Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-and-Treatment-of-Slapped-Cheek-Syndrome.aspx

  Slapped cheek syndrome or fifth disease is a viral infection most commonly affecting children aged between 3 and 15 years. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and clinical features which most commonly involves the appearance of a distinct blotchy red rash across the cheeks accompanied by a sore throat, fever, headaches and upset stomach. […] To confirm diagnosis, a chest X-ray may be performed to check for infection and blood tested for antibodies to the virus. […] Blood tests are also recommended for individuals who are at high risk of serious complications of infection.

• #1 Fifth Disease (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/fifth.html

  Doctors usually can diagnose fifth disease by seeing the rash on the face and body. […] If someone doesn’t have the rash but does have other symptoms, the doctor may do blood tests to see if parvovirus B19 is causing them.

• #1 Erythema infectiosum. Fifth disease. Parvovirus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/erythema-infectiosum

  In most cases, erythema infectiosum is a clinical diagnosis in a child with characteristic slapped cheek and lacy rash. […] The diagnosis can be confirmed by blood tests. […] Parvovirus serology: IgG, IgM. This test is reported in about 7 days. […] Parvovirus PCR is more sensitive. This test is reported in about 3 days. […] If the child is unwell, or has haemolytic anaemia, a full blood count should be performed.

• #1 Slapped Cheek Disease (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/slapped-cheek-disease-leaflet

  Slapped cheek disease is usually diagnosed by the appearance of the classical rash on your cheeks. […] A blood test is sometimes performed. This will show if you have slapped cheek disease and can also show if you have had this disease in the past. […] Testing is generally only carried out in pregnant women, or in people who have other medical conditions that reduce their immune system, not in healthy non-pregnant adults or in children.

• #1 About Parvovirus B19 | Parvovirus B19 and Fifth Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parvovirus-b19/about/index.html

  In special circumstances, your healthcare provider may test your blood for parvovirus antibodies. The test will determine if you are susceptible or possibly immune to parvovirus B19 infection or if you were recently infected. […] Talk to your healthcare provider if you have any questions about whether you should get tested.

• #1 Slapped cheek disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/slapped-cheek-disease

  Slapped cheek disease is characterised by bright red cheeks, a cold-like illness and, sometimes, an itchy rash on the torso and limbs. […] Pregnant women, people with haemolytic blood disorders and those with compromised immune systems need to see a doctor if exposure to the slapped cheek virus is suspected. […] Most people with slapped cheek infection need little if any treatment. […] A pregnant woman who believes she has been in contact with a case of parvovirus infection should consult the doctor supervising her pregnancy, even if she has no symptoms. […] People with compromised immune systems (for example, people being treated for cancer or severe asthma, or those with HIV/AIDS) can develop chronic and severe anaemia with slapped cheek disease. […] Those with disorders such as sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia and hereditary spherocytosis can experience a sudden drop in haemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen around the blood, with slapped cheek disease.

• #1 Erythema Infectiousum (Fifth Disease, Slapped Cheek Syndrome) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/erythema-infectiousum-fifth-disease-slapped-cheek-syndrome/

  The diagnosis of erythema infectiousum (EI) is a clinical diagnosis that can be made with a careful history and physical examination. […] Diagnostic studies for EI are not needed under most circumstances because the symptoms commonly resolve in several days. Patients who have underlying disorders, such as hemoglobinopathies and immunodefiencies, or who have unusual manifestations of the illness, such as arthropathy, may require serologic testing or viral DNA detection to confirm the diagnosis. […] Serum parvovirus B19-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibody is the preferred diagnostic test for immunocompetent patients. The development of parvovirus B19-specific IgM antibody occurs during the first stage of EI and is detected in over 90% of patients with EI. […] A seroconversion from a negative test for parvovirus B19-specific IgG to a positive test, or a significant rise in IgG titer against parvovirus B19 is evidence of an acute or recent infection.

• #1 Fifth disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_disease

  The most common manifestation of Fifth Disease is marked by a red, „slapped cheek” look on the face and a lace-like rash on the body and limbs. […] The „slapped cheek” appearance of the rash can be suggestive of fifth disease, however, the rash can be mistaken with other skin related disease or infections. […] For this reason, blood samples testing can be definitive in confirming the diagnosis of Fifth Disease. […] An antibody assay uses antibodies designed to detect parvovirus antigen or protein in blood circulation. […] A positive assay result can also be indicative of an infection within the previous two to six months. […] Infection by parvovirus B19 can also be confirmed by isolation of viral DNA detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or direct hybridization. […] In order to diagnose Fifth Disease in a fetus, a PCR test is done using a sample taken from the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby (otherwise known as „amniocentesis”). […] Aside from diagnosing Fifth Disease with laboratory tests, it is crucial to monitor fetal blood flow in the brain. This involves looking for signs of moderate to severe anemia using an ultrasound.

