Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352399

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a condition that can occur when small blood vessels become damaged and inflamed. […] Most often, infection with certain strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria is the cause. […] Other infections, certain medicines or conditions such as pregnancy, cancer or autoimmune diseases can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome. […] The most common cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome is infection with certain strains of E. coli bacteria. […] Some of the E. coli strains make a toxin called Shiga toxin. […] Other causes of hemolytic uremic syndrome can include: Other infections. This can include infection with pneumococcal bacteria, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a flu virus. […] Certain medicines. These can include some of the medicines used to treat cancer and some medicines used to keep people who receive donor organs from rejecting the organs. […] Complications of other conditions. Rarely, these conditions can include pregnancy or conditions such as autoimmune disease or cancer. […] An uncommon type of hemolytic uremic syndrome, called atypical, can be passed down through families.

• #2 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556038/

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare but potentially serious condition, often due to infection and less commonly to genetic predisposition or other underlying conditions. […] The differing etiologies of HUS, varying clinical presentations, and cellular pathways are reviewed. […] HUS is most commonly caused by Shiga toxin (typical HUS) or, less commonly, infections or genetic abnormalities activating the alternative complement pathway (atypical HUS). Additional causes can be secondary to malignancy, autoimmune disorders, genetic mutations, and medication use. […] The cause of aHUS is the abnormal activation of the alternative complement pathway. […] The most common identifiable mutation in aHUS is a pathogenic variant of the CFH gene, which encodes Factor H, the main regulatory protein of the alternative complement pathway at the C3b level.

• #3 Overview of hemolytic uremic syndrome in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome-in-children

  The hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is defined by the simultaneous occurrence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. It is one of the main causes of acute kidney injury in children. Although all pediatric cases exhibit the classic triad of findings that define HUS, there are a number of various etiologies of HUS that result in differences in presentation, management, and outcome. […] Classification — In the past, HUS had been divided into diarrhea-positive and diarrhea-negative HUS. The former, also referred to as typical HUS, primarily resulted from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections, and less frequently from Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection. All other causes of HUS were referred to as atypical HUS or assigned to the diarrhea-negative HUS, even though some patients with non-STEC-associated HUS also presented with diarrhea.

• #4 Overview of hemolytic uremic syndrome in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome-in-children

  However, ongoing research has provided a better understanding of the underlying causes of HUS, especially those due to genetic mutations in the alternative pathway of complement. As a result, the following classification has been developed based on pathophysiological considerations and triggering factors.

• #5 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16470-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a condition that damages blood vessels in your kidneys. E. coli infection is the most common cause of HUS. […] Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can affect anyone. But you’re more likely to get it from a bacterial infection that causes loose poop (diarrhea), especially Escherichia coli (E. coli). […] Certain strains of the bacteria E. coli cause most cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome. These strains produce the toxin Shiga. Shiga damages the lining of your small intestine and causes diarrhea. […] Another name for these strains is Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The most common STEC in North America is E. coli O157:H7, or E. coli O157. […] In rare cases, certain medications and substances may cause secondary HUS as a side effect. […] Hemolytic uremic syndrome isn’t contagious. You can’t get HUS from person-to-person contact. But E. coli is contagious. […] You’re more likely to develop it if you: Have a biological family history of HUS. […] Hemolytic uremic syndrome affects between 5% and 15% of people who have E. coli diarrhea. aHUS is very rare, occurring in less than 1 person in 1 million people.

• #6 Signs of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | E. coli infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/signs-symptoms/hus.html

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is very serious complication of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infection. […] HUS is most often caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infection. About 8 in 10 children with HUS have STEC infection. […] Other important causes of HUS are other germs that cause diarrhea, vomiting, or intestinal symptoms, pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, and some medications, including some chemotherapy drugs. […] Atypical HUS describes all other HUS, which are often the result of a combination of environmental and genetic factors.

• #7 Pediatric hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) – Children’s Health Nephrology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a condition that causes damaged red blood cells to clog tiny tubes in the kidney, called glomeruli. In healthy kidneys, glomeruli, separate waste and clean the blood. When they become clogged, they do not function properly, which can lead to kidney injury […] A strain of E. coli bacteria produces toxins that enter the bloodstream and destroy red blood cells. By the time blood reaches the kidneys, the damaged red blood cells clog the glomeruli. This causes the kidneys to not clean blood effectively and begin to fail.

