Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bipolar-disorder

  The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. Several factors including biological (e.g. genetic), psychological, social and structural factors may contribute to its onset, trajectory and outcomes. […] Adverse circumstances or life-altering events can trigger or exacerbate the symptoms of bipolar disorder. These may include bereavement, violence or the breakdown of a relationship. The use of alcohol or drugs can also influence the onset and trajectory of bipolar disorder.

• #2 Bipolar Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is a mental illness that can be chronic (persistent or constantly recurring) or episodic (occurring occasionally and at irregular intervals). […] The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. However, research suggests that a combination of factors may contribute to the illness. […] Bipolar disorder often runs in families, and research suggests this is mostly explained by heredity—people with certain genes are more likely to develop bipolar disorder than others. […] Studies of identical twins have shown that one twin can develop bipolar disorder while the other does not. […] Research shows that the brain structure and function of people with bipolar disorder may differ from those of people who do not have bipolar disorder or other mental disorders.

• #3 Bipolar disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder

  Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. […] While the causes of this mood disorder are not clearly understood, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. […] Genetic factors may account for up to 70-90% of the risk of developing bipolar disorder. […] Environmental risk factors include a history of childhood abuse and long-term stress. […] The causes of bipolar disorder likely vary between individuals and the exact mechanism underlying the disorder remains unclear. […] Genetic influences are believed to account for 73-93% of the risk of developing the disorder indicating a strong hereditary component. […] Behavioral genetic studies have suggested that many chromosomal regions and candidate genes are related to bipolar disorder susceptibility with each gene exerting a mild to moderate effect.

• #4

• #5 Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Genes, Biology, and Experience

  https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/bipolar-disorder-causes

  Bipolar disorder can have several causes. […] Existing evidence points to a range of possible causes rather than one specific cause. […] Experts believe bipolar disorder usually develops from a combination of the following factors: genetics, brain chemistry and biology, environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. […] According to the recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), if you have an adult relative with either bipolar I or bipolar II disorder, you have an average of 10 times the chance of developing the condition yourself. […] Researchers have linked two key genes, CACNA1 and ANK3, to bipolar disorder. […] Bipolar disorder also has a neurological component. […] Imbalances of these brain chemicals may prompt manic, depressive, or hypomanic mood episodes.

• #6 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorder commonly runs in families: 80 to 90 percent of individuals with bipolar disorder have a relative with bipolar disorder or depression. […] Though the specific causes of bipolar disorder are unclear, there are both biological factors, including a family history of mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance misuse, and environmental factors that increase the risk for bipolar disorder. […] The average age of onset is in the mid-20s.

• #7 Bipolar Disorder: What is it? Is it Genetic? What Causes it?

  https://www.ambrosiatc.com/bipolar-disorder-what-is-it-is-it-genetic-what-causes-it/

  Research indicates that genetics contributes notably to the heritability of bipolar disorder. Twin studies have provided invaluable insights into the genetic underpinnings of the condition. For instance, estimates suggest that if one identical twin has bipolar disorder, there is about a 40% to 70% chance that the other twin will also be diagnosed with the disorder; in contrast, the risk for non-identical (fraternal) twins is closer to 5% to 10%. These findings underscore the genetic predisposition associated with bipolar disorder, indicating that inherited factors substantially contribute to its onset and development. […] Despite the compelling evidence for a genetic component, it is vital to acknowledge that genes alone do not dictate the emergence of bipolar disorder. The gene-environment interaction model posits that both hereditary and environmental factors converge to influence the manifestation of the disorder. Life stressors, traumatic experiences, substance abuse, and significant life changes can trigger the onset of bipolar episodes, particularly in individuals with a genetic predisposition.

• #8 Bipolar Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-overview

  A number of factors contribute to bipolar disorder including genetic, biochemical, psychodynamic, and environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder, especially bipolar type I (BPI) disorder, has a major genetic component, with the involvement of the ANK3, CACNA1C, and CLOCK genes. […] First-degree relatives of people with BPI are approximately 7 times more likely to develop BPI than the general population. […] Twin studies demonstrate a concordance of 3390% for BPI in identical twins. […] Adoption studies prove that a common environment is not the only factor that makes bipolar disorder occur in families. […] Multiple biochemical pathways likely contribute to bipolar disorder, which is why detecting one particular abnormality is difficult. […] Evidence is mounting of the contribution of glutamate to both bipolar disorder and major depression.

• #9 Bipolar Disorder: What is it? Is it Genetic? What Causes it?

  https://www.ambrosiatc.com/bipolar-disorder-what-is-it-is-it-genetic-what-causes-it/

  Research indicates that genetics contributes notably to the heritability of bipolar disorder. Twin studies have provided invaluable insights into the genetic underpinnings of the condition. For instance, estimates suggest that if one identical twin has bipolar disorder, there is about a 40% to 70% chance that the other twin will also be diagnosed with the disorder; in contrast, the risk for non-identical (fraternal) twins is closer to 5% to 10%. These findings underscore the genetic predisposition associated with bipolar disorder, indicating that inherited factors substantially contribute to its onset and development. […] Despite the compelling evidence for a genetic component, it is vital to acknowledge that genes alone do not dictate the emergence of bipolar disorder. The gene-environment interaction model posits that both hereditary and environmental factors converge to influence the manifestation of the disorder. Life stressors, traumatic experiences, substance abuse, and significant life changes can trigger the onset of bipolar episodes, particularly in individuals with a genetic predisposition.

• #10 Bipolar disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder

  Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. […] While the causes of this mood disorder are not clearly understood, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. […] Genetic factors may account for up to 70-90% of the risk of developing bipolar disorder. […] Environmental risk factors include a history of childhood abuse and long-term stress. […] The causes of bipolar disorder likely vary between individuals and the exact mechanism underlying the disorder remains unclear. […] Genetic influences are believed to account for 73-93% of the risk of developing the disorder indicating a strong hereditary component. […] Behavioral genetic studies have suggested that many chromosomal regions and candidate genes are related to bipolar disorder susceptibility with each gene exerting a mild to moderate effect.

• #11 Bipolar disorder | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorders of varying severity affect about 1 percent of the general population and account for 10 to 15 percent of readmissions to mental institutions. […] Statistical studies have suggested a hereditary predisposition to bipolar disorder, and that predisposition has now been linked to a defect on a dominant gene located on chromosome 11. […] In addition, bipolar disorder has been associated with polygenic factors, meaning that multiple, possibly thousands, of small-effect genetic variants can interact to give rise to the disease. […] In a physiological sense, it is believed that bipolar disorder is associated with the faulty regulation of one or more naturally occurring amines at sites in the brain where the transmission of nerve impulses takes place. […] Abnormal regulation that produces a deficiency of the amines appears to be associated with depression, and an excess of amines is associated with mania. […] The most likely candidates for the suspect amines are norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine).

• #12 Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Genes, Biology, and Experience

  https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/bipolar-disorder-causes

  Bipolar disorder can have several causes. […] Existing evidence points to a range of possible causes rather than one specific cause. […] Experts believe bipolar disorder usually develops from a combination of the following factors: genetics, brain chemistry and biology, environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. […] According to the recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), if you have an adult relative with either bipolar I or bipolar II disorder, you have an average of 10 times the chance of developing the condition yourself. […] Researchers have linked two key genes, CACNA1 and ANK3, to bipolar disorder. […] Bipolar disorder also has a neurological component. […] Imbalances of these brain chemicals may prompt manic, depressive, or hypomanic mood episodes.

• #13 Bipolar Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-overview

  A number of factors contribute to bipolar disorder including genetic, biochemical, psychodynamic, and environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder, especially bipolar type I (BPI) disorder, has a major genetic component, with the involvement of the ANK3, CACNA1C, and CLOCK genes. […] First-degree relatives of people with BPI are approximately 7 times more likely to develop BPI than the general population. […] Twin studies demonstrate a concordance of 3390% for BPI in identical twins. […] Adoption studies prove that a common environment is not the only factor that makes bipolar disorder occur in families. […] Multiple biochemical pathways likely contribute to bipolar disorder, which is why detecting one particular abnormality is difficult. […] Evidence is mounting of the contribution of glutamate to both bipolar disorder and major depression.

• #14 Bipolar Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

  Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder, is one of the top 10 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] This activity reviews the etiology, classification, evaluation, management, and prognosis of bipolar affective disorder. […] Currently, the etiology of BD is unknown but appears to be due to an interaction of genetic, epigenetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors. Heritability is well established. […] Although it is difficult to establish causation between life events and the development of BD, childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional abuse or neglect, has been linked to the later development of the condition. […] The etiology of BD is thought to involve imbalances in systems associated with monoaminergic neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and serotonin, and intracellular signaling systems that regulate mood. […] Overall, these studies point to a diffuse pattern of brain alterations including smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity in groups of individuals with bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls.

• #15 Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9294-bipolar-disorder

  Scientists dont yet know the exact cause of bipolar disorder. […] But they do believe theres a strong genetic (inherited) component. Bipolar disorder is considered one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions more than two-thirds of people with bipolar disorder have at least one close biological relative with the condition. However, just because you have a biological relative with bipolar disorder, doesnt necessarily mean youll also develop it. […] Other factors that scientists think contribute to the development of bipolar disorder include: Changes in your brain: Researchers have identified subtle differences in the average size or activation of some brain structures in people with bipolar disorder. However, brain scans cant diagnose the condition. […] Environmental factors like trauma and stress: A stressful event, such as the death of a loved one, a serious illness, divorce or financial problems can trigger a manic or depressive episode. Because of this, stress and trauma may also play a role in the development of bipolar disorder.

