Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/diarrhea-easy-ppt-for-nurses/140775190

  Diarrhea is a condition defined by an increased frequency of bowel movements (more than three per day), increased amount of stool (more than 200 g per day), and altered consistency (liquid stool). It is usually associated with urgency, perianal discomfort, incontinence, or a combination of these factors. Diarrhea can result from any condition that causes increased intestinal secretions, decreased mucosal absorption, or altered (increased) motility. […] Types of diarrhea include secretory, osmotic, malabsorptive, infectious, and exudative. It can be acute (self-limiting and often associated with infection) or chronic (persists for a long period and may return sporadically). […] Primary medical management is directed at controlling symptoms, preventing complications, and eliminating or treating the underlying disease. Certain medications (eg, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents) and antidiarrheals (eg, loperamide [imodium], diphenoxylate [lomotil]) may reduce the severity of diarrhea and the disease.

• #1 Diarrhea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352241

  Diarrhea loose, watery and possibly more-frequent passage of stool is a common problem. […] Luckily, diarrhea is usually short-lived, lasting no more than a few days. But when diarrhea lasts beyond a few days, it is usually a clue to another problem such as medicine side effects, changes in diet, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or a more serious disorder, including ongoing infection, celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). […] If you’re an adult, see your doctor if: Your diarrhea doesn’t get better or stop after two days. […] In children, particularly young children, diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration. […] Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which can be life-threatening if not treated. […] If you have symptoms of serious dehydration, seek medical help. […] Wash your hands to prevent the spread of infectious diarrhea. […] You can help protect your infant from rotavirus, the most common cause of viral diarrhea in children, with one of two approved vaccines. […] Diarrhea commonly affects people who travel to countries with poor sanitation and contaminated food.

• #1 Nursing Diagnosis for Diarrhea: Understanding Symptoms and Care

  https://nursipedia.com/diarrhea/

  A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community responses to actual or potential health problems or life processes. It provides a framework for nursing interventions aimed at improving patient outcomes. In the context of diarrhea, a nursing diagnosis identifies the condition’s impact on the patient’s health status and guides appropriate nursing care. […] Defining characteristics of diarrhea encompass symptoms that are clinically relevant and indicative of the condition. These characteristics can be observed or reported by the patient, contributing to an accurate diagnosis and the development of a tailored care plan. […] Identifying the related factors that contribute to diarrhea is crucial for effective management. These factors can be physiological, environmental, or associated with patient behavior, and addressing them is essential for treatment success.

• #1 Diarrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4108-diarrhea

  Diarrhea means having a loose, watery stool during a bowel movement. Its common in both children and adults and usually goes away on its own within a few days. If it doesnt improve or if youre experiencing other symptoms like a fever or bloody stool, reach out to a provider to get the treatment (and relief) you need. […] The good news is that diarrhea is usually mild (only a few bathroom trips a day) and goes away within a few days. […] Sometimes, though, diarrhea is a sign of a serious condition. It can cause you to lose too much fluid (dehydration) or prevent you from getting enough nutrients. Its important to know what to look out for so you know when to see a healthcare provider about diarrhea and when to wait it out. […] Severe cases of diarrhea may signal a medical condition, like a serious infection, that wont get better without treatment from a healthcare provider.

• #1 Diarrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4108-diarrhea

  Contact your provider if you have diarrhea with: Fever. Severe pain. Vomiting. Blood or mucus in your stool. Weight loss (this can be a sign that your bodys not absorbing enough nutrients). […] Dehydration is one of the biggest concerns with diarrhea. This is especially true among vulnerable populations (infants, people 65 and older and people with compromised immune systems). Without treatment, dehydration can lead to kidney failure, stroke, heart attack or even death. […] Usually, you can get rid of diarrhea at home. Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines for diarrhea, like bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol or Kaopectate), often help people feel better quickly. Youll need to see a healthcare provider for diarrhea that doesnt improve or that happens alongside symptoms of severe diarrhea. […] Call your childs pediatrician if they have severe diarrhea. Treatments for diarrhea in children are different from treatments for adults. Over-the-counter medications may be dangerous.

• #1 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Within 24 hours of nursing interventions, the patient will consume at least 1,500 to 2,000 mL of clear liquids to maintain good skin turgor and normal weight. […] Within 24 hours of nursing interventions, the patient re-establishes and maintains a normal pattern of bowel functioning. […] A thorough assessment is important to ascertain potential problems that may have led to diarrhea and handle any conflict that may appear during nursing care. […] Assess for abdominal discomfort, pain, cramping, frequency, urgency, loose or liquid stools, and hyperactive bowel sensations. […] Evaluate the pattern of defecation. […] Culture stool. […] Determine tolerance to milk and other dairy products. […] Determine intolerances to food. […] Determine methods of food preparation. […] Review the medications the patient is or has been taking.

