Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bunions: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14386-bunions-hallux-valgus

  Bunions happen when something puts extra pressure on your big toe and pushes it out of its natural alignment and toward your other toes. […] Bunions develop on the inside edge of your big toe joint the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. […] A bunion is a bony bump that forms at the base of your big toe. […] Theres not just one reason why bunions develop. Its thought that a combination of factors like family history, abnormal bone structure, increased motion and shoe choice can cause them. […] When something puts extra pressure on your big toe joint for a long time (usually years), that pressure can push your joint out of its natural alignment and toward your other toes. […] The most common causes of extra pressure on your big toe joint include wearing narrow or pointed shoes that crowd your toes (shoes with a narrow toe box). […] Anyone can develop a bunion. Certain groups of people who are more likely to have bunions include females. […] More than 70% of people with bunions have a biological parent whos had them. […] Bunions are caused by a combination of several different reasons.

• #2 Bunions – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bunions/symptoms-causes/syc-20354799

  A bunion is a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe. It happens when some of the bones in the front part of the foot move out of their regular position. This causes the big toe to get pulled toward the smaller toes. It also forces the joint at the base of your big toe to stick out. The skin over the bunion might change in color and feel sore. […] Wearing tight, narrow shoes might cause bunions or make them worse. Bunions also can form due to the shape of the foot, a foot defect or a condition such as arthritis. […] Many theories exist about how bunions form. But the exact cause isn’t clear. Factors likely include: inherited foot type, foot stress or injuries, defects present at birth. […] Experts disagree on the role that shoes play. Some say that tight, high-heeled or narrow shoes cause bunions. Others say that footwear simply contributes to bunions forming. […] Bunions might be linked with some types of arthritis. The link is especially strong with types of arthritis that involve painful swelling due to a problem with the immune system. These conditions include rheumatoid arthritis.

• #3 Bunions Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/bunions

  Bunions happen when extra bone and fluid grows at the base of the big toe. Common causes include high-intensity workouts, high heels, and genetics. […] A few of the factors that help bunions grow tend to occur slowly. They include: Certain types of arthritis, Genetic predisposition, Lifestyle, Natural aging process. […] Bunions are caused by inflammation of the metatarsophalangeal joint, which connects the big toe to the foot. Over time, added pressure causes the big toe to shift behind the 2nd toe or 1st metatarsal bone. […] Factors that can cause bunions to form include: Foot type, Foot injuries, Congenital deformities (defects you’re born with). […] Others include: Family history, Rheumatoid arthritis, Overpronation, Foot injuries, Congenital deformities. […] Bunions can lead to long-lasting pain and may even cause arthritis as time goes on. […] The constant stress on the joint in the middle of the foot and toe misalignment can make walking tough and painful.

• #4 Bunions – OrthoInfo – American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/bunions/

  A bunion is a painful bony bump that develops on the inside of the foot at the big toe joint. Bunions are associated with hallux valgus, a condition where the big toe drifts toward the smaller toes and the outside of the foot. […] Bunions usually develop slowly. Pressure on the big toe joint causes the big toe to lean toward the second toe. Over time, the normal position of the bone, tendons, and ligaments changes, resulting in the bunion deformity. […] Seventy percent of people who develop bunions have a family history, which suggests there is a large genetic component to developing bunions. This is especially true for adolescent bunions, which are acquired early in life. Most bunions develop in adulthood and may be the result of repetitive micro-trauma, possibly from wearing shoes with a heel lift and narrow toe box.

• #5 Bunions

  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/bunions

  Bunions are most often caused by an inherited faulty mechanical structure of the foot. It is not the bunion itself that is inherited but certain foot types that make a person prone to developing a bunion. […] Although wearing shoes that crowd the toes will not actually cause bunions, it sometimes makes the deformity get progressively worse. Symptoms may therefore appear sooner.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Bunions.aspx

  Bunions result from abnormal foot structure, specifically a deformity in the joint of the big toe called hallux valgus. This leads to changes in the structure of the joint and other areas of the foot. However, the exact cause of the deformation and development of bunions is not clear. […] There appears to be a strong genetic link, suggesting that genetic inheritance of a certain gene may be involved as a causative factor. […] Individuals with a family history of bunions are more likely to develop bunions and a high proportion of people with bunions also have close family members that suffer from the same condition. […] These observations suggest that the inheritance of a genetic mutation may be a significant determining factor for the likelihood of an individual to develop bunions. However, genetic inheritance is not believed to be the sole cause of bunions and some people with bunions are not aware of any family members with the condition. The specific gene mutations and inheritance pattern of bunions is currently unknown.

