment, utilizing a semi-structured clinical interview remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder.

• #30 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Diagnosis of bipolar disorder and its subtypes begins by diagnosing the mood episodes that comprise bipolar disorders, and also requires that the clinician exclude other relevant disorders. […] Bipolar mood episodes include mania, hypomania, and major depression. […] The diagnostic criteria for manic episodes are described in the table. The core symptoms of mania are abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood plus increased activity or energy. These symptoms occur for at least one week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary), nearly every day, for most of the day. […] The diagnostic criteria for hypomanic episodes are described in the table. Hypomania is characterized by an abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood, as well as increased energy or activity, lasting at least four consecutive days, for most of the day, nearly every day.

• #31 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Diagnosis of bipolar disorder and its subtypes begins by diagnosing the mood episodes that comprise bipolar disorders, and also requires that the clinician exclude other relevant disorders. […] Bipolar mood episodes include mania, hypomania, and major depression. […] The diagnostic criteria for manic episodes are described in the table. The core symptoms of mania are abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood plus increased activity or energy. These symptoms occur for at least one week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary), nearly every day, for most of the day. […] The diagnostic criteria for hypomanic episodes are described in the table. Hypomania is characterized by an abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood, as well as increased energy or activity, lasting at least four consecutive days, for most of the day, nearly every day.

• #32 How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder | CARLAT PUBLISHING

  https://www.thecarlatreport.com/blogs/3-carlat-psychiatry-webinars/post/4174-how-to-diagnose-bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar-I requires full mania and there may or may not be depressions. […] Full mania lasts at least seven days and causes significant impairment. […] Bipolar-II on the other hand is marked by hypomania, which must last at least four days. […] This is to make the diagnosis more conservative because hypomania almost can blend into normality. […] Finally in DSM, we have cyclothymia disorder, which is originally conceptualized as a temperament, meaning that you’re more or less that way throughout your life, cycling with brief depressions and brief hypomanias. […] The problem with cyclothymia is that it’s very hard for these patients to predict how they’re going to be from one day or one week to the next. […] The gold standard is with a structured diagnostic instrument, like the Mini 7.0, which uses this screening question: Have you ever had a period of time when you were feeling 'up’ or 'high’ or 'hyper’ and so active or full of energy or full of yourself that you got into trouble, or that other people thought you are not your usual self? […] What these structured instruments do is essentially translate the DSM criteria into regular language that you can use with your patients.

• #33 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Bipolar disorders are common, recurrent mental health conditions of variable severity that are difficult to diagnose. […] New diagnostic criteria and specifiers with attention on mixed features and anxious distress aid the physician in recognizing episode severity and prognosis. Physicians should consider bipolar disorder in any patient presenting with depression. […] Definitions of the various types of bipolar disorders are provided in Table 1; diagnostic criteria are listed in Table 2. […] For a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, it is necessary to meet the following criteria for a manic episode. […] A full manic episode that emerges during antidepressant treatment (e.g., medication, electroconvulsive therapy) but persists at a fully syndromal level beyond the physiologic effect of that treatment is sufficient evidence for a manic episode and, therefore, a bipolar I diagnosis.

• #34 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Diagnosis of bipolar disorder and its subtypes begins by diagnosing the mood episodes that comprise bipolar disorders, and also requires that the clinician exclude other relevant disorders. […] Bipolar mood episodes include mania, hypomania, and major depression. […] The diagnostic criteria for manic episodes are described in the table. The core symptoms of mania are abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood plus increased activity or energy. These symptoms occur for at least one week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary), nearly every day, for most of the day. […] The diagnostic criteria for hypomanic episodes are described in the table. Hypomania is characterized by an abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood, as well as increased energy or activity, lasting at least four consecutive days, for most of the day, nearly every day.

• #35 How to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder | CARLAT PUBLISHING

  https://www.thecarlatreport.com/blogs/3-carlat-psychiatry-webinars/post/4174-how-to-diagnose-bipolar-disorder

  That changed in 1980 with DSM-III, which divided them into bipolar-I, the ones with full mania, and major depression, on the other hand. […] Bipolar-II entered the spectrum of diagnoses, and later in 2013, we have even more added to the spectrum of mood disorders. […] For the first time with DSM-5, you can actually diagnose bipolar features in people who don’t have bipolar disorder who just have regular unipolar depression. […] About 25% of people with recurrent depressions have some of those mixed features and they’re more likely to get worse on antidepressants. […] Let’s take a look more at the criteria they have for these six mood disorders in DSM-5. […] Hypomania has to last at least four days, whereas mania has to last at least seven days, and then full depression is 14 days.

• #36 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  The diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes are described in the table. Major depression is characterized by at least five of the following symptoms for at least two weeks; at least one of the symptoms is either dysphoria or anhedonia. […] Difficulties in diagnosing bipolar disorder may lead clinicians to under diagnose or over diagnose the disorder. Misdiagnosis is due in part to the overlap between the symptoms of bipolar disorder and the symptoms of other psychiatric disorders, especially unipolar major depression. […] Although preliminary neuroimaging studies suggest that structural differences may distinguish patients with bipolar disorder from healthy controls, the use of biomarkers to diagnose patients is not standard practice. […] Bipolar I disorder is diagnosed in patients with one or more manic episodes. Hypomania often occurs as well. DSM-5-TR stipulates that the mood episodes in bipolar I disorder are not better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder.

• #37 Diagnosis of bipolar disorder – NeuRA Library

  https://library.neura.edu.au/bipolar-disorder/assessment-and-diagnosis/diagnosis-and-screening/index.html

  Bipolar disorder is characterised by episodes of mania or less severe hypomania, and depression. Bipolar I disorder is determined by the existence of mania, which may include psychotic features, while bipolar II disorder is determined by less severe hypomania. Cyclothymic disorder is an overall milder form of bipolar disorder, however symptoms occur fairly often and constantly. […] A manic episode is at least one week of extremely high spirited or irritableness most of the time. There are changes in normal behaviour. These include exaggerated self-esteem/grandiosity, less sleep, talking more, talking loudly and quickly, being easily distracted, doing many activities at once, very risky behaviour, having uncontrollable and racing thoughts, and/or quickly changing ideas or topics. A depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks of intense sadness, despair, helplessness, hopelessness or worthlessness. There may be loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, feelings of guilt, restlessness or agitation, sleep problems, slowed speech or movements, changes in appetite, loss of energy, difficulty concentrating, remembering or making decisions, and/or thoughts of death or suicide.

