Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355967

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that’s caused by an extremely stressful or terrifying event either being part of it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety and uncontrollable thoughts about the event. […] If the symptoms get worse, last for months or years, and affect their ability to function daily, they may have PTSD. […] Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may start within the first three months after a traumatic event. But sometimes symptoms may not appear until years after the event. These symptoms last more than one month and cause major problems in social or work situations and how well you get along with others. They also can affect your ability to do your usual daily tasks. […] Generally, PTSD symptoms are grouped into four types: intrusive memories, avoidance, negative changes in thinking and mood, and changes in physical and emotional reactions. Symptoms can vary over time or vary from person to person.

• #2 Symptoms – Post-traumatic stress disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/symptoms/

  The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can have a significant impact on your day-to-day life. […] In most cases, the symptoms develop during the first month after a traumatic event. […] But in a minority of cases, there may be a delay of months or even years before symptoms start to appear. […] Some people with PTSD experience long periods when their symptoms are less noticeable, followed by periods where they get worse. Other people have constant severe symptoms. […] The specific symptoms of PTSD can vary widely between individuals, but generally fall into the categories described below. […] Re-experiencing is the most typical symptom of PTSD. […] This is when a person involuntarily and vividly relives the traumatic event in the form of: flashbacks, nightmares, repetitive and distressing images or sensations, physical sensations, such as pain, sweating, feeling sick or trembling.

• #2 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355967

  Over time, PTSD symptoms can vary in how severe they are. You may have more PTSD symptoms when you’re generally stressed or when you come across reminders of what you went through, including the same time of year when a past traumatic event happened. […] Talk to your healthcare professional or a mental health professional if you have disturbing thoughts and feelings about a traumatic event for more than a month, especially if they’re severe. Also, see a health professional if you’re having trouble getting your life back under control. Getting treatment as soon as possible can help prevent PTSD symptoms from getting worse. […] After surviving a traumatic event, many people have PTSD-like symptoms at first, such as not being able to stop thinking about what’s happened. Fear, anxiety, anger, depression and guilt are all common reactions to trauma. But most people exposed to trauma don’t go on to develop PTSD. […] Getting timely help and support may prevent usual stress reactions from getting worse and leading to PTSD.

• #3 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  It is natural to feel afraid during and after a traumatic situation. […] Those who continue to experience symptoms may be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Symptoms of PTSD usually begin within 3 months of the traumatic event, but they sometimes emerge later. […] The course of the disorder varies. Although some people recover within 6 months, others have symptoms that last for 1 year or longer. […] To be diagnosed with PTSD, an adult must have all of the following for at least 1 month: At least one re-experiencing symptom, at least one avoidance symptom, at least two arousal and reactivity symptoms, at least two cognition and mood symptoms. […] Arousal symptoms are often constant. They can lead to feelings of stress and anger and may interfere with parts of daily life, such as sleeping, eating, or concentrating.

• #4 PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9545-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental health condition that can develop after a traumatic event. It involves symptoms like flashbacks, anxiety, negative thoughts and beliefs, hypervigilance and more. […] People with PTSD have intense and intrusive thoughts and feelings related to the experience that last long after the event. PTSD involves stress responses like: Anxiety, depressed mood, or feelings of guilt or shame. Having flashbacks or nightmares. Avoiding situations, places and activities related to the traumatic event. These symptoms cause distress and interfere with your daily functioning. […] Symptoms of PTSD include nightmares, flashbacks, irritability, angry outbursts and more. To receive a PTSD diagnosis, symptoms must last for more than a month and must cause significant distress or issues in your daily functioning. The symptoms of PTSD fall into four categories: Intrusion, Avoidance, Changes in thinking and mood, Changes in arousal and reactivity.

• #5 PTSD Basics – PTSD: National Center for PTSD

  https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/what/ptsd_basics.asp

  There are 4 types of PTSD symptoms. To be diagnosed with PTSD, you need to have each type. That said, everyone experiences symptoms in their own way. […] Feeling on edge or keyed up (also called hyperarousal). You may be jittery, or always alert and on the lookout for danger. You might suddenly become angry or irritable. […] After a traumatic event, it’s normal to think, act, and feel differently than usual–but most people start to feel better after a few weeks. Talk to a doctor or mental health care provider if your symptoms: Last longer than a month, Are very upsetting, Disrupt your daily life. […] „Getting better” means different things for different people. There are treatment options for PTSD. For many people, these treatments can get rid of symptoms altogether. Others find they have fewer symptoms or feel that their symptoms are less intense. Your symptoms don’t have to interfere with your everyday activities and relationships. […] Both trauma-focused psychotherapy and medication are proven to treat PTSD. Sometimes people combine psychotherapy and medication. […] Certain medications can be effective for treating PTSD symptoms. Some specific medications are used to treat PTSD symptoms.

• #6 Symptoms – Post-traumatic stress disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/symptoms/

  The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can have a significant impact on your day-to-day life. […] In most cases, the symptoms develop during the first month after a traumatic event. […] But in a minority of cases, there may be a delay of months or even years before symptoms start to appear. […] Some people with PTSD experience long periods when their symptoms are less noticeable, followed by periods where they get worse. Other people have constant severe symptoms. […] The specific symptoms of PTSD can vary widely between individuals, but generally fall into the categories described below. […] Re-experiencing is the most typical symptom of PTSD. […] This is when a person involuntarily and vividly relives the traumatic event in the form of: flashbacks, nightmares, repetitive and distressing images or sensations, physical sensations, such as pain, sweating, feeling sick or trembling.

• #7 Psychiatry.org – What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd

  Symptoms of PTSD fall into four categories. Specific symptoms can vary in severity. […] People with PTSD may describe being irritable and having angry outbursts, behaving recklessly or in a self-destructive way, being overly watchful of their surroundings in a suspecting way, being easily startled, or having problems concentrating or sleeping. […] It is important to note that not everyone who experiences trauma develops PTSD, and not everyone who develops PTSD requires psychiatric treatment. For some people, symptoms of PTSD subside or disappear over time. Others get better with the help of their support system (family, friends or clergy). But many people with PTSD need professional treatment to recover from psychological distress that can be intense and disabling. […] Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals use various effective and research-proven methods to help people recover from PTSD. Both talk therapy (psychotherapy) and medication provide effective evidence-based treatments for PTSD.

• #8 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling disorder that develops after exposure to a traumatic event. It is characterized by intrusive thoughts, nightmares, and flashbacks; avoidance of reminders of the trauma; negative cognitions and mood; hypervigilance and sleep disturbance. […] Symptoms of PTSD can be subdivided into 4 categories: […] Intrusions are unwanted memories or nightmares that replay the triggering event. […] People with PTSD might avoid reminders of the trauma, such as particular parts of town or previously favorite activities. […] Cognitive and mood changes include disinterest and detachment, distorted cognitions, anhedonia, inappropriate self-blame, and depression. […] People with PTSD can demonstrate excessive arousal, irritability, and reactivity, or they may seem numb and distant.

• #9 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/posttraumatic-stress-disorder/

  Traumatic events—such as an accident, assault, military combat or natural disaster—can have lasting effects on a person’s mental health. While many people will have short term responses to life-threatening events, some will develop longer term symptoms that can lead to a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD symptoms often co-exist with other conditions such as substance use disorders, depression and anxiety. A comprehensive medical evaluation resulting in an individualized treatment plan is optimal. […] PTSD affects 3.6% of the U.S. adult population—about 9 million individuals. About 37% of those diagnosed with PTSD are classified as having severe symptoms. Women are significantly more likely to experience PTSD than men. […] Symptoms of PTSD generally fall into these broad categories: Re-experiencing type symptoms, such as recurring, involuntary and intrusive distressing memories, which can include flashbacks of the trauma, bad dreams and intrusive thoughts.

• #10 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-symptoms

  PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after a traumatic event. Although the symptoms typically fall into distinct categories, the overall experience and intensity varies from person to person. […] PTSD can make it difficult to function day to day, affecting your quality of life. However, with treatment, PTSD symptoms can become far more manageable. […] Mental health professionals use a handbook called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR) to diagnose mental health conditions. The DSM-5-TR groups PTSD symptoms into four categories: reexperiencing, avoidance, persistent negative alterations in cognitions and mood, alterations in arousal and reactivity. […] Intrusion-related PTSD symptoms involve memories intruding into your everyday life. Without trying to remember the traumatic event, you may feel like you’re reexperiencing the event or that you can’t stop thinking about certain details.

• #11 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  PTSD-related bad dreams are sometimes called replicative nightmares. They can happen a few times a week, and they may be even more vivid and upsetting than typical bad dreams. […] These two conditions often go hand in hand. Having depression increases your risk for PTSD and vice versa. […] Common PTSD symptoms in children include: nightmares, trouble sleeping, continued fear and sadness, irritability and trouble controlling their anger, avoiding people or places linked to the event, regularly expressing negative emotions. […] PTSD in teens often manifests as aggressive or irritable behavior. […] Psychotherapy is an important tool to help you cope with PTSD symptoms. […] If youre experiencing symptoms of PTSD, know that youre not alone. […] Proper treatment can help relieve your symptoms. It can also give you effective strategies for coping with intrusive thoughts, memories, and flashbacks. […] Always keep in mind that youre not alone. Support is available if and when you need it.

• #12 PTSD: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://www.verywellmind.com/requirements-for-ptsd-diagnosis-2797637

  Intrusive memories, nightmares, and flashbacks are common signs of PTSD […] Common symptoms include intrusive symptoms (such as flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, and nightmares, the avoidance of trauma reminders, negative changes in mood, and changes in arousal and reactivity. […] The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in one or more of the following ways: Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories. […] Traumatic nightmares or upsetting dreams with content related to the event. […] Dissociative reactions, such as flashbacks, in which it feels like the experience is happening again. […] Intense or prolonged distress after exposure to traumatic reminders. […] Marked physiological reactivity, such as increased heart rate, after exposure to traumatic reminders. […] Persistent effortful avoidance of distressing trauma-related reminders after the event as evidenced by one or both of the following: Avoidance of trauma-related thoughts or feelings.

• #13 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  PTSD develops in some people after they experience or witness an event that threatens their life or safety, or that of others around them. […] Symptoms include vivid memories, feeling constantly on edge and avoiding reminders of the event. […] In the first days and weeks after a traumatic event, people often experience heightened arousal, alertness, looking for danger and being on guard. […] These reactions often alternate with numbness and detachment. […] It also brings constant memories of the event and feelings it may happen again. […] Generally these reactions and feelings will resolve on their own over the next few weeks, however if the reactions and distress continue, it may mean that the person has is at risk for developing PTSD or another mental health condition. […] A person with PTSD has four main types of difficulties: Re-living the traumatic event through unwanted and recurring memories, flashbacks or vivid nightmares.