• #8 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) – Symptoms, causes, treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome-hus

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) damages blood vessels, causing low platelets, anemia, and kidney failure. […] HUS is considered a syndrome because it may have different causes. In most cases, HUS occurs after a severe bowel infection with certain toxic strains of the bacteria called E. coli. […] HUS from E. coli infections results when bacterial toxins cross the intestines into the bloodstream and damage the tiny blood vessels. […] HUS occurs most often in certain regions, such as the Pacific Northwest and Argentina. […] In HUS, the tiny filter units in the kidneys known as glomeruli become clogged with platelets and damaged red blood cells. […] More than 85 percent of patients with the most common form of HUS recover complete kidney function. […] Because the most common form of HUS is due to a bowel infection, other family members or close personal contacts can acquire the infection and develop HUS. […] Although there is still much to do, there has been a significant increase in understanding the underlying cause of HUS and the processes that contribute to kidney damage.

• #9 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22741

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is most commonly caused by Shiga toxin (typical HUS) or, less commonly, infections or genetic abnormalities activating the alternative complement pathway (atypical HUS). […] Additional causes can be secondary to malignancy, autoimmune disorders, genetic mutations, and medication use. […] Shiga toxin causing typical HUS can be divided into 2 main subtypes Stx1 and Stx2. […] The cause of aHUS is the abnormal activation of the alternative complement pathway. […] In aHUS, the complement pathway becomes uncontrolled, most often due to mutations in genes for alternative path initiators, regulatory proteins, or autoantibodies-to-regulatory proteins. […] The most common identifiable mutation in aHUS is a pathogenic variant of the CFH gene, which encodes Factor H the main regulatory protein of the alternative complement pathway at the C3b level.

• #10 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556038/

  Shiga toxin causing typical HUS can be divided into 2 main subtypes Stx1 and Stx2. […] The most common cause of typical HUS in North America and Europe is E coli 026:H11. […] Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 can trigger aHUS in adults and children. […] The last category of HUS involves patients with HUS secondary to underlying conditions or infections, commonly presenting as aHUS with abnormal complement system activation. […] The most significant component of this category is HUS caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, accounting for 5% to 15% of all cases of HUS in children. […] Other causes of secondary aHUS are as follows: inherited vitamin B12 (cobalamin) metabolism disorders; diacydiacylglycerol kinase (DGKE) mutations; HIV; influenza virus; autoimmune disease, eg, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; drugs, eg, quinine, calcineurin inhibitors, chemotherapeutic agents; and malignant hypertension.

• #11 Hemolytic–uremic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic%E2%80%93uremic_syndrome

  Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) HUS occurs after ingestion of a strain of bacteria expressing Shiga toxin such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), of which E. coli O157:H7 is the most common serotype. Atypical HUS (aHUS) represents 5-10% of HUS cases and is largely due to one or several genetic mutations that cause chronic, uncontrolled, and excessive activation of the complement system, which is a group of immune signaling factors that promote inflammation, enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from the body, and directly attack the pathogen’s cell membrane. […] HUS is caused by ingestion of bacteria that produce Shiga toxins, with Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) being the most common type. E. coli can produce shigatoxin-1, shigatoxin-2, or both; with shigatoxin-2 producing organisms being more virulent and being much more likely to cause HUS. HUS occurs after 37% of all sporadic E. coli O157:H7 infections and up to approximately 20% or more of epidemic infections.

• #12 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

  https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/e_coli/hus.htm

  HUS is a rare but serious disease that affects the kidneys and blood clotting functions of infected people. Infection with HUS causes destruction of red blood cells, which can then cause kidney failure. HUS occurs as a complication of a diarrheal infection (usually E.coli O157:H7 infection). The disease occurs more commonly in children under 5 years of age than in other age groups. […] Anyone infected with E. coli O57:H7 or another Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strain can get HUS. Children who are less than 5 years old, people with weakened immune systems (such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or a transplant), or persons with a family history of HUS are more at risk to develop the disease. Only a small fraction of people diagnosed with E.coli O57:H7 (or STEC) infection develop HUS.

• #13 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: An Emerging Health Risk | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0915/p991.html

  The pathophysiology of hemolytic uremic syndrome is not well understood. […] Most strains of E. coli are harmless; however, enterohemorrhagic E. coli can release Shiga toxins that attach to and damage the endothelial lining of the intestine, resulting in hemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions. […] E. coli O157:H7 is believed to cause more than 80 percent of the STEC infections that lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome. […] Three to 15 percent of persons who have STEC with diarrhea can develop hemolytic uremic syndrome. […] The classic triad of features for hemolytic uremic syndrome consists of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. […] Hemolytic uremic syndrome cannot be diagnosed without evidence of hemolytic anemia. […] Complications of hemolytic uremic syndrome can involve the renal, gastrointestinal, or neurologic systems. […] Infection-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome presents with a diarrheal prodrome and has a good prognosis.