• #38 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  The diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes are described in the table. Major depression is characterized by at least five of the following symptoms for at least two weeks; at least one of the symptoms is either dysphoria or anhedonia. […] Difficulties in diagnosing bipolar disorder may lead clinicians to under diagnose or over diagnose the disorder. Misdiagnosis is due in part to the overlap between the symptoms of bipolar disorder and the symptoms of other psychiatric disorders, especially unipolar major depression. […] Although preliminary neuroimaging studies suggest that structural differences may distinguish patients with bipolar disorder from healthy controls, the use of biomarkers to diagnose patients is not standard practice. […] Bipolar I disorder is diagnosed in patients with one or more manic episodes. Hypomania often occurs as well. DSM-5-TR stipulates that the mood episodes in bipolar I disorder are not better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder.

• #39 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Bipolar II disorder is diagnosed in patients with a history of at least one episode of hypomania, at least one episode of major depression, and no history of mania. In addition, the mood episodes in bipolar II disorder are not better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. […] Cyclothymic disorder is diagnosed in patients with numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms that fall short of meeting criteria for a hypomanic episode and numerous periods of depressive symptoms that fall short of meeting criteria for a major depressive episode. […] Substance/medication induced bipolar disorder consists of a mood disturbance that is characterized by a persistently elevated or irritable mood that sometimes is accompanied by depressed mood or diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

• #40 Getting a Diagnosis for Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-diagnosis-guide

  There are no specific blood tests or brain scans to diagnose bipolar disorder. Even so, a doctor may perform a physical exam and order lab tests, including a thyroid function test and urine analysis. These tests can help determine whether other conditions or factors could be causing your symptoms. […] Bipolar disorder is most often misdiagnosed in its early stages, which is frequently during the teenage years. When its diagnosed as something else, symptoms of bipolar disorder can get worse. This usually occurs because the wrong treatment is provided. […] According to a 2018 study, bipolar disorder has a misdiagnosis rate as high as 76.8%. […] A bipolar disorder diagnosis will most likely fit into one of these categories: Bipolar I disorder involves one or more manic episodes or mixed (manic and depressive) episodes, and it may include a major depressive episode.

• #41 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Bipolar disorders are common, recurrent mental health conditions of variable severity that are difficult to diagnose. […] New diagnostic criteria and specifiers with attention on mixed features and anxious distress aid the physician in recognizing episode severity and prognosis. Physicians should consider bipolar disorder in any patient presenting with depression. […] Definitions of the various types of bipolar disorders are provided in Table 1; diagnostic criteria are listed in Table 2. […] For a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, it is necessary to meet the following criteria for a manic episode. […] A full manic episode that emerges during antidepressant treatment (e.g., medication, electroconvulsive therapy) but persists at a fully syndromal level beyond the physiologic effect of that treatment is sufficient evidence for a manic episode and, therefore, a bipolar I diagnosis.

• #42 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis […] Making the diagnosis of bipolar disorder is often difficult, and following onset of symptoms, many years may elapse until the diagnosis is established. As an example, a self-administered survey in 441 bipolar patients found that 35 percent waited at least 10 years between first seeking treatment and receiving the correct diagnosis. […] This topic reviews the assessment and diagnosis of bipolar disorder in adults. The clinical features of bipolar disorder in adults are discussed separately, as are the clinical features and diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, geriatric patients, and patients with rapid cycling (ie, four or more mood episodes in a 12-month period). […] Bipolar disorder should be considered in patients who present with symptoms of major depression, mania, or hypomania, including mixed features (ie, symptoms of mood episodes of opposite polarity).

• #43 The Therapist’s Guide To Recognizing Bipolar Disorder | Psychology Tools

  https://www.psychologytools.com/articles/the-therapists-guide-to-recognizing-bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is the name given to a group of mental health problems that cause fluctuations in mood and behavior. […] One critical problem is that many individuals with bipolar disorder experience extremely long delays before receiving formal diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The average delay from first presentation to a medical professional until receiving a diagnosis of bipolar disorder is nine years. […] It is therefore essential that clinicians feel confident in recognizing bipolar symptoms in order to minimize this delay. […] Diagnoses of bipolar and related disorders are made based on the presence of episodes of hypomania, mania, or depression. In order to confidently identify bipolar, it is essential that clinicians understand the ingredients which comprise the different bipolar diagnoses.

• #44 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4195640/

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic episodic illness, characterized by recurrent episodes of manic or depressive symptoms. Patients with bipolar disorder frequently present first to primary care, but the diversity of the potential symptoms and a low index of suspicion among physicians can lead to misdiagnosis in many patients. […] A thorough diagnostic evaluation at clinical interview, combined with supportive case-finding tools, is essential to reach an accurate diagnosis. […] Early, accurate diagnosis can substantially reduce the burden of bipolar disorder and improve the long-term outcome for patients. […] Establishing the diagnosis can, however, be problematic, given the diversity of symptoms that can suggest a number of alternative diagnoses. A high index of suspicion that the symptoms may indicate bipolar disorder is essential.

• #45 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4195640/

  Decision steps in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder are summarized in Table 1. […] Patients who first present to primary care with bipolar disorder may show a wide range of mood-related symptoms, including depression, anxiety, mood swings, irritability, fatigue, difficulty in sleeping, and inability to focus and concentrate. […] Diagnosing bipolar disorder in the face of the diverse symptoms and sequelae is a challenge that requires a high index of suspicion. […] The DSM-5 criteria for mania or hypomania should be applied to all patients in whom a diagnosis of bipolar disorder is suspected or who provided a positive case-finding test. […] The detailed clinical interview formally establishes a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, based on a comprehensive history of past and current symptoms, augmented by medical records and family interviews.

