Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Amnesia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21455-amnesia

  Amnesia is when you have significant memory loss. […] Amnesia is when you have serious memory loss. It can be a symptom of other conditions or happen by itself. […] Amnesia comes from ancient Greek and means, forgetfulness. […] Amnesia can happen for many reasons. The causes fall broadly into two main categories: neurological causes and psychological causes. […] A healthcare provider can usually diagnose amnesia by talking to you and asking questions about yourself, your life, current events and your symptoms. […] Several tests can contribute to diagnosing a condition that causes amnesia or rule out other conditions that might cause it. […] Theres no direct treatment or medication that can cure amnesia. […] When it happens because of a treatable condition, treating that condition is the best way to reverse it.

• #2 Amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia

  Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases, but it can also be temporarily caused by the use of various sedative and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that is caused. […] There are two main types of amnesia: Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some cases, the memory loss can extend back decades, while in other cases, people may lose only a few months of memory. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store. People with anterograde amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. […] Case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe. In addition, specific areas of the hippocampus (the CA1 region) are involved with memory.

• #3 2025 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code R41.3: Other amnesia

  https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/R00-R99/R40-R46/R41-/R41.3

  R41.3 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. […] Amnesia NOS […] Memory loss NOS […] A disorder characterized by systematic and extensive loss of memory. […] Partial or complete loss of memory caused by organic or psychological factors. The loss may be temporary or permanent, and may involve old or recent memories. […] Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (amnesia, retrograde) or to form new memories (amnesia, anterograde). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the diencephalon or hippocampus. […] Systematic and extensive loss of memory caused by organic or psychological factors. The loss may be temporary or permanent, and may involve old or recent memories.

• #4 Amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia

  Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases, but it can also be temporarily caused by the use of various sedative and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that is caused. […] There are two main types of amnesia: Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some cases, the memory loss can extend back decades, while in other cases, people may lose only a few months of memory. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store. People with anterograde amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. […] Case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe. In addition, specific areas of the hippocampus (the CA1 region) are involved with memory.

• #5 Amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia

  Research has also shown that when areas of the diencephalon are damaged, amnesia can occur. […] Anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories due to brain damage, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. The brain damage can be caused by the effects of long-term alcoholism, severe malnutrition, stroke, head trauma, encephalitis, surgery, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, cerebrovascular events, anoxia or other trauma. […] Anterograde amnesia cannot be treated with pharmacological methods due to neuronal loss. […] Retrograde amnesia is inability to recall memories before onset of amnesia. One may be able to encode new memories after the incident. Retrograde is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain besides the hippocampus. […] Post-traumatic amnesia is generally due to a head injury.

• #6 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  A comprehensive evaluation is needed to diagnose amnesia. It can rule out other possible causes of memory loss such as Alzheimer’s disease, other forms of dementia, depression or a brain tumor. […] The evaluation starts with a detailed medical history. Because the person with memory loss may not be able to provide thorough information, a family member, friend or another caregiver usually provides information. […] Your health care provider may ask you several questions to help understand the memory loss. Issues that might be addressed include: The type of memory loss and whether it’s recent or long term. When the memory problems started and how they progressed. Factors that triggered memory problems, such as a head injury, stroke or surgery. Family history, especially of neurological disease. Drug and alcohol use. Other symptoms such as confusion, language problems, personality changes or not being able to perform self care. History of seizures, headaches, depression or cancer.

• #7 Amnesia Vs Dementia (Differences & Similarities In Memory Loss)

  https://optoceutics.com/amnesia-vs-dementia-memory-loss-differences/?srsltid=AfmBOorU1lBAUTil3_-uBOYipBujVujhjPP4Aam3HIWU1V8LqLmO5UDR

  Amnesia and dementia both involve memory loss, but they are distinct conditions with different causes, symptoms, and progressions. While amnesia typically refers to a sudden loss of memory, dementia is a broader term encompassing a decline in various cognitive functions, including memory. Understanding the key differences between amnesia and dementia is crucial for diagnosis, treatment, and support. This guide delves into the nuances of each condition, highlighting their unique characteristics and shared features. […] […] 1. Amnesia and dementia are distinct conditions with different causes, symptoms, and progression, though both involve memory loss. 2. While dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting various cognitive functions, amnesia is typically a sudden and often temporary loss of memory. 3. Memory loss can occur without dementia, as it can be caused by factors like stress, medication side effects, or other medical conditions. […]

• #8 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  A comprehensive evaluation is needed to diagnose amnesia. It can rule out other possible causes of memory loss such as Alzheimer’s disease, other forms of dementia, depression or a brain tumor. […] The evaluation starts with a detailed medical history. Because the person with memory loss may not be able to provide thorough information, a family member, friend or another caregiver usually provides information. […] Your health care provider may ask you several questions to help understand the memory loss. Issues that might be addressed include: The type of memory loss and whether it’s recent or long term. When the memory problems started and how they progressed. Factors that triggered memory problems, such as a head injury, stroke or surgery. Family history, especially of neurological disease. Drug and alcohol use. Other symptoms such as confusion, language problems, personality changes or not being able to perform self care. History of seizures, headaches, depression or cancer.

• #9 Amnesia: Types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9673

  Amnesia is when a person can no longer recall information stored in their memory. […] Amnesia refers to a large-scale loss of long-term memory due to illness, brain injury, or psychological trauma. […] A doctor will need to rule out other possible types of memory loss, including those caused by dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, depression, or a brain tumor. […] The memory assessment will help determine the extent of memory loss. This will help find the best treatment. […] A person should speak with a doctor to determine the reason for their memory loss. The sooner they start treatment, the more successful it is likely to be. […] A person should speak with a doctor to determine the cause of any unexplained memory loss. A doctor can recommend the best treatment for retrieving memories, such as psychotherapy or hypnosis. There are currently no medications for treating amnesia.

• #10 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  A comprehensive evaluation is needed to diagnose amnesia. It can rule out other possible causes of memory loss such as Alzheimer’s disease, other forms of dementia, depression or a brain tumor. […] The evaluation starts with a detailed medical history. Because the person with memory loss may not be able to provide thorough information, a family member, friend or another caregiver usually provides information. […] Your health care provider may ask you several questions to help understand the memory loss. Issues that might be addressed include: The type of memory loss and whether it’s recent or long term. When the memory problems started and how they progressed. Factors that triggered memory problems, such as a head injury, stroke or surgery. Family history, especially of neurological disease. Drug and alcohol use. Other symptoms such as confusion, language problems, personality changes or not being able to perform self care. History of seizures, headaches, depression or cancer.

• #11 Amnesia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/diseases-conditions/amnesia

  Amnesia is a serious condition that involves significant memory loss. It goes beyond simple forgetfulness, such as misplacing keys or forgetting to run an errand. People with amnesia (loss of memory) struggle to remember important events or details from their lives. […] The diagnostic journey typically involves several steps and tests, such as: […] Medical History and Interview: The process begins with a detailed medical history. Since individuals with memory loss may be unable to provide complete information, doctors often rely on family members, friends, or caregivers for additional details. […] Physical and Neurological Examination: The doctor performs a physical exam, which includes a neurological assessment to check reflexes, sensory function, and balance. These tests help identify any physical signs that might point to the cause of the amnesia.

• #12 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  A comprehensive evaluation is needed to diagnose amnesia. It can rule out other possible causes of memory loss such as Alzheimer’s disease, other forms of dementia, depression or a brain tumor. […] The evaluation starts with a detailed medical history. Because the person with memory loss may not be able to provide thorough information, a family member, friend or another caregiver usually provides information. […] Your health care provider may ask you several questions to help understand the memory loss. Issues that might be addressed include: The type of memory loss and whether it’s recent or long term. When the memory problems started and how they progressed. Factors that triggered memory problems, such as a head injury, stroke or surgery. Family history, especially of neurological disease. Drug and alcohol use. Other symptoms such as confusion, language problems, personality changes or not being able to perform self care. History of seizures, headaches, depression or cancer.