• #14 Diagnosing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/diagnosis

  Shock, fear, upsetting memories, jumpiness, nightmares, or trouble sleeping are common after a traumatic event. For most people, these reactions diminish over time. But for people with PTSD, they remain intense. […] A person with PTSD may feel stressed or frightened, even when he or she is no longer in danger. These feelings may become so strong that they affect the way a person lives his or her life. […] PTSD symptoms usually begin soon after the traumatic eventoften within three monthsbut sometimes they may not appear until months or years later. Symptoms may come and go over the course of many years. […] There are four main types of PTSD symptoms: Re-experiencing: A person may relive the traumatic event through distressing recollections, flashbacks, and nightmares. Avoidance: A person may become emotionally numb and avoid places, people, and activities that remind him or her of the trauma. Negative alterations in mood and cognition: A person may feel cut off from others and experience negative changes in his or her mood, beliefs, ways of thinking, or remembering. Hyperarousal: A person may have difficulty sleeping and concentrating, feel jumpy, and be easily irritated and angered.

• #15 Post-traumatic stress disorder | Mental Health Foundation

  https://mentalhealth.org.nz/conditions/condition/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  People with PTSD may find that the unpleasant feelings associated with the trauma keep coming back, as can images, memories and intrusive thoughts. There may be nightmares or bad dreams. In the daytime, you may feel that its all happening again or have brief but vivid memories or flashbacks. […] Negative changes in thinking and mood are also a sign of PTSD. You may have difficulty recalling key features of the traumatic event. You may have persisting negative and often distorted beliefs about yourself and the world for example, I am bad or the world is dangerous. You may persistently blame yourself and others for what happened. […] You may experience ongoing negative emotions, including fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame, and find it difficult to regulate your emotions. Alternatively, you may be unable to feel emotions at all, even for the people you love or care for. You may feel detached from others and may lose interest in things you once enjoyed or be unable to experience pleasure and joy.

• #16 The Four Types of Symptoms of PTSD

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/mental-health-and-behavioral-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/the-four-types-of-symptoms-of-ptsd/

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health issue that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). […] Although each person may experience symptoms differently, there are four main types to be aware of: re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, cognitive symptoms, and hyperarousal (reactivity) symptoms. […] Re-experiencing symptoms are those that make you feel as though you are reliving the event. Flashbacks, nightmares and bad memories are examples of re-experiencing symptoms. […] Avoiding certain places, people and situations that trigger bad memories is common when experiencing these symptoms. […] Cognitive symptoms include having negative thoughts about oneself or the world. […] Instead of being triggered by a particular person or situation, arousal symptoms are constant. […] However, those who continue to experience symptoms for more than a month, or those who feel their symptoms are affecting their relationships and daily routines may be diagnosed with PTSD.

• #17 Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Treatment overview – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-in-adults-treatment-overview

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by intrusive thoughts, nightmares, and flashbacks of past traumatic events, avoidance of reminders of trauma, hypervigilance, and sleep disturbance, all of which lead to considerable social, occupational, and interpersonal dysfunction. […] Effective treatments for PTSD include psychotherapies and medications. However, some patients are unwilling to pursue treatment, and a substantial proportion of patients who do seek treatment have symptoms resistant to treatment. […] We prefer to begin treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as soon as possible after the diagnosis is made. Early treatment of PTSD may prevent chronicity; however, more empirical data to support this are needed particularly for pharmacotherapeutic treatment.

• #18 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288154-overview

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome resulting from exposure to real or threatened serious injury or sexual assault. The signs and symptoms of PTSD appear to arise from complex interactions of psychological and neurobiological factors. Studies have found alterations in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate, and corpus collosum as well as altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA). […] Symptoms of PTSD include the following: Persistent re-experiencing of the event: intrusive thoughts related to the traumatic event, nightmares or distressing dreams, persistent or recurrent involuntary memories, dissociation (including flashbacks) and intense, negative emotional or physiological reaction on exposure to reminders (traumatic triggers)

• #19 Symptoms – Post-traumatic stress disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/symptoms/

  Some people have constant negative thoughts about their experience, repeatedly asking themselves questions that prevent them coming to terms with the event. […] Trying to avoid being reminded of the traumatic event is another key symptom of PTSD. […] This usually means avoiding certain people or places that remind you of the trauma, or avoiding talking to anyone about your experience. […] Many people with PTSD try to push memories of the event out of their mind, often distracting themselves with work or hobbies. […] Some people attempt to deal with their feelings by trying not to feel anything at all. This is known as emotional numbing. […] This can lead to the person becoming isolated and withdrawn, and they may also give up pursuing activities they used to enjoy. […] Someone with PTSD may be very anxious and find it difficult to relax.

• #19 Symptoms – Post-traumatic stress disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/symptoms/

  The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can have a significant impact on your day-to-day life. […] In most cases, the symptoms develop during the first month after a traumatic event. […] But in a minority of cases, there may be a delay of months or even years before symptoms start to appear. […] Some people with PTSD experience long periods when their symptoms are less noticeable, followed by periods where they get worse. Other people have constant severe symptoms. […] The specific symptoms of PTSD can vary widely between individuals, but generally fall into the categories described below. […] Re-experiencing is the most typical symptom of PTSD. […] This is when a person involuntarily and vividly relives the traumatic event in the form of: flashbacks, nightmares, repetitive and distressing images or sensations, physical sensations, such as pain, sweating, feeling sick or trembling.

• #20 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  Avoiding reminders of the event, such as thoughts, feelings, people, places, activities or situations that bring back memories of the event. […] Negative changes in feelings and thoughts, such as feeling angry, afraid, guilty, flat or numb, developing beliefs such as Im bad or The worlds unsafe, and feeling cut off from others. […] Being overly alert or wound up indicated by sleeping difficulties, irritability, lack of concentration, becoming easily startled and constantly being on the lookout for signs of danger. […] A health practitioner may diagnose PTSD if a person has symptoms in each of these four areas for a month or more, which lead to significant distress or impacts on their ability to work and study, their relationships and day-to-day life. […] When PTSD goes on for some time, it is not unusual for people to experience other mental health problems at the same time.

• #21 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/posttraumatic-stress-disorder/

  Avoidance, which can include staying away from certain places or objects that are reminders of the traumatic event. A person might actively avoid a place or person that might activate overwhelming symptoms. […] Cognitive and mood symptoms, which can include trouble recalling the event, negative thoughts about one’s self. A person may also feel numb, guilty, worried or depressed and have difficulty remembering the traumatic event. Cognitive symptoms can in some instances extend to include out-of-body experiences or feeling that the world is “not real” (derealization). […] Arousal symptoms, such as hypervigilance. Examples might include being intensely startled by stimuli that resembles the trauma, trouble sleeping or outbursts of anger. […] Symptoms of PTSD usually begin within three months after experiencing or being exposed to a traumatic event. Occasionally, symptoms may emerge years afterward. For a diagnosis of PTSD, symptoms must last more than one month. Symptoms of depression, anxiety or substance use often accompany PTSD.

• #22 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/

  PTSD can cause symptoms like problems sleeping, flashbacks and difficulty concentrating. This can have a big impact on your day-to-day life. […] Some people with PTSD have symptoms all the time. Others, will have periods where their symptoms come and go. […] People with PTSD often relive the traumatic event through nightmares, flashbacks (feeling like the event is happening now), intrusive thoughts or images, and physical sensations like pain, sweating, feeling sick or trembling. […] People with PTSD can feel alert or on edge which means you may panic when reminded of the trauma, get angry or upset easily, have sleeping problems (insomnia), feel jumpy or easily startled, feel irritable, have difficulty concentrating, be very alert (hypervigilance), and have symptoms of anxiety. […] People with PTSD often try to avoid being reminded of the traumatic event. This means you may avoid people and places that remind you of the trauma, avoid talking about your experience, try to distract yourself with other things like work or hobbies, be unable to remember details of what happened, feel numb or cut off from your feelings, feel detached from your body, be unable to show affection, do self-destructive or reckless things, and use alcohol or drugs.

• #23 PTSD: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://www.verywellmind.com/requirements-for-ptsd-diagnosis-2797637

  Avoidance of trauma-related external reminders, such as people, places, conversations, activities, objects, or situations. […] Negative alterations in cognition and mood that began or worsened after the traumatic event as evidenced by two or more of the following: Inability to recall key features of the traumatic event. […] Persistent, and often distorted negative beliefs and expectations about oneself or the world, such as „I am bad,” or „The world is completely dangerous.” […] Persistent negative emotions, including fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame. […] Trauma-related alterations in arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the traumatic event, including two or more of the following: Irritable or aggressive behavior […] Self-destructive or reckless behavior […] Feeling constantly „on guard” or like danger is lurking around every corner (hypervigilance)

• #24 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Williams County, OH

  https://www.williamscountyoh.gov/497/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-PTSD

  Feelings of intense distress when reminded of the trauma. […] Flashbacks (acting or feeling like the event is happening again). […] Intense physical reactions to reminders of the event such as pounding heart, rapid breathing, nausea, muscle tension, and sweating. […] Intrusive, upsetting memories of the event. […] Nightmares (either of the event or of other frightening things). […] Avoiding activities, places, thoughts, or feelings that remind you of the trauma. […] Feeling detached from others and emotionally numb. […] Inability to remember important aspects of the trauma. […] Loss of interest in activities and life in general. […] Sense of a limited future (you dont expect to live a normal life span, get married, have a career). […] Difficulty concentrating. […] Difficulty falling or staying asleep.

• #25 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD – UK Trauma Council

  https://uktraumacouncil.org/trauma/ptsd-and-complex-ptsd

  It is common for people to experience symptoms of PTSD in the days and weeks following a potentially traumatic event. But many of them will spontaneously recover, therefore PTSD cannot be diagnosed unless symptoms have persisted for a month (DSM-5), or several weeks (ICD-11). […] Not all children who experience potentially traumatic events will develop PTSD. Research has found that between 5% and 67% of children and young people exposed to a potentially traumatic event actually develop PTSD; and that it is more likely if they have been exposed to interpersonal events (such as assault or abuse) rather than non-interpersonal ones (such as accidents or natural disasters). […] The ICD-11 does not have the 4th group of symptoms related to changes in thoughts and feelings, it does have a separate diagnosis called Complex PTSD which is described in more detail below. […] Research has indicated that the diagnosis of Complex PTSD can apply to children and young people.

• #26 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  Cognition and mood symptoms can begin or worsen after the traumatic event. […] Not everyone who lives through a dangerous event develops PTSDmany factors play a part. […] Risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing PTSD include: Exposure to previous traumatic experiences, particularly during childhood, getting hurt or seeing people hurt or killed, feeling horror, helplessness, or extreme fear, having little or no social support after the event, dealing with stressors after the event, such as the loss of a loved one, pain and injury, or loss of a job or home, having a personal history or family history of mental illness or substance use. […] It is important for people with PTSD symptoms to work with a mental health professional who has experience treating PTSD. […] Some people with PTSD, such as those in abusive relationships, may be living through ongoing trauma.

• #27 Post-traumatic stress disorder

  https://womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  You avoid situations that remind you of the event. For example, if you were in a car crash, you might avoid being in a car or at the location of the crash. […] You have negative thoughts and feelings that make it hard to live your life. You may have trouble remembering; feel anger, guilt, or shame; or have more negative thoughts about yourself. You might feel empty or numb. It might be hard to show interest or happiness in activities you used to enjoy. […] You feel jittery, nervous, or tense. This may make it hard to sleep or concentrate on everyday activities like work, school, or reading. […] Women may experience PTSD differently from men. Women with PTSD may be more likely than men with PTSD to: Be easily startled, Have more trouble feeling emotions or feel numb, Avoid things that remind them of the trauma, Feel depressed and anxious.