• #46 Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder

  Because of this, as well as the fact that memory is often impaired during mania so people cant remember experiencing it, it can be difficult for healthcare providers to properly diagnose people with bipolar disorder. […] People with bipolar disorder who are experiencing a severe manic episode with hallucinations may be incorrectly diagnosed with schizophrenia. Bipolar disorder can also be misdiagnosed as borderline personality disorder (BPD). […] Its important to be honest and thorough when explaining all of your symptoms and experiences when talking with your healthcare provider.

• #47 Why Bipolar Disorder Is Often Wrongly Diagnosed

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/why-bipolar-disorder-is-often-misdiagnosed/

  About 4 percent of people in the United States experience bipolar disorder at some point in their lives, says the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). […] Bipolar disorder is often overdiagnosed, according to a study review authored by Mark Zimmerman, MD, a professor of psychiatry and human behavior at Brown University in Providence and principal investigator of the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project an ongoing clinical research study examining the diagnosis, assessment, and outcome of patients. […] The review, which examined more than 20 years of data from MIDAS as well as results from other studies of diagnosis in routine clinical practice in three other U.S. cities, noted that more complete and accurate diagnostic evaluations could reduce the number of misdiagnoses and improve the detection of conditions related to bipolar disorder.

• #48 Why Bipolar Disorder Is Often Wrongly Diagnosed

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/why-bipolar-disorder-is-often-misdiagnosed/

  In that large study, his research team determined that fewer than half the people in the study who had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder met the clinical criteria for the illness. […] According to Zimmerman, the earlier study also revealed that some people who met the criteria for bipolar disorder had never been diagnosed with it, but in comparison, far more people had been mistakenly diagnosed as bipolar. […] Another factor has to do with bipolar disorder sharing some symptoms with other illnesses, such as borderline personality disorder, a condition marked by impulsive behavior and problems relating to other people. […] For individuals who are misdiagnosed with bipolar disorder, one potential pitfall may involve health problems that result from taking the prescription drugs used to treat the condition, according to Zimmerman.

• #49 Getting a Diagnosis for Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-diagnosis-guide

  There are no specific blood tests or brain scans to diagnose bipolar disorder. Even so, a doctor may perform a physical exam and order lab tests, including a thyroid function test and urine analysis. These tests can help determine whether other conditions or factors could be causing your symptoms. […] Bipolar disorder is most often misdiagnosed in its early stages, which is frequently during the teenage years. When its diagnosed as something else, symptoms of bipolar disorder can get worse. This usually occurs because the wrong treatment is provided. […] According to a 2018 study, bipolar disorder has a misdiagnosis rate as high as 76.8%. […] A bipolar disorder diagnosis will most likely fit into one of these categories: Bipolar I disorder involves one or more manic episodes or mixed (manic and depressive) episodes, and it may include a major depressive episode.

• #50 Bipolar Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic-depressive illness or manic depression) is a mental illness that causes clear shifts in a persons mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration. People with bipolar disorder often experience periods of extremely up, elated, irritable, or energized behavior (known as manic episodes) and very down, sad, indifferent, or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes). […] The symptoms of bipolar disorder can impose serious challenges to a persons mental and physical health. People with bipolar disorder often have other mental disorders, and some people may experience symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations or delusions. The symptoms can interfere with everyday activities, relationships, and work or school responsibilities. Some people may also experience stigma related to their symptoms, which can keep them from seeking the help they need.

• #51 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorders are mental health conditions characterized by periodic, intense emotional states affecting a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. These periods, lasting from days to weeks, are called mood episodes. Mood episodes are categorized as manic/hypomanic episodes when the predominant mood is intensely happy or irritable, or depressive episodes, when there is an intensely sad mood or the ability to experience joy or pleasure disappears. People with bipolar disorder generally have periods of neutral mood as well. When treated, people with bipolar disorder can lead full and productive lives. […] Bipolar disorder is a category that includes three main diagnoses: bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. […] People with bipolar I disorder frequently have other mental disorders such as anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The risk of suicide is significantly higher among people with bipolar I disorder than among the general population.

• #52 Bipolar disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355961

  To find out if you have bipolar disorder, your evaluation may include: […] Your healthcare professional may do a physical exam and lab tests to find any medical problems that could be causing your symptoms. […] Your healthcare professional may refer you to a psychiatrist, who will talk to you about your thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. […] You may be asked to keep a daily record of your moods, sleep patterns or other factors that could help make the right diagnosis and get you the right treatment. […] Although children and teenagers with bipolar disorder are diagnosed with bipolar disorder based on the same criteria used for adults, symptoms in children and teens often have different patterns. […] These patterns may not fit neatly into diagnostic categories. […] Also, children who have bipolar disorder are often diagnosed with other mental health conditions, such as ADHD or behavior problems.

• #53 Why Bipolar Disorder Is Often Wrongly Diagnosed

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/why-bipolar-disorder-is-often-misdiagnosed/

  Conversely, up to 20 percent of people with bipolar disorder may be mistakenly diagnosed with depression by their primary care doctors, according to one study. […] According to the second study, the lag between diagnoses was about nine years. […] Bipolar disorder can be hard to diagnose, he says, because people often seek professional help only during their down periods and neglect to mention their up, or manic, periods. […] In addition, some younger people with bipolar disorder may have experienced depression but not yet had a manic episode, so a misdiagnosis of depression can sometimes occur simply because a person has not yet experienced mania. […] A patient might then be diagnosed as having depression with mixed features, and while that symptom alone doesn’t necessarily indicate bipolar disorder, the author notes that the provider should consider bipolar disorder as a possibility in those cases.