• #1 Diarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/diarrhea-easy-ppt-for-nurses/140775190

  Nursing management involves eliciting a complete health history to identify character and pattern of diarrhea, and the following: any related signs and symptoms, current medication therapy, daily dietary patterns and intake, past related medical and surgical history, and recent exposure to an acute illness or travel to another geographic area. […] Administer antidiarrheal drugs as prescribed. Monitor serum electrolyte levels closely. Report evidence of dysrhythmias or change in level of consciousness immediately. Encourage patient to follow a perianal skin care routine to decrease irritation and excoriation.

• #1 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Assess changes in eating habits and behaviors. […] Review osmolality of tube feedings. […] Assess stress levels. […] Assess for fecal impaction. […] Determine hydration status by assessing input and output. […] Assess moisture of mucous membranes. […] Assess skin turgor. […] Assess for other signs of dehydration. […] Assess history for gastrointestinal diseases. […] Assess history for abdominal radiation therapy. […] Use the Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) to grade chemotherapy-related diarrhea. […] Weigh daily and note decreased weight. […] Have the patient keep a diary of their bowel movements. […] Avoid using medications that slow peristalsis. If an infectious process occurs, such as Clostridium difficile infection or food poisoning, medication to slow down peristalsis should generally not be given.

• #1 Diarrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352246

  Your healthcare professional will likely ask about your medical history, review the medicines you take and conduct a physical exam. Your health professional may order tests to determine what’s causing your diarrhea. Possible tests include: […] Most cases of sudden diarrhea clear on their own within a couple of days without treatment. If you’ve tried lifestyle changes and home remedies for diarrhea without success, your healthcare professional might recommend medicines or other treatments. […] Antibiotics or antiparasitic medicines might help treat diarrhea caused by certain bacteria or parasites. Most bacterial causes of diarrhea do not need treatment in most people. If a virus is causing your diarrhea, antibiotics won’t help. […] Your healthcare professional likely will advise you to replace the fluids and salts that you lose when you have diarrhea. For most adults, that means drinking water with electrolytes, juice or broth. If drinking liquids upsets your stomach or causes vomiting, your healthcare professional might give you IV fluids.

• #1 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with diagnosis of diarrhea. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for diarrhea in this guide. […] Diarrhea can be an acute or severe problem. Mild diarrhea cases can recover in a few days. However, severe diarrhea can lead to dehydration or severe nutritional problems. Problems associated with diarrhea include fluid and electrolyte imbalances, impaired nutrition, and altered skin integrity. Additionally, nurses and the healthcare team members must take precautions to prevent transmission of infection associated with some causes of diarrhea. […] After thorough assessment, nursing diagnoses are formulated to address the challenges of diarrhea, guided by the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique condition. While nursing diagnoses help organize care, their use may vary across clinical settings. Ultimately, the nurses expertise and judgment shape the care plan to prioritize each patients needs. Here are examples of nursing diagnoses that may be useful for common concerns associated with diarrhea:

• #1 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/diarrhea-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Diarrhea is an increase in the frequency of bowel movements often characterized by loose stools and urgency. Diarrhea can be acute (lasting only a few days) or chronic (lasting for weeks). Mild cases will resolve on their own while more severe cases may be a sign of a more serious illness such as ulcerative colitis, cancer or an infectious process. Persistent diarrhea warrants further investigation and may also require acute intervention if severe enough to lead to dehydration or electrolyte imbalance. […] Nurses should monitor a patients diarrhea for worsening symptoms and subsequent alterations to nutrition, vital signs, lab values, and skin integrity. Nurses should also educate patients on diet recommendations, medication use, and hydration guidelines to prevent diarrhea. […] The following are the common nursing care planning goals and expected outcomes for diarrhea: Patient will verbalize understanding of foods that contribute to diarrhea. Patient will maintain adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration of at least 1500 mL/day. Patient will report experiencing less than three loose stools per day. Patient will report stools are formed and soft without blood or mucus. Patient will report relief from abdominal pain, gas, or cramping.

• #1 Diarrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448082/

  Diarrhea is a common condition that varies in severity and etiology. […] Treatment also varies, though rehydration therapy is an important aspect of managing any patient with diarrhea. […] Rehydration therapy is an important aspect of managing any patient with diarrhea. […] An important aspect of diarrhea management is replenishing fluid and electrolyte loss. […] Patients should be encouraged to drink diluted fruit juice, Pedialyte, or Gatorade. […] In more severe cases of diarrhea, IV fluid rehydration may become necessary. […] The treatment of chronic diarrhea is specific to its etiology. […] Once categorized, an algorithm can be used to determine the next step in management. […] Education is crucial for prevention and treatment. Proper oral rehydration therapy prevents dehydration. […] Proper handwashing can prevent the spread of infectious diarrhea. […] There are many causes of diarrhea, and the condition is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes nurses and pharmacists.