• #7 Why Your Bunions Keep Coming Back and What You Can Do About It

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-bunions-8711963

  Bunions (hallux valgus) occur when something puts extra pressure on the big toe, pushing it out of its natural alignment and toward the other toes. A bump forms on the outside of the base of the big toe. Bunions are often painful and can limit toe movement. Bunions form gradually, but a flare of bunion pain may occur suddenly. […] The exact causes of bunions are unknown, but possible theories include: Foot stress or a foot injury, Inflammatory condition, Inherited foot type or a congenital (present at birth) anatomical difference. […] Additional risk factors for bunions include the following: Age: Bunions are more common in older adults, and the possibility of developing a bunion may increase. Children rarely get bunions but can occur in children with inflammatory diseases or foot structure problems. Female at birth: The factors that lead to more females than males developing bunions include foot anatomy, genetic influences, and footwear designs that include high heels, narrow-toe boxes, and tight-fitting shoes that force their toes into a cramped position. Flat feet: Flat feet do not cause a normal arch when standing. They pronate (turn in so that most of the weight is on the inside of the foot), and their arch collapses. Walking this way can, over time, cause the big toe to be pushed out of alignment, leading to a bunion.

• #8 Bunion: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/bunion/

  A bunion, known technically as hallux valgus, is a bony bump on the side of the foot at the base of the big toe. […] The causes of bunions are unclear, although scientists suspect that both inherited and lifestyle factors contribute to their development. Studies suggest that congenital and juvenile hallux valgus tend to be related to joint deformities with a genetic cause. […] For bunions that appear in adulthood, inherited factors related to the shape and structure of the foot and the way the foot moves (foot mechanics) likely influence a person’s risk of developing the condition. […] It has long been suggested that wearing ill-fitting shoes are another significant risk factor, specifically shoes that are too tight, shoes with high heels, or shoes with a narrow toe box. […] Other risk factors for bunions include inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis), osteoarthritis, and flat feet (pes planus). Bunions are also a feature of several rare genetic syndromes that affect bone development, including Chitayat syndrome and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.

• #9 What causes bunions on feet: bunion causes and risk factors | Epitact

  https://epitact.co.uk/foot/hallux-valgus/causes-hallux-valgus

  What causes bunions has still not been clearly identified. But we know that some background elements can contribute to the deviation of the big toe. […] A bunion or hallux valgus is a common foot deformity in which the big toe points towards the other toes. Such a deformity can be present since birth or appear later in adulthood. Many factors contribute to its onset, either avoidable or unpreventable, for example: Genetic factors; Anatomical factors (foot shape, muscle imbalance); Pathological factors; Shoes; Gender; Weight; Age. […] There is a family history of hallux valgus in 63% to 90% of cases. Studies show that hallux valgus is a family matter, repeated from one generation to the next. The genetic risk factor for bunions could be an excessive flexibility of the joint (hyperlaxity), or too severe expansions of tendon attachment.

• #10 What Are Bunions? Signs, Causes, & Treatments | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/what-are-bunions-signs-causes-treatments

  A bunion refers to a bony bump at the base of the big toe. The most common form of bunion, hallux valgus, is formed by a change in the alignment of the bones and not from bony growth. […] A bunion develops slowly over years. The bones in the foot shift slowly over time. Certain ligaments stretch out while others tighten. This causes the deformity to occur. […] Shoes that are tight around the toes such as womens heels are a risk factor as they push the great toe into the bunion position. This may be one reason that bunions are more common in women. About 10 percent of cases are in men, however, and there is a hereditary component possibly linked to having looser ligaments. […] Bunions develop gradually over time. Without the right care, like changing your footwear or using orthotics, bunions can get worse over time. As a person gets older and ages or gains weight, our feet spread and that worsens the problems already in place or triggers the development of bunions. […] Less commonly, children or teenagers may develop bunions from the bones growing primarily into the turned position. […] Even less commonly, they can occur after a traumatic injury to the ligaments around the great toe.