• #14 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617794/all/Hemolytic_Uremic_Syndrome?q=Cardiomyopathy

  aHUS: Mutations of complement regulatory proteins are identifiable in ~60% of cases, with either an autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. […] One of the common causes of sporadic non-STEC-HUS is S. pneumoniae infection. […] STEC-HUS: Most cases are caused by the O157:H7 strain of E. coli. […] A negative stool culture in a patient who has HUS does not rule out STEC. […] 10-15% of children who contract STEC+ E. coli 0157:H7 gastroenteritis develop HUS.

• #15

  https://www.kidneypathology.com/English_version/Diag_case177.html

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare disease with high morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by the presentation of nonimmune microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and multi-system failure with mainly renal involvement. Two clinical entities are currently described: hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC-HUS), also known as typical HUS, and atypical HUS (aHUS), which can be associated with immunological, infectious, neoplastic, toxic, hemodynamic, gestational causes, etc. (secondary aHUS), or due to an alteration in the regulation of the alternative complement pathway (primary aHUS). […] In STEC-HUS, the Shiga toxin causes direct endothelial damage, with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increasing the risk of thrombosis with damage to different organs, mainly the kidneys. Additionally, this toxin activates the alternative pathway of the complement system, amplifying the inflammatory response.

• #16 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/health/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome/

  One major cause of a type of kidney disease known as Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a toxin produced by bacteria, which can come in two main types Stx1 and Stx2. […] Traditionally, HUS was thought to be most commonly caused by a specific strain of Escherichia coli bacteria (E. coli 0157:H7), but in recent years, other types have become more prevalent, particularly E. coli 026:H11. Currently, this is the most common cause of HUS in North America and Europe. […] Some other bacteria like Shigella dysenteriae produce a similar toxin and can also cause HUS, but typically lead to more severe disease with a high mortality rate (around 36%). […] aHUS, another type of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, arises due to abnormal activation of a defense mechanism in our body known as the complement system.

• #17 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/982025-overview

  Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) predominantly occurs in infants and children after prodromal diarrhea. In summer epidemics, the disease may be related to infectious causes. […] Bacterial infections may include the following: Shigella dysenteriae, E coli, Salmonella typhi, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma species. […] Causes of the secondary or sporadic form may include the following: Pregnancy and puerperium, Cancers (chiefly mucin-producing adenocarcinomas), Drugs, Malignant hypertension, Collagen-vascular disorder (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], antiphospholipid antibody syndrome) – It is possible to have both true HUS and a lupus anticoagulant, but in most patients, the thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic, and kidney disease are due to antiphospholipid antibodies rather than true HUS, Primary glomerulopathies, Transplantation (eg, of kidney, bone marrow): This can be de novo or recurrent. It occurs in 5-15% of kidney transplant patients who receive cyclosporine and in about 1% of patients who receive tacrolimus.

• #18 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS): symptoms and treatments

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/haemolytic-uraemic-syndrome/

  Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a rare kidney condition. […] HUS has two main causes, known medically as STEC-HUS and atypical HUS. […] STEC-HUS is the most common type of HUS and usually occurs with gastroenteritis caused by bacteria that produce a toxin called Shiga-toxin (also known as verotoxin). […] This is the most common cause of acute (sudden) kidney failure in children in Western Europe and North America. […] aHUS Atypical Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (aHUS) is a very rare and serious kidney condition caused by a fault in the complement system – a natural immune system which is designed to help destroy bacteria and viruses. […] Sometimes HUS may be associated with other medical problems and can develop: […] As a complication of organ transplantation, including bone marrow transplants […] As a reaction to certain drugs […] As a complication of cancer […] As a result of very high blood pressure […] As a result of pre-eclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy.

• #19 Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/atypical-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome/

  Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome often results from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Mutations in at least seven genes appear to increase the risk of developing the disorder. Mutations in a gene called CFH are most common; they have been found in about 30 percent of all cases of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Mutations in the other genes have each been identified in a smaller percentage of cases. […] The genes associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome provide instructions for making proteins involved in a part of the body’s immune response known as the complement system. This system is a group of proteins that work together to destroy foreign invaders (such as bacteria and viruses), trigger inflammation, and remove debris from cells and tissues. The complement system must be carefully regulated so it targets only unwanted materials and does not attack the body’s healthy cells. The regulatory proteins associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome protect healthy cells by preventing activation of the complement system when it is not needed.