• #1 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Evaluate the appropriateness of protocols for bowel preparation based on age, weight, condition, disease, and other therapies. […] Provide perianal care after each bowel movement. […] Avoid the use of rectal Foley catheters. […] If diarrhea is associated with cancer or cancer treatment, once the infectious cause of diarrhea is ruled out, provide medications as ordered to stop diarrhea. […] For patients with enteral tube feeding, employ the following interventions: […] If diarrhea is chronic and there is an indication of malnutrition, discuss with the primary care practitioner for a dietary consult and possible use of a hydrolyzed formula to maintain nutrition while the gastrointestinal system heals. […] Encourage the patient to eat small, frequent meals and to consume foods that normally cause constipation and are easy to digest.

• #1 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/diarrhea-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Promote skin integrity. Frequent diarrhea can cause skin breakdown to the perianal area. Educate on proper wiping from front to back and the use of non-irritating cleansers. If the patient is incontinent, provide frequent diaper changes and keep the perineum dry and apply skin barrier ointments. […] Refer to specialists for chronic diarrhea. Chronic diarrhea that lasts longer than four weeks requires further assessment. The patient may need a referral to a gastroenterologist to investigate for a possible inflammatory bowel disease or a cause of malabsorption. Procedures such as a colonoscopy may be needed. Allergists can assist if diarrhea seems to be related to certain foods such as gluten. Dieticians can recommend diet adjustments.

• #1 Patient education: Acute diarrhea in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Antibiotics — Antibiotics are not needed in most cases of acute diarrhea, and they can cause further complications if used inappropriately. […] Preventing spread — Adults with diarrhea should be cautious to avoid spreading infection to family, friends, and co-workers. […] Hand washing — Hand washing is an effective way to prevent the spread of infection. […] DIARRHEA PREVENTION […] Food safety — The following precautions have been recommended for all consumers by the Food Safety and Inspection Services (www.fsis.usda.gov) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Food safety for pregnant women or those with a weakened immune system — The following additional recommendations apply to pregnant women and those who have a weakened immune system: […] WHEN TO SEEK HELP FOR DIARRHEA — If your diarrhea is not severe, you do not always need to be seen by a doctor, especially if the diarrhea begins to improve within 48 hours.

• #1 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Educate patient not to eat only bland foods. […] Educate patient or caregiver about dietary measures to control diarrhea. […] Remind the patient of the importance of diet modification. […] Allow patient to communicate with nurse or caregiver if diarrhea occurs with prescription drugs. […] Educate patient or caregiver on the proper use of antidiarrheal medications as ordered. […] Discuss the importance of fluid replacement during diarrheal episodes. […] Impart to the patient the importance of good perianal hygiene. […] Educate patient and significant other (SO) on preparing food properly and the importance of good food sanitation practices and handwashing. […] Provide tips on how to manage stress. […] Allow the patient to use free time to relax, meditate, read a book, or listen to music. […] Provide emotional support for patients who have trouble controlling unpredictable episodes of diarrhea.

• #1 Travelers Diarrhea (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568732/

  Travelers’ should receive education concerning risk reduction before travel. Learning objectives include avoiding tap water and ice, frequent hand washing, avoiding leafy vegetables or unpeeled fruit, and avoiding street food. […] The foundation of diarrhea management is fluid repletion. In mild cases, travelers should focus on increasing fluid intake. Water is usually sufficient exclusively. However, sports drinks, Pedialyte, and other electrolyte fluids can be substituted. […] Treatment is supportive in mild-moderate cases. In patients without signs of inflammatory diarrhea, loperamide can be used for symptomatic relief. […] Nursing Management includes obtaining a travel history of diarrhea and abdominal discomfort, determining how many episodes of diarrhea the patient is having, assessing vital signs, assessing orthostasis and degree of dehydration, managing nausea, sending stools for culture, encouraging oral fluid intake, and educating the patient on washing foods and the use of clean water.

• #1 Diarrhea Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Further Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-treatment

  In 2003 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) put forth recommendations for the management of acute pediatric diarrhea in both the outpatient and inpatient settings including indication for referral. […] Indications for medical evaluation of children with acute diarrhea include the following: Younger than 3 months, Weight of less than 8 kg, History of premature birth, chronic medical conditions, or concurrent illness, Fever of 38C or higher in infants younger than 3 months or 39C or higher in children aged 3-36 months, Visible blood in the stool, High-output diarrhea, Persistent emesis, Signs of dehydration as reported by caregiver, including sunken eyes, decreased tears, dry mucous membranes, and decreased urine output, Mental status changes, Inadequate responses to oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or caregiver unable to administer ORT.