• #1 Erythema Infectiousum (Fifth Disease, Slapped Cheek Syndrome) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/erythema-infectiousum-fifth-disease-slapped-cheek-syndrome/

  The diagnosis of parvovirus B19 arthropathy relies on positive parvovirus B19-specific IgM antibody or a significant rise in parvorirus B19-specific IgG titers. […] The finding of pronormoblasts on bone marrow examination of patients wtih anemia is suggestive parvovirus B19 infection. Viral DNA isolation from the blood or bone marrow by dot blot isolation or polymerase chain reaction is helpful in the diagnosis. […] The diagnosis can be established by demonstrating the presence of the virus in the blood or bone marrow by DNA detection methods.

• #1 Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum): Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/children/understanding-fifth-disease-basics

  Fifth Disease Diagnosis […] In most cases, fifth disease is diagnosed based on the appearance of typical symptoms. Although a blood test can confirm whether you have fifth disease, it’s usually not necessary unless you have a problem with your immune system. […] If you’re pregnant and you’ve been exposed to fifth disease, your doctor may want you to have a blood test to determine whether you had it in the past. If you have had it before, you should be immune. […] But if you do get fifth disease while you’re pregnant, your doctor may recommend close monitoring. This can include having more frequent ultrasounds so your doctor can look for complications in your unborn baby, such as abnormal fluid pooling around the heart, lungs, or belly. But most of the time, fifth disease doesn’t cause a baby any problems. […] If an ultrasound shows there might be a problem, your doctor might want you to have either an amniocentesis or a test called cordocentesis to verify if you have the infection and, if so, how bad it is.

• #1 Clinical Presentations of Parvovirus B19 Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0201/p373.html

  Parvovirus B19 infection can trigger an acute cessation of red blood cell production, causing transient aplastic crisis, chronic red cell aplasia, hydrops fetalis, or congenital anemia. […] A clinical diagnosis can be made without laboratory confirmation if erythema infectiosum is present. […] If laboratory testing is needed, there are two types of diagnostic tests to confirm parvovirus B19 infection: B19-specific antibody testing and viral DNA testing. […] Serum IgM testing is recommended to diagnose acute viral infection in immunocompetent patients, with 89 percent sensitivity and 99 percent specificity. […] Viral DNA testing is crucial for the diagnosis of parvovirus B19 infection in patients in transient aplastic crisis or in immunocompromised patients with chronic infection. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are preferred over less sensitive nucleic acid hybridization assays.

• #1 Slapped cheek syndrome diagnosis – Measles misdiagnosis

  https://www.mymisdiagnosis.com/misdiagnosis/measles/1416

  Slapped Cheek Syndrome is sometimes misdiagnosed as Measles. […] It has been reported that some patients have been misdiagnosed with Measles, when in fact the correct diagnosis in their specific case was Slapped Cheek Syndrome. […] Symptoms are a guideline only and may apply to either the diagnosis or the reported misdiagnosis, or both. Consult your specialist for further information.

• #1 Slapped Cheek Syndrome Symptoms & Treatments | Fifth Disease

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/slapped-cheek-syndrome

  Slapped cheek syndrome can usually be diagnosed by your physician based on the characteristic rash. A blood test is available that can confirm the diagnosis. […] Although slapped cheek syndrome is a mild condition, it is important to rule out other similar and potentially more serious conditions. […] Seek prompt medical care if you are being treated for slapped cheek syndrome but mild symptoms recur or are persistent. […] Contact your health care provider if you or your child has symptoms of slap cheek syndrome.

• #1 Slapped cheek syndrome (Parvovirus)

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/articles/s_t/slapped-cheek-syndrome-parvovirus

  See your doctor if you suspect you or your child has slapped cheek syndrome. […] Most people with slapped cheek syndrome need little if any treatment. Rest and painkillers may help. Speak to your doctor or chemist before giving any painkillers to your child. Aspirin is not recommended for children under 12. […] If you are pregnant and get the infection, your babys development will need to be monitored. Talk to your doctor about this.