• #20 Hemolytic uremic syndrome – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome/

  Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) subset of STEC […] Serotype O157:H7 is the primary cause; of HUS in North America. […] Up to 20% of children with STEC O157:H7 infection will develop HUS. […] Non-ST-HUS, sometimes called atypical HUS, is unrelated to Shiga-toxin. […] Complement-mediated HUS: complement pathway dysregulation from genetic mutations and/or anti-complement antibodies. […] S. pneumoniae-associated HUS mainly occurs in children of age with invasive pneumococcal infections (e.g., meningitis, sepsis, complicated pneumonia). […] HUS in children is most commonly caused by bacterial toxins. […] The HUS triad includes thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and AKI, often manifesting in that order.

• #21 Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-6-60

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is defined by the triad of mechanical hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal impairment. Atypical HUS (aHUS) defines non Shiga-toxin-HUS and even if some authors include secondary aHUS due to Streptococcus pneumoniae or other causes, aHUS designates a primary disease due to a disorder in complement alternative pathway regulation. Atypical HUS represents 5 -10% of HUS in children, but the majority of HUS in adults. The incidence of complement-aHUS is not known precisely. However, more than 1000 aHUS patients investigated for complement abnormalities have been reported. […] Mutations in the genes encoding complement regulatory proteins factor H, membrane cofactor protein (MCP), factor I or thrombomodulin have been demonstrated in 20-30%, 5-15%, 4-10% and 3-5% of patients respectively, and mutations in the genes of C3 convertase proteins, C3 and factor B, in 2-10% and 1-4%. In addition, 6-10% of patients have anti-factor H antibodies.

• #22 Atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/atypical-hemolytic-uremic-syndrome/

  Mutations in the genes associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome lead to uncontrolled activation of the complement system. The overactive system attacks cells that line blood vessels in the kidneys, causing inflammation and the formation of abnormal clots. These abnormalities lead to kidney damage and, in many cases, kidney failure and ESRD. […] Although gene mutations increase the risk of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, studies suggest that they are often not sufficient to cause the disease. In people with certain genetic changes, the signs and symptoms of the disorder may be triggered by factors including certain medications (such as anticancer drugs), chronic diseases, viral or bacterial infections, cancers, organ transplantation, or pregnancy. […] Some people with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome do not have any known genetic changes or environmental triggers for the disease. In these cases, the disorder is described as idiopathic.

• #23 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22741

  Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 can trigger aHUS in adults and children. […] The most significant component of this category is HUS caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, accounting for 5% to 15% of all cases of HUS in children. […] Other causes of secondary aHUS are as follows: inherited vitamin B12 (cobalamin) metabolism disorders; diacydiacylglycerol kinase (DGKE) mutations; HIV; influenza virus; autoimmune disease, eg, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; drugs, eg, quinine, calcineurin inhibitors, chemotherapeutic agents; and malignant hypertension.

• #24 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): Pearls and Pitfalls – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/hus-pearls-and-pitfalls/

  Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) classically consists of the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury (AKI). […] HUS can be broken down into two classifications: 1) Diarrhea (typical) vs. no-diarrhea (atypical) and 2) primary vs. secondary. […] The most common cause of HUS in pediatric patients is Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC), which accounts for 90% of cases in pediatric patients. […] The second most common cause of HUS in children is infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. […] Primary HUS is more rare. […] The two main causes of the complement dysregulation seen in primary HUS are complement gene mutations and antibodies to complement factor H. […] As previously stated, the overwhelming majority of cases of HUS in children are due to STEC, and this will be the focus of the remainder of the discussion.

• #25 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/haemolytic-uraemic-syndrome

  Haemolytic uraemic syndrome can be classified as: […] Typical infection-related HUS (90%) is usually due to Shiga toxin-producing bacteria such as enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (STEC), Shigella dysenteriae, or non-Shiga toxin-associated diarrhoeal infections. Less commonly other infections can be implicated such as pneumococcal pneumonia and HIV/AIDS. […] Atypical HUS (10%) results from many different diseases producing the HUS clinical pattern […] Inherited disorders […] Defect in control of complement activation […] Mutations in diacylglycerol kinase […] Acquired conditions […] Pregnancy 20% of aHUS cases […] Severe/uncontrolled hypertension […] Malignancy including stomach, breast, bowel, haematological […] Autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, scleroderma […] Transplantation solid organ (mainly kidney) or allogeneic bone marrow […] Medications […] Immunosuppressants for example, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, sirolimus […] Antibiotics such as penicillins, ciprofloxacin […] Others including chemotherapy drugs, oral contraceptive pill.