• #13 Transient global amnesia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378535

  To determine the extent of memory loss, the doctor may check your loved one’s knowledge of general information such as the name of the current president and assess his or her ability to recall a random list of words. […] The doctor may ask you: When did the person’s memory loss begin? Did the memory loss come on gradually or suddenly? Has anything like this ever happened before? What happened just before the memory loss? Did they experience an accident that may have injured their head? Have they recently experienced significant stress, conflict or loss? Have they had a seizure since symptoms began? Have they been diagnosed with any other medical conditions? Do they have a history of migraines? Have they recently undergone any medical procedures or surgery? What medications are they taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, herbs and supplements?

• #14 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  The physical exam may include a neurological exam to check reflexes, sensory function and balance. […] The exam typically includes tests related to thinking, judgment, and recent and long-term memory. You’ll be asked about your knowledge of general information such as the name of the current president as well as personal information and past events. You may be asked to repeat a list of words. […] The memory evaluation can help determine the extent of memory loss and provide insights about what kind of help you may need. […] Your health care provider also may order: Imaging tests including an MRI and CT scan to check for brain damage or changes such as shrinkage. Blood tests to check for infection, nutritional deficiencies or other issues. An electroencephalogram (EEG) to check for the presence of seizure activity.

• #15 Amnesia | UK Healthcare

  https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/kentucky-neuroscience-institute/conditions/memory-cognitive-disorders/amnesia

  Amnesia is memory loss caused by a traumatic event, substance abuse, illness or other events. Depending on the type of amnesia, the memory loss can cause you to forget events in the past or be unable to make new memories. […] Diagnosis: Medical history and symptom review. A review of your medical history and symptoms helps the physician determine what may have caused the episode of amnesia. […] Memory tests. If amnesia is suspected, a variety of cognitive tests will be performed to test short- and long-term memory. Additional tests may be performed to test other brain functions and determine what areas of the brain may have been affected. […] Physical exam. Reflexes, balance and sensory function are usually evaluated. […] Imaging tests. X-rays, MRIs and CT scans are often needed to provide the physician with a better look at the brain structures.

• #16 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  The physical exam may include a neurological exam to check reflexes, sensory function and balance. […] The exam typically includes tests related to thinking, judgment, and recent and long-term memory. You’ll be asked about your knowledge of general information such as the name of the current president as well as personal information and past events. You may be asked to repeat a list of words. […] The memory evaluation can help determine the extent of memory loss and provide insights about what kind of help you may need. […] Your health care provider also may order: Imaging tests including an MRI and CT scan to check for brain damage or changes such as shrinkage. Blood tests to check for infection, nutritional deficiencies or other issues. An electroencephalogram (EEG) to check for the presence of seizure activity.

• #17 Amnesias – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/amnesias

  Amnesia is partial or total inability to recall past experiences or inability to store new memories after the causative event. […] Diagnosis is clinical but often includes neuropsychologic testing and brain imaging (eg, CT, MRI). […] Simple bedside tests (eg, 3-item recall, location of objects previously hidden in the room) and formal neuropsychologic tests (eg, word list learning tests such as the California Verbal Learning Test and the Buschke Selective Reminding Test) can help identify verbal memory loss. […] Clinical findings usually suggest causes and any necessary tests. […] Diagnose amnesia clinically using bedside tests (eg, 3-item recall) or formal tests (eg, word list learning tests).

• #18 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  The physical exam may include a neurological exam to check reflexes, sensory function and balance. […] The exam typically includes tests related to thinking, judgment, and recent and long-term memory. You’ll be asked about your knowledge of general information such as the name of the current president as well as personal information and past events. You may be asked to repeat a list of words. […] The memory evaluation can help determine the extent of memory loss and provide insights about what kind of help you may need. […] Your health care provider also may order: Imaging tests including an MRI and CT scan to check for brain damage or changes such as shrinkage. Blood tests to check for infection, nutritional deficiencies or other issues. An electroencephalogram (EEG) to check for the presence of seizure activity.

• #19 Amnesias – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/amnesias

  Amnesia is partial or total inability to recall past experiences or inability to store new memories after the causative event. […] Diagnosis is clinical but often includes neuropsychologic testing and brain imaging (eg, CT, MRI). […] Simple bedside tests (eg, 3-item recall, location of objects previously hidden in the room) and formal neuropsychologic tests (eg, word list learning tests such as the California Verbal Learning Test and the Buschke Selective Reminding Test) can help identify verbal memory loss. […] Clinical findings usually suggest causes and any necessary tests. […] Diagnose amnesia clinically using bedside tests (eg, 3-item recall) or formal tests (eg, word list learning tests).

• #20 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-amnesia.aspx

  Amnesia, or memory loss, can be transient or chronic (long-term). […] Assessment and diagnosis of amnesic states usually involve a detailed look at medical and mental health history of the patient. […] The most important method of diagnosis includes psychometric tests or cognitive tests. […] There are numerous tools that are can be used to diagnose amnesia. […] The most used tool is the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). […] In addition to a clinical evaluation of amnesia, metabolic tests and imaging may also be used to diagnose the cause of the amnesia. […] A CT scan or MRI scan of the brain is often prescribed in addition to other tests. […] Other tests for amnesia may also include cerebral angiography, and cardiovascular tests. […] If a brain infection is suspected, in addition to any other brain pathology, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be extracted by a lumbar puncture (small needle in the spine), to assess the levels of various compounds circulating in the brain.

• #21 Amnesias – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/amnesias

  Amnesia is partial or total inability to recall past experiences or inability to store new memories after the causative event. […] Diagnosis is clinical but often includes neuropsychologic testing and brain imaging (eg, CT, MRI). […] Simple bedside tests (eg, 3-item recall, location of objects previously hidden in the room) and formal neuropsychologic tests (eg, word list learning tests such as the California Verbal Learning Test and the Buschke Selective Reminding Test) can help identify verbal memory loss. […] Clinical findings usually suggest causes and any necessary tests. […] Diagnose amnesia clinically using bedside tests (eg, 3-item recall) or formal tests (eg, word list learning tests).

• #22 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  The physical exam may include a neurological exam to check reflexes, sensory function and balance. […] The exam typically includes tests related to thinking, judgment, and recent and long-term memory. You’ll be asked about your knowledge of general information such as the name of the current president as well as personal information and past events. You may be asked to repeat a list of words. […] The memory evaluation can help determine the extent of memory loss and provide insights about what kind of help you may need. […] Your health care provider also may order: Imaging tests including an MRI and CT scan to check for brain damage or changes such as shrinkage. Blood tests to check for infection, nutritional deficiencies or other issues. An electroencephalogram (EEG) to check for the presence of seizure activity.

• #23 Amnesia | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/amnesia

  Amnesia is a general term describing memory loss. […] Diagnosis of amnesia involves a range of tests, including: medical history, general examination, tests for short and long term memory recall, other tests related to thought processing, head x-ray, blood tests, computed tomography (CT) scan, cerebral angiography (scans taken after a special dye is injected).

• #24 Amnesia: Symptoms, Types, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/neurological-health/amnesia

  Amnesia refers to memory loss. […] Amnesia can be diagnosed by a doctor or neurologist. Theyll start by asking questions about your memory loss as well as other symptoms you may have. […] The doctor may also use cognitive tests to check your memory or order other diagnostic tests. […] For example, they may use an MRI or a CT scan to check for signs of brain damage. […] They may use blood tests to check for nutritional deficiencies that could affect cognitive function, such as insufficient levels of vitamin B1, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), or vitamin D. […] Blood tests can also indicate infections that can cause memory loss, such as Lyme disease, HIV, or syphilis.

• #25 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Although magnetic resonance imaging is not required to make the diagnosis of TGA, in the first 24 hours of symptom onset, there have been documented transient abnormalities on diffusion-weighted imaging appearing as bright punctate lesions in the hippocampus, and 93% of patients will demonstrate hippocampal lesions within 12 to 24 hours of amnesia onset. […] If the presentation is clear and the diagnosis is not in question, no specific intervention is necessary other than reassurance. […] Most patients presenting with TGA will recover within six hours and do not require imaging if they fit the diagnostic criteria. […] The prognosis of TGA is uniformly good. Population-based studies do not demonstrate an increased risk of cerebrovascular accident after an episode of TGA.