• #16 Bipolar Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

  Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder, is one of the top 10 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] This activity reviews the etiology, classification, evaluation, management, and prognosis of bipolar affective disorder. […] Currently, the etiology of BD is unknown but appears to be due to an interaction of genetic, epigenetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors. Heritability is well established. […] Although it is difficult to establish causation between life events and the development of BD, childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional abuse or neglect, has been linked to the later development of the condition. […] The etiology of BD is thought to involve imbalances in systems associated with monoaminergic neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and serotonin, and intracellular signaling systems that regulate mood. […] Overall, these studies point to a diffuse pattern of brain alterations including smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity in groups of individuals with bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls.

• #17 Bipolar Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

  Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder, is one of the top 10 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] This activity reviews the etiology, classification, evaluation, management, and prognosis of bipolar affective disorder. […] Currently, the etiology of BD is unknown but appears to be due to an interaction of genetic, epigenetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors. Heritability is well established. […] Although it is difficult to establish causation between life events and the development of BD, childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional abuse or neglect, has been linked to the later development of the condition. […] The etiology of BD is thought to involve imbalances in systems associated with monoaminergic neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and serotonin, and intracellular signaling systems that regulate mood. […] Overall, these studies point to a diffuse pattern of brain alterations including smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity in groups of individuals with bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls.

• #18 Bipolar Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

  Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder, is one of the top 10 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] This activity reviews the etiology, classification, evaluation, management, and prognosis of bipolar affective disorder. […] Currently, the etiology of BD is unknown but appears to be due to an interaction of genetic, epigenetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors. Heritability is well established. […] Although it is difficult to establish causation between life events and the development of BD, childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional abuse or neglect, has been linked to the later development of the condition. […] The etiology of BD is thought to involve imbalances in systems associated with monoaminergic neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and serotonin, and intracellular signaling systems that regulate mood. […] Overall, these studies point to a diffuse pattern of brain alterations including smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity in groups of individuals with bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls.

• #19 What Causes Bipolar Disorder? – Wondermind

  https://www.wondermind.com/article/what-causes-bipolar-disorder/

  One theory is that trauma may reduce the brain’s ability to adapt and change on the fly (aka its neuroplasticity), and without adequate ability to adapt to challenges, people could be more vulnerable to mental health issues, including bipolar disorder. […] Research suggests that brains of people with bipolar disorder work differently in some ways than those without bipolar disorder. […] Studies show some type of dysfunction in parts of the brain that deal with emotions like your amygdala and your anterior cingulate. […] Research suggests that there’s something off with how the mitochondria produce energy in people who have bipolar disorder. […] The bottom line: A number of things can come together to cause a person’s bipolar disorder, and research is ongoing.

• #20 What Causes Bipolar Disorder? – Wondermind

  https://www.wondermind.com/article/what-causes-bipolar-disorder/

  One theory is that trauma may reduce the brain’s ability to adapt and change on the fly (aka its neuroplasticity), and without adequate ability to adapt to challenges, people could be more vulnerable to mental health issues, including bipolar disorder. […] Research suggests that brains of people with bipolar disorder work differently in some ways than those without bipolar disorder. […] Studies show some type of dysfunction in parts of the brain that deal with emotions like your amygdala and your anterior cingulate. […] Research suggests that there’s something off with how the mitochondria produce energy in people who have bipolar disorder. […] The bottom line: A number of things can come together to cause a person’s bipolar disorder, and research is ongoing.

• #21 Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Genes, Biology, and Experience

  https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/bipolar-disorder-causes

  Experts also believe mitochondria may have something to do with the development of mood disorders. […] Some evidence suggests people with bipolar disorder have less gray matter in certain parts of the brain, including the temporal and frontal lobes. […] Research shows that childhood trauma is a risk factor for bipolar disorder, and is associated with more severe symptoms. […] Its important to draw a distinction between bipolar disorder causes, such as genetics and brain chemistry, and triggers. […] Other possible environmental factors might include underlying health conditions, diet, sudden, severe stress, such as a death or other loss, persistent, smaller-scale stress, such as trouble at work or family problems.

• #22 Bipolar Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/ss/slideshow-bipolar-disorder-overview

  Sometimes called manic depression, bipolar disorder causes extreme shifts in mood. […] Doctors dont know exactly what causes bipolar disorder. Current theories hold that the disorder may result from a combination of genetic and other biological — as well as environmental — factors. […] Scientists think that brain circuits involved in the regulation of mood, energy, thinking, and biological rhythms may function abnormally in people with bipolar disorder resulting in the mood and other changes associated with the illness.

• #23 Bipolar Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

  Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder, is one of the top 10 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] This activity reviews the etiology, classification, evaluation, management, and prognosis of bipolar affective disorder. […] Currently, the etiology of BD is unknown but appears to be due to an interaction of genetic, epigenetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors. Heritability is well established. […] Although it is difficult to establish causation between life events and the development of BD, childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional abuse or neglect, has been linked to the later development of the condition. […] The etiology of BD is thought to involve imbalances in systems associated with monoaminergic neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and serotonin, and intracellular signaling systems that regulate mood. […] Overall, these studies point to a diffuse pattern of brain alterations including smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity in groups of individuals with bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls.

• #24 Bipolar Disorder Symptoms, Causes and Effects – PsychGuides.com

  https://www.psychguides.com/bipolar/symptoms-causes-and-effects/

  According to the National Institute of Mental Health, substance abuse and bipolar disorder are a common dual diagnosis. Professionals don’t completely understand the link between the two issues, but some causal factors are known. The root cause of bipolar disorder isn’t fully understood by medical professionals, although most agree that genetics play an important role. In fact, approximately two-thirds of individuals who have both a mother and father with the disorder will also present with the condition. Medical experts have also isolated certain chemicals in the brain that are believed to play a role in the chemical imbalance that causes mood swings. Those chemicals are serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline. According to researchers, if the levels of these chemicals are out of balance in your body, it could lead to the symptoms associated with bipolar disorder.

• #25 Bipolar Disorder Symptoms, Causes and Effects – PsychGuides.com

  https://www.psychguides.com/bipolar/symptoms-causes-and-effects/

  According to the National Institute of Mental Health, substance abuse and bipolar disorder are a common dual diagnosis. Professionals don’t completely understand the link between the two issues, but some causal factors are known. The root cause of bipolar disorder isn’t fully understood by medical professionals, although most agree that genetics play an important role. In fact, approximately two-thirds of individuals who have both a mother and father with the disorder will also present with the condition. Medical experts have also isolated certain chemicals in the brain that are believed to play a role in the chemical imbalance that causes mood swings. Those chemicals are serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline. According to researchers, if the levels of these chemicals are out of balance in your body, it could lead to the symptoms associated with bipolar disorder.

• #26 Bipolar Disorder Symptoms, Causes and Effects – PsychGuides.com

  https://www.psychguides.com/bipolar/symptoms-causes-and-effects/

  According to the National Institute of Mental Health, substance abuse and bipolar disorder are a common dual diagnosis. Professionals don’t completely understand the link between the two issues, but some causal factors are known. The root cause of bipolar disorder isn’t fully understood by medical professionals, although most agree that genetics play an important role. In fact, approximately two-thirds of individuals who have both a mother and father with the disorder will also present with the condition. Medical experts have also isolated certain chemicals in the brain that are believed to play a role in the chemical imbalance that causes mood swings. Those chemicals are serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline. According to researchers, if the levels of these chemicals are out of balance in your body, it could lead to the symptoms associated with bipolar disorder.

• #27 Bipolar Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-overview

  A number of factors contribute to bipolar disorder including genetic, biochemical, psychodynamic, and environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder, especially bipolar type I (BPI) disorder, has a major genetic component, with the involvement of the ANK3, CACNA1C, and CLOCK genes. […] First-degree relatives of people with BPI are approximately 7 times more likely to develop BPI than the general population. […] Twin studies demonstrate a concordance of 3390% for BPI in identical twins. […] Adoption studies prove that a common environment is not the only factor that makes bipolar disorder occur in families. […] Multiple biochemical pathways likely contribute to bipolar disorder, which is why detecting one particular abnormality is difficult. […] Evidence is mounting of the contribution of glutamate to both bipolar disorder and major depression.

• #28 Bipolar disorder | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorders of varying severity affect about 1 percent of the general population and account for 10 to 15 percent of readmissions to mental institutions. […] Statistical studies have suggested a hereditary predisposition to bipolar disorder, and that predisposition has now been linked to a defect on a dominant gene located on chromosome 11. […] In addition, bipolar disorder has been associated with polygenic factors, meaning that multiple, possibly thousands, of small-effect genetic variants can interact to give rise to the disease. […] In a physiological sense, it is believed that bipolar disorder is associated with the faulty regulation of one or more naturally occurring amines at sites in the brain where the transmission of nerve impulses takes place. […] Abnormal regulation that produces a deficiency of the amines appears to be associated with depression, and an excess of amines is associated with mania. […] The most likely candidates for the suspect amines are norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine).

• #29 Bipolar Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

  Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder, is one of the top 10 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] This activity reviews the etiology, classification, evaluation, management, and prognosis of bipolar affective disorder. […] Currently, the etiology of BD is unknown but appears to be due to an interaction of genetic, epigenetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors. Heritability is well established. […] Although it is difficult to establish causation between life events and the development of BD, childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional abuse or neglect, has been linked to the later development of the condition. […] The etiology of BD is thought to involve imbalances in systems associated with monoaminergic neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and serotonin, and intracellular signaling systems that regulate mood. […] Overall, these studies point to a diffuse pattern of brain alterations including smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity in groups of individuals with bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls.