• #28 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Signs and Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/condition/ptsd/ptsd-symptoms

  People with PTSD might experience panic and the physical symptoms that accompany it. […] Flashbacks and nightmares may force someone with PTSD to relive their trauma over and over, but they may find themselves unable to recall a significant aspect of their experience. […] PTSD can leave you in a persistent negative emotional state of guilt or shame. […] Another arousal symptom of PTSD is having problems concentrating. […] Going through a trauma or living with the ramifications of PTSD, especially if it has gone untreated, can lead to suicidal thoughts or ideation. […] An indicator of PTSD can be when people experience depersonalization or derealization (without substance use). […] It’s usually called acute stress disorder (ASD) when symptoms last anywhere from three days up to a month after trauma. Symptoms are more likely to be PTSD if the symptoms last more than a month.

• #29 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=56&contentid=2401

  Having trouble making decisions. […] Feeling grouchy, easily agitated, or resentful. […] Feeling emotionally numb, withdrawn, or disconnected from others, and staying away from close emotional ties with family, friends, and coworkers. […] Suddenly crying, feeling a sense of despair and hopelessness. […] Feeling that danger is always near. […] Being very protective of, or fearful for, the safety of loved ones.

• #30 Symptoms – Post-traumatic stress disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/symptoms/

  This state of mind is known as hyperarousal. […] Hyperarousal often leads to: irritability, angry outbursts, sleeping problems (insomnia), difficulty concentrating. […] Many people with PTSD also have a number of other problems, including: other mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety or phobias, self-harming or destructive behaviour, such as drug misuse or alcohol misuse, other physical symptoms, such as headaches, dizziness, chest pains and stomach aches. […] PTSD sometimes leads to work-related problems and the breakdown of relationships. […] PTSD can affect children as well as adults. […] Children with PTSD can have similar symptoms to adults, such as having trouble sleeping and upsetting nightmares. […] Like adults, children with PTSD may also lose interest in activities they used to enjoy, and may have physical symptoms such as headaches and stomach aches.

• #31 Symptoms of PTSD – PTSD UK

  https://www.ptsduk.org/what-is-ptsd/symptoms-of-ptsd/

  Re-experiencing is the most typical symptom of PTSD & C-PTSD. This is when a person involuntarily and vividly relives the traumatic event. […] Trying to avoid being reminded of the traumatic event is another key symptom of PTSD & C-PTSD: avoiding people, emotions or places that remind you of the trauma, or avoiding talking to anyone about your experience. […] You may be ‘jittery’, or always alert and on the lookout for danger. You might suddenly become angry or irritable. […] The way you think about yourself and others may change because of the trauma. […] A diagnosis of C-PTSD includes the same symptoms of PTSD, but also has 3 additional categories of symptoms: difficulties with emotional regulation, an impaired sense of self-worth, and interpersonal problems. […] Studies have shown that someone with PTSD will continue producing these hormones when they’re no longer in danger, which is thought to explain some symptoms such as extreme alertness and being easily startled.

• #32 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Signs and Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/condition/ptsd/ptsd-symptoms

  Many people with PTSD go out of their way to avoid anything that reminds them of the original trauma or could be a trigger. […] This PTSD symptom is called hypervigilance. […] People with PTSD often have an exaggerated reaction when they’re surprised or startled, especially if the intrusion reminds them of the original trauma. […] Diagnostic criteria for PTSD include mood-related symptoms like depression, anger, guilt, shame, and hopelessness about the future. […] Adults with PTSD may also feel irritable and angry. […] A study published in 2015 found that reckless or self-destructive behavior in this case, exhibited by veterans included substance use, self-harm, excessive gambling, and aggression. […] Not everyone with PTSD has chronic pain, and not everyone with chronic pain has PTSD.

• #33 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health disorder that begins after a traumatic event. That event may involve a real or perceived threat of injury or death. […] People with PTSD often feel a heightened sense of danger. Their natural fight-or-flight response is altered, causing them to feel stressed or fearful, even when theyre in a safe situation. […] PTSD can disrupt your normal activities and your ability to function. Words, sounds, or situations that remind you of trauma can trigger your symptoms. […] Symptoms of PTSD fall into four groups: […] In addition, people with PTSD may experience depression and panic attacks. […] According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), women are twice as likely as men to get PTSD, and the symptoms manifest slightly differently.

• #34 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Williams County, OH

  https://www.williamscountyoh.gov/497/Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder-PTSD

  Feeling jumpy and easily startled. […] Hypervigilance (on constant red alert). […] Irritability or outbursts of anger. […] Anger and irritability. […] Depression and hopelessness. […] Feeling alienated and alone. […] Feelings of mistrust and betrayal. […] Guilt, shame, or self-blame. […] Physical aches and pains. […] Substance abuse. […] Suicidal thoughts and feelings.

• #35 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=56&contentid=2401

  A month after the event, people who feel they can’t get control of their lives because of their responses to the trauma may have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] The symptoms vary. For some people, symptoms appear right after the event. For others, they may happen days, weeks, or even months later. […] People with a few of these symptoms may have PTSD and should seek professional help: Keep thinking or having nightmares about the event (flashbacks, accompanied by painful emotions). […] Trouble sleeping because of nightmares. […] Anxiety and fear, especially when exposed to situations like the traumatic event. […] Being on edge, being easily startled or overly alert. […] Feeling depressed or sad and having low energy. […] Feeling „scattered” and unable to focus on work or daily activities.

• #36 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355973

  To diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder, your healthcare professional likely will do a: […] A diagnosis of PTSD means a person has gone through an event that involved an actual or possible threat of death, violence or serious injury. […] You may have PTSD if the problems you have after this exposure last for more than a month and greatly affect your ability to function in social and work settings and how you get along with others. […] Post-traumatic stress disorder treatment can help you regain a sense of control over your life. […] Several types of talk therapy, also called psychotherapy, may be used to treat children and adults with PTSD. […] All these approaches can help you gain control of lasting fear after a traumatic event. […] Several types of medicines can help make symptoms of PTSD better:

• #37 Psychiatry.org – Expert Q&A: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/expert-q-and-a

  In addition to changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, people with PTSD may also experience physical problems. These could be acute or chronic. Acute physical symptoms typically last for a short time in reaction to reminders of trauma. These could include increased heart rate, sweating, trembling, muscle tension, nausea, pain (e.g., back, joints, headaches), trouble breathing, and/or dizziness. PTSD has also been linked with chronic physical problems such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, heart disease, chronic pain, fatigue, and decreased life expectancy. The person may not realize the connection between their physical symptoms and a traumatic event. For people with chronic pain, the pain may serve as a reminder of the trauma, which in turn may cause or worsen other PTSD symptoms, depression, or alcohol and prescription medication misuse.

• #38 Post-traumatic stress disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder

  PTSD symptoms may result when a traumatic event causes an over-reactive adrenaline response, which creates deep neurological patterns in the brain. These patterns can persist long after the event that triggered the fear, making an individual hyper-responsive to future fearful situations. […] PTSD causes biochemical changes in the brain and body, that differ from other psychiatric disorders such as major depression. Individuals diagnosed with PTSD respond more strongly to a dexamethasone suppression test than individuals diagnosed with clinical depression. […] Most people with PTSD show a low secretion of cortisol and high secretion of catecholamines in urine, with a norepinephrine/cortisol ratio consequently higher than comparable non-diagnosed individuals. […] PTSD has been hypothesized to be a maladaptive learning pathway to fear response through a hypersensitive, hyperreactive, and hyperresponsive HPA axis. […] PTSD can be difficult to diagnose, because of the subjective nature of most of the diagnostic criteria.

• #39 The Five Stages Of PTSD | The Banyansfilled_layerlayer_2layer_3

  https://thebanyans.com.au/stages-of-ptsd/

  According to Australasian Psychiatry, over 1.15 million Australians or around 4.4% of our population experience Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) each year, and that number is set to rise to rates higher than ever previously reported. […] PTSD can also follow repeated and extreme exposure to traumatic events or the exposure to the aftermath of those events. […] Although experiencing PTSD is different for everyone, some people have noted they experience feeling pain or pressure in their body, even if there’s nothing physically there. Experiencing PTSD can also include experiencing the same emotions felt during the traumatic event, such as fear, horror, or distress. Panic attacks, nightmares, increased heart rate, and difficulty breathing also can indicate PTSD. […] The course of the illness will vary from person to person and event to event. Some people may experience PTSD recovery within six months, while others have PTSD symptoms that last much longer. PTSD can also become chronic.

• #40 What Are The Five Stages of PTSD – Stella

  https://stellamentalhealth.com/5-ptsd-stages

  In the case of PTSD, individuals may experience extreme anxiety, panic attacks, or depression. Irritability, emotional outbursts, and a sense of helplessness are also common. […] In individuals with PTSD, this may manifest as flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, or distressing nightmares about the traumatic event. […] People coping with trauma or PTSD may engage in avoidance behaviors to steer clear of places, people, or activities that remind them of the traumatic event. […] The stress of trauma and PTSD can also manifest physically. This can include chronic pain, headaches, gastrointestinal problems, or cardiovascular issues. […] PTSD is not just a mental health condition. Brain imaging shows that trauma changes the brain physiologically. It causes the sympathetic nervous system to be overactive, keeping a person locked in flight or fight mode.

• #41 Post-traumatic stress disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder

  PTSD has a strong association with tinnitus, and speculation exists that PTSD may cause some tinnitus seen in association with the condition. […] In children and adolescents, there is a strong association between emotional regulation difficulties (e.g., mood swings, anger outbursts, temper tantrums) and post-traumatic stress symptoms, independent of age, gender, or type of trauma. […] The risk of developing PTSD after a traumatic event varies by trauma type and is the highest following exposure to sexual violence (11.4%), particularly rape (19.0%). […] The likelihood of sustained symptoms of PTSD is higher if the rapist confined or restrained the person, if the person being raped believed the rapist would kill them, the person who was raped was very young or very old, and if the rapist was someone they knew.

• #42 Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathophysiology-clinical-features-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Criterion E: Arousal and reactivity changes — Patients may initially present with symptoms of irritability or aggressive physical or verbal behaviors. […] Some patients may be classified as having a dissociative subtype of PTSD. […] PTSD is commonly a chronic condition, with only one-third of patients recovering at one-year follow-up and one-third still symptomatic 10 years after the exposure to the trauma. […] Most individuals who develop PTSD experience its onset within a few months of the traumatic event. However, epidemiologic studies have found that approximately 25 percent experience a delayed onset after six months or more. […] Individuals with one or more PTSD symptoms are more likely to experience occupational problems, have poorer social supports, have higher rates of problems with intimate relationships, and have more disability than controls. […] PTSD may increase the risk for attempted suicide.

• #43

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  An estimated 3.9% of the world population has had post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at some stage in their lives. […] Most people exposed to potentially traumatic events do not develop PTSD. […] Feeling supported by family, friends or other people following the potentially traumatic event can reduce the risk of developing PTSD. […] More women are affected by PTSD than men. […] There are effective treatments for PTSD. […] Some people continue to experience a range of mental health conditions that can persist for months or even years, including PTSD, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders. […] An estimated 3.9% of the world population has experienced PTSD at some point in their lives. […] The likelihood of developing PTSD varies depending on the type of traumatic event experienced.