• #26 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] Diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical, and neither advanced imaging nor treatment is required. […] The diagnosis of transient global amnesia is mainly clinical. […] Clinical diagnosis is mainly based on history and examination; neuroimaging and EEG results are generally normal during the acute phase. […] The most important study is brain imaging with MRI. […] Patients typically present with a sudden onset of memory loss lasting several hours, featuring retrograde and pronounced anterograde amnesia. […] Further evaluation is generally unnecessary when a patient presents to the emergency department with typical clinical features of transient global amnesia.

• #27 Amnesia: Symptoms, Types, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/neurological-health/amnesia

  Amnesia refers to memory loss. […] Amnesia can be diagnosed by a doctor or neurologist. Theyll start by asking questions about your memory loss as well as other symptoms you may have. […] The doctor may also use cognitive tests to check your memory or order other diagnostic tests. […] For example, they may use an MRI or a CT scan to check for signs of brain damage. […] They may use blood tests to check for nutritional deficiencies that could affect cognitive function, such as insufficient levels of vitamin B1, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), or vitamin D. […] Blood tests can also indicate infections that can cause memory loss, such as Lyme disease, HIV, or syphilis.

• #28 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] The diagnosis is primarily clinical, but recent studies suggest that magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful. […] Research suggests that the diagnosis is missed 90% of the time at initial presentation, often resulting in extensive and perhaps unnecessary evaluations. […] The diagnostic criteria require that the episode be witnessed by reliable people present for most of the episode, with no reported seizure activity or recent head trauma in the patient as well as all other criteria in Table 1. […] Although TGA is diagnosed clinically, a thorough history and physical examination must be completed, and a complete blood count with differential and a complete metabolic panel, including liver function tests, C-reactive protein, ammonia level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urine toxicology, serum ethanol level, and thyroid-stimulating hormone, should be considered to exclude other etiologies.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-amnesia.aspx

  Amnesia, or memory loss, can be transient or chronic (long-term). […] Assessment and diagnosis of amnesic states usually involve a detailed look at medical and mental health history of the patient. […] The most important method of diagnosis includes psychometric tests or cognitive tests. […] There are numerous tools that are can be used to diagnose amnesia. […] The most used tool is the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). […] In addition to a clinical evaluation of amnesia, metabolic tests and imaging may also be used to diagnose the cause of the amnesia. […] A CT scan or MRI scan of the brain is often prescribed in addition to other tests. […] Other tests for amnesia may also include cerebral angiography, and cardiovascular tests. […] If a brain infection is suspected, in addition to any other brain pathology, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be extracted by a lumbar puncture (small needle in the spine), to assess the levels of various compounds circulating in the brain.

• #30 Amnesia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/diseases-conditions/amnesia

  Cognitive Tests: The evaluation typically includes tests related to thinking, judgement, and memory. The individual may be asked to: […] Diagnostic Tests and Imaging: Several diagnostic tests and imaging scans contribute to the diagnosis: […] MRI and CT scans to help identify brain damage or changes […] Blood tests to detect infections, nutritional deficiencies, or other issues […] Electroencephalogram (EEG) to detect seizure activity […] Neuropsychological assessment for a detailed evaluation of cognitive functions […] Spinal tap (lumbar puncture) to examine cerebrospinal fluid for possible causes.

• #31 Transient global amnesia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378535

  To diagnose transient global amnesia, your health care provider must first rule out more-serious conditions. This can include stroke, seizure or head injury, for example. These conditions can cause the same type of memory loss. […] The next step is testing to look for abnormalities in the brain’s electrical activity and blood flow. Your health care provider might order one or a combination of these tests: […] An electroencephalogram (EEG) records the brain’s electrical activity via electrodes attached to the scalp. People with epilepsy often have changes in their brain waves, even when they’re not having a seizure. This test is usually ordered if you’ve had more than one episode of transient global amnesia or if your doctor suspects that you’re having seizures. […] The doctor is likely to ask both you and the person experiencing amnesia a number of questions about symptoms and about the period leading up to the memory loss.

• #32 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  The physical exam may include a neurological exam to check reflexes, sensory function and balance. […] The exam typically includes tests related to thinking, judgment, and recent and long-term memory. You’ll be asked about your knowledge of general information such as the name of the current president as well as personal information and past events. You may be asked to repeat a list of words. […] The memory evaluation can help determine the extent of memory loss and provide insights about what kind of help you may need. […] Your health care provider also may order: Imaging tests including an MRI and CT scan to check for brain damage or changes such as shrinkage. Blood tests to check for infection, nutritional deficiencies or other issues. An electroencephalogram (EEG) to check for the presence of seizure activity.

• #33 Transient global amnesia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-global-amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378535

  To diagnose transient global amnesia, your health care provider must first rule out more-serious conditions. This can include stroke, seizure or head injury, for example. These conditions can cause the same type of memory loss. […] The next step is testing to look for abnormalities in the brain’s electrical activity and blood flow. Your health care provider might order one or a combination of these tests: […] An electroencephalogram (EEG) records the brain’s electrical activity via electrodes attached to the scalp. People with epilepsy often have changes in their brain waves, even when they’re not having a seizure. This test is usually ordered if you’ve had more than one episode of transient global amnesia or if your doctor suspects that you’re having seizures. […] The doctor is likely to ask both you and the person experiencing amnesia a number of questions about symptoms and about the period leading up to the memory loss.

• #34 Amnesia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21455-amnesia

  Amnesia is when you have significant memory loss. […] Amnesia is when you have serious memory loss. It can be a symptom of other conditions or happen by itself. […] Amnesia comes from ancient Greek and means, forgetfulness. […] Amnesia can happen for many reasons. The causes fall broadly into two main categories: neurological causes and psychological causes. […] A healthcare provider can usually diagnose amnesia by talking to you and asking questions about yourself, your life, current events and your symptoms. […] Several tests can contribute to diagnosing a condition that causes amnesia or rule out other conditions that might cause it. […] Theres no direct treatment or medication that can cure amnesia. […] When it happens because of a treatable condition, treating that condition is the best way to reverse it.

• #35 Evaluation of memory deficit – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/710

  Memory function is dependent on several mental or cognitive abilities using several brain systems. […] When evaluating a patient with a concern of memory loss, the following questions should be considered: Does the patient truly have memory loss or is there another cognitive problem causing the memory disorder? […] What is the localization within the brain of the memory problem? […] What is the temporal profile for the memory loss: acute (seconds/minutes/hours), subacute (days/weeks), or chronic (many months to years)? […] What etiologies could be responsible for the memory disorder? […] Memory dysfunction can affect episodic, working, semantic, or procedural memory. […] The temporal profile of memory loss is an essential part of the history that can rapidly refine the differential diagnosis. […] Neurodegenerative, neurologic, inflammatory, infectious, traumatic, endocrine, vascular, neoplastic, and metabolic conditions may all cause memory loss.

• #36 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  A comprehensive evaluation is needed to diagnose amnesia. It can rule out other possible causes of memory loss such as Alzheimer’s disease, other forms of dementia, depression or a brain tumor. […] The evaluation starts with a detailed medical history. Because the person with memory loss may not be able to provide thorough information, a family member, friend or another caregiver usually provides information. […] Your health care provider may ask you several questions to help understand the memory loss. Issues that might be addressed include: The type of memory loss and whether it’s recent or long term. When the memory problems started and how they progressed. Factors that triggered memory problems, such as a head injury, stroke or surgery. Family history, especially of neurological disease. Drug and alcohol use. Other symptoms such as confusion, language problems, personality changes or not being able to perform self care. History of seizures, headaches, depression or cancer.