• #54 Why Bipolar Disorder Is Often Wrongly Diagnosed

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/why-bipolar-disorder-is-often-misdiagnosed/

  When bipolar disorder is missed, people can be put on medication that actually worsens the manic symptoms, Schwartz says. […] Without proper treatment to effectively even out the peaks and valleys of manic and depressive episodes, patients face an increased risk of turning to alcohol and drugs to cope with symptoms, according to one paper. […] Being correctly diagnosed is an important step toward getting the right treatment for your bipolar disorder so you can manage your condition and live a healthy, active, and fulfilling life. […] One of the most important things you can do to increase your chances of receiving an accurate diagnosis is to talk with your doctor about all of your symptoms and emotions both the good and the bad says Schwartz. […] Once you receive your diagnosis, you can always ask your doctor about their reasoning, especially if you have any doubts or questions, notes Zimmerman.

• #55 Common bipolar disorder misdiagnoses explained

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/common-bipolar-disorder-misdiagnoses

  Researchers have found that anxiety is another common misdiagnosis for bipolar disorder. This may happen because the two conditions have similar symptoms or because many people with bipolar disorder also have an anxiety disorder. […] Some people with bipolar disorder may receive only an anxiety diagnosis. In some cases, this might be a misdiagnosis. In other cases, people may have both conditions. […] Borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be difficult to distinguish from bipolar disorder. The two conditions have similar symptoms. For example, both involve impulsivity and mood changes. […] People with bipolar disorder may receive an incorrect diagnosis of BPD. Some researchers believe that this has to do with the diagnostic criteria for these conditions. […] A bipolar disorder misdiagnosis can have a negative effect on a persons mental health. People who receive a misdiagnosis tend to need more health services and have higher healthcare costs.

• #56 Common bipolar disorder misdiagnoses explained

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/common-bipolar-disorder-misdiagnoses

  Additionally, people with a misdiagnosis may receive improper treatment. For example, people with a diagnosis of MDD often begin taking antidepressants. These medications can trigger a manic episode in people with bipolar disorder. […] Some researchers estimate that the misdiagnosis rate for bipolar disorder is up to 40%. Research also suggests that people with bipolar disorder may not receive an accurate diagnosis for 5 to 10 years and that about 20% of people with the condition receive an accurate diagnosis within 1 year of seeking treatment. […] A misdiagnosis can mean that a person receives a diagnosis of another mental health condition when they should have received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Alternatively, it can mean that they receive a bipolar disorder diagnosis when they should have received a diagnosis of a different condition.

• #57 Assessment and Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/14805/assessment-and-diagnosis-of-bipolar-disorder/magazine

  Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common, disabling mental disorder, affecting approximately 2% of the worlds population. However, in clinical practice, the misdiagnosis rate of bipolar disorder is as high as 68% or even more, and delayed diagnosis is also highly prevalent. According to the current diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder, the diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be made only when a history of (hypo) manic episode has been detected. It is the big challenge that the diagnosis of bipolar disorder is confronted with. On one hand, it is very common for patients with bipolar disorder to intentionally or unconsciously under report (hypo)manic symptoms. On the other hand, for some patients, they start with depressive episode and their (hypo) manic episodes are yet to come. In addition, the gender, age, culture, and other related factors are not given consideration in the current diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder. Finally, no biological or objective index is available to help diagnose bipolar disorder. Therefore, a lot of work is needed to improve the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The goal of this Research Topic is to explore potential differences in diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder across life spans, cultures and ethnic groups, in order to develop new strategies, new technologies, new tools or new approaches to better screen for or diagnose bipolar disorder. This Research Topic welcomes evidence-based research studies, including but not limited to the following Topics: Diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents

• #58 Simple blood test can help diagnose bipolar disorder | University of Cambridge

  https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/simple-blood-test-can-help-diagnose-bipolar-disorder

  Researchers have developed a new way of improving diagnosis of bipolar disorder that uses a simple blood test to identify biomarkers associated with the condition. […] The ability to diagnose bipolar disorder with a simple blood test could ensure that patients get the right treatment the first time. […] The researchers, from the University of Cambridge, used a combination of an online psychiatric assessment and a blood test to diagnose patients with bipolar disorder, many of whom had been misdiagnosed with major depressive disorder. […] The researchers say the blood test on its own could diagnose up to 30% of patients with bipolar disorder, but that it is even more effective when combined with a digital mental health assessment. […] Incorporating biomarker testing could help physicians differentiate between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, which have overlapping symptoms but require different pharmacological treatments.

• #59 Simple blood test can help diagnose bipolar disorder | University of Cambridge

  https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/simple-blood-test-can-help-diagnose-bipolar-disorder

  Although the blood test is still a proof of concept, the researchers say it could be an effective complement to existing psychiatric diagnosis and could help researchers understand the biological origins of mental health conditions. […] The most effective way to get an accurate diagnosis of bipolar disorder is a full psychiatric assessment. However, patients often face long waits to get these assessments, and they take time to carry out. […] Psychiatric assessments are highly effective, but the ability to diagnose bipolar disorder with a simple blood test could ensure that patients get the right treatment the first time and alleviate some of the pressures on medical professionals. […] Analysis of the data showed a significant biomarker signal for bipolar disorder, even after accounting for confounding factors such as medication.

• #60 Assessment and Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/14805/assessment-and-diagnosis-of-bipolar-disorder/magazine

  Diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder among elderly population […] Diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder among minority groups […] Biomarkers that help diagnose bipolar disorder […] New self-rated scales to screen for bipolar disorder […] New technologies to diagnose bipolar disorder, including facial expression recognition, artificial intelligence, brain imaging, and neuroelectrophysiology […] New strategies of diagnosing bipolar disorder […] New approaches to differentially diagnose bipolar disorder.