• #44 Psychiatry.org – Expert Q&A: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/expert-q-and-a

  It has been said that PTSD is a normal reaction to an abnormal event. Unfortunately, most people will experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetime. The way people react to trauma can vary greatly depending on the nature of the trauma, the persons coping skills, and their environment after the trauma. Common reactions include sadness, irritability, confusion, emotional numbness, detachment, guilt, horror, helplessness, humor and altruism. In the immediate aftermath of a major traumatic event, most people complain of stress, difficulty concentrating, sleeping or getting along with others. Usually, these symptoms improve within a few weeks. With PTSD, the troubling symptoms continue or even worsen, affecting social and work functioning. If you or a loved one are struggling to cope with the effects of a trauma it may be useful to seek professional help from a psychotherapist and/or psychiatrist.

• #45 PTSS vs. PTSD: Differences, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ptss-vs-ptsd

  Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS) refers to symptoms that occur in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic event. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to symptoms that occur at least 1 month later. […] Sometimes, it can take months or years for PTSD to develop or for a person to meet the full diagnostic criteria. […] Both conditions can cause anxiety, intrusive memories, difficulty sleeping, and other symptoms. Because of the similarities, the main difference between PTSS and PTSD is in their timing and duration. Some sources also suggest that PTSS is less severe than PTSD. […] However, in a 2023 study, 20% of trauma survivors with PTSS reported severe symptoms. Additionally, 40% had moderate symptoms, 30% had mild symptoms, and 10% reported minimal symptoms. […] The potential symptoms of PTSS and PTSD are the same. However, the frequency, severity, and likelihood of symptoms may vary.

• #46 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/ptsd.html

  After a trauma, a person may have PTSD-like symptoms that last for a short while, sometimes days or weeks. This may be called a stress reaction. Only if symptoms last longer than a month can it be diagnosed as PTSD. […] PTSD doesn’t usually go away on its own. Getting treatment and support can make all the difference. […] Therapy for PTSD is called trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). This type of talk therapy uses talking and learning activities, guided by a mental health therapist. It can help anyone who has been through a trauma, not just people with PTSD. […] In therapy, people learn how trauma can affect their thoughts, feelings, and actions. They learn ways to adjust some of the difficult thoughts about the trauma. They learn to let go of any guilt or shame about what happened. […] Slowly, people learn to face things they used to avoid. Therapy helps them gain courage and confidence. They use their strengths to cope and move forward.

• #47 Exhibit 1.3-4, DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD – Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/box/part1_ch3.box16/

  Duration of the disturbance (Criteria B, C, D and E) is more than 1 month. […] The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., medication, alcohol) or another medical condition. […] With dissociative symptoms: The individuals symptoms meet the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder, and in addition, in response to the stressor, the individual experiences persistent or recurrent symptoms of either of the following: […] With delayed expression: If the full diagnostic criteria are not met until at least 6 months after the event (although the onset and expression of some symptoms may be immediate).

• #48 PTSD Basics – PTSD: National Center for PTSD

  https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/what/ptsd_basics.asp

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health problem. PTSD can only develop after you go through or see a life-threatening event. It’s normal to have stress reactions to these types of events, and most people start to feel better after a few weeks. If symptoms last longer than a month and are causing problems in your life, it could be PTSD. Learn about PTSD symptoms and treatments to help you recover. […] If it’s been longer than a month and thoughts and feelings from the trauma are upsetting you or causing problems in your life, you may have PTSD. […] When you have PTSD, the world feels unsafe. You may have upsetting memories, feel on edge, or have trouble sleeping. You may also try to avoid things that remind you of your trauma even things you used to enjoy. […] PTSD symptoms usually start soon after the traumatic event, but they may not appear until months or years later. They also may come and go over many years. If the symptoms last longer than 4 weeks, cause you great distress, or interfere with your work or home life, you might have PTSD.

• #49 Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathophysiology-clinical-features-assessment-and-diagnosis

  PTSD typically develops over several months. […] By definition, all patients with PTSD have some element of the cardinal features, which include experience of a traumatic event, intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative alterations in cognition or mood, and arousal or reactivity changes. […] Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience marked cognitive, affective, or behavioral symptoms in response to reminders of a traumatic event. […] Criterion B: Intrusion symptoms — Intrusion symptoms, also known as “re-experiencing” symptoms, are the hallmark of PTSD. […] Criterion C: Avoidance symptoms — Avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event can lead to changes in behavior that affect personal and work life. […] Criterion D: Negative cognitions and mood — Depression and negative mood alterations may be initial presentation of PTSD.

• #50 The Five Stages Of PTSD | The Banyansfilled_layerlayer_2layer_3

  https://thebanyans.com.au/stages-of-ptsd/

  The first PTSD symptoms can begin within weeks of a traumatic event and need to continue for up to three months or longer to be considered PTSD. […] PTSD sufferers may find they continue to experience nightmares and flashbacks and are increasingly anxious and jumpy, despite the belief that they have dealt with the trauma. […] When PTSD is not treated, it can last a very long time, perhaps a lifetime. For others, the PTSD symptoms can fade over time, but increase again on an anniversary or at a triggering time in their life.

• #51 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/posttraumaticstressdisorder.html

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health disorder that some people develop after they experience or see a traumatic event. The traumatic event may be life-threatening, such as combat, a natural disaster, a car accident, or sexual assault. But sometimes the event is not necessarily a dangerous one. For example, the sudden, unexpected death of a loved one can also cause PTSD. […] In time, most people recover from this naturally. But people with PTSD don’t feel better. They feel stressed and frightened long after the trauma is over. In some cases, the PTSD symptoms may start later on. They might also come and go over time. […] There are four types of PTSD symptoms, but they may not be the same for everyone. Each person experiences symptoms in their own way. The types are: […] The symptoms usually start soon after the traumatic event. But sometimes they may not appear until months or years later. They also may come and go over many years. […] If your symptoms last longer than four weeks, cause you great distress, or interfere with your work or home life, you might have PTSD.

• #52 PTSD: Signs and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-are-symptoms-ptsd

  For veterans, PTSD symptoms can start soon after coming home from war, or long after that. […] But symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can pop up months or even years later. […] PTSD symptoms are grouped in four main clusters: […] If your symptoms persist for one month after the traumatic event, you may have PTSD. About 6% of Americans have PTSD at some point in their lives. But most people who go through a traumatic event do not get PTSD. […] Many veterans experience PTSD a few months after coming home from war. But others don’t experience PTSD until years later, maybe after they retire and have less to distract their thoughts. A third group might have PTSD right after their war experience, go through a long period without post traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and then relive it later in life. […] It’s normal to feel on edge or have trouble sleeping after a traumatic event. But if your thoughts and feelings still bother you more than a month past the event (and are interfering with your daily life), you could have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

• #53 Psychiatry.org – Expert Q&A: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/expert-q-and-a

  Everyones response to trauma is different. Studies have repeatedly shown that most survivors do not develop PTSD after exposure to a traumatic event. Some may have temporary symptoms that improve with time. Others get symptoms that develop into PTSD or other problems such as depression, anxiety or substance use disorders. Several factors before, during and after a traumatic event seem to increase the likelihood of PTSD. For example, the risk is greater when the traumatic event is violent, occurs repeatedly or over a long period of time, if there is a history of adverse childhood experiences, or if there is a family history of mental health concerns. Avoidance seems to be one of the most important factors in recovery following trauma. Avoiding returning to normal life activities like work, school, driving and grocery shopping; and numbing ones feelings through the use of alcohol, drugs or prescription sedatives after the event can also increase the risk of developing PTSD. Utilizing social support, engaging in meaningful activities, psychotherapy, and healthy nutrition and sleeping habits can help prevent the development of PTSD after a trauma.

• #54 SciELO Brasil – The effect of trauma type on the severity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms The effect of trauma type on the severity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rpc/a/DKTxb4DMhYjYZ8H4TfKMfdR/?lang=en

  Objective: The high prevalence of trauma exposure calls for detailed research on how trauma type affects the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of the type of trauma on the severity of symptoms, anxiety, depression, and dissociative experiences in the PTSD patient population. […] The study we conducted showed that PTSD continued more severe and resistant after a sexual trauma. Moreover, specific type of trauma was significant in PTSD patients. […] The main aim of this study was to determine how the type of trauma affected PTSD symptoms, anxiety, depression, and dissociative experiences. The most important result of the study were that symptom severity, time without treatment, and dissociative experiences that were found, significantly higher in PTSD patients with a history of sexual trauma in accordance with the existing literature.

• #55 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0300/posttraumatic-stress-disorder.html

  Patients often report reexperiencing their trauma, which triggers physiologic and psychological responses that present as primary symptoms of the disorder. […] Although trauma is common, affecting one-half of adults, less than 10% of patients with traumatic experiences develop PTSD. […] People with more exposure to traumatic events are more likely to develop and have persistent PTSD and report severe PTSD symptoms. […] The pathophysiology of PTSD appears to involve impairment in traumatic memory consolidation, leading to maladaptive neuropsychological responses. […] Although diagnosis of PTSD is based on the DSM-5-TR criteria, several assessment tools have been created based on these criteria. […] PTSD-related sleep impairment is often chronic, increasing the risk of long-term sedative hypnotics use. […] Patients with PTSD may have issues with sleep initiation or maintenance. […] Most patients with PTSD have comorbidities.

• #56 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288154-overview

  Prognosis in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) varies based on a number of factors including resilience, secondary stresses, level of support, prior traumatic experiences, ongoing injury, severity of the stressor, and so on. […] Child abuse and neglect predispose to personality disorders, affective disorders, substance abuse and medical problems.

• #57

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  People with PTSD may also have depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders as well as suicidal thoughts and behaviours. […] PTSD, like other mental health conditions, results from interacting social, psychological and biological factors. […] The nature of the event experienced can also affect the chances of developing PTSD. […] Receiving social support following potentially traumatic events can reduce the risk for PTSD. […] There are many effective treatments for people with PTSD. […] The psychological interventions with the most evidence for effective treatment of PTSD are those based on cognitive behavioural therapy with a trauma focus and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). […] Self-care can have an important role in supporting treatment for PTSD.

• #58 Diagnosis and Management of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/1215/p2401.html

  In patients who are not receiving treatment, the average duration of symptoms rises to 64 months. […] More than one third of patients who have PTSD never fully recover. […] Factors associated with a good prognosis include rapid engagement of treatment, early and ongoing social support, avoidance of retraumatization, positive premorbid function, and an absence of other psychiatric disorders or substance abuse.

• #59 Diagnosis and Management of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/1215/p2401.html

  Before a diagnosis of PTSD can be made, symptoms must last for at least one month and must significantly disrupt normal activities. […] The diagnosis of PTSD may be difficult to make for many reasons. […] The overall lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the United States is approximately 8 to 9 percent, and the condition is twice as common in women. […] Approximately 25 to 30 percent of victims of traumatic events develop symptoms of PTSD; however, response to trauma varies with the severity and the subjective experience associated with the trauma. […] PTSD may occur at any age, even in childhood. […] Symptom duration is variable and is affected by the proximity, duration, and intensity of the trauma, as well as comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. […] In patients who are receiving treatment, the average duration of symptoms is approximately 36 months.