• #37 10 Early Signs and Symptoms of Alzheimer’s & Dementia | alz.org

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/10_signs

  Memory loss that disrupts daily life may be a symptom of Alzheimer’s or other dementia. […] Alzheimer’s is a brain disease that causes a slow decline in memory, thinking and reasoning skills. […] If you notice any of them, don’t ignore them. Schedule an appointment with your doctor. […] How is Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosed? […] If you notice one or more signs in yourself or another person, it can be difficult to know what to do. […] However, these are significant health concerns that should be evaluated by a doctor, and its important to take action to figure out whats going on. […] If you notice any of the 10 Warning Signs of Alzheimer’s in yourself or someone you know, don’t ignore them. Schedule an appointment with your doctor. […] With early detection, you can explore treatments that may provide some relief of symptoms and help you maintain a level of independence longer.

• #38 Memory Loss? Free 3-Min Quiz Identifies Causes | Ubie

  https://ubiehealth.com/symptoms/forgetfulness

  Memory loss from high blood pressure may improve with proper care and treatment, but it might not completely go away. […] Yes, PTSD can lead to problems with memory. Research shows that people with PTSD may have difficulty remembering important details and events, both from the trauma and from everyday life. […] Memory loss after a seizure can improve in some people with time and proper treatment. […] Memory loss from antidepressants is usually not permanent. Many people find that any memory issues improve after the medication is stopped or the dose is changed. […] Memory loss may be related to these serious diseases: Chronic Subdural Hematoma. […] Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. The brain shrinks, affecting memory and behavior. Symptoms worsen over time and can interfere with daily life.

• #39 Amnesia Vs Dementia (Differences & Similarities In Memory Loss)

  https://optoceutics.com/amnesia-vs-dementia-memory-loss-differences/?srsltid=AfmBOorU1lBAUTil3_-uBOYipBujVujhjPP4Aam3HIWU1V8LqLmO5UDR

  Memory loss affects a person with dementia by disrupting their daily activities or routine. For instance, they may have issues recalling events, thus leading to: Issues taking their medication, bathing or dressing up. […] […] The symptoms of Alzheimer’s and amnesia are: Alzheimer’s Disease is the slow decline of one’s cognitive function, noticeable personality changes, issues in making decisions and solving problems, being unable to understand written or spoken language or even issues with spatial and visual skills that cause them to get lost. […] […] Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is not the same as amnesia. Though both conditions showcase a decline in cognition, they are different in terms of progression, symptoms, and diagnosis. […] […] Alzheimer’s is not a type of amnesia, and though both conditions involve memory loss, they are different in their symptoms, effects, and causes. […]

• #40 Determining a Diagnosis | Memory and Aging Center

  https://memory.ucsf.edu/diagnosis

  In all cases of rapidly progressive dementia, a CSF examination should be performed. […] Lumbar punctures are also vital to our research efforts at the Memory and Aging Center. […] The risk of infection from a lumbar puncture is very low, even less than from a standard blood draw. […] The most common side effect after the procedure is a minor headache within the first 24 hours. […] The confusion, apathy and forgetfulness associated with depression are sometimes mistaken for dementia, particularly in older individuals. […] Meningitis and encephalitis, which are infections of the brain or the membrane that covers it, can cause confusion, memory loss or sudden dementia.

• #41 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=2862

  Diagnosing memory problems can be puzzling. […] Memory problems, however, may be a sign of a more serious diagnosis, such as Alzheimer disease or dementia. […] Your loved ones healthcare provider will do a complete physical exam. […] If needed, brain imaging will be done. […] A memory problem may be caused by: Medicine reaction, Depression, Thyroid problem, Dehydration, Vitamin deficiency, Infection, Stroke, Metabolic disorders, Dementia.

• #42 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=2862

  Diagnosing memory problems can be puzzling. […] Memory problems, however, may be a sign of a more serious diagnosis, such as Alzheimer disease or dementia. […] Your loved ones healthcare provider will do a complete physical exam. […] If needed, brain imaging will be done. […] A memory problem may be caused by: Medicine reaction, Depression, Thyroid problem, Dehydration, Vitamin deficiency, Infection, Stroke, Metabolic disorders, Dementia.

• #43 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=2862

  Diagnosing memory problems can be puzzling. […] Memory problems, however, may be a sign of a more serious diagnosis, such as Alzheimer disease or dementia. […] Your loved ones healthcare provider will do a complete physical exam. […] If needed, brain imaging will be done. […] A memory problem may be caused by: Medicine reaction, Depression, Thyroid problem, Dehydration, Vitamin deficiency, Infection, Stroke, Metabolic disorders, Dementia.

• #44 Determining a Diagnosis | Memory and Aging Center

  https://memory.ucsf.edu/diagnosis

  In all cases of rapidly progressive dementia, a CSF examination should be performed. […] Lumbar punctures are also vital to our research efforts at the Memory and Aging Center. […] The risk of infection from a lumbar puncture is very low, even less than from a standard blood draw. […] The most common side effect after the procedure is a minor headache within the first 24 hours. […] The confusion, apathy and forgetfulness associated with depression are sometimes mistaken for dementia, particularly in older individuals. […] Meningitis and encephalitis, which are infections of the brain or the membrane that covers it, can cause confusion, memory loss or sudden dementia.

• #45 Sudden Memory Loss: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/sudden-memory-loss

  A stroke can cause short-term or long-term memory loss. […] Damage to the brain from a tumor or its treatments can affect memory. […] Problems with short-term memory can be a sign that you have an unruptured brain aneurysm. […] Another source of sudden memory loss is TGA. […] If you’re noticing some of these signs, see your doctor. They will ask questions about your symptoms and do tests to find out what’s behind the problem. Many causes of sudden memory loss can be treated. […] Treatment depends on the cause of memory loss, but in most cases, the problem will go away after you find out the reason for it. […] If it’s a sudden memory loss, it should eventually get better. […] Yes, it is. If a loved one has sudden memory loss, call 911 or go with them to the hospital.

• #46 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=1&contentid=2862

  Diagnosing memory problems can be puzzling. […] Memory problems, however, may be a sign of a more serious diagnosis, such as Alzheimer disease or dementia. […] Your loved ones healthcare provider will do a complete physical exam. […] If needed, brain imaging will be done. […] A memory problem may be caused by: Medicine reaction, Depression, Thyroid problem, Dehydration, Vitamin deficiency, Infection, Stroke, Metabolic disorders, Dementia.

• #47 Sudden Memory Loss: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/sudden-memory-loss

  Sudden memory loss is not usually due to dementia but rather an illness or medication. […] Sudden or acute memory loss is usually due to a disease, condition, or event (like surgery) disrupting the way parts of your brain works. […] The good news is sudden memory loss is usually treatable. […] If you take one of these drugs or even something not on this list and are worried about your memory, ask your doctor if you can switch to something else. […] If you’re on antidepressants and have memory loss, talk to your doctor about changing your medicine. […] Your doctor will do a blood test to check your thyroid hormone levels. […] If you keep drinking too much, memory loss can become permanent. […] Depending on how severe the hit to your head was, the memory issues might go away within 24 hours or be permanent.

• #48 Sudden Memory Loss: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/sudden-memory-loss

  Sudden memory loss is not usually due to dementia but rather an illness or medication. […] Sudden or acute memory loss is usually due to a disease, condition, or event (like surgery) disrupting the way parts of your brain works. […] The good news is sudden memory loss is usually treatable. […] If you take one of these drugs or even something not on this list and are worried about your memory, ask your doctor if you can switch to something else. […] If you’re on antidepressants and have memory loss, talk to your doctor about changing your medicine. […] Your doctor will do a blood test to check your thyroid hormone levels. […] If you keep drinking too much, memory loss can become permanent. […] Depending on how severe the hit to your head was, the memory issues might go away within 24 hours or be permanent.

• #49 Sudden Memory Loss: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/sudden-memory-loss

  Sudden memory loss is not usually due to dementia but rather an illness or medication. […] Sudden or acute memory loss is usually due to a disease, condition, or event (like surgery) disrupting the way parts of your brain works. […] The good news is sudden memory loss is usually treatable. […] If you take one of these drugs or even something not on this list and are worried about your memory, ask your doctor if you can switch to something else. […] If you’re on antidepressants and have memory loss, talk to your doctor about changing your medicine. […] Your doctor will do a blood test to check your thyroid hormone levels. […] If you keep drinking too much, memory loss can become permanent. […] Depending on how severe the hit to your head was, the memory issues might go away within 24 hours or be permanent.