• #61 Bipolar disorder in adults: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-in-adults-assessment-and-diagnosis

  The diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes are described in the table. Major depression is characterized by at least five of the following symptoms for at least two weeks; at least one of the symptoms is either dysphoria or anhedonia. […] Difficulties in diagnosing bipolar disorder may lead clinicians to under diagnose or over diagnose the disorder. Misdiagnosis is due in part to the overlap between the symptoms of bipolar disorder and the symptoms of other psychiatric disorders, especially unipolar major depression. […] Although preliminary neuroimaging studies suggest that structural differences may distinguish patients with bipolar disorder from healthy controls, the use of biomarkers to diagnose patients is not standard practice. […] Bipolar I disorder is diagnosed in patients with one or more manic episodes. Hypomania often occurs as well. DSM-5-TR stipulates that the mood episodes in bipolar I disorder are not better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder.

• #62 To Be or Not to Be? Understanding False Positives in Bipolar Diagnosis

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/to-be-or-not-to-be-understanding-false-positives-in-bipolar-diagnosis

  Another key principle in reducing the misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder is to reject the pressure to assign a bipolar diagnosis immediately. […] Longitudinal monitoring of patients symptoms can provide clarity of diagnosis. […] Lastly, clinicians should take care to remember that medication response is not diagnostic. […] One of the more significant updates to bipolar diagnostic criteria between the DSM-IV to DSM-5 is the inclusion of antidepressant-induced mania as diagnostically sufficient provided that it is temporal and persists at a fully syndromal level. […] In the absence of biomarkers or other definitive testing, a careful and accurate diagnosis remains one of the most critical components of psychiatry. […] However, our efforts to increase awareness of bipolar disorder must not overcorrect. Overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder poses significant challenges in mental health care, leading to inappropriate treatment and mismanagement of other underlying conditions.

• #63 Bipolar disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355961

  To find out if you have bipolar disorder, your evaluation may include: […] Your healthcare professional may do a physical exam and lab tests to find any medical problems that could be causing your symptoms. […] Your healthcare professional may refer you to a psychiatrist, who will talk to you about your thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. […] You may be asked to keep a daily record of your moods, sleep patterns or other factors that could help make the right diagnosis and get you the right treatment. […] Although children and teenagers with bipolar disorder are diagnosed with bipolar disorder based on the same criteria used for adults, symptoms in children and teens often have different patterns. […] These patterns may not fit neatly into diagnostic categories. […] Also, children who have bipolar disorder are often diagnosed with other mental health conditions, such as ADHD or behavior problems.

• #64 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  A full hypomanic episode that emerges during antidepressant treatment (e.g., medication, electroconvulsive therapy) but persists at a fully syndromal level beyond the physiologic effect of that treatment is sufficient evidence for a hypomanic episode diagnosis. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for depressive disorders for patients 12 years and older, including all pregnant patients in the perinatal period, in outpatient settings provided that systems are in place to support accurate diagnosis, psychotherapy, and follow-up. […] Bipolar II disorder is often under-recognized in primary care practices unless physicians specifically look for it. […] The use of mobile apps cannot currently be recommended as a stand-alone intervention for bipolar disorders or other mental health disorders because of a lack of evidence.

• #65 To Be or Not to Be? Understanding False Positives in Bipolar Diagnosis

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/to-be-or-not-to-be-understanding-false-positives-in-bipolar-diagnosis

  Data are trending towards a recent phenomenon of overdiagnosis of bipolar illness in certain settings. […] Although not diagnostic, validated screening instruments can help frame the conversation of presenting symptoms and ensure that important context is not overlooked. […] Screenings are not diagnostic. […] A good screening instrument will detect almost all patients with the disorder (high sensitivity) and rule out the disorder for almost all patients who screen negative (high negative predictive value). […] To reduce false positive diagnoses, clinicians must uphold screening as a 2-stage process. […] Reducing false positives in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires careful consideration and implementation of key principles. […] A comprehensive assessment, utilizing a semi-structured clinical interview remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder.

• #66 To Be or Not to Be? Understanding False Positives in Bipolar Diagnosis

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/to-be-or-not-to-be-understanding-false-positives-in-bipolar-diagnosis

  Another key principle in reducing the misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder is to reject the pressure to assign a bipolar diagnosis immediately. […] Longitudinal monitoring of patients symptoms can provide clarity of diagnosis. […] Lastly, clinicians should take care to remember that medication response is not diagnostic. […] One of the more significant updates to bipolar diagnostic criteria between the DSM-IV to DSM-5 is the inclusion of antidepressant-induced mania as diagnostically sufficient provided that it is temporal and persists at a fully syndromal level. […] In the absence of biomarkers or other definitive testing, a careful and accurate diagnosis remains one of the most critical components of psychiatry. […] However, our efforts to increase awareness of bipolar disorder must not overcorrect. Overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder poses significant challenges in mental health care, leading to inappropriate treatment and mismanagement of other underlying conditions.

• #67 Bipolar disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355961

  To find out if you have bipolar disorder, your evaluation may include: […] Your healthcare professional may do a physical exam and lab tests to find any medical problems that could be causing your symptoms. […] Your healthcare professional may refer you to a psychiatrist, who will talk to you about your thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. […] You may be asked to keep a daily record of your moods, sleep patterns or other factors that could help make the right diagnosis and get you the right treatment. […] Although children and teenagers with bipolar disorder are diagnosed with bipolar disorder based on the same criteria used for adults, symptoms in children and teens often have different patterns. […] These patterns may not fit neatly into diagnostic categories. […] Also, children who have bipolar disorder are often diagnosed with other mental health conditions, such as ADHD or behavior problems.

• #68 Bipolar disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355961

  To find out if you have bipolar disorder, your evaluation may include: […] Your healthcare professional may do a physical exam and lab tests to find any medical problems that could be causing your symptoms. […] Your healthcare professional may refer you to a psychiatrist, who will talk to you about your thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. […] You may be asked to keep a daily record of your moods, sleep patterns or other factors that could help make the right diagnosis and get you the right treatment. […] Although children and teenagers with bipolar disorder are diagnosed with bipolar disorder based on the same criteria used for adults, symptoms in children and teens often have different patterns. […] These patterns may not fit neatly into diagnostic categories. […] Also, children who have bipolar disorder are often diagnosed with other mental health conditions, such as ADHD or behavior problems.