• #11 Bunion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunion

  Bunions are commonly associated with a deviated position of the big toe toward the second toe, and the deviation in the angle between the first and second metatarsal bones of the foot. […] The exact cause is unclear. Proposed factors include wearing overly tight shoes, high-heeled shoes, family history, and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Excessive pronation of the foot causes increased pressure on the inside of the big toe that can result in a deformation of the medial capsular structures of the joint, subsequently increasing the risk of developing bunions.

• #12 Overview: Bunions – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513134/

  A bunion is a type of foot deformity: The big toe leans in towards the other toes, and a bump appears on the joint at the base of the big toe. […] The possible causes include weak tendons and ligaments in your foot, together with shoes that are too tight. […] Contrary to popular belief, tight shoes aren’t the main cause: They can increase the risk of bunions and make the problem worse especially shoes with high heels and pointed toes. But some people regularly wear tight shoes and never get bunions. And others nearly always wear comfortable shoes that are wide enough, but develop a bunion anyway. […] Some people are more likely to have bunions because of their genes, perhaps because their tendons and ligaments are weaker. Joint diseases like rheumatoid arthritis can increase the risk too. Other risk factors include a short Achilles’ tendon and short calf muscles. But bunions can also develop as a result of having a splayfoot or flatfoot.

• #13 What’s Bunion? | Best Bunion Surgeons Near Me in Los Angeles

  https://www.bunioninstitute.com/what-is-a-bunion/

  Many patients are genetically predisposed to developing bunions. They may have inherited loose ligaments or flat feet, both of which contribute to bunions. […] A shortened first metatarsal, misshaped or missing foot bones, Mortons toe, flattened arches, or asymmetry of the legs can increase the likelihood of developing bunions. A foot injury could also significantly alter the structure of the foot, which may lead to a bunion. […] The hormone relaxin, which helps to widen a womans pelvis when pregnant, can also loosen the ligaments of the foot, causing bunions. […] Pointed-toe shoes force the toes into an unnatural position. Additionally, high heels can cause tightening in the calf muscles, which shifts load-bearing onto the front of the foot and gradually collapse the arch. Wearing these shoes instead of wider shoes for too many hours each day can accelerate the formation of bunions.

• #14 What’s Bunion? | Best Bunion Surgeons Near Me in Los Angeles

  https://www.bunioninstitute.com/what-is-a-bunion/

  The structural basis of each bunion is what is known as hypermobility of the first metatarsal-cuneiform joint, a joint that is found in the midfoot. […] When there is an imbalance in the normal structures, the bones begin to shift. For any number of reasons, the first metatarsal-cuneiform joint becomes unstable. The ligaments can no longer hold the first metatarsal in place, and so it begins to drift outward and away from the second metatarsal. […] This misalignment forces the base of the big toe outward as well, tilting the tip of the big toe toward the second toe. The metatarsal head forms a bump found on the inside of the foot. […] A bunion is a progressive deformity, developing and continually growing more severe over time. The metatarsal will keep shifting outward, causing symptoms to increase in severity.

• #15 What Causes A Bunion? – Treace

  https://www.lapiplasty.com/resources/what-causes-a-bunion/

  Bunions are more than just a bump; they are actually caused by an unstable joint in the middle of the foot that allows the bone to drift out of alignment. […] Usually characterized by a bony bump near the big toe joint, bunions occur when that joint becomes misaligned. […] Genetics is one of the most common factors that contribute to bunions. […] Foot mechanics, like flat feet and low arches, can change up the distribution of weight and add structural issues, which may lead to imbalances that cause bunions. […] A previous injury can also lead to changes in foot mechanics or joint alignment, contributing to the development of bunions. […] Joint laxity or hypermobility (when joints are more flexible and prone to shifting out of alignment) can also make certain people more susceptible to developing bunions.

• #16 Bunions – OrthoInfo – American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/bunions/

  Bunions may be caused by: Wearing poorly fitting shoes in particular, shoes with a narrow, pointed toe box that forces the toes into an unnatural position. […] Heredity some people inherit feet that are more likely to develop bunions due to their shape and structure. […] Having an inflammatory condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis, or a neuromuscular condition, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or polio.