• #30 Causes of Bipolar Disorder | Environmental Causes Explored

  https://www.honeylake.clinic/blog/what-are-the-causes-of-bipolar-disorder/

  Bipolar disorder is a severe mental health condition that results in extreme shifts in mood and energy that can make day-to-day living difficult. […] The causes of bipolar disorder are unknown, but research has shown that several factors can contribute to the development of bipolar disorder. […] Bipolar disorder does not appear to have a single cause but is more likely to result from a range of factors. Here are five factors researchers have identified as possible contributors to bipolar disorder: […] Genetic factors Bipolar disorder is more likely to emerge in a person who has a family member with the condition. […] Biological traits Patients with bipolar disorder often show physical changes in their brains, but the link remains unclear. […] Brain-chemical imbalances Neurotransmitter imbalances appear to play a key role in many mood disorders, including bipolar disorder. […] Hormonal changes Hormonal imbalances might trigger or cause bipolar disorder. […] Environmental factors Abuse, mental stress, a significant loss, or some other traumatic event may contribute to or trigger bipolar disorder.

• #31 What Causes Bipolar Disorder? — Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/causes/

  Its estimated that 50 million people globally might be affected by bipolar disorder. While we dont know exactly how heredity plays a role, we do know that its polygenic, with incredible potential for overlap in symptoms, with other conditions. […] Research from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) focuses on the neurobiological factors that could potentially cause or worsen symptoms of bipolar disorder. […] Multiple brain and body chemicals affect mood regulation, and thereby are thought to potentially cause or worsen BD symptoms. […] According to researchers, depression in bipolar disorder is likely linked, at least in part, to hyperactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPA-axis). […] Various environmental factors can cause or worsen BD symptoms. […] Societal factors can accelerate the onset or increase the symptoms. […] Scientists dont yet totally understand how stress triggers bipolar episodes, but most believe a stress hormone called cortisol is at least partially to blame. […] Stressful events in life and high cortisol levels may contribute to the onset of bipolar disorder symptoms.

• #32 Bipolar Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-overview

  Calcium channel blockers have been used to treat mania, which may also result from a disruption of intracellular calcium regulation in neurons as suggested by experimental and genetic data. […] Hormonal imbalances and disruptions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis involved in homeostasis and the stress response may also contribute to the clinical picture of bipolar disorder. […] In addition to structural neuroimaging studies that look for volumetric changes in brain regions regardless of brain activity, functional neuroimaging studies are performed to find regions of the brain, or specific cortical networks, that are either hypoactive or hyperactive in a particular illness. […] Many practitioners see the dynamics of manic-depressive illness as being linked through a single common pathway. […] In some instances, the cycle may be directly linked to external stresses or the external pressures may serve to exacerbate some underlying genetic or biochemical predisposition. […] There is the risk that antidepressant treatment may propel the patient into a manic episode.

• #33 The Causes of Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-378711

  Whether you can be born with bipolar disorder remains an unresolved question. Studies suggest a genetic component to this mental illness, but DNA isn’t the only reason people develop bipolar disorder. Most researchers agree that brain and environmental factors probably contribute as well. […] There is overwhelming evidence that bipolar disorder can be inherited and that there is a genetic vulnerability to developing the illness. […] When it comes to figuring out exactly what is inherited, the neurotransmitter system has received a great deal of attention as a possible cause of bipolar disorder. […] In short, researchers are quite certain that the neurotransmitter system is at least part of the cause of bipolar disorder, but further research is still needed to define its exact role. […] How stress triggers a bipolar episode is not fully understood, but scientists believe that the stress hormone cortisol plays a role.

• #34 Mania – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania

  Mania is a syndrome with multiple causes. […] Although the vast majority of cases occur in the context of bipolar disorder, it is a key component of other psychiatric disorders (such as schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type) and may also occur secondary to various general medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis; due to certain medications that may perpetuate a manic state (for example prednisone); or substances prone to abuse, especially stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine. […] Evidence indicates a vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause symptoms characteristic of mania and psychosis. […] Hyperthyroidism can produce similar symptoms to those of mania, such as agitation, elevated mood, increased energy, hyperactivity, sleep disturbances and sometimes, especially in severe cases, psychosis.

• #35

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bipolar-disorder

  The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. Several factors including biological (e.g. genetic), psychological, social and structural factors may contribute to its onset, trajectory and outcomes. […] Adverse circumstances or life-altering events can trigger or exacerbate the symptoms of bipolar disorder. These may include bereavement, violence or the breakdown of a relationship. The use of alcohol or drugs can also influence the onset and trajectory of bipolar disorder.

• #36 The Causes of Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-378711

  Stressful life events can lead to the onset of symptoms in those susceptible to bipolar disorder. However, once the disorder is triggered it may progress. […] The word diathesis, in simplified terms, refers to a physical condition that makes a person more susceptible than usual to certain diseases. Thus the Diathesis-Stress Model says that each person inherits certain physical vulnerabilities to problems that may or may not appear depending on what stresses occur in their life. […] So the bottom line is that if you have bipolar disorder, you were likely born with the possibility of developing this disorder and something in your life triggered it.

• #37 Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Genes, Biology, and Experience

  https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/bipolar-disorder-causes

  Experts also believe mitochondria may have something to do with the development of mood disorders. […] Some evidence suggests people with bipolar disorder have less gray matter in certain parts of the brain, including the temporal and frontal lobes. […] Research shows that childhood trauma is a risk factor for bipolar disorder, and is associated with more severe symptoms. […] Its important to draw a distinction between bipolar disorder causes, such as genetics and brain chemistry, and triggers. […] Other possible environmental factors might include underlying health conditions, diet, sudden, severe stress, such as a death or other loss, persistent, smaller-scale stress, such as trouble at work or family problems.

• #38 What Causes Bipolar Disorder? Long-Term Research Explores This and More | bpHope.com

  https://www.bphope.com/bipolar-research/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-new-research/

  There is a high frequency of early traumatic experiences among those with bipolar disorder. Experiencing trauma early in life is associated with a lower ability to control impulses and form secure relationships later in life. This emphasizes the importance of working through traumatic experiences and memories in a safe and therapeutic care relationship. […] The importance of sleep is well known, but for those living with bipolar, its even more essential as it can be a harbinger of difficulties, as well as a sign of instability leading to an episode. […] This variability in mood and symptom severity may be a signature feature of many who live with bipolar.

• #39 What Causes Bipolar Disorder: Genes and 4 Theories

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-8421951

  Childhood trauma or maltreatment in childhood is an environmental risk factor linked to the later development of mental illness, including bipolar disorder. Research has shown a significant association between bipolar disorder and previous physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect. […] Stressful life events such as job loss, parental loss, divorce, disability, and losing a relative to suicide play their part in the onset and course of bipolar disorder. Research has shown a relationship between recent stressful life events (i.e., within the last six months) and the onset of bipolar disorder manic or depressive episodes in at-risk persons. […] Bipolar disorder and substance use disorders are often found together in clinical settings. Research has shown there is a two-way relationship between cannabis, cocaine, opioid, sedative, and alcohol misuse and bipolar disorder. In other words, using substances can trigger manic or depressive episodes or relapse in people with susceptibility to bipolar disorder, and bipolar disorder can increase the risk of developing substance use disorders.

• #40 7 Triggers That Can Lead to a Bipolar Episode

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/bipolar-disorder/triggers-that-cause-bipolar-episode/

  Bipolar episodes can be triggered by lifestyle and environmental factors. Recognizing your triggers and avoiding them, Dr. Anand says, is often a key to managing bipolar disorder and can be an important addition to your treatment by a trained mental health professional. […] In many cases, a major life change or stressful event, such as losing a loved one or having severe financial troubles, can trigger a bipolar episode. […] According to a meta-analysis published in 2017, people with bipolar disorder who were having a relapse of their condition reported experiencing more stressful life events compared with those who were in a more stable mood phase. […] Lack of sleep is a frequent trigger of bipolar mood episodes, Anand says. […] For some people with bipolar disorder, there’s a seasonal pattern to mood episodes.

• #41

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/bipolar-disorder/causes/

  The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. […] Many factors may play a role, such as physical, environmental and social factors. […] A complex mix of these may work together to make a person more likely to develop the condition. […] Many experts put bipolar disorder down to low or high levels of chemicals in the brain. […] An imbalance in the levels of 1 or more may lead to you developing some symptoms of bipolar disorder. […] It’s also thought bipolar disorder is linked to genetics. […] Family members of a person with the condition have an increased risk of developing it. […] But no single gene causes bipolar disorder. […] If bipolar runs in a family, genetic and environmental factors can act as triggers for other family members. […] A stressful situation often triggers the symptoms of bipolar disorder.

• #42 What Causes Bipolar Disorder: Genes and 4 Theories

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-8421951

  Childhood trauma or maltreatment in childhood is an environmental risk factor linked to the later development of mental illness, including bipolar disorder. Research has shown a significant association between bipolar disorder and previous physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect. […] Stressful life events such as job loss, parental loss, divorce, disability, and losing a relative to suicide play their part in the onset and course of bipolar disorder. Research has shown a relationship between recent stressful life events (i.e., within the last six months) and the onset of bipolar disorder manic or depressive episodes in at-risk persons. […] Bipolar disorder and substance use disorders are often found together in clinical settings. Research has shown there is a two-way relationship between cannabis, cocaine, opioid, sedative, and alcohol misuse and bipolar disorder. In other words, using substances can trigger manic or depressive episodes or relapse in people with susceptibility to bipolar disorder, and bipolar disorder can increase the risk of developing substance use disorders.