• #69 Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder-in-children/diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder, also known as manicdepressive illness, is a chronic mental health condition that causes a child or teen to experience intense mood swings, in alternating episodes of depression and mania. […] Mental health specialists at NYU Langones Child Study Center can help determine if your child has bipolar disorder and, if so, how best to manage his or her symptoms. […] NYU Langone specialists diagnose bipolar disorder in children and adolescents based on a comprehensive evaluation, including in-person interviews with you and your child, both individually and together. […] To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, a child must have experienced at least one manic episode. […] There have been misperceptions and controversy about the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, especially in younger children. […] Our clinicians are especially skilled in clarifying the confusion and making an accurate diagnosis.

• #70 Bipolar disorder – complications, treatments and diagnosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bipolar-disorder

  To treat bipolar disorder, your doctor can prescribe medicines to suit your specific needs. […] Most people with bipolar disorder are first prescribed medicines to stabilise their mood. This is known as acute treatment. […] Your doctor can refer you to a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. […] Bipolar disorder usually requires a long-term treatment plan often involving a range of treatment options to properly manage the condition.

• #71 Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder-in-children/diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder, also known as manicdepressive illness, is a chronic mental health condition that causes a child or teen to experience intense mood swings, in alternating episodes of depression and mania. […] Mental health specialists at NYU Langones Child Study Center can help determine if your child has bipolar disorder and, if so, how best to manage his or her symptoms. […] NYU Langone specialists diagnose bipolar disorder in children and adolescents based on a comprehensive evaluation, including in-person interviews with you and your child, both individually and together. […] To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, a child must have experienced at least one manic episode. […] There have been misperceptions and controversy about the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, especially in younger children. […] Our clinicians are especially skilled in clarifying the confusion and making an accurate diagnosis.

• #72 Bipolar Disorder – Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance

  https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/bipolar-disorder/

  Bipolar disorder is a treatable mental health condition marked by extreme changes in mood, thought, energy, and behavior. […] When people experience symptoms of both mania and depression at the same time, theyre said to be experiencing a mixed state (or mixed mania). […] The screeners provided below are confidential assessment tools to explore your mental health and determine whether you should contact a mental health professional. […] Its during periods of bipolar depression that most people seek professional help and receive a diagnosis. […] Unfortunately, incorrect treatment for bipolar disorder can actually lead to episodes of mania and other problems, so its important monitor your symptoms and follow up with your health care providers. […] A child or adolescent who has symptoms of depression along with ADHD-like symptoms that are very severe, with excessive temper outbursts and mood changes, should be evaluated by a psychiatrist or psychologist with experience in bipolar disorder, particularly if there is a family history of the condition. […] Talk therapy, group therapy and peer support, including DBSA support groups, can be valuable additions to older adults treatment.

• #73 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4195640/

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic episodic illness, characterized by recurrent episodes of manic or depressive symptoms. Patients with bipolar disorder frequently present first to primary care, but the diversity of the potential symptoms and a low index of suspicion among physicians can lead to misdiagnosis in many patients. […] A thorough diagnostic evaluation at clinical interview, combined with supportive case-finding tools, is essential to reach an accurate diagnosis. […] Early, accurate diagnosis can substantially reduce the burden of bipolar disorder and improve the long-term outcome for patients. […] Establishing the diagnosis can, however, be problematic, given the diversity of symptoms that can suggest a number of alternative diagnoses. A high index of suspicion that the symptoms may indicate bipolar disorder is essential.

• #74 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/diagnosis-treatment-bipolar-disorder-decision-making/

  The presence of depressive features during a manic episode or manic features during a depressive episode confirms the presence of mixed features. […] Family history can be highly informative for diagnosing bipolar disorder. Between 80% and 90% of bipolar patients describe family members with a history of mood disorders including bipolar disorder and MDD. […] Once a bipolar diagnosis is established, the primary care physician can offer considerable practical support to both the patient and family, helping them to cope with daily life activities and to prepare for stressful life transitions such as moving away to college, entering the job market, marrying, and starting a family. […] Primary care physicians are the initial as well as the continued point of contact for many patients with bipolar disorder, with responsibility for accurate diagnosis and appropriate ongoing care.

• #75 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/diagnosis-treatment-bipolar-disorder-decision-making/

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic episodic illness, characterized by recurrent episodes of manic or depressive symptoms. Patients with bipolar disorder frequently present first to primary care, but the diversity of the potential symptoms and a low index of suspicion among physicians can lead to misdiagnosis in many patients. […] A thorough diagnostic evaluation at clinical interview, combined with supportive case-finding tools, is essential to reach an accurate diagnosis. […] Early, accurate diagnosis can substantially reduce the burden of bipolar disorder and improve the long-term outcome for patients. […] Establishing the diagnosis can, however, be problematic, given the diversity of symptoms that can suggest a number of alternative diagnoses. A high index of suspicion that the symptoms may indicate bipolar disorder is essential.

• #76 Bipolar disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/

  If a GP thinks you may have bipolar disorder or another mental health condition, they will refer you to a mental health specialist (psychiatrist). […] Bipolar disorder can take time to diagnose because it affects everyone differently and the symptoms are similar to other mental health conditions.

• #77 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Prompt diagnosis and treatment improve prognosis by reducing the risk of relapse and doubling the rate of response to medications. […] Comanagement with a psychiatrist can aid the primary care physician in navigating diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, including relapse, treatment resistance, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and the risk of self-harm. […] Monotherapy with antidepressants is contraindicated in patients with mixed features, manic episodes, or bipolar I disorder. […] Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for mania and psychotic depression.

• #78 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Prompt diagnosis and treatment improve prognosis by reducing the risk of relapse and doubling the rate of response to medications. […] Comanagement with a psychiatrist can aid the primary care physician in navigating diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, including relapse, treatment resistance, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and the risk of self-harm. […] Monotherapy with antidepressants is contraindicated in patients with mixed features, manic episodes, or bipolar I disorder. […] Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for mania and psychotic depression.