• #17 The Common Causes of Bunions | Foot & Ankle Institute

  https://www.newenglandfoot.com/the-common-causes-of-bunions-and-how-surgery-can-help/

  According to an estimate, approximately 1 in 3 Americans have bunions – a bony bump that forms outside of the big toe. […] A bunion occurs when some of the bones in the front part of the foot shift out of place, causing the tip of the big toe to be pulled toward the smaller toes and forcing the joint at the base of the big toe to protrude. […] While there can be multiple factors contributing to the development of bunions, some common causes of bunions are: Genetics– Approximately 70% of people who develop bunions have a family history of bunions. Some people also inherit a foot structure that is more likely to develop bunions. […] Wearing Poorly Fitting Shoes – Wearing shoes with narrow pointed-toe boxes, particularly among women, can contribute to the formation of bunions. […] Having an Inflammatory Condition – Some inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, can cause big toe joints to inflame and deform, causing bunions.

• #18 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Bunions.aspx

  The structure of the foot and support to the toe joints is important for the foot to function properly and abnormal foot structure has been linked to increased risk of bunions. […] There are several types of arthritis of the feet that are associated with bunions, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and gout. Each of these involves pain and inflammation in the lining of the peripheral joints and may lead to a deformity in the bone of the joint, thus causing bunions. […] Some neuromuscular conditions such as cerebral palsy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and multiple sclerosis may also increase the risk of bunions. […] Additionally, disorders of the connective tissue such as Marfan syndrome and Downs syndrome can contribute towards the development of bunions. […] Based on this observation, it has been suggested that ill-fitting shoes that are more commonly worn by women, such as those with a pointed toe or high heel, may be a risk factor for the development of bunions. However, it is not clear if this causes the condition or worsens an existing structure abnormality. […] Finally, spending long periods of time standing up has also been linked to worsening of bunion symptoms, although this is not thought to be a primary cause of the condition.

• #19 Hallux Valgus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553092/

  Hallux valgus deformity is typically diagnosable through a physical exam, and imaging is important as it can evaluate whether there is damage to the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. […] The precise etiology is not fully understood but are many proposed theories. HV deformity is most likely a result of multiple contributing factors, including genetics, short first metatarsal, dorsiflexed first metatarsal, flexible or rigid forefoot varus, rigid or flexible pes planovalgus, gastrocnemius equinus, abnormal foot mechanics, and joint hypermobility. […] Interestingly, certain arthritic conditions such as gouty arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and research show that rheumatoid arthritis predisposes patients to HV deformity. […] HV deformity is common in people who wear tight shoes and heels, which is regularly cited as the cause. However, men who wear sensible footwear often have marked HV deformity, while women who wear footwear that significantly compresses their feet have no deformity. This fact has given rise to the thought that footwear exacerbates an underlying bony abnormality rather than acting as the primary cause.

• #20 What Causes Bunions?

  https://www.danieldeanmd.com/blog/what-causes-bunions/?bp=37595

  Individuals with short or tight Achilles tendons or calf muscles may be more prone to developing bunions. […] Certain activities, such as sports or ballet, involve repeated stress on the feet which may contribute to the development of bunions. Thus, repeated foot injuries can affect the alignment of the bones in your foot, causing bunions. […] Bunions are ultimately caused by bone misalignment due to excess pressure put on the joints in your toes.

• #21 What Causes Bunion Pain – Orthopaedics 360

  https://orthopaedics360.com.au/blog/causes-bunion-pain/

  A bunion occurs due to mal alignment of the bones of the great toe, resulting in a prominent bony bump developing on the inside of the foot. This bony bump represents the 1st metatarsal head, and can be the cause of a great degree of pain. […] Bunions may develop as early as your adolescence or teenage years. Bunions themselves do not represent arthritis. Arthritis is the process whereby the cartilage lining of the ends of the bones are damaged. […] Long standing bunion deformities can certainly lead to the development of arthritis within the great toe (1st metatarsophalangeal joint). […] If the great toe is unable to function normally, as may be the case in the setting of a bunion, additional forces are transferred across to the smaller toes of the foot (usually 2nd, 3rd, and 4th). […] One nerve in particular, the dorsomedial branch to the hallux (great toe), can get stretched in the setting of a bunion deformity. […] When bunion deformities get severe, the big toe can drift across to cause irritation of the adjacent 2nd toe. […] As you can see there are many possible causes of bunion pain once the mal-alignment of the big toe occurs.