• #1 Diarrhea in Palliative Care | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/diarrhea-in-palliative-care/

  Diarrhea (FF #96) is a potentially debilitating and embarrassing problem, defined as an abnormal looseness of the stools (increased liquidity or decreased consistency). Patients with uncontrolled diarrhea are at increased risk for dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, skin breakdown, and fatigue. […] In palliative care, the overuse of laxatives, typically seen when the management of constipation is suddenly ‘stepped-up,’ is a common cause. Other causes include partial intestinal obstruction, pancreatic insufficiency, Clostridium difficile infection, and radiation enteritis. […] Evaluation Review diet, medications, laxatives, timing of bowel movements in relation to ingestion of food or liquids, and a description of quantity and quality of stool. […] Ensure adequate hydration; encourage sips of clear liquids; parenteral hydration should be considered for severe dehydration.

• #1 Diarrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352246

  If your healthcare professional determines that an antibiotic caused your diarrhea, you might be given a lower dose or a different medicine. […] If your diarrhea is caused by a more serious condition, such as inflammatory bowel disease, your healthcare professional works to control that condition. You might be referred to a specialist, such as a gastroenterologist, who can help devise a treatment plan for you. […] Diarrhea usually clears up quickly without treatment. To help you cope with your symptoms until the diarrhea goes away, try to do the following: […] Ask about antidiarrheal medicines. Nonprescription antidiarrheal medicines, such as loperamide and bismuth subsalicylate, might help reduce how often you pass watery stool and control severe symptoms. […] While you wait for your appointment, you may ease your symptoms if you: […] Don’t eat foods that can aggravate diarrhea. Stay away from fatty, high-fiber or highly seasoned foods.

• #1 Nursing Diagnosis for Diarrhea: Understanding Symptoms and Care

  https://nursipedia.com/diarrhea/

  Nursing activities encompass essential practices that ensure optimal patient care and management, particularly for those experiencing conditions like diarrhea. […] Understanding the nursing diagnoses related to diarrhea can provide a more tailored approach to patient care. […] When managing patients with diarrhea, health professionals are encouraged to individualize care plans based on the patient’s unique circumstances.

• #2 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/diarrhea-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Diarrhea is an increase in the frequency of bowel movements often characterized by loose stools and urgency. Diarrhea can be acute (lasting only a few days) or chronic (lasting for weeks). Mild cases will resolve on their own while more severe cases may be a sign of a more serious illness such as ulcerative colitis, cancer or an infectious process. Persistent diarrhea warrants further investigation and may also require acute intervention if severe enough to lead to dehydration or electrolyte imbalance. […] Nurses should monitor a patients diarrhea for worsening symptoms and subsequent alterations to nutrition, vital signs, lab values, and skin integrity. Nurses should also educate patients on diet recommendations, medication use, and hydration guidelines to prevent diarrhea. […] The following are the common nursing care planning goals and expected outcomes for diarrhea: Patient will verbalize understanding of foods that contribute to diarrhea. Patient will maintain adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration of at least 1500 mL/day. Patient will report experiencing less than three loose stools per day. Patient will report stools are formed and soft without blood or mucus. Patient will report relief from abdominal pain, gas, or cramping.

• #2 Diarrhoea and vomiting

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diarrhoea-and-vomiting/

  Diarrhoea and vomiting are common in adults, children and babies. They’re often caused by a stomach bug and should stop in a few days. […] Diarrhoea and vomiting can usually be treated at home. The most important thing is to have lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. […] Stay off school or work until you’ve not been sick or had diarrhoea for at least 2 days. […] To help avoid spreading an infection: wash your hands with soap and water frequently. […] Speak to a pharmacist if you or your child (over 5 years) have signs of dehydration, such as dark, smelly pee or peeing less than usual. […] They may recommend oral rehydration powder that you mix with water to make a drink. […] The most common causes of diarrhoea and vomiting are: a stomach bug, food poisoning. […] Diarrhoea can also be caused by: medicines check the leaflet to see if it’s a side effect, a food intolerance or food allergy, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), anxiety, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, diverticular disease, radiation treatment in the pelvic area. […] Vomiting can also be caused by: pregnancy, migraine, motion sickness, inner ear infections, such as labyrinthitis, medicines check the leaflet to see if it’s a side effect, reflux where a baby brings feeds back up („spitting up”), other infections, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI).

• #2 Nursing Diagnosis for Diarrhea: Understanding Symptoms and Care

  https://nnndiagnoses.org/diarrhea/

  Defining characteristics of diarrhea encompass symptoms that are clinically relevant and indicative of the condition. […] Identifying the related factors that contribute to diarrhea is crucial for effective management. […] Understanding the populations at risk for diarrhea is vital for prevention and education efforts. […] Diarrhea can be associated with several underlying conditions that significantly impact patient well-being. […] The Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) outcomes related to diarrhea focus on measurable objectives that indicate an improvement in the patients condition and overall well-being. […] Establishing clear goals is essential for managing diarrhea effectively and ensuring better health outcomes for patients. […] Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) interventions play a crucial role in the management of diarrhea by addressing both the physiological and psychosocial aspects of the condition.