• #79 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/diagnosis-treatment-bipolar-disorder-decision-making/

  The presence of depressive features during a manic episode or manic features during a depressive episode confirms the presence of mixed features. […] Family history can be highly informative for diagnosing bipolar disorder. Between 80% and 90% of bipolar patients describe family members with a history of mood disorders including bipolar disorder and MDD. […] Once a bipolar diagnosis is established, the primary care physician can offer considerable practical support to both the patient and family, helping them to cope with daily life activities and to prepare for stressful life transitions such as moving away to college, entering the job market, marrying, and starting a family. […] Primary care physicians are the initial as well as the continued point of contact for many patients with bipolar disorder, with responsibility for accurate diagnosis and appropriate ongoing care.

• #80 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/diagnosis-treatment-bipolar-disorder-decision-making/

  The presence of depressive features during a manic episode or manic features during a depressive episode confirms the presence of mixed features. […] Family history can be highly informative for diagnosing bipolar disorder. Between 80% and 90% of bipolar patients describe family members with a history of mood disorders including bipolar disorder and MDD. […] Once a bipolar diagnosis is established, the primary care physician can offer considerable practical support to both the patient and family, helping them to cope with daily life activities and to prepare for stressful life transitions such as moving away to college, entering the job market, marrying, and starting a family. […] Primary care physicians are the initial as well as the continued point of contact for many patients with bipolar disorder, with responsibility for accurate diagnosis and appropriate ongoing care.

• #81 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4195640/

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic episodic illness, characterized by recurrent episodes of manic or depressive symptoms. Patients with bipolar disorder frequently present first to primary care, but the diversity of the potential symptoms and a low index of suspicion among physicians can lead to misdiagnosis in many patients. […] A thorough diagnostic evaluation at clinical interview, combined with supportive case-finding tools, is essential to reach an accurate diagnosis. […] Early, accurate diagnosis can substantially reduce the burden of bipolar disorder and improve the long-term outcome for patients. […] Establishing the diagnosis can, however, be problematic, given the diversity of symptoms that can suggest a number of alternative diagnoses. A high index of suspicion that the symptoms may indicate bipolar disorder is essential.

• #82 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Prompt diagnosis and treatment improve prognosis by reducing the risk of relapse and doubling the rate of response to medications. […] Comanagement with a psychiatrist can aid the primary care physician in navigating diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, including relapse, treatment resistance, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and the risk of self-harm. […] Monotherapy with antidepressants is contraindicated in patients with mixed features, manic episodes, or bipolar I disorder. […] Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for mania and psychotic depression.

• #83 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Prompt diagnosis and treatment improve prognosis by reducing the risk of relapse and doubling the rate of response to medications. […] Comanagement with a psychiatrist can aid the primary care physician in navigating diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, including relapse, treatment resistance, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and the risk of self-harm. […] Monotherapy with antidepressants is contraindicated in patients with mixed features, manic episodes, or bipolar I disorder. […] Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for mania and psychotic depression.

• #84 Bipolar Disorder | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.bipolar-disorder.hw148751

  Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood changes. […] To find out if you have bipolar disorder, your doctor will ask how long your symptoms last and how often you have them. The doctor will also ask about your family history and may do a mental health assessment. You may have other tests to make sure another problem isn’t causing your symptoms. […] Bipolar disorder can be hard to diagnose. This is because it has many phases and the symptoms overlap with other mental health conditions. […] The earlier the condition is diagnosed, the sooner you can get treatment, feel better, and improve the quality of your life. This can also reduce your risk of other health conditions, such as substance use disorder. […] Bipolar disorder is treatable. A treatment plan can make you feel better. […] You may need to try several medicines to find the best combination. […] Most people with bipolar disorder need to take a medicine called a mood stabilizer every day. […] Bipolar disorder can be passed down through families.

• #85 Diagnoses Bipolar Disorder in Adults – Advaita Integrated Medicine

  https://aimwellbeing.com/who-diagnoses-bipolar-disorder-in-adults/

  Its essential to seek out a professional who diagnoses bipolar disorder in adults to ensure a proper diagnosis and effective treatment. […] The diagnostic process is a critical step in identifying and treating bipolar disorder. This involves the doctor examining your symptoms and health history. This helps them develop an effective treatment plan. […] Components of bipolar disorder diagnostic process include: Clinical interviews, Physical exam and lab tests, Psychological evaluation, Diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder. […] Obtaining a proper diagnosis of bipolar disorder is critical for several reasons. It can increase the individuals chances of successful treatment. […] A proper diagnosis can also reduce the risk of untreated bipolar disorder negative outcomes. […] A correct diagnosis of bipolar disorder can help people understand their symptoms and find the right treatment.

• #86 Accepting Your Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis | bpHope.com

  https://www.bphope.com/accepting-the-diagnosis/

  Accepting a bipolar diagnosis can be immediate, offering clarity on past experiences, or it may be a gradual process of coming to terms with a lifelong condition. […] In 2008, the psychologist told Julie that she believed she had bipolar disorder. […] Julie has since accepted her diagnosis. […] For others, the road to acceptance can be long and circuitous. […] Although Peggy was diagnosed with bipolar in 2002, acceptance did not come until six years later when she had her first negative work evaluation. […] Many factors influence how well a person is able to adapt to bipolar. […] Bipolar is one of the illnesses people have the hardest time accepting, says Sagar V. Parikh, MD, deputy psychiatrist-in-chief at the University Health Network in Toronto and professor of psychiatry at the University of Toronto.