• #60 About trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/topics/mental-health-wellness/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/about-ptsd.html

  You might be diagnosed with PTSD if your symptoms: last longer than a month, cause significant distress or problems: at work or school, in social or family life, in other important areas of your life, aren’t better explained by another physical or mental health disorder. […] About 8% of adults in Canada have moderate to severe symptoms of PTSD. PTSD is more common for women (10%) than men (6%). It’s most common among people aged 18 to 24 (14%) and least common among those aged 65 and older (3%). […] About 5% of adults in Canada report that they’ve been diagnosed with PTSD. Not everyone with PTSD symptoms will seek care or get diagnosed.

• #61 Post-traumatic stress disorder

  https://womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  Women usually have PTSD symptoms longer than men (on average, 4 years versus 1 year) before diagnosis and treatment. […] PTSD starts at different times for different people. Symptoms of PTSD may start immediately after a traumatic event and then continue. But people may develop new or more severe PTSD symptoms months or even years later. […] Anyone who has been through an experience that was intensely scary, dangerous, or life threatening is at risk of PTSD. […] The more serious the trauma was or the more directly it affected you, the higher your risk of developing PTSD afterward. […] Women are about twice as likely as men to develop PTSD. […] About 1 woman in 10 will develop PTSD at some point in her lifetime. […] To be diagnosed with PTSD, an adult must have symptoms for at least 1 month, and the symptoms must be severe enough to affect that person’s ability to function at work and at home. […] Treatment may include therapy or counseling, medicine, or both. […] Many people with PTSD have other mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or even suicidal thoughts or behaviors. Getting treatment for PTSD and any other mental health conditions will help you get better.

• #62 PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9545-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  PTSD is common. It develops in 5% to 10% of people who have experienced trauma. […] The prognosis (outlook) for PTSD can vary, but treatment often helps. With treatment, about 30% of people eventually recover from the condition. About 40% of people get better with treatment, but mild to moderate symptoms may remain. For some people, symptoms of PTSD go away over time with the support of loved ones and without professional treatment.

• #63 Psychiatry.org – Expert Q&A: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/expert-q-and-a

  Some trauma survivors believe that PTSD cannot be treated or that they are somehow so broken that they are a hopeless case. To the contrary, the vast majority of people with PTSD who follow treatment recommendations recover and lead happy, meaningful lives. This is true even for those who survived horrific sexual traumas, child abuse, and war. Even without psychiatric treatment, PTSD usually goes away within 6 years on average. Seeking any sort of psychiatric treatment cuts that time at least in half. Trauma-focused psychotherapies are the gold standard of treatment, with most people no longer meeting criteria for PTSD after 10-12 weeks of therapy. Several effective psychotherapies are available including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), cognitive processing therapy (CPT), prolonged exposure therapy (PE), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Talking about trauma can be difficult but doing so with a skilled professional has the best chance of processing the trauma, decreasing reactivity, improving coping, improving functioning, and recovering from PTSD. This is supported by countless trauma survivors and numerous studies, many of which show that psychotherapy changes the brain, normalizing parts that have been negatively affected by trauma.

• #64

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  PTSD rates are especially high following sexual violence. […] Up to 40% of people with PTSD recover within one year. […] Symptoms of PTSD typically begin immediately after or within one month of a traumatic event. […] Someone experiences PTSD when they have symptoms re-experiencing the event, avoid reminders of the event and experience symptoms of heightened arousal that cause significant distress, and interfere with daily activities and family, social, school or working life. […] People with PTSD have repeated and unwanted recollections of the traumatic event(s), which make them feel as if the event(s) is happening all over again. […] People with PTSD avoid situations, activities, thoughts or memories that remind them of the traumatic event(s). […] People with PTSD may experience a heightened sense of danger, even when they are not actually at risk.

• #65 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-children

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that follows an event that the person finds terrifying, either physically or emotionally, causing the person who experienced the event to have persistent, frightening thoughts and memories, or flashbacks, of the ordeal. […] Sometimes effects from the traumatic events can be delayed for 6 months or longer, but when PTSD occurs soon after an event, the condition generally improves after 3 months. Some people with PTSD have long-term effects and often feel chronically, emotionally numb. PTSD in children usually becomes a chronic disorder. […] The following are the most common symptoms of PTSD. However, each child may experience signs differently. […] Children and adolescents with PTSD experience extreme emotional, mental, and physical distress when exposed to situations that remind them of the traumatic event. Some may repeatedly relive the trauma in the form of nightmares and disturbing recollections during the day and may also experience any, or all, of the following:

• #66 The Five Stages of PTSD | The Phoenix Recovery Center

  https://thephoenixrc.com/blog/mental-health/the-five-stages-of-ptsd/

  Many people are under the false impression that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can only manifest under the most extreme circumstances. […] PTSD can arise out of any instance of trauma, which may not seem extreme to others but can have a devastating impact on the individual. […] About 6 out of every 100 people (or 6% of the U.S. population) will have PTSD at some point in their lives. […] Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling psychiatric disorder that results from being exposed to real or threatened injury, death, and sexual assault. […] nearly everyone who develops it progresses similarly through the stages of PTSD. […] there are five stages of PTSD […] These stages include the impact stage, the denial stage, the repetitive stage, the short-term recovery stage, and the long-term recovery stage.

• #67 PTSD Recovery Stages – 4 Key Stages and Symptoms

  https://compassionbehavioralhealth.com/ptsd-recovery-stages/

  It is important to seek professional help as early as possible during this stage. Earlier intervention can help curb the progression of PTSD symptoms and help you move toward recovery sooner. […] The second stage of PTSD treatment is called the Rescue Stage and marks the time in ones recovery journey where you begin to address the details of the event that resulted in trauma. […] The intermediate stage is when you start to see more significant improvements in your symptoms and overall functioning in daily activities. […] The final stage of PTSD recovery is when you have made significant progress in your treatment and turn to focus on matters concerning your future. There may still be some lingering symptoms of trauma, but they are addressed with a therapist alongside setting new goals.

• #68 The Five Stages of PTSD | The Phoenix Recovery Center

  https://thephoenixrc.com/blog/mental-health/the-five-stages-of-ptsd/

  The impact stage is also when an individual begins to manifest the negative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are often associated with PTSD. […] Seeking professional help at this stage can greatly help an individual cope with their experience before the more problematic symptoms of PTSD appear. […] Getting help at this stage can prevent more serious issues from arising as a result of burying feelings of trauma inside. […] During the repetitive stage, an individual may relive their trauma by visiting the place it occurred. […] Getting help during this stage allows for the individual struggling to go through this process with a professional that can support and guide them when their emotions become difficult to handle. […] Here, an individual is wholly ready to accept help. […] At this point, a recovery plan can be created that can help an individual start to manage and mitigate their trauma.

• #69 The Five Stages of PTSD | The Phoenix Recovery Center

  https://thephoenixrc.com/blog/mental-health/the-five-stages-of-ptsd/

  The long-term recovery stage is where the initial treatment has been completed and an individual now can cope with the emotions that their trauma may bring up. […] it is the stage that an individual with PTSD must utilize as they continue to navigate their lives. […] they have developed the tools to go about their lives while managing their PTSD on an almost autonomic level.

• #70 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  A dissociative subtype of PTSD has been recognized. This includes all of the symptoms mentioned above, plus depersonalization (feeling detached from one’s self or body) and/or derealization (experiencing the world as unreal or dreamlike). […] To meet DSM-5-TR criteria for diagnosis of PTSD, patients must have been exposed directly or indirectly to a traumatic event and have symptoms from each of the following categories for a period 1 month. […] PTSD is often overlooked. The trauma may not be obvious to the clinician, and the patient may not be motivated to discuss a difficult topic. The trauma can lead to a complex swirl of cognitive, affective, behavioral, and somatic symptoms. Diagnosis is often further complicated by the existence of a co-occurring depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or substance use disorder. […] The dissociative subtype of PTSD is diagnosed when, in addition to all of the symptoms mentioned above, there is evidence of depersonalization (feeling detached from one’s self or body) and/or derealization (experiencing the world as unreal or dreamlike).

• #71 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288154-overview

  One cannot diagnose PTSD until one month has passed since the traumatic incident. Acute stress disorder, which has similar symptoms, is diagnosed during the first month. […] Diagnosing PTSD in adults, adolescents, and children older than 6 years of age using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) requires a certain type and level of traumatic event, a combination of required symptoms, and the absence of exclusionary criteria. […] The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced: Nightmares, Intrusive thoughts of the traumatic event, Flashbacks, Marked emotional distress when exposed to traumatic reminders, Strong physiologic reaction when exposed to traumatic reminders. […] The duration of symptoms is more than 1 month. […] The DSM-5-TR recognizes a with dissociative symptom specifier when the PTSD symptoms are accompanied by persistent or recurrent depersonalization or derealization.

• #72 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – Mental Health Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  Some people develop ritual activities to help reduce their anxiety. […] Many people with PTSD try to relieve their symptoms with alcohol or illicit drugs and develop a substance use disorder. […] A dissociative subtype of PTSD has now been recognized. […] PTSD often is not diagnosed because it causes such varied and complex symptoms. […] When diagnosis and treatment are delayed, PTSD can become chronically debilitating.

• #73 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety | Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania

  https://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/ptsd_symptoms.html

  PTSD typically develops immediately after the trauma. Nonetheless, in some cases symptoms may not emerge until years have passed since the event. Additionally, a traumatic incident may cause mild PTSD symptoms in one individual while chronically debilitating another. Duration of symptoms also varies, with some people recovering from trauma naturally in the first 3 months, and others experiencing symptoms for months or years. […] All PTSD sufferers usually experience a range of symptoms after a traumatic episode. These symptoms are maintained through avoidance behavior and treatment must be actively pursued in order for complete recovery. […] The development of PTSD is somewhat unpredictable and can occur at any age. The severity and timing of PTSD symptoms differ with each individual; while symptoms usually begin within the first 3 months after the trauma, there can be a delay of months or even years before a person meets criteria to be diagnosed with PTSD.

• #74 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – League of Minnesota Cities

  https://www.lmc.org/ptsd-mental-health-toolkit/responses-reactions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/

  Post-traumatic stress disorder is a disorder in which a person has difficulty emotionally recovering after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event(s). […] Outside of the traumatic event itself, PTSD is grouped into four clusters of symptoms: intrusion/re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative changes in mood and/or thought, and changes in reactivity. Rarely do all symptoms appear in the same individual. […] Symptoms usually begin within the first three months after the trauma, although there may be a delay of months, or even years, before criteria for the diagnosis are met. […] Duration of the symptoms varies complete recovery within three months occurring in approximately one-half of adults. […] Symptom recurrence and intensification may occur in response to reminders of the original trauma, ongoing life stressors, or newly experienced traumatic events.