• #43 Bipolar Disorder Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-disorder-causes

  Doctors don’t completely understand the causes of bipolar disorder. […] Bipolar disorder seems to often run in families and there appears to be a genetic part to this mood disorder. […] Experts believe bipolar disorder is partly caused by an underlying problem with specific brain circuits and the functioning of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. […] Many studies of bipolar patients and their relatives have shown that bipolar disorder sometimes runs in families. […] Studies at Stanford University that explored the genetic connection of bipolar disorder found that children with one biological parent with bipolar I or bipolar II disorder have an increased likelihood of getting bipolar disorder. […] Environmental stressors also play a role in triggering bipolar episodes in those who are genetically predisposed. […] Some findings show that people with bipolar disorder have a genetic predisposition to sleep-wake cycle problems that may trigger symptoms of depression and mania.

• #44 What Causes Bipolar Disorder? Long-Term Research Explores This and More | bpHope.com

  https://www.bphope.com/bipolar-research/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-new-research/

  There is a high frequency of early traumatic experiences among those with bipolar disorder. Experiencing trauma early in life is associated with a lower ability to control impulses and form secure relationships later in life. This emphasizes the importance of working through traumatic experiences and memories in a safe and therapeutic care relationship. […] The importance of sleep is well known, but for those living with bipolar, its even more essential as it can be a harbinger of difficulties, as well as a sign of instability leading to an episode. […] This variability in mood and symptom severity may be a signature feature of many who live with bipolar.

• #45 Bipolar disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder

  The risk of bipolar disorder is nearly ten-fold higher in first-degree relatives of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population. […] Psychosocial factors play a significant role in the development and course of bipolar disorder, and individual psychosocial variables may interact with genetic dispositions. […] Recent life events and interpersonal relationships likely contribute to the onset and recurrence of bipolar mood episodes, just as they do for unipolar depression. […] Acutely, mania can be induced by sleep deprivation in around 30% of people with bipolar disorder.

• #46

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/bipolar-disorder/causes/

  Bipolar disorder may also be triggered by: physical illness, sleep disturbances, medicines used to treat physical illness, for example high-dose steroids, overwhelming problems in everyday life, such as problems with money, work or relationships, childhood trauma. […] Using drugs like MDMA, LSD or cocaine may trigger an episode that can be similar to an episode of mania.

• #47 Bipolar disorder – complications, treatments and diagnosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is a chronic (ongoing) condition that causes mood changes that can disrupt your daily life. […] The exact cause of bipolar disorder isn’t fully understood. A combination of factors can make someone more likely to develop the condition. These include physical, environmental and social factors (including mental stress). […] In 4 out of 5 people with bipolar disorder, genetics plays a strong role. If one parent has bipolar disorder, there is a 1 in 10 chance their child will also develop the condition. If both parents have bipolar disorder, the likelihood rises to 4 in 10. […] In some people vulnerable to bipolar disorder, a stressful circumstance or experience can trigger an episode of mania or depression. This may include childhood physical, sexual or emotional abuse, family conflict, and other major life-altering events. Misuse of certain substances, such as recreational drugs, are also linked to bipolar disorder.

• #48 What Causes Bipolar Disorder: Genes and 4 Theories

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-8421951

  Childhood trauma or maltreatment in childhood is an environmental risk factor linked to the later development of mental illness, including bipolar disorder. Research has shown a significant association between bipolar disorder and previous physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect. […] Stressful life events such as job loss, parental loss, divorce, disability, and losing a relative to suicide play their part in the onset and course of bipolar disorder. Research has shown a relationship between recent stressful life events (i.e., within the last six months) and the onset of bipolar disorder manic or depressive episodes in at-risk persons. […] Bipolar disorder and substance use disorders are often found together in clinical settings. Research has shown there is a two-way relationship between cannabis, cocaine, opioid, sedative, and alcohol misuse and bipolar disorder. In other words, using substances can trigger manic or depressive episodes or relapse in people with susceptibility to bipolar disorder, and bipolar disorder can increase the risk of developing substance use disorders.

• #49 Bipolar Disorder Explained: Types, Causes, Treatment & What It Is

  https://newvisionpsychology.com.au/general-counselling/bipolar-disorder-types-causes-and-treatment/

  Bipolar disorder is a mental illness, grouped within the different mood disorders. Bipolar disorder is mainly categorised by extreme mood swings, ranging from manic to depressive. […] The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, however it has been linked to environmental factors and genetic factors. […] Bipolar disorder has been linked to environmental factors such as childhood upbringing and stressful life events. Early adulthood plays a crucial role in emotional development as it generally solidifies values present during childhood. Childhood trauma is a leading cause for many mental illnesses, bipolar disorder included. […] Genetic factors are a large contributor for individuals being diagnosed with bipolar disorder. There are greater chances for children of parents with bipolar disorder to also have the disorder, compared to children of parents without. If both parents have bipolar disorder, there is a 40% chance their child will also develop this mood disorder. […] Manic and hypomanic episodes can be triggered by substances, and even more so with substance abuse. Substances that can trigger episodes include excessive amounts of caffeine, prednisone, and illicit substances including cocaine, ecstasy, and amphetamines.

• #50 7 Triggers That Can Lead to a Bipolar Episode

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/bipolar-disorder/triggers-that-cause-bipolar-episode/

  Treatment for bipolar disorder includes psychotropic medications, such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, according to NAMI. But certain types of some antidepressants, such as SSRIs like fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft), may worsen bipolar disorder symptoms and possibly even trigger a manic episode in those with undiagnosed bipolar disorder. […] Substance misuse is common among people with mental health conditions as a comorbid condition or as a way to cope with their symptoms. […] The link between childbirth and bipolar disorder has been well-documented in a number of scientific studies. […] A systematic review from 2016 of nine papers found that the risk for mood disorder episodes increases both during and after pregnancy, and the risk is especially high in the time after childbirth (the postpartum period) in women with bipolar disorder. […] While it is important to recognize potential triggers for a bipolar episode, it is also essential to keep in mind that episodes can occur even without a trigger.

• #51 7 Triggers That Can Lead to a Bipolar Episode

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/bipolar-disorder/triggers-that-cause-bipolar-episode/

  Treatment for bipolar disorder includes psychotropic medications, such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, according to NAMI. But certain types of some antidepressants, such as SSRIs like fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft), may worsen bipolar disorder symptoms and possibly even trigger a manic episode in those with undiagnosed bipolar disorder. […] Substance misuse is common among people with mental health conditions as a comorbid condition or as a way to cope with their symptoms. […] The link between childbirth and bipolar disorder has been well-documented in a number of scientific studies. […] A systematic review from 2016 of nine papers found that the risk for mood disorder episodes increases both during and after pregnancy, and the risk is especially high in the time after childbirth (the postpartum period) in women with bipolar disorder. […] While it is important to recognize potential triggers for a bipolar episode, it is also essential to keep in mind that episodes can occur even without a trigger.

• #52 Mania: What Is It, Causes, Triggers, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21603-mania

  What causes mania? Scientists arent completely sure what causes mania. However, several factors are thought to contribute. Causes differ from person to person. […] Causes may include: Family history. If you have a family member with bipolar illness, you have an increased chance of developing mania. This isn’t definite though. You may never develop mania even if other family members have. […] A chemical imbalance in the brain. […] A side effect of a medication (such as some antidepressants), alcohol or recreational drugs. […] A significant change in your life, such as a divorce, house move or death of a loved one. […] Difficult life situations, such as trauma or abuse, or problems with housing, money or loneliness. […] A high level of stress and an inability to manage it. […] A lack of sleep or changes in sleep pattern. […] As a side effect of mental health problems including seasonal affective disorder, postpartum psychosis, schizoaffective disorder or other physical or neurologic condition such as brain injury, brain tumors, stroke, dementia, lupus or encephalitis.

• #53 Mania – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania

  Mania is a syndrome with multiple causes. […] Although the vast majority of cases occur in the context of bipolar disorder, it is a key component of other psychiatric disorders (such as schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type) and may also occur secondary to various general medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis; due to certain medications that may perpetuate a manic state (for example prednisone); or substances prone to abuse, especially stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine. […] Evidence indicates a vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause symptoms characteristic of mania and psychosis. […] Hyperthyroidism can produce similar symptoms to those of mania, such as agitation, elevated mood, increased energy, hyperactivity, sleep disturbances and sometimes, especially in severe cases, psychosis.

• #54 Bipolar Disorder: Who Does It Affect, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Types & Test

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/bipolar_disorder_health/article_em.htm

  Like depression, bipolar disorder was thought to involve an imbalance in one family of neurotransmitters called monoamines. […] However, we now know from medication treatment trials that bipolar depression is different than major depression (unipolar depression) and may involve other neurotransmitters. […] Not everyone with severe mood swings or a change in personality has bipolar disorder. […] Symptoms of either mania or depression can be caused by other medical conditions that need to be diagnosed and treated properly. […] Additionally, both prescription medications and drugs of abuse can also cause symptoms similar to bipolar disorder.

• #55 Mania – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania

  Mania is a syndrome with multiple causes. […] Although the vast majority of cases occur in the context of bipolar disorder, it is a key component of other psychiatric disorders (such as schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type) and may also occur secondary to various general medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis; due to certain medications that may perpetuate a manic state (for example prednisone); or substances prone to abuse, especially stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine. […] Evidence indicates a vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause symptoms characteristic of mania and psychosis. […] Hyperthyroidism can produce similar symptoms to those of mania, such as agitation, elevated mood, increased energy, hyperactivity, sleep disturbances and sometimes, especially in severe cases, psychosis.