• #87 Accepting Your Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis | bpHope.com

  https://www.bphope.com/accepting-the-diagnosis/

  Maybe one-third accept the diagnosis right away. At least a third totally reject it, and a third believe it, but when they are better for a while, begin to doubt it again, explains Dr. Parikh. […] It’s common for acceptance to take years, agrees Evette J. Ludman, PhD, a clinical psychologist and researcher at Group Health Cooperative in Seattle. […] Fully accepting the diagnosis is almost like joining the priesthood, Parikh says. […] In his research, Parikh found that people living with bipolar 2 have greater difficulty acknowledging the diagnosis than do those with bipolar 1. […] The symptoms of bipolar 2 are more subtle, he explains, making it difficult to perceive the hypomania as a symptom of the mental health condition, rather than part of one’s identity. […] Your highs are mild, your brain is working faster, you have more confidence and energy, you need less sleep it’s the ideal human condition, says Parikh.

• #88 Accepting Your Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis | bpHope.com

  https://www.bphope.com/accepting-the-diagnosis/

  Because hypomania is less obvious than mania, it is difficult to conceptualize it as an illness, he adds. […] I was convinced that if I could tough it out, I’d be fine, he says. […] By the summer of 2004, he had accepted his diagnosis. […] Jo told the doctor, I’m ready to do whatever I need to do to manage this. That’s when I accepted the diagnosis. […] The bipolar diagnosis has been a true blessing, Jo now will tell you. […] The first step following a diagnosis of bipolar even before medication should be learning about your illness, says Parikh. […] Mental health experts generally agree that accepting the diagnosis makes it easier to follow a treatment plan. […] Studies show that only 20 percent [of consumers] come to treatment fully on board, says Dr. Bauer. […] By accepting what the problem is and informing yourself about the disease and treatment, you are empowering yourself to control the disease, says Francis M. Mondimore, MD.

• #89 5 steps to take after a bipolar disorder diagnosis – DBSA

  https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/bipolar-disorder/5-steps-to-take-after-a-bipolar-disorder-diagnosis/

  A bipolar disorder diagnosis can come with a whirlwind of emotions. You might be relieved to finally have a diagnosis. You could be uneasy about what the future will hold. […] However you might be feeling, know that bipolar disorder is fairly common, and highly treatable. By taking charge of your life with bipolar disorder, you can maximize your well-being and live the life you want to lead. […] Start by becoming an expert about bipolar disorder and your treatment options. Study the symptoms so you can recognize them in yourself. Learn all you can about your treatment options so you’re able to make well-informed decisions about your own care. […] Use your knowledge to collaborate with your doctor or therapist to create a treatment plan. It might be helpful to draw up an outline of your wellness goals and how you want to accomplish them.

• #90 5 steps to take after a bipolar disorder diagnosis – DBSA

  https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/bipolar-disorder/5-steps-to-take-after-a-bipolar-disorder-diagnosis/

  Having a robust support system is the key to maintaining wellness. Don’t isolate yourself when you feel a period of instability come on. It’s important to let your friends and family know what is going on so they can best support you. […] By sharing your experiences and hearing from others, you can help end the stigma around bipolar disorder and cultivate an encouraging community.

• #91 Bipolar disorder – complications, treatments and diagnosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic (ongoing) condition that causes mood changes that can disrupt your daily life. […] Symptoms of manic episodes include showing very high energy in speech and activity, agitation, risk-taking and a reduced need for sleep. […] Symptoms of depressive episodes include low energy and motivation, lack of interest in daily activities and sometimes suicidal thoughts. […] While bipolar disorder is not curable, there are treatments that can help. […] If you have bipolar disorder, support from close friends and family members can also help. […] Your doctor will diagnose bipolar disorder by ruling out any physical causes or other health concerns, and by carefully assessing your symptoms. […] Bipolar disorder can be treated. But it needs careful and ongoing monitoring. Treatment usually involves: medicines, psychological therapy, lifestyle changes and self-care.

• #92 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4195640/

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic episodic illness, characterized by recurrent episodes of manic or depressive symptoms. Patients with bipolar disorder frequently present first to primary care, but the diversity of the potential symptoms and a low index of suspicion among physicians can lead to misdiagnosis in many patients. […] A thorough diagnostic evaluation at clinical interview, combined with supportive case-finding tools, is essential to reach an accurate diagnosis. […] Early, accurate diagnosis can substantially reduce the burden of bipolar disorder and improve the long-term outcome for patients. […] Establishing the diagnosis can, however, be problematic, given the diversity of symptoms that can suggest a number of alternative diagnoses. A high index of suspicion that the symptoms may indicate bipolar disorder is essential.

• #93 Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis: How Doctors Diagnosis BPD

  https://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-disorder-diagnosis

  Doctors have come a long way in fully understanding different moods in bipolar disorder and in making an accurate diagnosis. It wasnt that long ago when bipolar disorder was confused with other disorders such as unipolar depression or with schizophrenia (a serious mental illness with symptoms of incoherent speech, delusions, and hallucinations). […] In making the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, the psychiatrist or other mental health expert will ask you questions about your personal and family history of mental illness and bipolar disorder or other mood disorders. […] A bipolar disorder diagnosis is made only by taking careful note of symptoms, including their severity, length, and frequency. […] The patients symptoms are fully assessed using specific criteria from the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM-5.

• #94 Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0215/p227.html

  Prompt diagnosis and treatment improve prognosis by reducing the risk of relapse and doubling the rate of response to medications. […] Comanagement with a psychiatrist can aid the primary care physician in navigating diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, including relapse, treatment resistance, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and the risk of self-harm. […] Monotherapy with antidepressants is contraindicated in patients with mixed features, manic episodes, or bipolar I disorder. […] Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for mania and psychotic depression.

• #95 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorders are mental health conditions characterized by periodic, intense emotional states affecting a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. These periods, lasting from days to weeks, are called mood episodes. Mood episodes are categorized as manic/hypomanic episodes when the predominant mood is intensely happy or irritable, or depressive episodes, when there is an intensely sad mood or the ability to experience joy or pleasure disappears. People with bipolar disorder generally have periods of neutral mood as well. When treated, people with bipolar disorder can lead full and productive lives. […] Bipolar disorder is a category that includes three main diagnoses: bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. […] People with bipolar I disorder frequently have other mental disorders such as anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The risk of suicide is significantly higher among people with bipolar I disorder than among the general population.

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