• #2 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Within 24 hours of nursing interventions, the patient will consume at least 1,500 to 2,000 mL of clear liquids to maintain good skin turgor and normal weight. […] Within 24 hours of nursing interventions, the patient re-establishes and maintains a normal pattern of bowel functioning. […] A thorough assessment is important to ascertain potential problems that may have led to diarrhea and handle any conflict that may appear during nursing care. […] Assess for abdominal discomfort, pain, cramping, frequency, urgency, loose or liquid stools, and hyperactive bowel sensations. […] Evaluate the pattern of defecation. […] Culture stool. […] Determine tolerance to milk and other dairy products. […] Determine intolerances to food. […] Determine methods of food preparation. […] Review the medications the patient is or has been taking.

• #2 Diarrhoea – symptoms, causes, self care and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/diarrhoea

  You should try to do the following: Rest at home. Stay off work or school until you have not had a loose bowel motion for 24 hours. Drink clear fluids or oral rehydration solution to replace lost fluids take small sips if you feel sick. […] Check with your pharmacist or doctor if you are thinking of taking over-the-counter anti-diarrhoeal medicines. […] Anti-diarrhoeal medicines should not be used to treat diarrhoea in children. […] Gastroenteritis is the most common cause of diarrhoea. It is highly infectious, and mostly spread by contact with another person who has the illness. […] Diarrhoea may cause dehydration because more fluids are lost than normal. It can also lead to an imbalance in electrolytes (salts and minerals your body needs to function properly.) […] Ongoing diarrhoea can make it difficult for you to absorb nutrients from food and can lead to malnutrition.

• #2 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Assess changes in eating habits and behaviors. […] Review osmolality of tube feedings. […] Assess stress levels. […] Assess for fecal impaction. […] Determine hydration status by assessing input and output. […] Assess moisture of mucous membranes. […] Assess skin turgor. […] Assess for other signs of dehydration. […] Assess history for gastrointestinal diseases. […] Assess history for abdominal radiation therapy. […] Use the Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) to grade chemotherapy-related diarrhea. […] Weigh daily and note decreased weight. […] Have the patient keep a diary of their bowel movements. […] Avoid using medications that slow peristalsis. If an infectious process occurs, such as Clostridium difficile infection or food poisoning, medication to slow down peristalsis should generally not be given.

• #2 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Give antidiarrheal drugs as ordered. […] Provide bulk fiber (e.g., cereal, grains, psyllium) in the diet. […] Provide Natural bulking agents (e.g., rice, apples, matzos, cheese) in the diet. […] Explain the need to avoid stimulants (e.g., caffeine, carbonated beverages, artificial sweeteners). […] Record the number and consistency of stools per day; if desired, use a fecal incontinence collector for accurate measurement of output. […] Evaluate dehydration by observing skin turgor over the sternum and inspecting for longitudinal furrows of the tongue. […] Encourage intake of fluids 1.5 to 2 L/24 hr plus 200 mL for each loose stool in adults unless contraindicated; consider nutritional support. […] Encourage to take oral rehydration solution. […] Monitor and record intake and output; note oliguria and dark, concentrated urine.

• #2 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Diarrhea (this statement usually does not need to have related factors) […] Fluid Volume Deficit related to excessive fluid loss as evidenced by decreased urine output, dry mucous membranes, and orthostatic hypotension. […] Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements related to inadequate nutrient absorption as evidenced by unintentional weight loss and muscle wasting. […] Acute Pain related to abdominal cramping as evidenced by patient reporting sharp abdominal pain and exhibiting guarding behavior. […] Impaired Skin Integrity related to frequent loose stools as evidenced by redness and irritation around the perianal area. […] The following are the common goals and expected outcomes for Diarrhea: […] Within 8 hours of nursing interventions, the patient verbalizes understanding of diarrheas causes and the rationale for treatment.

• #2 Patient education: Acute diarrhea in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Acute diarrhea in adults (Beyond the Basics) […] DIARRHEA HOME CARE […] Drink adequate fluids — If you have mild to moderate diarrhea, you can usually be treated at home by drinking extra fluids. The fluids should contain water, salt, and sugar. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), a specific mixture of glucose and sodium, is the best first-line treatment and is available in over-the-counter commercial preparations. […] Diet — There is no particular food or group of foods that is best to eat while you have diarrhea. However, adequate nutrition is important during an episode of acute diarrhea. […] Antidiarrheal medications — Medications to reduce diarrhea are available, and are safe if there is no fever (temperature greater than 100.4°F or 38°C) and the stools are not bloody.