• #56 Bipolar disorder symptoms, causes and types, and other FAQs | Ohio State Health & Discovery

  https://health.osu.edu/health/mental-health/faq-bipolar-disorder-and-how-its-treated

  Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings that can include sustained periods of depression and sustained periods of an elevated mood, also known as mania, or the less-intense shifts, hypomania. […] The exact cause is unknown. Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. No one gene causes bipolar disorder, and even if your sibling or parent has bipolar disorder, that does not necessarily mean that you will develop bipolar disorder. […] Bipolar disorder may also be caused by an imbalance of naturally occurring chemicals in the brain, called neurotransmitters. […] In rare cases, some medical conditions can cause bipolar disorder such as multiple sclerosis, stroke or traumatic brain injury.

• #57 Mania – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania

  Mania is a syndrome with multiple causes. […] Although the vast majority of cases occur in the context of bipolar disorder, it is a key component of other psychiatric disorders (such as schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type) and may also occur secondary to various general medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis; due to certain medications that may perpetuate a manic state (for example prednisone); or substances prone to abuse, especially stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine. […] Evidence indicates a vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause symptoms characteristic of mania and psychosis. […] Hyperthyroidism can produce similar symptoms to those of mania, such as agitation, elevated mood, increased energy, hyperactivity, sleep disturbances and sometimes, especially in severe cases, psychosis.

• #58 Bipolar disorder symptoms, causes and types, and other FAQs | Ohio State Health & Discovery

  https://health.osu.edu/health/mental-health/faq-bipolar-disorder-and-how-its-treated

  Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings that can include sustained periods of depression and sustained periods of an elevated mood, also known as mania, or the less-intense shifts, hypomania. […] The exact cause is unknown. Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. No one gene causes bipolar disorder, and even if your sibling or parent has bipolar disorder, that does not necessarily mean that you will develop bipolar disorder. […] Bipolar disorder may also be caused by an imbalance of naturally occurring chemicals in the brain, called neurotransmitters. […] In rare cases, some medical conditions can cause bipolar disorder such as multiple sclerosis, stroke or traumatic brain injury.

• #59 Bipolar disorder symptoms, causes and types, and other FAQs | Ohio State Health & Discovery

  https://health.osu.edu/health/mental-health/faq-bipolar-disorder-and-how-its-treated

  Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings that can include sustained periods of depression and sustained periods of an elevated mood, also known as mania, or the less-intense shifts, hypomania. […] The exact cause is unknown. Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. No one gene causes bipolar disorder, and even if your sibling or parent has bipolar disorder, that does not necessarily mean that you will develop bipolar disorder. […] Bipolar disorder may also be caused by an imbalance of naturally occurring chemicals in the brain, called neurotransmitters. […] In rare cases, some medical conditions can cause bipolar disorder such as multiple sclerosis, stroke or traumatic brain injury.

• #60 What Causes Bipolar Disorder? – Bridges to Recovery

  https://www.bridgestorecovery.com/bipolar-disorders/causes-bipolar-disorder/

  Many studies have been done to determine exactly which genes cause bipolar disorder, but it has been impossible to attribute the disease to any one gene or group of genes. […] It is well known that structural, biological differences in the brain can be seen in people with bipolar disorder compared to the brains of people without the condition. […] One of the more recent discoveries in the study of bipolar disorder is that autoimmune diseases may play a role in the condition’s development. Studies have found that having an autoimmune disease or suffering a severe infection increases the risk of also having bipolar disorder. […] There is not likely to be a discovery that leads to one single and definitive cause for bipolar disorder, but as research continues, more about risk factors and contributing causes are determined.

• #61 What Causes Bipolar Disorder? – Bridges to Recovery

  https://www.bridgestorecovery.com/bipolar-disorders/causes-bipolar-disorder/

  Many studies have been done to determine exactly which genes cause bipolar disorder, but it has been impossible to attribute the disease to any one gene or group of genes. […] It is well known that structural, biological differences in the brain can be seen in people with bipolar disorder compared to the brains of people without the condition. […] One of the more recent discoveries in the study of bipolar disorder is that autoimmune diseases may play a role in the condition’s development. Studies have found that having an autoimmune disease or suffering a severe infection increases the risk of also having bipolar disorder. […] There is not likely to be a discovery that leads to one single and definitive cause for bipolar disorder, but as research continues, more about risk factors and contributing causes are determined.

• #62 Mania – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania

  Mania is a syndrome with multiple causes. […] Although the vast majority of cases occur in the context of bipolar disorder, it is a key component of other psychiatric disorders (such as schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type) and may also occur secondary to various general medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis; due to certain medications that may perpetuate a manic state (for example prednisone); or substances prone to abuse, especially stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine. […] Evidence indicates a vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause symptoms characteristic of mania and psychosis. […] Hyperthyroidism can produce similar symptoms to those of mania, such as agitation, elevated mood, increased energy, hyperactivity, sleep disturbances and sometimes, especially in severe cases, psychosis.

• #63 Bipolar disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/

  It’s not known exactly what causes bipolar disorder. […] You’re more likely to have it if you have a parent, brother or sister who has bipolar disorder. […] There are some things that can increase your chances of having it, including: childhood trauma or abuse, a stressful event such as relationship problems, abuse, the death of someone close to you or money problems, recreational drugs such as cannabis or cocaine, a parasite called toxoplasma gondii (which causes toxoplasmosis).

• #64 The Causes of Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-378711

  Stressful life events can lead to the onset of symptoms in those susceptible to bipolar disorder. However, once the disorder is triggered it may progress. […] The word diathesis, in simplified terms, refers to a physical condition that makes a person more susceptible than usual to certain diseases. Thus the Diathesis-Stress Model says that each person inherits certain physical vulnerabilities to problems that may or may not appear depending on what stresses occur in their life. […] So the bottom line is that if you have bipolar disorder, you were likely born with the possibility of developing this disorder and something in your life triggered it.

• #65 Contemporary Understanding Of Bipolar Disorder: Causes And Outcomes

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/understanding-bipolar-disorder-causes-outcomes

  The modern understanding of bipolar disorder is that it is primarily a biological illness with a heritable component. However, the exact causes of the condition – the things that set it in motion – are not definitively understood at this time. Whether the culprit is a malfunctioning neurotransmitter, a misaligned hormone system, an infectious agent, or an elevated antibody, the cause of bipolar disorder is the subject of widespread debate. […] The current thinking regarding the causes of bipolar disorder is essentially that bipolar disorder results when bipolar diatheses (hidden and unexpressed vulnerabilities) meet a source of sufficient stress necessary to activate them and cause the disease to start. […] Evidence that bipolar disorder is biological in nature comes from a wide range of studies in the genetics, neurochemistry, endocrinology and immunology fields.

• #66 Contemporary Understanding Of Bipolar Disorder: Causes And Outcomes

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/understanding-bipolar-disorder-causes-outcomes

  The modern understanding of bipolar disorder is that it is primarily a biological illness with a heritable component. However, the exact causes of the condition – the things that set it in motion – are not definitively understood at this time. Whether the culprit is a malfunctioning neurotransmitter, a misaligned hormone system, an infectious agent, or an elevated antibody, the cause of bipolar disorder is the subject of widespread debate. […] The current thinking regarding the causes of bipolar disorder is essentially that bipolar disorder results when bipolar diatheses (hidden and unexpressed vulnerabilities) meet a source of sufficient stress necessary to activate them and cause the disease to start. […] Evidence that bipolar disorder is biological in nature comes from a wide range of studies in the genetics, neurochemistry, endocrinology and immunology fields.

• #67 Bipolar Disorder: What is it? Is it Genetic? What Causes it?

  https://www.ambrosiatc.com/bipolar-disorder-what-is-it-is-it-genetic-what-causes-it/

  Research indicates that genetics contributes notably to the heritability of bipolar disorder. Twin studies have provided invaluable insights into the genetic underpinnings of the condition. For instance, estimates suggest that if one identical twin has bipolar disorder, there is about a 40% to 70% chance that the other twin will also be diagnosed with the disorder; in contrast, the risk for non-identical (fraternal) twins is closer to 5% to 10%. These findings underscore the genetic predisposition associated with bipolar disorder, indicating that inherited factors substantially contribute to its onset and development. […] Despite the compelling evidence for a genetic component, it is vital to acknowledge that genes alone do not dictate the emergence of bipolar disorder. The gene-environment interaction model posits that both hereditary and environmental factors converge to influence the manifestation of the disorder. Life stressors, traumatic experiences, substance abuse, and significant life changes can trigger the onset of bipolar episodes, particularly in individuals with a genetic predisposition.

• #68 Bipolar Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder

  Bipolar disorder is a mental illness that can be chronic (persistent or constantly recurring) or episodic (occurring occasionally and at irregular intervals). […] The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. However, research suggests that a combination of factors may contribute to the illness. […] Bipolar disorder often runs in families, and research suggests this is mostly explained by heredity—people with certain genes are more likely to develop bipolar disorder than others. […] Studies of identical twins have shown that one twin can develop bipolar disorder while the other does not. […] Research shows that the brain structure and function of people with bipolar disorder may differ from those of people who do not have bipolar disorder or other mental disorders.