• #22 What Causes a Tailor’s Bunion: the Root of the Problemplayshopping-cartinstagram

  https://gaithappens.com/what-causes-a-tailors-bunion/

  Engaging in activities with the wrong form that puts excessive stress on the foot’s joints, ligaments, and tendons can contribute to the development of tailor’s bunions. The constant repetitive motion or pressure on the forefoot can lead to inflammation and instability in the metatarsophalangeal joint, gradually causing the joint to deform and form a bunion. […] Activities that involve frequent pressure on the forefoot or repetitive motions can increase the risk of tailor’s bunions. These activities may include ballet dancing, soccer, basketball, running, or any sport or occupation that requires constant weight-bearing or pushing off with the toes. Additionally, jobs that involve standing for long periods, such as retail or hospitality, can also contribute to the development of bunions. […] Tailor’s bunions are primarily caused by external factors such as wearing ill-fitting shoes and engaging in repetitive activities or overuse with poor form that strain the foot’s structure.

• #23 Bunions: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Wisconsin Foot Center

  https://wisconsinfootcenter.com/bunion/

  A bunion (hallux valgus) is a bone deformity that results when the big toe moves out of place, causing enlargement of the metatarsophalangeal joint at its base. […] The big toe bends in toward the second toe as a result of pressure from the way you walk (foot mechanics) or the form of your foot (foot structure). Bunion pain develops gradually over time. Wearing poorly fitting, narrow shoes for lengthy periods of time can make bunion discomfort worse, but they do not cause it. […] Bunions are more common among women and in families with a history of bunions on either side of the family. They also often appear after pregnancy when hormonal changes cause the ligaments to loosen up. […] If you have any of the following traits, you’re more likely to get a bunion: Family history of bunions due to inherited foot structure problems.

• #24 What to Do about Bunions – Harvard Health Publishing – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/what-to-do-about-bunions

  A bunion is a deformity of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at the base of the big toe. A bunion develops when the first metatarsal bone of the foot turns outward and the big toe points inward (toward the other toes), causing the joint to jut out. […] Bunions run in families, because foot type (shape and structure) is hereditary, and some types are more prone to bunions than others. Low arches, flat feet, and loose joints and tendons all increase the risk. […] High heels can exacerbate the problem because they tip the body’s weight forward, forcing the toes into the front of the shoe. […] Women can develop bunions and other foot problems during pregnancy because hormonal changes loosen the ligaments and flatten the feet. Bunions are also associated with arthritis, which damages the cartilage within the joint.

• #25 What causes bunions on feet: bunion causes and risk factors | Epitact

  https://epitact.co.uk/foot/hallux-valgus/causes-hallux-valgus

  It is not clear what causes bunions on feet but it seems that anatomical factors play an important role in the onset of hallux valgus. […] Inappropriate footwear seems to be a major risk factor. […] Doctors don’t know exactly what causes bunions, however, there are some suspected causes related to gender and weight. Indeed, women have an increased likelihood of bunions compared with men. […] Prevalence of bunions increases with age: in 90% of cases, the deformity begins between 40 and 50 years of age.

• #26 What to Do about Bunions – Harvard Health Publishing – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/what-to-do-about-bunions

  A bunion is most likely to develop when susceptible feet are repeatedly squeezed into narrow, pointed-toe footwear. […] The MTP joint helps us bear and distribute weight during a range of activities. A bunion at this critical junction of bones, tendons, and ligaments can seriously impair the foot’s functioning. […] Especially in older women, foot disorders are a major cause of disability and sedentary habits. Older women are more likely to have bunions as they get older, and the more severe their bunions are, the lower their quality of life is.

• #27 Tailor’s Bunion (Bunionette): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/tailors-bunion-bunionette

  A tailors bunion is a bony bump that forms at the base of your pinkie (little) toe where it meets your foot. […] Extra pressure on your pinkie toe or your fifth MTP joint causes tailors bunions. When something puts pressure on your pinkie toe joint for a long time (usually years), that pressure can push your joint out of its natural alignment and toward your other toes. Eventually, a bunionette forms on your fifth MTP joint when your body compensates for your toe being pushed out of place. […] The most common causes of extra pressure on your pinkie toe joint include: Wearing narrow or pointed shoes that crowd your toes (shoes with a narrow toe box). […] Certain groups of people who are more likely to have one include: Women. […] If a tailors bunion isnt treated or corrected, itll continue to get worse over time. The bony growth will get bigger, and its more likely to cause symptoms like pain or swelling.