• #2 Nutrition Tips For Controlling Diarrhea | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/nutrition-tips-for-controlling-diarrhea

  There are several reasons why diarrhea may occur. It may be due to infections, medications or treatments. The degree to which dietary changes help will depend upon the cause and severity of the problem. […] Diarrhea can lead to dehydration associated with loss of minerals. Replace fluid and minerals with liquids such as water, broth, fruit juices, sports beverages and popsicles. […] Potassium is an important element for your body. It may be lost in large quantities through diarrhea. If you don’t have enough potassium, you may feel weak. When you have diarrhea, eat some foods high in potassium, such as ripe bananas, apricot or peach nectar, potatoes, fish and meat. […] Fatty foods such as fried foods, sauces, gravies and salad dressings and highly spiced foods may not be well tolerated. Cutting down on these foods may help control diarrhea.

• #2 Diarrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352246

  If your healthcare professional determines that an antibiotic caused your diarrhea, you might be given a lower dose or a different medicine. […] If your diarrhea is caused by a more serious condition, such as inflammatory bowel disease, your healthcare professional works to control that condition. You might be referred to a specialist, such as a gastroenterologist, who can help devise a treatment plan for you. […] Diarrhea usually clears up quickly without treatment. To help you cope with your symptoms until the diarrhea goes away, try to do the following: […] Ask about antidiarrheal medicines. Nonprescription antidiarrheal medicines, such as loperamide and bismuth subsalicylate, might help reduce how often you pass watery stool and control severe symptoms. […] While you wait for your appointment, you may ease your symptoms if you: […] Don’t eat foods that can aggravate diarrhea. Stay away from fatty, high-fiber or highly seasoned foods.

• #2 Managing Diarrhea | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/diarrhea

  The goal of the BRATT diet is to ease acute (short-term) diarrhea. Acute diarrhea usually lasts 1 or 2 days and goes away on its own. Do not follow the BRATT diet if you have persistent or chronic diarrhea (diarrhea that lasts longer than 2 weeks). […] Youre more likely to become dehydrated when you have diarrhea. This is because diarrhea causes you to lose more fluid from your body than usual. The following things can help prevent dehydration. […] Diarrhea may irritate the area around your anus (the opening where poop leaves your body). It can cause itching, pain, or a rash and make hemorrhoids (swollen veins in your anus) worse. The following things can help prevent irritation. […] Call your healthcare provider if your diarrhea does not get better after you follow the guidelines in this resource.

• #2 Patient education: Acute diarrhea in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  However, if you have one or more of the following signs or symptoms, you should be evaluated by a health care provider: […] SUMMARY […] Acute diarrhea is defined as three or more loose or watery stools per day. […] The most important treatment for diarrhea is to drink fluids that contain water, salt, and sugar, such as oral rehydration solution (ORS). […] Medications to reduce diarrhea are available without a prescription, and are safe if there is no fever (temperature greater than 100.4°F or 38°C) and the stools are not bloody. […] Antibiotics are not needed for most people with diarrhea. […] If you have diarrhea, be careful to avoid spreading the infection to family, friends, and co-workers. You are contagious for as long as diarrhea continues.

• #2 Nursing Diagnosis for Diarrhea: Understanding Symptoms and Care

  https://nursipedia.com/diarrhea/

  Nursing activities encompass essential practices that ensure optimal patient care and management, particularly for those experiencing conditions like diarrhea. […] Understanding the nursing diagnoses related to diarrhea can provide a more tailored approach to patient care. […] When managing patients with diarrhea, health professionals are encouraged to individualize care plans based on the patient’s unique circumstances.

• #2 Travelers’ Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/preparing-international-travelers/travelers-diarrhea.html

  Healthcare professionals should advise on food safety and options for medications to prevent and treat travelers diarrhea. […] Travelers’ diarrhea (TD) is the most predictable travel-related illness. […] TD is a clinical syndrome that can result from a variety of intestinal pathogens. […] Bacteria are the most common cause of TD. […] The primary agent studied for prevention of TD, other than antibiotics, is bismuth subsalicylate (BSS). […] Travelers with aspirin allergy, gout, or renal insufficiency and those taking anticoagulants, methotrexate, or probenecid should not take BSS. […] Fluids and electrolytes are lost during TD, and replenishment is important, especially in young children, older adults, and adults with chronic medical illness. […] Antimotility agents provide symptomatic relief and are useful therapy in TD. […] The effectiveness of a particular standby antimicrobial drug for self-treatment depends on the etiologic agent and its antibiotic sensitivity. […] The main treatment for TD in children is ORS. […] Consider empiric antibiotic therapy for severe watery diarrhea or evidence of systemic infection.