• #50 Transient global amnesia: Uncommon diagnosis of exclusion

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9684613/

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is an uncommon clinical syndrome characterized by short-term memory loss and disorientation that resolves in 24h. […] Diagnosis of TGA is based on the exclusion of all potential etiologies that may present a similar pattern. […] The criteria of a TGA diagnosis include the presence of a witness during the attacks, cognitive impairment limited to anterograde amnesia, preserved conscious state, normal neurologic examination findings; absence of recent head trauma and active epilepsy; and reversibility of the attack in 24h. […] Diagnosis of TGA is based on the exclusion of all other potential causes of acute memory loss. […] The following criteria by Hodge and Warlow in 1990 is used for the diagnosis of TGA: (a) information from a witness that was present at the beginning of the event to rule out possibilities of head trauma, conscious impairment; (b) A complete neurological examination should be normal except for anterograde amnesia; (c) Anterograde memory should return to normal within 24h; and (d) Seizure event or active epilepsy must be excluded. […] There is no specific treatment for TGA. […] Although less common, it should be considered after excluding all possible etiologies for a patient who presents with sudden onset anterograde amnesia that complies with the diagnostic criteria of TGA.

• #51 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] Diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical, and neither advanced imaging nor treatment is required. […] The diagnosis of transient global amnesia is mainly clinical. […] Clinical diagnosis is mainly based on history and examination; neuroimaging and EEG results are generally normal during the acute phase. […] The most important study is brain imaging with MRI. […] Patients typically present with a sudden onset of memory loss lasting several hours, featuring retrograde and pronounced anterograde amnesia. […] Further evaluation is generally unnecessary when a patient presents to the emergency department with typical clinical features of transient global amnesia.

• #52 Dissociative Amnesia – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-amnesia

  Dissociative amnesia is a type of dissociative disorder that involves inability to recall important personal information that would not typically be lost with ordinary forgetting. […] Diagnosis is based on history after ruling out other causes of amnesia. […] Diagnosis of dissociative amnesia is clinical, based on presence of the following criteria in the DSM-5-TR: Patients cannot recall important personal information (usually trauma- or stress-related) that would not typically be lost with ordinary forgetting. […] Symptoms cause significant distress or significantly impair social or occupational functioning. […] Also, the symptoms cannot be better accounted for by the effects of a medication or another disorder (eg, dementia, partial complex seizures, substance use disorder, traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, another dissociative disorder).

• #53 Dissociative Amnesia – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/dissociative-disorders/amnesia

  Dissociative amnesia is a disorder characterized by an inability to recall important autobiographical information that is successfully stored in memory and ordinarily would be readily remembered. […] An inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting. […] The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., alcohol or other drug of abuse, a medication) or a neurological or other medical condition (e.g., partial complex seizures, transient global amnesia, sequelae of a closed head injury/traumatic brain injury, other neurological condition). […] The disturbance is not better explained by dissociative identity disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, somatic symptom disorder, or major or mild neurocognitive disorder.

• #54 Amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia

  Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases, but it can also be temporarily caused by the use of various sedative and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that is caused. […] There are two main types of amnesia: Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some cases, the memory loss can extend back decades, while in other cases, people may lose only a few months of memory. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store. People with anterograde amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. […] Case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe. In addition, specific areas of the hippocampus (the CA1 region) are involved with memory.

• #55 Retrograde Amnesia Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/retrograde-amnesia-overview-and-more-5207577

  Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember past experiences. It is specifically characterized by the loss of information or memories acquired before the event that caused the amnesia. […] To diagnose retrograde amnesia, you will need to make an appointment with a healthcare provider. They will assess your memory (or that of a loved one) by talking, observing the recall of past information, and talking to other family members about communication at home. […] A healthcare provider may order a neuropsychological evaluation, a more formal type of memory testing. Additional tests to identify a cause may include a physical examination and: Blood tests, Imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a computed tomography (CT) scan to check for brain issues, An electroencephalogram (EEG) to check for seizure activity, A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to check for a brain infection. […] Your healthcare provider will run several noninvasive diagnostic tests to diagnose retrograde amnesia.

• #56 Retrograde Amnesia Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/retrograde-amnesia-overview-and-more-5207577

  Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember past experiences. It is specifically characterized by the loss of information or memories acquired before the event that caused the amnesia. […] To diagnose retrograde amnesia, you will need to make an appointment with a healthcare provider. They will assess your memory (or that of a loved one) by talking, observing the recall of past information, and talking to other family members about communication at home. […] A healthcare provider may order a neuropsychological evaluation, a more formal type of memory testing. Additional tests to identify a cause may include a physical examination and: Blood tests, Imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a computed tomography (CT) scan to check for brain issues, An electroencephalogram (EEG) to check for seizure activity, A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to check for a brain infection. […] Your healthcare provider will run several noninvasive diagnostic tests to diagnose retrograde amnesia.

• #57 Retrograde Amnesia: Definition, Signs, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/retrograde-amnesia-definition-signs-causes-and-treatment-6560983

  Retrograde amnesia is a form of memory loss that involves an inability to access memories formed before the onset of amnesia. It is caused by damage to the regions of the brain associated with memory storage. […] If you are experiencing symptoms of retrograde amnesia, it is important to talk to your doctor. They will evaluate your condition and ask questions to learn more about your memory loss. Their assessment may include: A physical exam, Blood tests, Lumbar puncture to check for brain infections, EEG (electroencephalogram) to look for seizures, Other imaging tests, including MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography), scans to look for other brain abnormalities. […] An accurate diagnosis is essential in order to ensure that you get the right treatment and support that you need to deal with your memory loss.

• #58 Anterograde amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia

  In neurology, anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories after an event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. […] Patients with anterograde amnesia may have episodic, semantic, or both types of explicit memory impaired for events after the trauma that caused the amnesia. […] Anterograde amnesia can be the first clinical sign that Alzheimer’s disease is developing within the brain. […] Anterograde amnesia can also be caused by alcohol intoxication, a phenomenon commonly known as a blackout. […] The pathophysiology of anterograde amnesic syndromes varies with the extent of damage and the regions of the brain that were damaged. […] The MTL memory system includes the hippocampal formation, perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortices.

• #59 Anterograde Amnesia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Coping

  https://www.verywellmind.com/an-overview-of-anterograde-amnesia-4581313

  Anterograde amnesia is a rare but serious form of memory loss in which a person cannot create new memories after an amnesia-inducing event. It may involve either a partial or total inability to remember new information. […] Anterograde amnesia affects the formation of new memories but does not affect memories before the condition’s onset. […] While some cases of anterograde amnesia may be temporary, this condition is usually permanent and may become worse over time. […] Diagnosing anterograde amnesia can involve using brain scan technology such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scan. […] It is important to seek treatment if you are experiencing unexplained memory loss. Your healthcare provider can determine the underlying cause of your memory loss and suggest appropriate treatments.

• #60 What Happens with Anterograde Amnesia? | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/teach-me/what-happens-with-anterograde-amnesia

  If you or a loved one have symptoms of memory loss or difficulty thinking, seek help from a qualified health care provider. With a diagnosis, you can connect with the care, resources and support you need. […] To diagnose anterograde amnesia, youll probably see a neurologist, neuropsychologist or geriatric psychiatrist. An evaluation may include: Medical history, including any head injuries, stroke or neurological conditions. […] Neuropsychological testing to evaluate memory, attention, language and other thinking-related functions. […] Imaging studies like MRI or CT scans to look for problems in the brain. […] Your provider will want to rule out other conditions that can cause memory problems, such as: Retrograde amnesia, which is when you have trouble remembering things from the past, not recent events.

• #61 Anterograde Amnesia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Coping

  https://www.verywellmind.com/an-overview-of-anterograde-amnesia-4581313

  Anterograde amnesia is a rare but serious form of memory loss in which a person cannot create new memories after an amnesia-inducing event. It may involve either a partial or total inability to remember new information. […] Anterograde amnesia affects the formation of new memories but does not affect memories before the condition’s onset. […] While some cases of anterograde amnesia may be temporary, this condition is usually permanent and may become worse over time. […] Diagnosing anterograde amnesia can involve using brain scan technology such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scan. […] It is important to seek treatment if you are experiencing unexplained memory loss. Your healthcare provider can determine the underlying cause of your memory loss and suggest appropriate treatments.