• #28 Bunions – causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

  https://os.clinic/conditions/foot-ankle/bunions/

  Bunions are more liable to occur if: […] A lump that appears at the base of the little toe, on the fifth metatarsal bone, is known as a Tailors bunion, or bunionette. Its similar to a bunion on the big toe but occurs less frequently. […] The dislocation of the joint at the base of the little toe causes the lump to appear. Because tailors sat cross-legged putting pressure on the outside of their feet, for hours on end, it was a problem they were particularly prone to, hence the name. These days the issue arises from ill-fitting footwear, which pushes the little toe inwards.

• #29 Bunion Pictures: Causes & treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-about-bunions

  Its a bony bump that forms on the joint where your big toe meets your foot — called the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. […] Conditions that make your joints swell and hurt, like rheumatoid arthritis, can lead to bunions. Shoes that dont fit well can, too, especially if they cramp your toes. And some people are just more likely to get them because of the way their feet are shaped. […] Doctors arent sure exactly why girls are more likely to have them, but it may have something to do with changes in footwear around that age. […] If other treatments dont work for you, your doctor might suggest surgery to straighten out your big toe. […] A fluid-filled sac, called a bursa, cushions the bone near the joint on your big toe. When that joint gets bigger because of a bunion, the bursa can get swollen and painful — thats called bursitis. […] Bunions can cause it, and shoes that are too tight or too loose can make it worse. […] A bunion can cause a bend in the middle joint of your second, third, or fourth toe that shouldnt be there.

• #30 What happens when bunions go untreated? – The Bunion Institute

  https://www.bunioninstitute.com/blog/when-bunions-go-untreated/

  Bunions left untreated can cause complications that lead to other conditions. […] Sustained, extensive damage from an untreated bunion may cause the cartilage of the joint in your big toe to deteriorate and become inflamed causing osteoarthritis. […] There are many bunion treatment options to stop bunions from getting worse. […] Foot surgery is the only way to eliminate a bunion permanently.

• #31 Bunions (Hallux Valgus): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/orthopedics/columbia-orthopedics/bunions

  What causes bunions? The exact cause of bunions is not fully understood. It is most likely a result of several factors, including genetics, certain foot structure, shoe wear, how a person walks, and other causes. […] Wearing tight shoes and high heels may worsen foot deformity but are not the only primary cause that leads someone to develop bunions.

• #32 What Causes Bunions? London | Bunion/Hallux Valgus Bedfordshire, Essex

  https://www.thebuniondoctor.com/blog/what-causes-bunions-22989.html

  One of the most common questions from bunion sufferers, and one of the first I am asked in clinic is 'What causes bunions?’ […] This has been a subject of debate for perhaps a century and there is no one definitive cause that has been medically proven. […] There are however, several factors which may have played a role in bunion occurrence, or worsening, which I will take you through below. […] 1 in 4 people have a bunion and for the majority, it is inherited. For me, this is one of the key factors in the likelihood of getting bunions. Studies have shown that 85% of bunion sufferers have a positive family history. […] A much rarer cause of bunions are general inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. […] We do know that bunions occur when the long bone (the metatarsal) that connects to the big toe, deviates inward. The reason the metatarsal moves is related to an instability in a mid-foot joint (which may be inherited), allowing the bone to swing inward.

• #33 Bunions: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bunions

  Bunions are generally thought to be genetic. They occur because of faulty foot structure, which is inherited. Some conditions that contribute to the development of bunions include flat feet, excessively flexible ligaments, and abnormal bone structure. Some experts believe shoes that dont fit properly cause bunions, but others think shoes only worsen an existing structural problem. […] Bunions usually become worse over time. They can be aggravated by tight or too-small shoes that cause your toes to crowd together and put pressure on your big toe, shoes that have high heels or pointy toes these styles force your toes together, standing for long periods of time, and arthritis symptoms in your feet.

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