• #2 Diarrhea Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Further Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-treatment

  The report also includes information on assessment of dehydration and what steps should be taken to adequately treat acute diarrhea. […] Treatment of dehydration due to diarrhea includes the following: Minimal or no dehydration, Rehydration therapy – Not applicable, Replacement of losses, Mild-to-moderate dehydration, Rehydration therapy – Oral rehydration solution (50-100 mL/kg over 3-4 h), Severe dehydration, Rehydration therapy – Intravenous lactated Ringer solution or normal saline (20 mL/kg until perfusion and mental status improve), followed by 100 mL/kg oral rehydration solution over 4 hours or 5% dextrose (half normal saline) intravenously at twice maintenance fluid rates. […] ORT is the cornerstone of treatment, especially for small-bowel infections that produce a large volume of watery stool output.

• #2 Diarrhea in Palliative Care | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/diarrhea-in-palliative-care/

  Medications include bulk forming agents, antimicrobials, adsorbents, opioids, and corticosteroids. […] Loperamide (Imodium®), an opioid, reduces peristalsis in the gut, increases water reabsorption, and promotes fecal continence, making it a potent anti-diarrheal agent. […] Note: loperamide should be used with caution if an infectious diarrhea is suspected.

• #2 Chronic Diarrhea: What It Is, Causes & Treatment Options

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24311-chronic-diarrhea

  Chronic diarrhea means having loose stools regularly for more than four weeks. […] Chronic diarrhea is persistent diarrhea that continues for more than four weeks. […] Chronic and frequent diarrhea is an everyday experience for some people, but under normal circumstances, it shouldn’t be. Your colon, where poop is formed, is reacting to something abnormal. […] Some people have chronic bowel diseases that cause chronic diarrhea. These diseases may not be curable, but you can treat the symptoms. Other causes are often curable with the right treatment. […] Many diseases can cause chronic diarrhea, but so can certain foods and medications. […] Many medications can cause chronic diarrhea as a side effect. […] You might need a medical diagnosis and medical treatment to stop it. However, there are some things you can try first: […] If it doesn’t go away with simple diet and medication changes, you need to see a healthcare provider. […] It’s never a bad idea to see a doctor about chronic diarrhea. […] Diarrhea that persists for a month or longer needs to be addressed by a healthcare professional.

• #2 Travelers Diarrhea (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568732/

  The prognosis for most patients with traveler’s diarrhea is excellent. However, thousands of patients go to the emergency departments each year, seeking a magical cure. Rehydration is the key, and admission is reserved for severe dehydration with orthostatic hypotension. […] The key to Traveler’s diarrhea is preventing it. Today, nurses and pharmacists are in the prime position to educate the patient on the importance of hydration and good hygiene.

• #3 Diarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/diarrhea-easy-ppt-for-nurses/140775190

  Diarrhea is a condition defined by an increased frequency of bowel movements (more than three per day), increased amount of stool (more than 200 g per day), and altered consistency (liquid stool). It is usually associated with urgency, perianal discomfort, incontinence, or a combination of these factors. Diarrhea can result from any condition that causes increased intestinal secretions, decreased mucosal absorption, or altered (increased) motility. […] Types of diarrhea include secretory, osmotic, malabsorptive, infectious, and exudative. It can be acute (self-limiting and often associated with infection) or chronic (persists for a long period and may return sporadically). […] Primary medical management is directed at controlling symptoms, preventing complications, and eliminating or treating the underlying disease. Certain medications (eg, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents) and antidiarrheals (eg, loperamide [imodium], diphenoxylate [lomotil]) may reduce the severity of diarrhea and the disease.

• #3 Diarrhea: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634

  Two potentially serious complications of diarrhea are dehydration (in cases of severe and frequent diarrhea) and malabsorption (in cases of chronic diarrhea). […] In most cases, diarrhea isn’t something to be concerned about and will resolve itself without medical treatment. However, it is important to seek medical help when there is persistent vomiting, persistent diarrhea, dehydration, significant weight loss, pus in the stool, blood in the stool, which may turn the stool black if it is coming from higher up in the gastrointestinal tract. […] If a person has diarrhea and it lasts for more than 7 days, they should consult a doctor urgently. […] The following can help prevent diarrhea: drinking clean and safe water only; having good sanitation systems, such as wastewater and sewage; having good hygiene practices, such as regularly washing the hands with soap, especially before preparing food and eating and after using the bathroom; educating oneself on the spread of infection. […] Diarrhea is a common problem with many potential causes. In most cases, a range of home remedies and medical treatments can help. However, a person should see their doctor if they are concerned about diarrhea or other symptoms.