• #62 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] Diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical, and neither advanced imaging nor treatment is required. […] The diagnosis of transient global amnesia is mainly clinical. […] Clinical diagnosis is mainly based on history and examination; neuroimaging and EEG results are generally normal during the acute phase. […] The most important study is brain imaging with MRI. […] Patients typically present with a sudden onset of memory loss lasting several hours, featuring retrograde and pronounced anterograde amnesia. […] Further evaluation is generally unnecessary when a patient presents to the emergency department with typical clinical features of transient global amnesia.

• #63 Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/transient-global-amnesia-tga.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary interruption of short-term memory. […] TGA is diagnosed by eliminating other conditions, such as transient ischemic attack (TIA) or epilepsy. […] These tests may include: Neurological exam, Blood tests, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Computed tomography (CT) scan, Electroencephalogram (EEG), Psychiatric evaluation.

• #64 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  Transient global amnesia is a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia accompanied by a temporary period of retrograde amnesia, primarily affecting middle-aged and older individuals. […] Diagnosis of transient global amnesia is primarily clinical, and neither advanced imaging nor treatment is required. […] The diagnosis of transient global amnesia is mainly clinical. […] Clinical diagnosis is mainly based on history and examination; neuroimaging and EEG results are generally normal during the acute phase. […] The most important study is brain imaging with MRI. […] Patients typically present with a sudden onset of memory loss lasting several hours, featuring retrograde and pronounced anterograde amnesia. […] Further evaluation is generally unnecessary when a patient presents to the emergency department with typical clinical features of transient global amnesia.

• #65 Transient Global Amnesia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p50.html

  Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, and confusion up to 24 hours. […] The diagnosis is primarily clinical, but recent studies suggest that magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful. […] Research suggests that the diagnosis is missed 90% of the time at initial presentation, often resulting in extensive and perhaps unnecessary evaluations. […] The diagnostic criteria require that the episode be witnessed by reliable people present for most of the episode, with no reported seizure activity or recent head trauma in the patient as well as all other criteria in Table 1. […] Although TGA is diagnosed clinically, a thorough history and physical examination must be completed, and a complete blood count with differential and a complete metabolic panel, including liver function tests, C-reactive protein, ammonia level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urine toxicology, serum ethanol level, and thyroid-stimulating hormone, should be considered to exclude other etiologies.

• #66 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  If clinical evidence or routine laboratory studies raise doubts about the diagnosis, the patient should be admitted for monitoring and further diagnostic evaluation. […] Treatment for transient global amnesia primarily involves supportive care and reassurance, as no specific therapy is required or available. […] In cases where the clinical features of the amnesic episode are unusual, or there is a focal neurological deficit, it is crucial to rule out acute ischemic stroke affecting the hippocampus through MRI. […] Most cases of transient global amnesia occur as isolated events with favorable outcomes and negligible morbidity or mortality reported. […] Although recurrences are possible, their incidence varies from 2.9% to 26.3% over different follow-up periods. […] Complications directly attributable to transient global amnesia are rare, given its typically benign and self-limiting nature. […] The diagnosis and management of transient global amnesia are best handled by an interprofessional team, including neurologists, internists, radiologists, primary care physicians, advanced practitioners, nurses, and other healthcare providers.

• #67 Dissociative Amnesia – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-amnesia

  Dissociative amnesia is a type of dissociative disorder that involves inability to recall important personal information that would not typically be lost with ordinary forgetting. […] Diagnosis is based on history after ruling out other causes of amnesia. […] Diagnosis of dissociative amnesia is clinical, based on presence of the following criteria in the DSM-5-TR: Patients cannot recall important personal information (usually trauma- or stress-related) that would not typically be lost with ordinary forgetting. […] Symptoms cause significant distress or significantly impair social or occupational functioning. […] Also, the symptoms cannot be better accounted for by the effects of a medication or another disorder (eg, dementia, partial complex seizures, substance use disorder, traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, another dissociative disorder).

• #68 Dissociative Amnesia | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/dissociative-amnesia-2

  Significant memory loss linked to trauma may be dissociative amnesia, a kind of dissociative disorder. […] One such condition is known as dissociative amnesia, a kind of significant memory loss that happens as an after-effect of a traumatic or stressful event. […] At its core, dissociative amnesia is a form of dissociative disorder, a category of mental health conditions that involve experiencing a loss of connection between thoughts, memories, feelings, surroundings, behavior, and identity. […] Dissociative amnesia, along with other dissociative disorder symptoms, is caused by profound psychological distress (usually in response to past trauma) rather than structural damage to the brain or excessive substance use. […] During a traumatic event, the brain handles and remembers sensory information differently than normal.

• #69 Dissociative Amnesia – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-amnesia

  Diagnosis requires a medical and psychiatric examination to rule out other possible causes. Initial evaluation should include MRI to rule out structural causes, Electroencephalography (EEG) to rule out a seizure disorder, Blood and urine tests to rule out toxic causes, such as illicit drug use. […] Psychologic testing can help better characterize the nature of the dissociative experiences.

• #70 Dissociative Amnesia – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/dissociative-amnesia

  Diagnosis requires a medical and psychiatric examination to rule out other possible causes. Initial evaluation should include MRI to rule out structural causes, Electroencephalography (EEG) to rule out a seizure disorder, Blood and urine tests to rule out toxic causes, such as illicit drug use. […] Psychologic testing can help better characterize the nature of the dissociative experiences.

• #71 Dissociative Amnesia & Fugue – memory loss caused by trauma or stress

  http://traumadissociation.com/dissociativeamnesia

  Dissociative amnesia is the most common Dissociative Disorder. The DSM-5 states that the key characteristic is „the inability to recall important autobiographical information that: should be successfully stored in memory and ordinarily would be readily remembered (Criteria A).” Because there is no neurobiological damage or toxicity, and the difficulties are in retrieving a memory which was successfully stored, the amnesia is always „potentially reversible.” Clinical interviews to diagnose Dissociative Amnesia include the SCID-D (revised) by Dr Marlene Steinberg, and the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS). Both of these are capable of diagnosing any dissociative disorder and a number of other disorders as well. The newly released guide to diagnosing mental disorders is the DSM-5, released in 2013, gives the following diagnostic criteria: „A. An inability to recall important autobiographic information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting. Note: Dissociative Amnesia most often consists of localized or selective amnesia for a specific event or events; or generalized amnesia for identity and life history.” „B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.” „C. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., alcohol or other drug abuse, a medication) or a neurological or other medical condition (e.g., partial complex seizures, transient global amnesia, sequelae of a closed head injury/traumatic brain injury, other neurological condition).” „D. The disturbance is not better explained by dissociative identity disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, somatic symptom disorder, or major or mild neurocognitive disorder.” The last edition of the International Classification of Diseases, the diagnostic guide published by the World Health Organization is the ICD-10, published in 1992 with minor updates since. Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue are separate diagnoses within the ICD manual. „Dissociative amnesia is characterized by an inability to recall important autobiographical memories, where recall would be expected and is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting. The extent of amnesia varies, but most commonly involves memories of recent traumatic or stressful events. There is no evidence that the symptoms are due to the direct effects of a substance or medication, including withdrawal, to exhaustion, to head trauma, or to a neurological condition (e.g., temporal lobe epilepsy). The symptoms are not better explained by another mental and behavioural disorder or by a sleep-wake disorder. The symptoms are sufficiently severe to cause significant distress or impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning.” The main feature is loss of memory, usually of important recent events, that is not due to organic mental disorder, and is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness or fatigue. The amnesia is usually centered on traumatic events, such as accidents or unexpected bereavements, and is usually partial and selective. Complete and generalized amnesia is rare, and is usually part of a fugue.