• #26 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/982025-overview

  Familial causes account for 3% of all cases of HUS, and both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive forms of inheritance have been reported. Autosomal recessive HUS occurs in childhood, and patients have a poor prognosis with frequent recurrences and a mortality rate of 60-70%. Autosomal dominant HUS occurs mostly in adults, who have a poor prognosis; the cumulative incidence of death or ESRD is 50-90%. […] No cause is identified in about 50% of all cases of sporadic nonStx HUS.

• #27 Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome-hus

  Complications of other conditions. Rarely, these conditions can include pregnancy or conditions such as autoimmune disease or cancer. […] An uncommon type of hemolytic uremic syndrome, called atypical, can be passed down through families. […] But some strains of E. coli can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome.

• #28 Hemolytic uremic syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/haemolytic-uraemic-syndrome?lang=us

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a multisystem thrombotic microangiopathic disease characterized by the triad of renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. It is the most common cause of renal failure in infancy and childhood requiring dialysis. […] There are two forms of this syndrome: typical or D+ HUS: corresponds to 90% of all instances, occurs in childhood, and is caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli […] atypical or D- HUS: can occur after infections, use of certain drugs, following other pathologies (e.g. malignancy), or, rarely, due to defective vitamin B12 metabolism. […] In over 90% of cases, hemolytic-uremic syndrome occurs following a gastrointestinal infection with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Some cases are associated with medical conditions such as collagen vascular diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, underlying malignancy, or medications such as cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, or 5-fluoro-uracyl.

• #29 Hemolytic uremic syndrome – NYSORA

  https://www.nysora.com/anesthesia/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome/

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a triad of renal failure, hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia and is the most common cause of renal failure in infancy and childhood. […] Most cases occur after infectious diarrhea due to a specific type of E. coli. […] Other causes include S. pneumonia, Shigella, Salmonella, and certain medications. […] Typical HUS is preceded by 4-6 days of diarrhea and is most commonly caused by infection with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (O157:H7). […] Atypical HUS can be attributed to dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway and involves mutations in factor H, factor I, CD46/MCP, factor B, and C3 components. […] Hemolytic uremic syndrome affects about 1.5 per 100,000 people each year.

• #30 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in A Child: Clinical Case Report

  https://acquaintpublications.com/article/hemolytic_uremic_syndromein_a_child_clinical_case_report

  Despite the typical clinical picture of HUS in a patient, diagnosis is still problematic at the primary and secondary level of medical care due to the low frequency of cases in the world (from 0.2 to 3.4 cases per 100,000 children). […] Therefore, we have found the necessity for a complex and multidisciplinary approach to managing patients with typical HUS in pediatrics and increasing knowledge about this pathology among general practitioners and district pediatricians.

• #30 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in A Child: Clinical Case Report

  https://acquaintpublications.com/article/hemolytic_uremic_syndromein_a_child_clinical_case_report

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury in children and is defined by the simultaneous occurrence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia when the small blood vessels in kidneys become damaged and inflamed. […] Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury in children. In Europe, the age category from 6 months up to 5 years is the most vulnerable. […] According to M.I. Burakovsky, the mortality rate in the USA and Western European countries is about 5-7%, and the same number of children have serious consequences (CKD, hemorrhages, hypertensive disorders). […] The problem is in the difficulty of predicting the development of this syndrome: there are no reliable predictors for post-diarrheal HUS, and in the case of atypical, although a connection with heredity has been found, there is still a whole range of possible genetic markers, so their determination is not a routine test and is possible only in specialized laboratories.

• #31 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome

  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare condition that can lead to kidney failure in children. […] Typically in children, HUS develops after a child is infected with the E. coli bacterium. E. coli may be found in contaminated food such as dairy products and meat. […] HUS can also develop as a result of taking certain medications, or may result from a cancer present in the body, although these causes are less common. […] Some rare cases of HUS are familial, which suggests a genetic cause. […] HUS is more common during the summer months and may occur in outbreaks. Outbreaks have been reported in daycare centers, water parks, and fast food restaurants as a result of undercooked hamburger meat. […] HUS is most common in younger children between 6 months and 4 years, but can occur at any age.

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