• #1 Slapped Cheek Syndrome

  https://solent-family-assist.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/151/~/slapped-cheek-syndrome

  Tell your Midwife or a GP if you’re pregnant and have been near someone with slapped cheek syndrome or think you already have it there’s a very small risk of miscarriage or other complications. […] See a GP if you think your child has it and they have a blood disorder or a weakened immune system. […] Ask for an urgent appointment if the infected person is feeling very unwell or has very pale skin, shortness of breath, extreme tiredness, or is fainting.

• #1 When Your Child Has Fifth Disease | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/when-your-child-has-fifth-disease

  How is fifth disease diagnosed? Your child’s healthcare provider may do a blood test to check for the virus. However, it is usually diagnosed by the appearance of the distinctive rash. In some cases, tests may be done to rule out other health problems. […] Fifth disease is caused by a virus called parvovirus B19. The virus is spread by droplets in the air when someone who is infected sneezes or coughs. Most children with fifth disease catch it at school or daycare. The virus can spread from person-to-person (is contagious) in its early stages, before the rash appears. Fifth disease is most common in school-age children, but can develop at any age.

• #1 Slapped cheek (fifth disease)

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Slapped_cheek_fifth_disease/

  Slapped cheek is a viral infection caused by the human parvovirus B19. It is also called fifth disease or erythema infectiosum. […] Most children who get slapped cheek do not have any symptoms, and if they do the symptoms are usually very mild. […] Slapped cheek is not life threatening and complications are rare. […] Symptoms can vary between children, and the infection can show very few symptoms. […] Slapped cheek is caused by a virus and antibiotics will not work to treat it. […] 24 hours after the fever goes away, a child with a rash is not able to spread the infection to others. […] If you are pregnant and exposed to someone with slapped cheek, ask your GP to test if you have had human parvovirus B19 in the past. The GP will perform a parvovirus IgG serology test.

• #2 Fifth Disease | Erythema infectiosum | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/fifthdisease.html

  Fifth disease, also called erythema infectiosum, is a viral infection caused by parvovirus B19. […] The „slapped cheek” rash is more common in children. […] There is no routine lab test to diagnose fifth disease. Providers can often diagnose fifth disease just by seeing the „slapped cheek” rash and rashes on the body. […] There is testing to show whether or not you have protection (immunity) against the B19 parvovirus or if you have had a recent infection. This test is usually not needed, but your provider may order the test if you are pregnant or at higher risk for complications of the disease.

• #2 Erythema infectiosum – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/684

  Erythema infectiosum classically presents in childhood with a 'slapped cheek’ appearance followed by a reticular, erythematous eruption that is predominantly found on the extremities and may be preceded by mild systemic symptoms. […] Clinicians should maintain increased suspicion for infection with parvovirus B19 in people presenting with common symptoms (e.g., fever, myalgia, malaise, reticular rash, arthralgia, characteristic facial rash) or for pregnant people with known exposure to individuals with parvovirus B19. […] Key diagnostic factors include close contact with other infected individuals, bright red macular erythema of the bilateral cheeks with sparing of the nasal ridge and peri-oral areas, erythematous macules and papules evolving into lacy reticular erythema, most notable on the extremities, and immunodeficiency. […] 1st investigations to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include FBC, reticulocyte count, serology, and DNA assays.

• #2 Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum): Symptoms and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/fifth-disease

  Fifth disease has 3 stages: […] Second stage starts 2 to 3 weeks after exposure. This is when the child is no longer contagious. […] Bright red, slapped cheek rash on face.

• #2 Slapped cheek (fifth disease)

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Slapped_cheek_fifth_disease/

  Slapped cheek is a viral infection caused by the human parvovirus B19. It is also called fifth disease or erythema infectiosum. […] Most children who get slapped cheek do not have any symptoms, and if they do the symptoms are usually very mild. […] Slapped cheek is not life threatening and complications are rare. […] Symptoms can vary between children, and the infection can show very few symptoms. […] Slapped cheek is caused by a virus and antibiotics will not work to treat it. […] 24 hours after the fever goes away, a child with a rash is not able to spread the infection to others. […] If you are pregnant and exposed to someone with slapped cheek, ask your GP to test if you have had human parvovirus B19 in the past. The GP will perform a parvovirus IgG serology test.

• #2 Fifth disease (slapped cheek disease) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/fifth-disease

  Fifth disease is a common childhood viral illness. […] Most children do not need any treatment and can be looked after at home. […] How is fifth disease diagnosed? […] Doctors can often diagnose fifth disease by noting the characteristic rash during a physical examination. […] Blood tests may be done if you are at risk of complications. The blood tests detect antibodies to fifth disease, which can show both an active infection and previous infections.