• #72 Amnesia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21455-amnesia

  Amnesia is when you have significant memory loss. […] Amnesia is when you have serious memory loss. It can be a symptom of other conditions or happen by itself. […] Amnesia comes from ancient Greek and means, forgetfulness. […] Amnesia can happen for many reasons. The causes fall broadly into two main categories: neurological causes and psychological causes. […] A healthcare provider can usually diagnose amnesia by talking to you and asking questions about yourself, your life, current events and your symptoms. […] Several tests can contribute to diagnosing a condition that causes amnesia or rule out other conditions that might cause it. […] Theres no direct treatment or medication that can cure amnesia. […] When it happens because of a treatable condition, treating that condition is the best way to reverse it.

• #73 Amnesia: Types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9673

  Amnesia is when a person can no longer recall information stored in their memory. […] Amnesia refers to a large-scale loss of long-term memory due to illness, brain injury, or psychological trauma. […] A doctor will need to rule out other possible types of memory loss, including those caused by dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, depression, or a brain tumor. […] The memory assessment will help determine the extent of memory loss. This will help find the best treatment. […] A person should speak with a doctor to determine the reason for their memory loss. The sooner they start treatment, the more successful it is likely to be. […] A person should speak with a doctor to determine the cause of any unexplained memory loss. A doctor can recommend the best treatment for retrieving memories, such as psychotherapy or hypnosis. There are currently no medications for treating amnesia.

• #74 Amnesia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/neurological-disorders/amnesia/

  Long dramatized in movies and novels, amnesia refers to a profound loss of memory thats temporary, permanent, or progressive (gets worse over time). […] Diagnosis of amnesia begins with a general examination and review of your symptoms and medical and family history. Your healthcare provider will then run a series of diagnostic tests to determine the extent of your memory loss and what may be causing it, including: […] Cognitive and neurological tests of your memory, attention, language, and other brain functions. […] There is no single cure that can return your memory to normal if you have amnesia. Usually, your memory will return over time, in minutes to years, depending on the cause of memory loss. Treatment generally focuses on symptom management and correcting the underlying cause of the memory loss, such as by:

• #75 Anterograde Amnesia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Coping

  https://www.verywellmind.com/an-overview-of-anterograde-amnesia-4581313

  While there is no cure for anterograde amnesia, some recovery and rehabilitation may be possible even with permanent damage. Treatments for anterograde amnesia are primarily aimed at managing the condition. […] There is no FDA-approved medication treatment for amnesia. But vitamin B1 (thiamine) supplements may be used in instances where there is a vitamin deficiency.

• #76 Amnesia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/neurological-disorders/amnesia/

  If a person is experiencing dementia-related amnesia, there is no cure for the underlying illness. But medications that support learning and memory, including donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine, may help. […] The duration of amnesia varies. Transient global amnesia resolves within hours, while retrograde or anterograde amnesia may persist for years. Recovery depends on the underlying cause, your overall health, and how you respond to treatment, with some individuals regaining memories over time and others experiencing permanent gaps. […] While theres no specific treatment for amnesia itself, addressing underlying conditions like infections or managing risk factors such as alcohol abuse can aid recovery.

• #77 Dissociative Amnesia | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/dissociative-amnesia-2

  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a guide for identifying mental health disorders, lists the following different types of dissociative amnesia memory loss: […] If you are experiencing memory loss that is creating difficulties in your daily life, it is important that you reach out to a medical professional who can conduct a thorough assessment and provide an accurate diagnosis. […] If you’re diagnosed with dissociative amnesia, treatment typically targets the underlying cause—in most cases, trauma. […] Different forms of psychotherapy (talk therapy) have been shown to help with the recovery of past memories related to trauma. […] While there’s no specific medication approved for the treatment of dissociative amnesia itself, medication may be prescribed to manage an associated symptom like depression, anxiety, or insomnia.

• #78 Dissociative Amnesia DSM-5 300.12 (F44.0)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/dissociative-amnesia-dsm–5-300.12-(f44.0)

  Dissociative amnesia (DA) is one of three dissociative disorders listed under DSM-V. The disorder involves the temporary loss of recall memory caused by disassociation, which may last for a period of seconds or years. […] The symptoms and criteria for dissociative amnesia are (American Psychiatric Association,2013): Unable to recall autobiographical memory associated with a traumatic event. The recall of traumatic events is usually unconscious. […] The memory dysfunction does not have a physiological cause. […] The memory loss is not a result of substance abuse or other substance. […] In DA, memory recall must also be addressed. […] The main treatment approaches involve psychotherapy, including dream analysis, to retrieve the hidden memories, and memory training. […] A review of 16 DD studies has shown that treatment can reduce symptoms, including depression, suicidality and post-traumatic stress disorder. […] One survey of treatment approaches found cognitive-based therapies to be the most effective at reducing symptoms and improving memory recall.

• #79 Anterograde amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia

  A limited number of cases have been described in which patients with damage to other parts of the brain acquired anterograde amnesia. […] When there is damage to just one side of the MTL, there is opportunity for normal functioning or near-normal function for memories. […] Approaches used to treat those with anterograde amnesia often use interventions which focus on compensatory techniques, such as beepers, written notes, diaries or through intensive training programs involving the active participation of the individual concerned, along with their supporting network of family and friends. […] Declarative memory can be further subdivided into episodic and semantic memory.

• #80 Memory Loss (Amnesia) Quiz: Could You Have Amnesia? Take the Test Now

  https://www.privatemdlabs.com/quizzes/memory-loss-amnesia-quiz?srsltid=AfmBOoqn1xgPOfXuE3maxHYUNaVUeEpIPHK1is1IDytJ1ZgHfAPqwCrh

  Dissociative amnesia is a type of amnesia that is attributed to psychological trauma or stress, and is characterized by gaps in a person’s memory. This type of amnesia is different from other types of amnesia in that it is often temporary and may occur in response to a traumatic event or significant stressor. […] Some strategies for managing memory loss and amnesia include keeping track of appointments and important events using a calendar or planner, repetition and rehearsal techniques, staying focused and avoiding distractions, and practicing relaxation techniques such as meditation or yoga. […] Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember events or information that occurred prior to a traumatic event such as a head injury, surgery, or illness. Anterograde amnesia, on the other hand, is the inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is often temporary, while anterograde amnesia may be permanent.

• #81 Anterograde amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia

  A limited number of cases have been described in which patients with damage to other parts of the brain acquired anterograde amnesia. […] When there is damage to just one side of the MTL, there is opportunity for normal functioning or near-normal function for memories. […] Approaches used to treat those with anterograde amnesia often use interventions which focus on compensatory techniques, such as beepers, written notes, diaries or through intensive training programs involving the active participation of the individual concerned, along with their supporting network of family and friends. […] Declarative memory can be further subdivided into episodic and semantic memory.

• #82 Transient Global Amnesia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442001/

  If clinical evidence or routine laboratory studies raise doubts about the diagnosis, the patient should be admitted for monitoring and further diagnostic evaluation. […] Treatment for transient global amnesia primarily involves supportive care and reassurance, as no specific therapy is required or available. […] In cases where the clinical features of the amnesic episode are unusual, or there is a focal neurological deficit, it is crucial to rule out acute ischemic stroke affecting the hippocampus through MRI. […] Most cases of transient global amnesia occur as isolated events with favorable outcomes and negligible morbidity or mortality reported. […] Although recurrences are possible, their incidence varies from 2.9% to 26.3% over different follow-up periods. […] Complications directly attributable to transient global amnesia are rare, given its typically benign and self-limiting nature. […] The diagnosis and management of transient global amnesia are best handled by an interprofessional team, including neurologists, internists, radiologists, primary care physicians, advanced practitioners, nurses, and other healthcare providers.

• #83 Amnesia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/neurological-disorders/amnesia/

  If a person is experiencing dementia-related amnesia, there is no cure for the underlying illness. But medications that support learning and memory, including donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine, may help. […] The duration of amnesia varies. Transient global amnesia resolves within hours, while retrograde or anterograde amnesia may persist for years. Recovery depends on the underlying cause, your overall health, and how you respond to treatment, with some individuals regaining memories over time and others experiencing permanent gaps. […] While theres no specific treatment for amnesia itself, addressing underlying conditions like infections or managing risk factors such as alcohol abuse can aid recovery.