• #3 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Within 24 hours of nursing interventions, the patient will consume at least 1,500 to 2,000 mL of clear liquids to maintain good skin turgor and normal weight. […] Within 24 hours of nursing interventions, the patient re-establishes and maintains a normal pattern of bowel functioning. […] A thorough assessment is important to ascertain potential problems that may have led to diarrhea and handle any conflict that may appear during nursing care. […] Assess for abdominal discomfort, pain, cramping, frequency, urgency, loose or liquid stools, and hyperactive bowel sensations. […] Evaluate the pattern of defecation. […] Culture stool. […] Determine tolerance to milk and other dairy products. […] Determine intolerances to food. […] Determine methods of food preparation. […] Review the medications the patient is or has been taking.

• #3 Nutrition Tips For Controlling Diarrhea | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/nutrition-tips-for-controlling-diarrhea

  Avoid foods or juices that have a laxative effect such as prunes and prune juice. […] If you don’t drink milk regularly, avoid milk when you have diarrhea. […] Use well-cooked, tender meats such as tender cuts of baked, broiled, creamed or roasted beef, lamb, liver and pork as well as chicken, fish, crisp bacon and smooth peanut butter.

• #3 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Give antidiarrheal drugs as ordered. […] Provide bulk fiber (e.g., cereal, grains, psyllium) in the diet. […] Provide Natural bulking agents (e.g., rice, apples, matzos, cheese) in the diet. […] Explain the need to avoid stimulants (e.g., caffeine, carbonated beverages, artificial sweeteners). […] Record the number and consistency of stools per day; if desired, use a fecal incontinence collector for accurate measurement of output. […] Evaluate dehydration by observing skin turgor over the sternum and inspecting for longitudinal furrows of the tongue. […] Encourage intake of fluids 1.5 to 2 L/24 hr plus 200 mL for each loose stool in adults unless contraindicated; consider nutritional support. […] Encourage to take oral rehydration solution. […] Monitor and record intake and output; note oliguria and dark, concentrated urine.

• #3 Nursing Diagnosis for Diarrhea: Understanding Symptoms and Care

  https://nnndiagnoses.org/diarrhea/

  Nursing activities encompass essential practices that ensure optimal patient care and management, particularly for those experiencing conditions like diarrhea. […] Understanding the nursing diagnoses related to diarrhea can provide a more tailored approach to patient care. […] When managing patients with diarrhea, health professionals are encouraged to individualize care plans based on the patient’s unique circumstances. […] Patient education is a cornerstone of effective diarrhea management.

• #3 5 Effective Diarrhea Remedies

  https://www.healthline.com/health/digestive-health/most-effective-diarrhea-remedies

  While it might sound counterintuitive to eat if you have diarrhea, eating certain foods can help alleviate your diarrhea symptoms and ensure your health doesn’t worsen from not eating. […] Fried and greasy foods are usually not well-tolerated in people who have diarrhea. […] The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases recommends contacting a healthcare provider if you have these symptoms: diarrhea lasting more than 2 days, fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, frequent vomiting, six or more loose stools in 24 hours, severe pain in your abdomen or rectum, black, tarry, bloody, or pus-filled stools, symptoms of dehydration.

• #3 Diarrhea Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Further Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-treatment

  At completion of hydration, resumption of feeding is strongly recommended. […] Antimotility agents are not indicated for infectious diarrhea, except for refractory cases of Cryptosporidium infection. […] Therapies recommended for some nonviral diarrheas include the following: Aeromonas species: Use cefixime and most third-generation and fourth-generation cephalosporins, Campylobacter species: Erythromycin shortens illness duration and shedding, C difficile: Discontinue potential causative antibiotics. […] Follow-up care depends on the severity of diarrhea and the child’s age. […] Admit neonates or young infants with moderate dehydration, suspected infection with enterohemorrhagic E coli, or bloody diarrhea. […] ORT is the universally recommended form of treatment, proven to be successful even in children who vomit or have mild-to-moderate dehydration. […] Breastfed infants with acute diarrhea should be continued on breast milk without any need for interruption. […] Vaccines are indicated for persons with high risk of exposure to some pathogens.

• #3 Diarrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448082/

  Diarrhea is a common condition that varies in severity and etiology. […] Treatment also varies, though rehydration therapy is an important aspect of managing any patient with diarrhea. […] Rehydration therapy is an important aspect of managing any patient with diarrhea. […] An important aspect of diarrhea management is replenishing fluid and electrolyte loss. […] Patients should be encouraged to drink diluted fruit juice, Pedialyte, or Gatorade. […] In more severe cases of diarrhea, IV fluid rehydration may become necessary. […] The treatment of chronic diarrhea is specific to its etiology. […] Once categorized, an algorithm can be used to determine the next step in management. […] Education is crucial for prevention and treatment. Proper oral rehydration therapy prevents dehydration. […] Proper handwashing can prevent the spread of infectious diarrhea. […] There are many causes of diarrhea, and the condition is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes nurses and pharmacists.

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