• #69 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorder commonly runs in families: 80 to 90 percent of individuals with bipolar disorder have a relative with bipolar disorder or depression. […] Though the specific causes of bipolar disorder are unclear, there are both biological factors, including a family history of mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance misuse, and environmental factors that increase the risk for bipolar disorder. […] The average age of onset is in the mid-20s.

• #70 Bipolar disorder in adults

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/48822/Bipolar-disorder-in-adults/Common-Vignette

  Bipolar disorder is a recurrent and often chronic mental illness marked by episodes of hypomania or mania and depression, associated with a change or impairment in functioning. It is associated with a reduction in life expectancy of around 10-20 years (primarily attributable to cardiovascular disease and suicide). […] The long-term course of illness is characterized by a predominance of depression, although a history of at least one manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode is required to make the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. […] Diagnosis is based on a comprehensive clinical assessment, encompassing the mental status exam at the time of the evaluation and the longitudinal history from the patient and family, using diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder. […] Misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of bipolar disorder are common, with depressive disorders, including unipolar major depressive disorder, accounting for the most frequent diagnostic errors.

• #71 Patient education: Bipolar disorder (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-beyond-the-basics

  BIPOLAR DISORDER CAUSES […] The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not clear. The problem may be related to an imbalance of chemicals in the brain. These chemicals allow cells to communicate with each other and play an essential role in all brain functions, including movement, sensation, memory, and emotions. […] People with a family history of bipolar disorder are at increased risk of developing the condition. Most people develop the first symptoms of bipolar disorder between age 15 to 30 years; it is uncommon to develop the first symptoms of bipolar as a child or as an adult over the age of 65.

• #72 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorder commonly runs in families: 80 to 90 percent of individuals with bipolar disorder have a relative with bipolar disorder or depression. […] Though the specific causes of bipolar disorder are unclear, there are both biological factors, including a family history of mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance misuse, and environmental factors that increase the risk for bipolar disorder. […] The average age of onset is in the mid-20s.

• #73 Psychiatry.org – What Are Bipolar Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/bipolar-disorders/what-are-bipolar-disorders

  Bipolar disorder commonly runs in families: 80 to 90 percent of individuals with bipolar disorder have a relative with bipolar disorder or depression. […] Though the specific causes of bipolar disorder are unclear, there are both biological factors, including a family history of mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance misuse, and environmental factors that increase the risk for bipolar disorder. […] The average age of onset is in the mid-20s.

• #74 Patient education: Bipolar disorder (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bipolar-disorder-beyond-the-basics

  BIPOLAR DISORDER CAUSES […] The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not clear. The problem may be related to an imbalance of chemicals in the brain. These chemicals allow cells to communicate with each other and play an essential role in all brain functions, including movement, sensation, memory, and emotions. […] People with a family history of bipolar disorder are at increased risk of developing the condition. Most people develop the first symptoms of bipolar disorder between age 15 to 30 years; it is uncommon to develop the first symptoms of bipolar as a child or as an adult over the age of 65.

• #75 What causes Bipolar Disorder and Who does it Affect?

  https://discoverymood.com/blog/what-cause-bipolar-disorder/

  Bipolar disorder affects men, women, children, and adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds and social classes. […] The lifelong prevalence of this disorder is known to affect approximately one to two percent of the U.S. population. […] Bipolar disorder is known to have a large genetic and biological component, meaning if you have been diagnosed with this disorder, there is most likely nothing you could have done to prevent it. […] Studies have shown that adopted children who grew up in a loving, positive and safe environment are more likely to develop bipolar disorder if their biological parents had the disorder, proving that biology trumps environment for this specific mood disorder. […] Additionally, brain anatomy and neurochemistry also play a major role; two other aspects that you, as an individual cannot control.

• #76 Signs & Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder | Belmont Behavioral Health System

  https://www.belmontbehavioral.com/bipolar/causes-effects/

  Genetic: There are strong genetic ties to the development of bipolar I disorder. Those who have a direct relative who has been diagnosed with bipolar I or bipolar II are ten times more likely to have this condition than the rest of the population. It is believed that bipolar disorder and schizophrenia share a common genetic origin, as those who have close family members with schizophrenia are more likely to have bipolar disorder. […] Environmental: An individuals environment can play a significant role in the development of this condition, especially if that individual is genetically predisposed to bipolar I disorder. This disorder is not as common in low-income countries, as 1.4% of those in high-income countries struggle with bipolar I disorder and it only affects 0.7% of individuals in low-income countries. Those who have never been married or who are currently married have a lower risk of a bipolar I diagnosis than individuals who have been separated, divorced, or widowed. However, the APA reports that relationship status might not be a cause of bipolar I disorder, just a possible correlation. […] Substance abuse or substance use disorders such as drug abuse or alcohol abuse may lead to an onset of symptoms when an individual has a genetic predisposition.

• #77 Signs & Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder | Belmont Behavioral Health System

  https://www.belmontbehavioral.com/bipolar/causes-effects/

  Genetic: There are strong genetic ties to the development of bipolar I disorder. Those who have a direct relative who has been diagnosed with bipolar I or bipolar II are ten times more likely to have this condition than the rest of the population. It is believed that bipolar disorder and schizophrenia share a common genetic origin, as those who have close family members with schizophrenia are more likely to have bipolar disorder. […] Environmental: An individuals environment can play a significant role in the development of this condition, especially if that individual is genetically predisposed to bipolar I disorder. This disorder is not as common in low-income countries, as 1.4% of those in high-income countries struggle with bipolar I disorder and it only affects 0.7% of individuals in low-income countries. Those who have never been married or who are currently married have a lower risk of a bipolar I diagnosis than individuals who have been separated, divorced, or widowed. However, the APA reports that relationship status might not be a cause of bipolar I disorder, just a possible correlation. […] Substance abuse or substance use disorders such as drug abuse or alcohol abuse may lead to an onset of symptoms when an individual has a genetic predisposition.

• #78 Signs & Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder | Belmont Behavioral Health System

  https://www.belmontbehavioral.com/bipolar/causes-effects/

  Genetic: There are strong genetic ties to the development of bipolar I disorder. Those who have a direct relative who has been diagnosed with bipolar I or bipolar II are ten times more likely to have this condition than the rest of the population. It is believed that bipolar disorder and schizophrenia share a common genetic origin, as those who have close family members with schizophrenia are more likely to have bipolar disorder. […] Environmental: An individuals environment can play a significant role in the development of this condition, especially if that individual is genetically predisposed to bipolar I disorder. This disorder is not as common in low-income countries, as 1.4% of those in high-income countries struggle with bipolar I disorder and it only affects 0.7% of individuals in low-income countries. Those who have never been married or who are currently married have a lower risk of a bipolar I diagnosis than individuals who have been separated, divorced, or widowed. However, the APA reports that relationship status might not be a cause of bipolar I disorder, just a possible correlation. […] Substance abuse or substance use disorders such as drug abuse or alcohol abuse may lead to an onset of symptoms when an individual has a genetic predisposition.

• #79 Signs & Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder | Belmont Behavioral Health System

  https://www.belmontbehavioral.com/bipolar/causes-effects/

  Genetic: There are strong genetic ties to the development of bipolar I disorder. Those who have a direct relative who has been diagnosed with bipolar I or bipolar II are ten times more likely to have this condition than the rest of the population. It is believed that bipolar disorder and schizophrenia share a common genetic origin, as those who have close family members with schizophrenia are more likely to have bipolar disorder. […] Environmental: An individuals environment can play a significant role in the development of this condition, especially if that individual is genetically predisposed to bipolar I disorder. This disorder is not as common in low-income countries, as 1.4% of those in high-income countries struggle with bipolar I disorder and it only affects 0.7% of individuals in low-income countries. Those who have never been married or who are currently married have a lower risk of a bipolar I diagnosis than individuals who have been separated, divorced, or widowed. However, the APA reports that relationship status might not be a cause of bipolar I disorder, just a possible correlation. […] Substance abuse or substance use disorders such as drug abuse or alcohol abuse may lead to an onset of symptoms when an individual has a genetic predisposition.

• #80 7 Triggers That Can Lead to a Bipolar Episode

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/bipolar-disorder/triggers-that-cause-bipolar-episode/

  Treatment for bipolar disorder includes psychotropic medications, such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, according to NAMI. But certain types of some antidepressants, such as SSRIs like fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft), may worsen bipolar disorder symptoms and possibly even trigger a manic episode in those with undiagnosed bipolar disorder. […] Substance misuse is common among people with mental health conditions as a comorbid condition or as a way to cope with their symptoms. […] The link between childbirth and bipolar disorder has been well-documented in a number of scientific studies. […] A systematic review from 2016 of nine papers found that the risk for mood disorder episodes increases both during and after pregnancy, and the risk is especially high in the time after childbirth (the postpartum period) in women with bipolar disorder. […] While it is important to recognize potential triggers for a bipolar episode, it is also essential to keep in mind that episodes can occur even without a trigger.

• #81 7 Triggers That Can Lead to a Bipolar Episode

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/bipolar-disorder/triggers-that-cause-bipolar-episode/

  Treatment for bipolar disorder includes psychotropic medications, such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, according to NAMI. But certain types of some antidepressants, such as SSRIs like fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft), may worsen bipolar disorder symptoms and possibly even trigger a manic episode in those with undiagnosed bipolar disorder. […] Substance misuse is common among people with mental health conditions as a comorbid condition or as a way to cope with their symptoms. […] The link between childbirth and bipolar disorder has been well-documented in a number of scientific studies. […] A systematic review from 2016 of nine papers found that the risk for mood disorder episodes increases both during and after pregnancy, and the risk is especially high in the time after childbirth (the postpartum period) in women with bipolar disorder. […] While it is important to recognize potential triggers for a bipolar episode, it is also essential to keep in mind that episodes can occur even without a trigger.