• #75 Complex PTSD – Post-traumatic stress disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/complex/

  You may have complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if you have some of the symptoms of PTSD, and also have problems with managing your emotions and having relationships. […] The symptoms of complex PTSD are similar to symptoms of PTSD, but may also include: feelings of worthlessness, shame and guilt, problems controlling your emotions, finding it hard to feel connected with other people, relationship problems, like having trouble keeping friends and partners. […] If you have complex PTSD, you may be offered therapies used to treat PTSD, such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR).

• #76 CPTSD (Complex PTSD): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24881-cptsd-complex-ptsd

  Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) can result from experiencing chronic trauma, such as prolonged child abuse or domestic violence. […] CPTSD is manageable with psychotherapy (talk therapy) and medication. […] Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD, C-PTSD or cPTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop if you experience chronic (long-term) trauma. […] It involves stress responses, such as: Anxiety, Having flashbacks or nightmares, Avoiding situations, places and other things related to the traumatic event, Heightened emotional responses, such as impulsivity or aggressiveness, Persistent difficulties in sustaining relationships. […] Symptoms of CPTSD include flashbacks, avoiding trauma triggers, difficulty regulating emotions, relationship issues and more.

• #77 CPTSD (Complex PTSD): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24881-cptsd-complex-ptsd

  According to the ICD-11, complex PTSD includes most of the core symptoms of PTSD, such as: Flashbacks (re-experiencing the traumatic event), Avoidance and detachment from people, events and environmental triggers of the trauma, Excessive attention to the possibility of danger (hypervigilance), Frequent negative thoughts and emotions. […] In addition to the following symptoms: Excessive reactivity to negative emotional stimuli with anger and aggressive behavior (affective dysregulation), A negative sense of self involving persistent feelings of shame, guilt, failure and worthlessness, Severe difficulty in forming and maintaining meaningful relationships. […] According to the ICD-11, complex PTSD results from exposure to a traumatic event or series of events of an extremely threatening nature.

• #78 Post-traumatic stress disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/430

  According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), PTSD is characterised by 4 types of symptoms: intrusions, avoidance, negative alterations in mood and cognition, and alterations in arousal or reactivity. These symptoms must persist for more than 1 month and cause functional impairment for a diagnosis to be made. […] People with CPTSD have all the characteristic features of PTSD, as well as additional difficulties in how they experience their emotions, negative thoughts and feelings about themselves, and how they form relationships with other people. […] Key diagnostic factors include exposure and response to trauma, intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity.

• #79 PTSD and CPTSD self-help guide | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/mental-health-self-help-guides/ptsd-and-cptsd-self-help-guide/

  In order for someone to be diagnosed with CPTSD, they have to be experiencing all of the symptoms of PTSD as well as additional symptoms. […] Common symptoms of CPTSD are: Re-experiencing symptoms, Avoidance symptoms, Sense of threat symptoms, Emotion regulation symptoms, Negative sense of self symptoms, Relationship disturbance symptoms. […] In order to be diagnosed with CPTSD, these symptoms (including the PTSD symptoms) would have to go on for several weeks and have a significant impact on your life. […] If you are experiencing PTSD or CPTSD, you might also experience these symptoms. […] If what you’ve experienced continues to distress you, and is interfering with your everyday life, you may be experiencing PTSD or CPTSD. […] Avoidance is a common way to cope after trauma. […] While avoiding trauma memories makes sense, it can also stop you recovering and healing.

• #80 CPTSD (Complex PTSD): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24881-cptsd-complex-ptsd

  Examples of these types of traumatic situations include: Prolonged domestic violence, Childhood sexual or physical abuse, Torture, Genocide, Slavery. […] Some neuroimaging studies show that brain changes are more severe in people with CPTSD compared to people with PTSD. […] Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is the main treatment for complex PTSD. […] Trauma-focused CBT involves: Learning how your body responds to trauma and stress, Learning how to manage symptoms, Identifying and reframing problematic thinking patterns, Exposure therapy. […] People with PTSD and CPTSD often avoid things or situations that they associate with their trauma. […] Currently, there are no medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat PTSD or CPTSD. […] For many people, CPTSD is a lifelong condition. The good news is that psychotherapy and medication can help manage your symptoms.

• #81 Post-traumatic stress disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/430

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop (either immediately or delayed) following exposure to a stressful event or situation of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature. […] According to DSM-5-TR, PTSD is characterized by 4 groups of symptoms: intrusion symptoms, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. These symptoms must persist for more than 1 month and cause functional impairment for a diagnosis to be made. […] Complex PTSD (CPTSD) is the name given to another, related mental health condition that can occur after any type of traumatic event, but tends to occur more commonly after chronic, repeated, or prolonged traumas that are nearly impossible to escape from. These include childhood abuse, childhood emotional neglect, domestic violence, or exposure to sustained civil war, torture, or community violence.

• #82 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Children | Children’s Mental Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/about/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-in-children.html

  When children develop long-term symptoms from stress due to a traumatic event, which are upsetting or interfere with their relationships and activities, they may have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] When children develop long-term symptoms (longer than one month) from such stress, which are upsetting or interfere with their relationships and activities, they may be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] It is important to emphasize that not all children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events will develop PTSD. […] For a PTSD diagnosis, a specific event must have triggered the symptoms. […] Once the diagnosis is made, the first step is to make the child feel safe by getting support from parents, friends, and school, and by minimizing the chance of another traumatic event to the extent possible.

• #83 Post-traumatic stress disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that develops from experiencing a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, domestic violence, child abuse, warfare and its associated traumas, natural disaster, traffic collision, or other threats on a person’s life or well-being. Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the events, mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues, attempts to avoid trauma-related cues, alterations in the way a person thinks and feels, and an increase in the fight-or-flight response. These symptoms last for more than a month after the event and can include triggers such as misophonia. Young children are less likely to show distress, but instead may express their memories through play. […] Symptoms of PTSD generally begin within the first three months after the inciting traumatic event, but may not begin until years later. In the typical case, the individual with PTSD persistently avoids either trauma-related thoughts and emotions or discussion of the traumatic event and may even have amnesia of the event (dissociative amnesia). However, the event is commonly relived by the individual through intrusive, recurrent recollections, dissociative episodes of reliving the trauma („flashbacks”), and nightmares (50 to 70%). While it is common to have symptoms after any traumatic event, these must persist to a sufficient degree (i.e., causing dysfunction in life or clinical levels of distress) for longer than one month after the trauma to be classified as PTSD (clinically significant dysfunction or distress for less than one month after the trauma may be acute stress disorder).

• #84 Diagnosing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/diagnosis

  In addition, people with the condition may abuse alcohol or drugs. They may also experience depression or anxiety, pain, rapid breathing or heart rate, and sweating. […] Children and adolescents can also experience anxiety disorders such as PTSD, but their symptoms may be different than those of adults. In very young children, symptoms include bed-wetting, changes in language and communication, acting out the event during playtime, or being unusually clingy. […] Older children and teens usually have symptoms similar to those of adults. They also may be disruptive, disrespectful, or destructive. In addition, they may feel guilty for not preventing the traumatic event, or have thoughts of revenge. […] To receive a diagnosis of PTSD, a person must have at least one re-experiencing symptom, at least three avoidance symptoms, at least two negative alterations in mood and cognition, and at least two hyperarousal symptoms for a minimum of one month. These symptoms must affect the persons ability to perform everyday activities.

• #85 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  Symptoms of PTSD can emerge as early as three months after the event, or can take as long as a year to show up. […] PTSD symptoms can vary depending on the age of the child and the circumstances of the trauma, but tend to include: intense anxiety when separated from family members or around strangers, disturbances in sleep (unable to fall or stay asleep), sad, withdrawn mood, feeling jittery, “on edge” or “on guard,” easily startled, especially by sounds or sudden movements, loss of interest in activities and subjects previously enjoyed, physical or emotional detachment from family members and friends, feeling or acting “numb,” difficulty displaying affection, excessive or illogical irritability, aggressive (or even violent) attacks on others, avoidance of particular places, situations or objects that bring back memories of the trauma, “flashbacks” (feeling like the traumatic experience is happening again; may include seeing or hearing parts of the event that are not really occurring), inability to distinguish reality from thoughts or dreams, constantly re-enacting the trauma through play, drawings, writings or conversation, problems in school, difficulty concentrating, preoccupation with death and dying, worrying about dying at an early age or losing other loved ones, regressive behaviors (acting younger than their age), such as bedwetting or thumb-sucking, physical complaints, such as stomachaches or headaches, with no identifiable medical cause. […] If your child is suffering from PTSD, she is most likely working through extreme emotional, mental and physical distress.

• #86 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/

  PTSD can cause difficult beliefs or feelings. You may feel like you can’t trust anyone, nowhere is safe, nobody understands, and you’re to blame for what happened. […] You may also have overwhelming feelings of anger, sadness, guilt or shame. […] PTSD can affect children as well as adults. […] Children with PTSD can have similar symptoms to adults. They may also wet the bed, be very anxious about being separated from a parent or another adult, and re-enact the traumatic event through play. […] PTSD can be treated even if it develops many years after a traumatic event. […] There are different treatments for PTSD. The best option for you will depend on how severe your symptoms are and when they developed. […] Trauma-focused CBT uses a range of techniques to help you come to terms with the traumatic event.

• #87 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/ptsd.html

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition brought on by a trauma. […] A child or teen may be diagnosed with PTSD if they have gone through a trauma, and if their stress symptoms are severe and last long after the trauma is over. […] PTSD develops when a trauma overwhelms a child’s ability to cope. Kids and teens with PTSD need extra help to move through the coping process. […] Most kids and teens with PTSD will: have upsetting thoughts of the trauma, have bad dreams or sleep problems, have bad memories, called flashbacks, that make it seem like the trauma is still happening, avoid things that remind them of the trauma, be more easily startled, scared, or anxious, feel more moody, sad, angry, or not enjoy things as before, not remember some parts of what happened.

• #88 PTSD: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious condition that can develop after someone experiences or witnesses a traumatic or terrifying event involving serious physical harm or the threat of it. […] For someone with PTSD, however, these feelings continue and even increase. That can make it hard to hold a job, have a relationship, and even take care of yourself. […] Your symptoms need to have gone on for at least a month. These often begin within 3 months of the event, but it may take years for them to appear. […] While one person’s symptoms may be more intense than another’s, they must cause significant problems in your personal or work life. You also have to have symptoms from each of these four categories: […] PTSD symptoms may increase or become more intense when you feel stress overall, or when you encounter a specific reminder about what happened.

• #89 PTSD: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  Flashbacks are a common symptom of PTSD. More realistic than a memory, it can seem like the trauma is happening again. […] Certain things may trigger a flashback for you, or one could seem to come out of the blue. […] Researchers have found brain changes in people who have PTSD that may explain why it causes memory problems, puts you on edge, and makes you less able to handle stress. […] PTSD can cause problems in every aspect of your life, including your job, relationships, health, and everyday activities. […] Recovery from PTSD is a gradual and ongoing process. You may have periods of improvement followed by relapses. Symptoms of PTSD seldom disappear completely, but treatment can help you learn to manage it more effectively, leading to fewer and less intense symptoms. […] Some studies suggest that early intervention with people who had a trauma may reduce some of the symptoms of PTSD or prevent it altogether.