• #84 Dissociative Amnesia – BrightQuest Treatment Centers

  https://www.brightquest.com/dissociative-amnesia/

  Treatment is important for dissociative amnesia. Treatment can help patients feel more comfortable and safer. It can guide them to help rediscover their memories and help them repair relationships and restore normal functioning. […] The prognosis for dissociative amnesia is generally positive. Most patients respond well to treatment and will eventually regain memories. How quickly or completely they return depends on many factors, including a person’s current environment and level of support, overall health, and severity of the trauma.

• #85 Amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia

  Dissociative amnesia results from a psychological cause as opposed to direct damage to the brain caused by head injury, physical trauma or disease, which is known as organic amnesia. […] The damage to the memory is permanent. […] Many forms of amnesia fix themselves without being treated. However, there are a few ways to cope with memory loss if treatment is needed. […] While there are no medications available to treat amnesia, underlying medical conditions can be treated to improve memory.

• #86 Memory loss (amnesia)

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/memory-loss-amnesia/

  Most people forget things from time to time. […] Memory problems may not be serious. […] But memory problems could be caused by something that can be treated. […] It is best to get it checked out early. […] If you need treatment, it’s best to start it as early as possible. […] Forgetfulness can be a sign of vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. […] Do not try to diagnose the cause of your memory loss yourself. Always talk to your GP. […] Your GP will ask you some questions to try to find the cause of your memory problems. […] Your GP may refer you to a memory specialist for an in-depth assessment. […] You may need further tests, such as scans. […] Any treatment you have will depend on the cause of your memory problems.

• #87 Memory loss (amnesia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/memory-loss-amnesia/

  Most people forget things from time to time, but see a GP if you keep having problems with your memory. It could be caused by something that can be treated. […] If you’re having problems with your memory, a GP will ask you some questions to try to find the cause. […] The GP may refer you to a memory specialist for an in-depth assessment. Further tests, such as scans, may also sometimes be needed. […] Any treatment that’s recommended will depend on the cause of your memory problems. […] Do not try to self-diagnose the cause of your memory loss always see a GP.

• #88 Memory Loss: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/11826-memory-loss

  Memory loss is when you have consistent issues remembering things you could previously recall. It can be either temporary or permanent. Some forms of it are more likely to happen as you age. […] Memory loss is one of the symptoms of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This is when there are notable changes in your memory or other aspects of your cognition, like language. […] Amnesia is usually because of a condition or event that damages or disrupts how parts of your brain work. […] Amnesia often happens with a current medical issue. Many of these are treatable, but time is usually a key factor. […] Memory loss usually needs medical care, but its not always an emergency. […] You should see a healthcare provider if you notice signs of progressive memory loss in yourself or a loved one. […] Yes, depression can cause memory loss. […] Suppressing emotions may be a possible contributor to memory loss.

• #89 Memory loss (amnesia)

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/memory-loss-amnesia/

  Most people forget things from time to time. […] Memory problems may not be serious. […] But memory problems could be caused by something that can be treated. […] It is best to get it checked out early. […] If you need treatment, it’s best to start it as early as possible. […] Forgetfulness can be a sign of vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. […] Do not try to diagnose the cause of your memory loss yourself. Always talk to your GP. […] Your GP will ask you some questions to try to find the cause of your memory problems. […] Your GP may refer you to a memory specialist for an in-depth assessment. […] You may need further tests, such as scans. […] Any treatment you have will depend on the cause of your memory problems.

• #90 Memory loss (amnesia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/memory-loss-amnesia/

  Most people forget things from time to time, but see a GP if you keep having problems with your memory. It could be caused by something that can be treated. […] If you’re having problems with your memory, a GP will ask you some questions to try to find the cause. […] The GP may refer you to a memory specialist for an in-depth assessment. Further tests, such as scans, may also sometimes be needed. […] Any treatment that’s recommended will depend on the cause of your memory problems. […] Do not try to self-diagnose the cause of your memory loss always see a GP.

• #91 Amnesia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amnesia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353366

  A comprehensive evaluation is needed to diagnose amnesia. It can rule out other possible causes of memory loss such as Alzheimer’s disease, other forms of dementia, depression or a brain tumor. […] The evaluation starts with a detailed medical history. Because the person with memory loss may not be able to provide thorough information, a family member, friend or another caregiver usually provides information. […] Your health care provider may ask you several questions to help understand the memory loss. Issues that might be addressed include: The type of memory loss and whether it’s recent or long term. When the memory problems started and how they progressed. Factors that triggered memory problems, such as a head injury, stroke or surgery. Family history, especially of neurological disease. Drug and alcohol use. Other symptoms such as confusion, language problems, personality changes or not being able to perform self care. History of seizures, headaches, depression or cancer.

• #92 Amnesia: Types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9673

  Amnesia is when a person can no longer recall information stored in their memory. […] Amnesia refers to a large-scale loss of long-term memory due to illness, brain injury, or psychological trauma. […] A doctor will need to rule out other possible types of memory loss, including those caused by dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, depression, or a brain tumor. […] The memory assessment will help determine the extent of memory loss. This will help find the best treatment. […] A person should speak with a doctor to determine the reason for their memory loss. The sooner they start treatment, the more successful it is likely to be. […] A person should speak with a doctor to determine the cause of any unexplained memory loss. A doctor can recommend the best treatment for retrieving memories, such as psychotherapy or hypnosis. There are currently no medications for treating amnesia.

• #93 Amnesia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21455-amnesia

  Amnesia is when you have significant memory loss. […] Amnesia is when you have serious memory loss. It can be a symptom of other conditions or happen by itself. […] Amnesia comes from ancient Greek and means, forgetfulness. […] Amnesia can happen for many reasons. The causes fall broadly into two main categories: neurological causes and psychological causes. […] A healthcare provider can usually diagnose amnesia by talking to you and asking questions about yourself, your life, current events and your symptoms. […] Several tests can contribute to diagnosing a condition that causes amnesia or rule out other conditions that might cause it. […] Theres no direct treatment or medication that can cure amnesia. […] When it happens because of a treatable condition, treating that condition is the best way to reverse it.

• #94 Amnesia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia

  Dissociative amnesia results from a psychological cause as opposed to direct damage to the brain caused by head injury, physical trauma or disease, which is known as organic amnesia. […] The damage to the memory is permanent. […] Many forms of amnesia fix themselves without being treated. However, there are a few ways to cope with memory loss if treatment is needed. […] While there are no medications available to treat amnesia, underlying medical conditions can be treated to improve memory.

• #95 Memory loss (amnesia)

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/memory-loss-amnesia/

  Most people forget things from time to time. […] Memory problems may not be serious. […] But memory problems could be caused by something that can be treated. […] It is best to get it checked out early. […] If you need treatment, it’s best to start it as early as possible. […] Forgetfulness can be a sign of vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. […] Do not try to diagnose the cause of your memory loss yourself. Always talk to your GP. […] Your GP will ask you some questions to try to find the cause of your memory problems. […] Your GP may refer you to a memory specialist for an in-depth assessment. […] You may need further tests, such as scans. […] Any treatment you have will depend on the cause of your memory problems.

• #96 10 Early Signs and Symptoms of Alzheimer’s & Dementia | alz.org

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/10_signs

  Memory loss that disrupts daily life may be a symptom of Alzheimer’s or other dementia. […] Alzheimer’s is a brain disease that causes a slow decline in memory, thinking and reasoning skills. […] If you notice any of them, don’t ignore them. Schedule an appointment with your doctor. […] How is Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosed? […] If you notice one or more signs in yourself or another person, it can be difficult to know what to do. […] However, these are significant health concerns that should be evaluated by a doctor, and its important to take action to figure out whats going on. […] If you notice any of the 10 Warning Signs of Alzheimer’s in yourself or someone you know, don’t ignore them. Schedule an appointment with your doctor. […] With early detection, you can explore treatments that may provide some relief of symptoms and help you maintain a level of independence longer.

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