• #82 Mania – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania

  Postpartum psychosis can also cause manic episodes (unipolar mania). […] Various genes that have been implicated in genetic studies of bipolar have been manipulated in preclinical animal models to produce syndromes reflecting different aspects of mania. […] Mania may be associated with strokes, especially cerebral lesions in the right hemisphere. […] Mania can also be caused by physical trauma or illness. When the causes are physical, it is called secondary mania. […] In some individuals, manic symptoms are also correlated with the season of spring.

• #83 Bipolar Disorder: Symptoms, Cause, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  http://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/bipolar-disorder

  Severe emotional trauma, such as the death of a loved one, breaking up with a partner, deep disappointment, trauma, childhood abuse, criminality, and chronic physical and mental illness. […] Some organic diseases, such as thyroid hormone abnormalities […] Postpartum depression can cause bipolar disorder. […] Accumulated stress […] Sleep deprivation.

• #84 Bipolar disorder in adults

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/48822/Bipolar-disorder-in-adults/Common-Vignette

  Bipolar disorder is a recurrent and often chronic mental illness marked by episodes of hypomania or mania and depression, associated with a change or impairment in functioning. It is associated with a reduction in life expectancy of around 10-20 years (primarily attributable to cardiovascular disease and suicide). […] The long-term course of illness is characterized by a predominance of depression, although a history of at least one manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode is required to make the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. […] Diagnosis is based on a comprehensive clinical assessment, encompassing the mental status exam at the time of the evaluation and the longitudinal history from the patient and family, using diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder. […] Misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of bipolar disorder are common, with depressive disorders, including unipolar major depressive disorder, accounting for the most frequent diagnostic errors.

• #85 Bipolar disorder in adults

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/48822/Bipolar-disorder-in-adults/Common-Vignette

  Bipolar disorder is a recurrent and often chronic mental illness marked by episodes of hypomania or mania and depression, associated with a change or impairment in functioning. It is associated with a reduction in life expectancy of around 10-20 years (primarily attributable to cardiovascular disease and suicide). […] The long-term course of illness is characterized by a predominance of depression, although a history of at least one manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode is required to make the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. […] Diagnosis is based on a comprehensive clinical assessment, encompassing the mental status exam at the time of the evaluation and the longitudinal history from the patient and family, using diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder. […] Misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of bipolar disorder are common, with depressive disorders, including unipolar major depressive disorder, accounting for the most frequent diagnostic errors.

• #86 Bipolar disorder in adults

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/48822/Bipolar-disorder-in-adults/Common-Vignette

  Bipolar disorder is a recurrent and often chronic mental illness marked by episodes of hypomania or mania and depression, associated with a change or impairment in functioning. It is associated with a reduction in life expectancy of around 10-20 years (primarily attributable to cardiovascular disease and suicide). […] The long-term course of illness is characterized by a predominance of depression, although a history of at least one manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode is required to make the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. […] Diagnosis is based on a comprehensive clinical assessment, encompassing the mental status exam at the time of the evaluation and the longitudinal history from the patient and family, using diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder. […] Misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of bipolar disorder are common, with depressive disorders, including unipolar major depressive disorder, accounting for the most frequent diagnostic errors.

• #87 Bipolar Disorder: Who Does It Affect, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Types & Test

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/bipolar_disorder_health/article_em.htm

  Like depression, bipolar disorder was thought to involve an imbalance in one family of neurotransmitters called monoamines. […] However, we now know from medication treatment trials that bipolar depression is different than major depression (unipolar depression) and may involve other neurotransmitters. […] Not everyone with severe mood swings or a change in personality has bipolar disorder. […] Symptoms of either mania or depression can be caused by other medical conditions that need to be diagnosed and treated properly. […] Additionally, both prescription medications and drugs of abuse can also cause symptoms similar to bipolar disorder.

• #88 Bipolar Disorder: Who Does It Affect, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Types & Test

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/bipolar_disorder_health/article_em.htm

  Like depression, bipolar disorder was thought to involve an imbalance in one family of neurotransmitters called monoamines. […] However, we now know from medication treatment trials that bipolar depression is different than major depression (unipolar depression) and may involve other neurotransmitters. […] Not everyone with severe mood swings or a change in personality has bipolar disorder. […] Symptoms of either mania or depression can be caused by other medical conditions that need to be diagnosed and treated properly. […] Additionally, both prescription medications and drugs of abuse can also cause symptoms similar to bipolar disorder.

• #89 Bipolar Disorder: Who Does It Affect, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Types & Test

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/bipolar_disorder_health/article_em.htm

  Like depression, bipolar disorder was thought to involve an imbalance in one family of neurotransmitters called monoamines. […] However, we now know from medication treatment trials that bipolar depression is different than major depression (unipolar depression) and may involve other neurotransmitters. […] Not everyone with severe mood swings or a change in personality has bipolar disorder. […] Symptoms of either mania or depression can be caused by other medical conditions that need to be diagnosed and treated properly. […] Additionally, both prescription medications and drugs of abuse can also cause symptoms similar to bipolar disorder.

• #90 Bipolar disorder in adults

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/48822/Bipolar-disorder-in-adults/Common-Vignette

  Bipolar disorder is a recurrent and often chronic mental illness marked by episodes of hypomania or mania and depression, associated with a change or impairment in functioning. It is associated with a reduction in life expectancy of around 10-20 years (primarily attributable to cardiovascular disease and suicide). […] The long-term course of illness is characterized by a predominance of depression, although a history of at least one manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode is required to make the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. […] Diagnosis is based on a comprehensive clinical assessment, encompassing the mental status exam at the time of the evaluation and the longitudinal history from the patient and family, using diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder. […] Misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of bipolar disorder are common, with depressive disorders, including unipolar major depressive disorder, accounting for the most frequent diagnostic errors.

• #91 Bipolar Disorder: What is it? Is it Genetic? What Causes it?

  https://www.ambrosiatc.com/bipolar-disorder-what-is-it-is-it-genetic-what-causes-it/

  In summary, bipolar disorder is a multifaceted mental health condition arising from an intricate interplay of genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors. While genetic predisposition lays the groundwork for vulnerability, neurobiological abnormalities, maladaptive psychological patterns, and environmental stressors coalesce to precipitate the disorder’s characteristic mood fluctuations.

• #92 7 Triggers That Can Lead to a Bipolar Episode

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/bipolar-disorder/triggers-that-cause-bipolar-episode/

  Treatment for bipolar disorder includes psychotropic medications, such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, according to NAMI. But certain types of some antidepressants, such as SSRIs like fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft), may worsen bipolar disorder symptoms and possibly even trigger a manic episode in those with undiagnosed bipolar disorder. […] Substance misuse is common among people with mental health conditions as a comorbid condition or as a way to cope with their symptoms. […] The link between childbirth and bipolar disorder has been well-documented in a number of scientific studies. […] A systematic review from 2016 of nine papers found that the risk for mood disorder episodes increases both during and after pregnancy, and the risk is especially high in the time after childbirth (the postpartum period) in women with bipolar disorder. […] While it is important to recognize potential triggers for a bipolar episode, it is also essential to keep in mind that episodes can occur even without a trigger.

• #93 7 Triggers That Can Lead to a Bipolar Episode

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/bipolar-disorder/triggers-that-cause-bipolar-episode/

  Treatment for bipolar disorder includes psychotropic medications, such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, according to NAMI. But certain types of some antidepressants, such as SSRIs like fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft), may worsen bipolar disorder symptoms and possibly even trigger a manic episode in those with undiagnosed bipolar disorder. […] Substance misuse is common among people with mental health conditions as a comorbid condition or as a way to cope with their symptoms. […] The link between childbirth and bipolar disorder has been well-documented in a number of scientific studies. […] A systematic review from 2016 of nine papers found that the risk for mood disorder episodes increases both during and after pregnancy, and the risk is especially high in the time after childbirth (the postpartum period) in women with bipolar disorder. […] While it is important to recognize potential triggers for a bipolar episode, it is also essential to keep in mind that episodes can occur even without a trigger.

• #94 Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis

  Bipolar disorder tends to run in families, and research suggests that certain genes may increase the risk. […] The condition is usually diagnosed before age 25, although some people experience symptoms for the first time later in life. […] Medications to ease symptoms of unipolar depression can actually trigger manic episodes in people with bipolar disorder.

• #95

  https://abcnews.go.com/Health/BipolarOverview/story?id=4359991

  There’s no single cause for bipolar disorder. Most experts agree that there are many causes, and they combine genetic, other biological causes, social causes, possible vulnerability, in a person who would have bipolar disorder. […] Eighty to 90 percent of patients with bipolar disorder have the illness in their families. In identical twins, if one twin is ill, only 50 percent of other twins become ill. That means that 50 percent of the illness is environmental. There’s a consensus that the illness is associated with chemical imbalance in the brain. That involves chemicals that are called neurotransmitters, and the most common ones disrupted are serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. […] High-expressed emotion in the family, which is a combination of over-involvement and criticism in the affairs of others, is a risk factor for developing bipolar disorder. Other stress factors, like life-stressors, like for instance divorce, financial loses, job loses, or immigration can contribute to the onset of bipolar disorder. The important thing to know; is that what’s inherited in bipolar disorder is not the illness itself, but vulnerability. And whether the person does or does not get the illness depends on what’s happening in that person’s life. Interventions, like medications or family interventions that would reduce stress and introduce structure in the life of a person who has bipolar illness in the family, could be very helpful and may prevent or delay the onset of the illness.