• #2 Erythema infectiosum, slapped cheek syndrome, or fifth disease

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/169853

  Signs and symptoms of erythema infectiosum tend to be easy to detect, so diagnosis is normally straightforward. It is sometimes confused with scarlet fever, but the rash is different. […] Tests to confirm the presence of the virus are not generally ordered. […] Sometimes a doctor may recommend a blood test to check for antibodies. […] This may happen if the patient: is pregnant, has a compromised immune system, due, for example, to HIV or AIDS, has a chronic red blood cell disorder, such as sickle-cell anemia. […] Depending on the result, the following actions are possible: Results show the patient is immune: no further action is required, as reinfection is not possible. […] Results show a recent parvovirus infection: further tests may be ordered to find out whether any complications, for example, anemia, require treatment. […] Results show a pregnant woman is infected: additional tests, including an ultrasound scan and further blood tests, will monitor the developing fetus for complications.

• #2 Clinical Presentations of Parvovirus B19 Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0201/p373.html

  Parvovirus B19 infection can trigger an acute cessation of red blood cell production, causing transient aplastic crisis, chronic red cell aplasia, hydrops fetalis, or congenital anemia. […] A clinical diagnosis can be made without laboratory confirmation if erythema infectiosum is present. […] If laboratory testing is needed, there are two types of diagnostic tests to confirm parvovirus B19 infection: B19-specific antibody testing and viral DNA testing. […] Serum IgM testing is recommended to diagnose acute viral infection in immunocompetent patients, with 89 percent sensitivity and 99 percent specificity. […] Viral DNA testing is crucial for the diagnosis of parvovirus B19 infection in patients in transient aplastic crisis or in immunocompromised patients with chronic infection. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are preferred over less sensitive nucleic acid hybridization assays.

• #2 Erythema Infectiousum (Fifth Disease, Slapped Cheek Syndrome) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/erythema-infectiousum-fifth-disease-slapped-cheek-syndrome/

  The diagnosis of erythema infectiousum (EI) is a clinical diagnosis that can be made with a careful history and physical examination. […] Diagnostic studies for EI are not needed under most circumstances because the symptoms commonly resolve in several days. Patients who have underlying disorders, such as hemoglobinopathies and immunodefiencies, or who have unusual manifestations of the illness, such as arthropathy, may require serologic testing or viral DNA detection to confirm the diagnosis. […] Serum parvovirus B19-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibody is the preferred diagnostic test for immunocompetent patients. The development of parvovirus B19-specific IgM antibody occurs during the first stage of EI and is detected in over 90% of patients with EI. […] A seroconversion from a negative test for parvovirus B19-specific IgG to a positive test, or a significant rise in IgG titer against parvovirus B19 is evidence of an acute or recent infection.

• #2 Erythema Infectiosum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513309/

  Diagnosis is typically clinical but may be confirmed through serologic testing for immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies or through polymerase chain reaction testing in high-risk cases. […] Testing is particularly useful in diagnosing aplastic crisis to confirm causality from acute parvovirus B19 infection. Additionally, testing for immunoglobulin G antibodies is common in prenatal care to assess immunity status and evaluate the risk of potential congenital disabilities.

• #2 Erythema infectiosum. Fifth disease. Parvovirus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/erythema-infectiosum

  In most cases, erythema infectiosum is a clinical diagnosis in a child with characteristic slapped cheek and lacy rash. […] The diagnosis can be confirmed by blood tests. […] Parvovirus serology: IgG, IgM. This test is reported in about 7 days. […] Parvovirus PCR is more sensitive. This test is reported in about 3 days. […] If the child is unwell, or has haemolytic anaemia, a full blood count should be performed.

• #2 Erythema infectiosum – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/684

  Erythema infectiosum classically presents in childhood with a „slapped cheek” appearance followed by a reticular, erythematous eruption that is predominantly found on the extremities and may be preceded by mild systemic symptoms. […] Clinicians should maintain increased suspicion for infection with parvovirus B19 in people presenting with common symptoms (e.g., fever, myalgia, malaise, reticular rash, arthralgia, characteristic facial rash) or for pregnant people with known exposure to individuals with parvovirus B19. […] Key diagnostic factors include close contact with other infected individuals, bright red macular erythema of the bilateral cheeks with sparing of the nasal ridge and perioral areas, erythematous macules and papules evolving into lacy reticular erythema, most notable on the extremities, and immunodeficiency. […] 1st tests to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Tests to consider include CBC, reticulocyte count, serology, and DNA assays.