• #90 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – Symptoms and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/ptsd-post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  When confronted with triggers that remind them of their trauma, such as the screeching sound of car brakes or news about sexual assault, individuals with PTSD may relive the traumatic event, which can exacerbate their symptoms and lead to a significant increase in distress. […] If individuals with PTSD relive their traumatic events for more than a month and it interferes with their ability to return to regular daily life, seek advice from a psychiatrist. Receiving appropriate and timely treatment can help prevent the symptoms from worsening. […] Patients with PTSD typically exhibit symptoms for more than one month, and these symptoms significantly impact their daily lives. […] Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a treatable condition. Consulting experienced psychologists and therapists, using prescribed medications, and participating in therapeutic activities can help individuals in their journey to recovery, helping them regain a sense of normalcy and happiness.

• #91 Symptoms of PTSD – PTSD UK

  https://www.ptsduk.org/what-is-ptsd/symptoms-of-ptsd/

  The symptoms of PTSD and C-PTSD can have a significant impact on your daily life. […] Many people who experience a trauma will experience some symptoms which dissipate after a number of weeks. However if those symptoms continue for longer than a month, and are affecting your day-to-day life, PTSD or C-PTSD may be present. In around 15% of people, there may be a delay of months or even years before symptoms even start to appear. […] PTSD and C-PTSD symptoms can vary in intensity over time. Some people with PTSD learn to ‘manage’ their symptoms and so have long periods when their symptoms are less noticeable, followed by periods where they get worse. Other people have constant severe symptoms, or you may only have symptoms when you’re stressed in general, or when you run into reminders of what you went through.

• #92 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/posttraumatic-stress-disorder/

  Though PTSD cannot be cured, it can be treated and managed in several ways. […] Psychotherapy, such as cognitive processing therapy or group therapy […] Medications […] Self-management strategies, such as self-soothing and mindfulness, are helpful to ground a person and bring her back to reality after a flashback […] Service animals, especially dogs, can help soothe some of the symptoms of PTSD. […] Someone with PTSD may have additional disorders, as well as thoughts of or attempts at suicide: Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Borderline Personality Disorder, Depression, Substance use disorders / Dual Diagnosis. […] These other illnesses can make it challenging to treat PTSD. For example, medications used to treat OCD or depression may worsen symptoms of PTSD. Successfully treating PTSD almost always improves these related illnesses and successful treatment of depression, anxiety or substance use usually improves PTSD symptoms.

• #93 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms, Tests & Treatments

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/post-traumatic_stress_disorder_ptsd/article_em.htm

  PTSD is often associated with other psychiatric and physical problems. […] The prognosis for PTSD depends upon the severity and length of time a person has suffered from the disorder. The majority of patients with PTSD respond to psychotherapy. […] There are significant risks to a person with PTSD if they do not receive treatment. The symptoms of PTSD are likely to continue to interfere with their function at home, at work, and in their relationships.

• #94 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  In fact, up to 80 per cent of people who have long-standing PTSD develop additional problems – most commonly depression, anxiety, and alcohol or other substance misuse. […] Many people experience some of the symptoms of PTSD in the first two weeks after a traumatic event, but most recover with the help of family and friends. […] Treatment does not usually start for at least two or more weeks after a traumatic experience. […] However if the event is very distressing and emotions and reactions are intense, it is advisable to seek help as early as possible to understand what is happening and help recovery to start. […] If you are still experiencing problems after two weeks, a doctor or mental health professional may discuss starting treatment. […] Effective treatments are available.

• #95 PTSD Symptoms and Risk Factors | Froedtert & MCW

  https://www.froedtert.com/trauma/post-traumatic-stress

  Feelings of mistrust: losing trust in others and thinking the world is a dangerous place […] Problems in daily living: having problems doing your job, at school or in social situations […] Substance abuse: using drugs or alcohol to cope with the emotional pain […] Relationship problems: having problems with intimacy or feeling detached from your family and friends […] Depression: persistent sadness, anxious or empty mood, loss of interest in once-enjoyed activities, feelings of guilt and shame, hopelessness about the future or other symptoms of depression […] Suicidal thoughts: thoughts about taking ones own life; if you or someone you know is thinking about suicide, call 1-800-273-TALK (8255). […] After the end of a traumatic event, if these normal experiences do not slowly improve, if they worsen with time, or if they cause difficulties in relationships or work, it is helpful to find professional support.

• #96 Post-traumatic stress disorder | Mental Health Foundation

  https://mentalhealth.org.nz/conditions/condition/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  PTSD can affect people of any age, gender or culture. Its more common among soldiers and refugees who have endured major traumas. Adults or teenagers who have experienced childhood neglect and/or abuse, be it sexual, physical, mental or emotional, may also experience PTSD. […] It is important if you think you or a loved one has PTSD that you talk to your doctor. If not recognised and treated, PTSD can lead to depression, self-harm and suicidal thoughts. This is especially so for people with a history of depression. Long-term distress and anxiety can sometimes lead to panic attacks. Some people also develop eating disorders. […] People experiencing PTSD may try to numb their pain by using alcohol or drugs, but this increases the chance of developing substance abuse issues. […] With recognition and treatment of PTSD, you can heal from trauma and reclaim your life.

• #97 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355973

  You and your healthcare professional can work together to figure out the best medicine, with the fewest side effects, for you. […] If a traumatic event causes stress and other problems that affect your life, see your healthcare professional or mental health professional. […] PTSD can greatly strain the emotional and mental health of loved ones and friends. […] The person you love may seem like a different person than you knew before the trauma angry and irritable or withdrawn and depressed, for example. […] Remember that you can’t change someone. But you can: […] If you think you may have post-traumatic stress disorder, make an appointment with your healthcare professional or mental health professional. […] Your healthcare professional likely will ask you several questions, such as: […] Preparing and anticipating questions will help you make the most of your time with the healthcare professional.

• #98 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  Men usually have the more talked about PTSD symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidance, cognitive and mood issues, and arousal concerns. These symptoms often start within the first month after the traumatic event, but it can take months or years for signs to appear. […] PTSD can develop in people whove been through or witnessed a traumatic event like a natural disaster, military combat, or assault. […] The symptoms of PTSD may also mirror those of other mental health conditions, such as panic disorder. […] To be diagnosed with PTSD, you must experience all of the following symptoms for 1 month or longer: at least one re-experience symptom, at least one avoidance symptom, at least two arousal and reactivity symptoms, at least two cognition and mood symptoms. […] PTSD can interfere with every part of your life, including your work and relationships.

• #99 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0300/posttraumatic-stress-disorder.html

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common, with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 6%. PTSD may develop at least one month after a traumatic event involving the threat of death or harm to physical integrity, although earlier symptoms may represent an acute stress disorder. Symptoms typically involve trauma-related intrusive thoughts, avoidant behaviors, negative alterations of cognition or mood, and changes in arousal and reactivity. […] Symptoms of PTSD typically involve trauma-related intrusive thoughts, avoidant behaviors, negative alterations of cognition or mood, and changes in arousal and reactivity. […] PTSD may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and other medical conditions commonly seen in primary care. […] PTSD may develop at least one month after a qualifying traumatic event, specifically an event that involves the threat of death or harm to physical integrity.

• #100 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) I Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/ptsd/ptsd-overview

  PTSD is effectively managed with medications and psychotherapy. […] Recovery takes time, but having more tools in your toolkit certainly helps the process along. […] Beyond the traditional symptoms of PTSD, the condition may lead to complications, especially if left untreated. […] Over the long term, PTSD may lead to changes in the structure of the brain, due to a decrease in size of the hippocampus the part of the brain that helps regulate emotions and memory. […] When you live with PTSD, every day can feel like a silent battle. […] Each of us responds differently to trauma, and no two experiences are alike. […] PTSD is a complex mental health condition, but its treatable with psychotherapy, medication, and complementary treatments. […] There are support groups, articles, apps, hotlines, and mental health professionals ready to support you at every step.

• #101 What Are the Differences Between PTS and PTSD? | BrainLine

  https://www.brainline.org/article/what-are-differences-between-pts-and-ptsd

  Its easy to confuse post-traumatic stress (PTS) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Both PTS and PTSD are associated with feeling fearful and/or nervous, avoiding the activity or place associated with the traumatic event, and nightmares. However, there are significant differences in symptom intensity, duration, and treatment. […] PTS is a common, normal, and often adaptive response to experiencing a traumatic or stressful event. […] Almost everyone who experiences a scary situation will show at least a few signs of post-traumatic stress. […] Symptoms of PTS usually subside a few days after the event and wont cause any prolonged meaningful interference with your life. […] PTSD is a clinically-diagnosed condition listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the recognized authority on mental illness diagnoses.

• #102 Post-traumatic stress disorder | Mental Health Foundation

  https://mentalhealth.org.nz/conditions/condition/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  Some people find group therapy helpful, particularly when there are a number of people who have endured a similar trauma, e.g. an earthquake or a sexual assault. […] Although they are not treatments for PTSD, certain complementary therapies may enhance your life and help you to maintain wellbeing. […] Treatment for PTSD can take a significant amount of time.

• #103 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – Mental Health Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves intense, unpleasant, and dysfunctional reactions after an overwhelming traumatic event. […] Symptoms have been present for 1 month or longer. […] PTSD lasts for more than 1 month. It may be a continuation of acute stress disorder or develop separately up to 6 months after the event. […] Chronic PTSD may not disappear but often becomes less intense over time even without treatment. Nevertheless, some people remain severely handicapped by the disorder in social settings, at work, and in their personal relationships. […] When people with PTSD have symptoms, they typically fall into the following 4 categories: […] Intrusion symptoms (the event repeatedly and uncontrollably invades their thoughts) […] Avoidance of anything that reminds them of the event

• #104 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

  https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/mental-illnesses-and-mental-health-problems/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can be caused when someone is exposed to a traumatic event. […] When these negative reactions dont go away, and interfere with someones daily life, then they might be suffering from PTSD. […] People who have PTSD often have many of the following symptoms. These can start immediately, or they might take some weeks or even months to begin. […] With PTSD, these symptoms will interfere with your day-to-day activities and/or cause you to feel extremely distressed. […] PTSD cannot be diagnosed in the first month after a traumatic event. If you experience trauma symptoms straight away, and these are severe and prevent you from functioning, you might be experiencing an 'acute stress disorder’. […] The symptoms of PTSD can start immediately after a traumatic event, or even weeks or months afterwards. Usually, symptoms start within 6 months of the event. Sometimes symptoms will start after 6 months, though this is less common.

• #105 PTSS vs. PTSD: Differences, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ptss-vs-ptsd

  Research suggests that most people with PTSS may have mild or moderate symptoms, while only some report severe symptoms. […] PTSS can be a temporary response to a recent stressor. Over time, and especially with support, PTSS symptoms may improve. Most people recover after a traumatic event. […] In some people, PTSS can become PTSD, or they may develop PTSD after having a delayed reaction to the event. In this case, treatment may be necessary. People with PTSD who seek treatment tend to have more positive outcomes. With help from an experienced trauma therapist, recovery is possible. […] However, having PTSS, particularly if the symptoms are severe, is a risk factor for developing PTSD. […] Both PTSS and PTSD can get better, either on their own or with treatment.