• #96 What causes bipolar disorder?

  https://screening.mhanational.org/content/what-causes-bipolar-disorder/

  Unhealthy habits: like not getting enough sleep, or not eating. […] Drugs and alcohol: Abusing drugs and alcohol puts you at higher risk of developing bipolar disorder. It can also make it harder to recover from bipolar disorder. Some drugs—including some medications—can trigger manic or depressive episodes. […] Brain chemistry. Bipolar disorder involves an imbalance of natural chemicals in your brain and your body. […] These risk factors don’t just affect who will develop bipolar disorder in the first place. They also affect how severe their symptoms will be, and when they will experience those symptoms. Sometimes, a manic or depressive episode is triggered by a stressful event. Other times, it just happens.

• #97 What Causes Bipolar Disorder? – Toledo OH

  https://nwohioketamineclinic.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder/

  Disruptions in sleep patterns can have a significant impact on bipolar disorder symptoms. […] Bipolar disorder is a complex condition influenced by multiple factors. While genetic predisposition and neurological abnormalities contribute to its development, environmental influences such as stress, trauma, and lifestyle choices also play a significant role.

• #98 About Bipolar Disorder – International Bipolar Foundation

  https://ibpf.org/about-bipolar-disorder/

  Bipolar disorder causes dramatic mood swings from overly high and/or irritable to sad and hopeless, and then back again, often with periods of normal mood in between. […] Most scientists now agree that there is no single cause for bipolar disorder; rather, many factors act together to produce the illness. […] Because bipolar disorder tends to run in families, researchers have been searching for specific genes—the microscopic building blocks of DNA inside all cells that influence how the body and mind work and grow. […] Genetics play a part but are not the whole story. […] It appears likely that many different genes act together, and in combination with other factors of the person or the person’s environment, to cause bipolar disorder. […] Brain-imaging studies are helping scientists learn what goes wrong in the brain to produce bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses.

• #99 Bipolar Disorder: What is it? Is it Genetic? What Causes it?

  https://www.ambrosiatc.com/bipolar-disorder-what-is-it-is-it-genetic-what-causes-it/

  In summary, bipolar disorder is a multifaceted mental health condition arising from an intricate interplay of genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors. While genetic predisposition lays the groundwork for vulnerability, neurobiological abnormalities, maladaptive psychological patterns, and environmental stressors coalesce to precipitate the disorder’s characteristic mood fluctuations.

• #100 Bipolar Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-overview

  A number of factors contribute to bipolar disorder including genetic, biochemical, psychodynamic, and environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder, especially bipolar type I (BPI) disorder, has a major genetic component, with the involvement of the ANK3, CACNA1C, and CLOCK genes. […] First-degree relatives of people with BPI are approximately 7 times more likely to develop BPI than the general population. […] Twin studies demonstrate a concordance of 3390% for BPI in identical twins. […] Adoption studies prove that a common environment is not the only factor that makes bipolar disorder occur in families. […] Multiple biochemical pathways likely contribute to bipolar disorder, which is why detecting one particular abnormality is difficult. […] Evidence is mounting of the contribution of glutamate to both bipolar disorder and major depression.

• #101 Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Genes, Biology, and Experience

  https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/bipolar-disorder-causes

  Bipolar disorder can have several causes. […] Existing evidence points to a range of possible causes rather than one specific cause. […] Experts believe bipolar disorder usually develops from a combination of the following factors: genetics, brain chemistry and biology, environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. […] According to the recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), if you have an adult relative with either bipolar I or bipolar II disorder, you have an average of 10 times the chance of developing the condition yourself. […] Researchers have linked two key genes, CACNA1 and ANK3, to bipolar disorder. […] Bipolar disorder also has a neurological component. […] Imbalances of these brain chemicals may prompt manic, depressive, or hypomanic mood episodes.

• #102 Bipolar Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

  Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder, is one of the top 10 leading causes of disability worldwide. […] This activity reviews the etiology, classification, evaluation, management, and prognosis of bipolar affective disorder. […] Currently, the etiology of BD is unknown but appears to be due to an interaction of genetic, epigenetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors. Heritability is well established. […] Although it is difficult to establish causation between life events and the development of BD, childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional abuse or neglect, has been linked to the later development of the condition. […] The etiology of BD is thought to involve imbalances in systems associated with monoaminergic neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and serotonin, and intracellular signaling systems that regulate mood. […] Overall, these studies point to a diffuse pattern of brain alterations including smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity in groups of individuals with bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls.

• #103 Bipolar Disorder Symptoms, Causes and Effects – PsychGuides.com

  https://www.psychguides.com/bipolar/symptoms-causes-and-effects/

  According to the National Institute of Mental Health, substance abuse and bipolar disorder are a common dual diagnosis. Professionals don’t completely understand the link between the two issues, but some causal factors are known. The root cause of bipolar disorder isn’t fully understood by medical professionals, although most agree that genetics play an important role. In fact, approximately two-thirds of individuals who have both a mother and father with the disorder will also present with the condition. Medical experts have also isolated certain chemicals in the brain that are believed to play a role in the chemical imbalance that causes mood swings. Those chemicals are serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline. According to researchers, if the levels of these chemicals are out of balance in your body, it could lead to the symptoms associated with bipolar disorder.

• #104 Bipolar Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-overview

  A number of factors contribute to bipolar disorder including genetic, biochemical, psychodynamic, and environmental factors. […] Bipolar disorder, especially bipolar type I (BPI) disorder, has a major genetic component, with the involvement of the ANK3, CACNA1C, and CLOCK genes. […] First-degree relatives of people with BPI are approximately 7 times more likely to develop BPI than the general population. […] Twin studies demonstrate a concordance of 3390% for BPI in identical twins. […] Adoption studies prove that a common environment is not the only factor that makes bipolar disorder occur in families. […] Multiple biochemical pathways likely contribute to bipolar disorder, which is why detecting one particular abnormality is difficult. […] Evidence is mounting of the contribution of glutamate to both bipolar disorder and major depression.

• #105 What Causes Bipolar Disorder? — Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/causes/

  Its estimated that 50 million people globally might be affected by bipolar disorder. While we dont know exactly how heredity plays a role, we do know that its polygenic, with incredible potential for overlap in symptoms, with other conditions. […] Research from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) focuses on the neurobiological factors that could potentially cause or worsen symptoms of bipolar disorder. […] Multiple brain and body chemicals affect mood regulation, and thereby are thought to potentially cause or worsen BD symptoms. […] According to researchers, depression in bipolar disorder is likely linked, at least in part, to hyperactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPA-axis). […] Various environmental factors can cause or worsen BD symptoms. […] Societal factors can accelerate the onset or increase the symptoms. […] Scientists dont yet totally understand how stress triggers bipolar episodes, but most believe a stress hormone called cortisol is at least partially to blame. […] Stressful events in life and high cortisol levels may contribute to the onset of bipolar disorder symptoms.

• #106 Bipolar Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286342-overview

  Calcium channel blockers have been used to treat mania, which may also result from a disruption of intracellular calcium regulation in neurons as suggested by experimental and genetic data. […] Hormonal imbalances and disruptions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis involved in homeostasis and the stress response may also contribute to the clinical picture of bipolar disorder. […] In addition to structural neuroimaging studies that look for volumetric changes in brain regions regardless of brain activity, functional neuroimaging studies are performed to find regions of the brain, or specific cortical networks, that are either hypoactive or hyperactive in a particular illness. […] Many practitioners see the dynamics of manic-depressive illness as being linked through a single common pathway. […] In some instances, the cycle may be directly linked to external stresses or the external pressures may serve to exacerbate some underlying genetic or biochemical predisposition. […] There is the risk that antidepressant treatment may propel the patient into a manic episode.

• #107

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/bipolar-disorder

  The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. Several factors including biological (e.g. genetic), psychological, social and structural factors may contribute to its onset, trajectory and outcomes. […] Adverse circumstances or life-altering events can trigger or exacerbate the symptoms of bipolar disorder. These may include bereavement, violence or the breakdown of a relationship. The use of alcohol or drugs can also influence the onset and trajectory of bipolar disorder.

• #108 The Causes of Bipolar Disorder

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder-378711

  Stressful life events can lead to the onset of symptoms in those susceptible to bipolar disorder. However, once the disorder is triggered it may progress. […] The word diathesis, in simplified terms, refers to a physical condition that makes a person more susceptible than usual to certain diseases. Thus the Diathesis-Stress Model says that each person inherits certain physical vulnerabilities to problems that may or may not appear depending on what stresses occur in their life. […] So the bottom line is that if you have bipolar disorder, you were likely born with the possibility of developing this disorder and something in your life triggered it.

• #109 What Causes Bipolar Disorder? – Toledo OH

  https://nwohioketamineclinic.com/what-causes-bipolar-disorder/

  Disruptions in sleep patterns can have a significant impact on bipolar disorder symptoms. […] Bipolar disorder is a complex condition influenced by multiple factors. While genetic predisposition and neurological abnormalities contribute to its development, environmental influences such as stress, trauma, and lifestyle choices also play a significant role.

• #110 About Bipolar Disorder – International Bipolar Foundation

  https://ibpf.org/about-bipolar-disorder/

  There is evidence from imaging studies that the brains of people with bipolar disorder may differ from the brains of healthy individuals. […] As the differences are more clearly identified and defined through research, scientists will gain a better understanding of the underlying causes of the illness, and eventually may be able to predict which types of treatment will work most effectively.

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