• #2 Slapped cheek syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/slapped-cheek-syndrome/

  Slapped cheek syndrome is normally a mild infection that clears up by itself in 1 to 3 weeks. […] If youre pregnant, have a blood disorder or a weakened immune system and have been exposed to the virus, you should get medical advice. […] In these cases, a blood test may be carried out to see if youre immune to the infection. If youre not immune, youll be monitored carefully to check for any problems. […] If you develop severe anaemia, its likely that youll be sent to hospital for a blood transfusion.

• #2 Parvovirus (slapped cheek disease) and pregnancy

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/parvovirus-pregnancy/

  A blood test will diagnose parvovirus. […] If you have the virus, you may be referred to a specialist obstetrician. […] You should also have regular ultrasound scans to check your baby’s health.

• #2 Slapped Cheek Syndrome Symptoms & Treatments | Fifth Disease

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/slapped-cheek-syndrome

  Slapped cheek syndrome can usually be diagnosed by your physician based on the characteristic rash. A blood test is available that can confirm the diagnosis. […] Although slapped cheek syndrome is a mild condition, it is important to rule out other similar and potentially more serious conditions. […] Seek prompt medical care if you are being treated for slapped cheek syndrome but mild symptoms recur or are persistent. […] Contact your health care provider if you or your child has symptoms of slap cheek syndrome.

• #2 Slapped Cheek Syndrome

  https://solent-family-assist.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/151/~/slapped-cheek-syndrome

  Tell your Midwife or a GP if you’re pregnant and have been near someone with slapped cheek syndrome or think you already have it there’s a very small risk of miscarriage or other complications. […] See a GP if you think your child has it and they have a blood disorder or a weakened immune system. […] Ask for an urgent appointment if the infected person is feeling very unwell or has very pale skin, shortness of breath, extreme tiredness, or is fainting.

• #2

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/s/article/slappedcheeksyndrome

  Slapped cheek syndrome (also called fifth disease) is common in children and should get better on its own within 3 weeks. It’s rarer in adults, but can be more serious. […] You do not usually need to see a GP for slapped cheek syndrome. […] Tell your midwife or a GP if you’re pregnant or have a weakened immune system and have been near someone with slapped cheek syndrome. […] See a GP if: you think you have slapped cheek syndrome and: you’re pregnant there’s a very small risk of miscarriage or other complications. […] Slapped cheek syndrome is caused by a virus (parvovirus B19).

• #2 Factsheets – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/other/parvovirus/factsheets/

  Healthcare professionals can often diagnose parvovirus B19 infection just by seeing slapped cheek rash on a patients face. […] A blood test can show if you are immune to parvovirus B19 infection or if you were recently infected. This is not a routine test but can be performed in special circumstances. The blood test may be particularly helpful for pregnant women who may have been exposed to parvovirus B19 and are suspected to be infected. Talk to your healthcare provider.

• #3 Fifth Disease („Slapped Cheek” Disease): Symptoms & More

  https://www.health.com/fifth-disease-8704829

  Healthcare providers can usually diagnose fifth disease with a physical examination based on its distinctive „slapped cheek” rash, especially in children. […] If a rash never develops, joint pain outlasts the rash, or you have risk factors for complications such as pregnancy or anemia, your healthcare provider may order a blood test to check for parvovirus B19 antibodies and confirm the diagnosis. […] When you have fifth disease, your immune system produces antibodies to fight the virus, which a blood test can detect. […] Your body will produce antibodies for the virus for up to two months after an active infection. After this, a blood test is less effective and can only determine whether you’ve ever had fifth disease at some point in your lifetime.

• #3 Fifth disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_disease

  The most common manifestation of Fifth Disease is marked by a red, „slapped cheek” look on the face and a lace-like rash on the body and limbs. […] The „slapped cheek” appearance of the rash can be suggestive of fifth disease, however, the rash can be mistaken with other skin related disease or infections. […] For this reason, blood samples testing can be definitive in confirming the diagnosis of Fifth Disease. […] An antibody assay uses antibodies designed to detect parvovirus antigen or protein in blood circulation. […] A positive assay result can also be indicative of an infection within the previous two to six months. […] Infection by parvovirus B19 can also be confirmed by isolation of viral DNA detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or direct hybridization. […] In order to diagnose Fifth Disease in a fetus, a PCR test is done using a sample taken from the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby (otherwise known as „amniocentesis”). […] Aside from diagnosing Fifth Disease with laboratory tests, it is crucial to monitor fetal blood flow in the brain. This involves looking for signs of moderate to severe anemia using an ultrasound.

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