• #106 What Are the Differences Between PTS and PTSD? | BrainLine

  https://www.brainline.org/article/what-are-differences-between-pts-and-ptsd

  Common symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder include reliving a traumatic event through nightmares, flashbacks, or constantly thinking about it. […] Symptoms that continue for more than one month, are severe, and interfere with your daily functioning are characteristic of PTSD. […] Certain medications and therapies are widely accepted by healthcare providers as effective treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. […] PTS symptoms are common after deployment and may improve or resolve within a month. PTSD symptoms are more severe, persistent, can interfere with daily functioning, and can last for more than a month. […] Most people with PTS do not develop PTSD. You can develop PTSD without first having PTS. […] PTSD is a medically-diagnosed condition and should be treated by a clinician.

• #107 Psychiatry.org – What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that may occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event or series of traumatic events. The individual often experience the event or events as emotionally or physically harmful or life-threatening. Examples include, but are not limited to, abuse (physical, sexual, emotional), natural disasters, serious accidents, terrorist acts, war/combat exposure, intimate partner violence, and medical illness. However, most individuals who experience traumas do not go on to develop PTSD. […] Many individuals develop symptoms within three months of the trauma, but symptoms may appear later and often persist for months and sometimes years. PTSD often occurs with other related conditions, such as depression, substance use, memory problems and other physical and mental health problems.

• #108 Exhibit 1.3-4, DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD – Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/box/part1_ch3.box16/

  Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) of the following ways: […] Presence of one (or more) of the following intrusion symptoms associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic event(s) occurred: […] Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by one or both of the following: […] Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by two (or more) of the following: […] Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by two (or more) of the following:

• #109 Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathophysiology-clinical-features-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been described as „the complex somatic, cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects of psychological trauma”. PTSD is characterized by intrusive thoughts, nightmares and flashbacks of past traumatic events, avoidance of reminders of trauma, hypervigilance, and sleep disturbance, all of which lead to considerable social, occupational, and interpersonal dysfunction. […] The diagnosis of PTSD can be challenging because of the heterogeneity of the presentation and resistance on the part of the patient to discuss past trauma. […] Patients exposed to multiple traumatic events may be mistakenly diagnosed with PTSD rather than another primary disorder. […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, course, and diagnosis of PTSD are discussed here.

• #110 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/trauma-and-stressors/ptsd

  Following severe and repeated traumatic events, an individual may experience difficulty with regulation of emotion or keeping interpersonal relationships. Dissociative symptoms may also develop. […] The presentation of PTSD can vary greatly. In some individuals, the predominant presentation is marked by fear-based re-experiencing of trauma, and behavioural symptoms. […] For other individuals, dysphoria and negative thoughts may be the predominant symptoms. […] Finally, others may have dissociative symptoms as the predominant presentation. […] PTSD is unique among the psychiatric diagnoses in that it requires a specific external event as part of the diagnostic criteria. […] It is important to recognize that for the majority of individuals, exposure to trauma does not result in PTSD. The symptoms from PTSD must be linked temporally and conceptually to the traumatic exposure to qualify as PTSD symptom.

• #111 Symptoms – Post-traumatic stress disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/symptoms/

  Other symptoms you may notice in children with PTSD include: difficult behaviour, avoiding things related to the traumatic event, re-enacting the traumatic event again and again through their play. […] You should visit your GP if you or your child are still having problems about 4 weeks after the traumatic experience, or the symptoms are particularly troublesome. […] Your GP will want to discuss your symptoms with you in as much detail as possible. […] They’ll ask whether you have experienced a traumatic event in the recent or distant past and whether you have re-experienced the event through flashbacks or nightmares. […] Your GP can refer you to mental health specialists if they feel you’d benefit from treatment.

• #112 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) — symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  If you or someone you know appears to be experiencing symptoms of PTSD that are affecting work, school or day-to-day activities for longer than 2 weeks after a traumatic event, it’s important to talk to a doctor or other health professional. […] PTSD may be diagnosed if you have a number of symptoms that are severe enough to interfere with your ability to function at work, socially or at home. […] Many people have some symptoms of PTSD in the first couple of weeks after a traumatic event, but most recover on their own or with the help of family and friends. […] For people whose symptoms last longer, PTSD can be treated with psychological therapies and sometimes medicines. […] The most useful medicines for PTSD are antidepressants. It can take time before they start to work. […] Without treatment, PTSD may become chronic and lead to other mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. The sooner treatment begins, the better.

• #113

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2445

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health problem that can result from being in or seeing a traumatic or terrifying event. […] If you have PTSD, you may often relive the experience in nightmares or flashbacks. These are clear and frightening memories of the event. You may also have trouble sleeping. […] PTSD affects people in very different ways. It can interfere with daily activities such as work or school, and it can make you withdraw from friends or loved ones. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: Your PTSD symptoms are getting worse. […] You have new or worse symptoms of anxiety or depression. […] You are not getting better as expected.

• #114 Symptoms of PTSD – PTSD UK

  https://www.ptsduk.org/what-is-ptsd/symptoms-of-ptsd/

  The guidance from the NHS states ‘It’s normal to experience upsetting and confusing thoughts after a traumatic event, but in most people these improve naturally over a few weeks. You should visit your GP if you or your child are still having problems about 4 weeks after the traumatic experience, or the symptoms are particularly troublesome. […] It is possible for PTSD to be successfully treated many years after the traumatic event occurred, which means it is never too late to seek help.

• #115 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288154-overview

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome resulting from exposure to real or threatened serious injury or sexual assault. The signs and symptoms of PTSD appear to arise from complex interactions of psychological and neurobiological factors. Studies have found alterations in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate, and corpus collosum as well as altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA). […] Symptoms of PTSD include the following: Persistent re-experiencing of the event: intrusive thoughts related to the traumatic event, nightmares or distressing dreams, persistent or recurrent involuntary memories, dissociation (including flashbacks) and intense, negative emotional or physiological reaction on exposure to reminders (traumatic triggers)

• #116 Understanding Trauma and PTSD | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/resources/understanding-trauma-and-ptsd/

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder. It develops in response to a traumatic event. The body responds to trauma by releasing adrenaline, the stress hormone that triggers “fight or flight” mode. That adrenaline stimulates the amygdala, the part of the brain that plays a significant role in emotions, behavior, and fear processing. This system overreacts with out-of-proportion fear responses to ordinary situations. While the symptoms of traumatic stress and PTSD look similar immediately following the event, they progress differently. With PTSD, your mind stays in a state of psychological shock – instead of feeling a bit better each day, your symptoms stick with you and interfere with your normal functioning. […] For most people, symptoms will start immediately following a traumatic event, but some may not develop systems until weeks, months, or even years after. It’s important to be aware of the signs so that if you find yourself struggling later, you can get help. If you’re experiencing some of these symptoms now, take a PTSD screen.

• #117 Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Treatment overview – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-in-adults-treatment-overview

  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by intrusive thoughts, nightmares, and flashbacks of past traumatic events, avoidance of reminders of trauma, hypervigilance, and sleep disturbance, all of which lead to considerable social, occupational, and interpersonal dysfunction. […] Effective treatments for PTSD include psychotherapies and medications. However, some patients are unwilling to pursue treatment, and a substantial proportion of patients who do seek treatment have symptoms resistant to treatment. […] We prefer to begin treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as soon as possible after the diagnosis is made. Early treatment of PTSD may prevent chronicity; however, more empirical data to support this are needed particularly for pharmacotherapeutic treatment.

• #118

  https://step2.medbullets.com/psychiatry/120631/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  exposure to actual or threatened death, injury, or assault […] persistent re-experience of event […] intrusive thoughts, nightmares or related dreams, recurrent memories, dissociative experiences such as flashbacks, and negative feelings due to triggers […] avoidance of potential triggers or of talking/thinking about the event […] negative alterations in cognition and mood […] inappropriate blaming of oneself or others […] persistent negative emotions […] loss of interest […] detachment from others […] hyperarousal […] irritability […] insomnia […] difficulty concentrating […] self-harming acts […] recklessness. […] Prognostic variable […] resilience.

• #119 Frequently Asked Questions about Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Brain & Behavior Research Foundation

  https://bbrfoundation.org/faq/frequently-asked-questions-about-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

  Most people with longstanding PTSD find that the symptoms are not steady in their severity. […] To be diagnosed with PTSD, a person must have all of the following for at least 1 month: […] Symptoms interfere with daily life, such as going to school or work, being with friends, taking care of important tasks. […] A number of treatment techniques, sometimes combined with one another, are being used with varying degrees of success: […] It is important to remember that not everyone who lives through a dangerous event experiences post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Many factors play a part in whether a person will get PTSD. […] Risk factors for PTSD include: […] Resilience factors that may reduce the risk of PTSD include: […] A significant number of veterans suffer from PTSD: up to 20 percent of those who served in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars and up to 30 percent of those who served in Vietnam. […] In the United States, about seven or eight out of every 100 people will have PTSD at some point in their lives.

• #120 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

  https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/mental-illnesses-and-mental-health-problems/post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  Research shows that certain groups of people are at increased risk of developing PTSD. The risk of developing PTSD is decreased if someone can access social support and recover from the traumatic event in a low stress environment. […] Any traumatic event can cause PTSD, although the more disturbing the experience, the more likely you are to develop PTSD. […] If you continue to be exposed to stress and uncertainty, this will make it more difficult for your PTSD symptoms to improve. […] There is evidence that TF-CBT and EMDR are the best first-line therapies. Medication can be helpful for those who do not want talking therapies or who cannot access them easily. […] Trauma-focused psychological therapies (TF-CBT or EMDR) should be offered before medication, wherever possible.

• #121 PTSD Recovery Stages – 4 Key Stages and Symptoms

  https://compassionbehavioralhealth.com/ptsd-recovery-stages/

  Yes, recovery from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is indeed possible. The process of recovery can look different for each individual and depends on various factors including the severity of the trauma, the individuals personal resilience, the quality of their support systems, and the treatments received. […] PTSD is often most effectively treated with assistance from a professional therapist and the help of a support system, such as family or a group of friends. […] Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one of the most effective treatments for PTSD. […] Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a specialized therapy designed specifically for trauma. […] Prolonged Exposure Therapy focuses on helping individuals gradually face situations they have been avoiding due to trauma-related anxiety.

• #122 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://calmerry.com/blog/trauma/what-are-the-symptoms-of-ptsd/

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can cause significant interference with daily life. If you live with PTSD symptoms, quality treatment is available to help you overcome the effects of trauma. […] The core symptoms of PTSD are what define the disorder. A PTSD diagnosis requires that a person meet the diagnostic criteria for the disorder, but a person does not need to demonstrate every possible PTSD symptom to be diagnosed. […] To be diagnosed with PTSD, a person must experience these symptoms in response to a traumatic event. And PTSD symptoms must last more than one month and cause significant distress or impairment in important areas of life. […] People often wonder how PTSD develops, but there is no single cause of this disorder. After all, some people can experience a traumatic event and never develop PTSD symptoms. […] The good news is that remission is possible. Research with individuals with PTSD has found that 55% of people achieve remission in about three years. With quality treatment, you can learn to manage symptoms, and you may experience remission sooner.

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