Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Long QT syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome

  Long QT syndrome is a condition affecting repolarization (relaxing) of the heart after a heartbeat, giving rise to an abnormally lengthy QT interval. It results in an increased risk of an irregular heartbeat which can result in fainting, drowning, seizures, or sudden death. These episodes can be triggered by exercise or stress. Some rare forms of LQTS are associated with other symptoms and signs including deafness and periods of muscle weakness. […] Long QT syndrome may be present at birth or develop later in life. The inherited form may occur by itself or as part of larger genetic disorder. Onset later in life may result from certain medications, low blood potassium, low blood calcium, or heart failure. […] Females are affected more often than males. Most people with the condition develop symptoms before they are 40 years old. It is a relatively common cause of sudden death along with Brugada syndrome and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. In the United States it results in about 3,500 deaths a year.

• #2 Long QT syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome

  Long QT syndrome is a condition affecting repolarization (relaxing) of the heart after a heartbeat, giving rise to an abnormally lengthy QT interval. It results in an increased risk of an irregular heartbeat which can result in fainting, drowning, seizures, or sudden death. These episodes can be triggered by exercise or stress. Some rare forms of LQTS are associated with other symptoms and signs including deafness and periods of muscle weakness. […] Long QT syndrome may be present at birth or develop later in life. The inherited form may occur by itself or as part of larger genetic disorder. Onset later in life may result from certain medications, low blood potassium, low blood calcium, or heart failure. […] Females are affected more often than males. Most people with the condition develop symptoms before they are 40 years old. It is a relatively common cause of sudden death along with Brugada syndrome and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. In the United States it results in about 3,500 deaths a year.

• #3 Long QT Syndrome – Melbourne Heart Rhythm

  https://www.melbourneheartrhythm.com.au/learn/conditions/53-long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a familial condition which may be asymptomatic or cause syncope and may cause sudden death through rapid ventricular tachycardia (torsade de pointes), which can deteriorate to ventricular fibrillation, in otherwise fit and healthy young people. Prevalence is approximately 1 in 2,000. […] LQTS may be diagnosed in an asymptomatic individual on a routine ECG, as a part of family screening of a patient with LQTS or in asymptomatic individual presenting with syncope or resuscitated sudden death during or following exercise or stress or swimming in a young person. […] The diagnosis is usually made on clinical grounds. If the presentation is with syncope or resuscitated sudden cardiac death, the ECG shows QTc prolongation and the T-wave morphology is frequently abnormal.

• #4 Arrhythmias – Long QT Syndrome | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/long-qt-syndrome

  Some people who have LQTS may not have any symptoms. This is called silent LQTS. Others may have symptoms of arrhythmia. These symptoms may happen in specific situations, such as when you experience physical or emotional stress or when you sleep. The symptoms of inherited types of LQTS often start during childhood. It is rare to start having symptoms after 40 years of age. […] Symptoms of LQTS may include: […] Fainting, which may happen during physical or emotional stress, and may include fluttering feelings in your chest before fainting […] Drowning or near drowning, which may be due to fainting while swimming […] Noisy gasping while sleeping […] Seizures […] In about 1 out of 10 people who have LQTS, cardiac arrest (CA) or a sudden death is the first sign of LQTS. CA is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating for no obvious reason. People who have CA die within minutes unless they receive treatment. […] Some types of LQTS are associated with problems in other parts of the body, such as deafness; muscle weakness; problems with the structure of your face, fingers, toes, and spine; and problems with behavior, learning, and memory.

• #5 Long QT syndrome: Symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/long-qt-syndrome

  Some individuals with LQTS may not experience any symptoms. This is known as silent LQTS. […] Fainting or syncope is the most common symptom of LQTS, affecting 50% of those with a genetic variant. It often occurs during exercise or times of high emotions. […] Other common symptoms include: arrhythmias during sleep or physical and emotional stress, drowning or near drowning due to fainting while swimming, noisy gasping while sleeping, cardiac arrest, seizures. […] Sudden death is the first sign of LQTS in 10 to 15% of individuals. Cardiac arrest involves a heart that suddenly stops beating. It can cause a person to die within minutes unless they receive immediate treatment. […] Certain types of LQTS may also present with non-cardiac symptoms. These include: hearing loss, skeletal abnormalities, such as short stature and scoliosis, immune dysfunction, cognitive issues, such as problems with learning, behavior, and memory. […] Long QT syndrome is a potentially fatal condition that may lead to sudden death due to cardiac arrest.

• #6 Long QT syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome

  Long QT syndrome is a condition affecting repolarization (relaxing) of the heart after a heartbeat, giving rise to an abnormally lengthy QT interval. It results in an increased risk of an irregular heartbeat which can result in fainting, drowning, seizures, or sudden death. These episodes can be triggered by exercise or stress. Some rare forms of LQTS are associated with other symptoms and signs including deafness and periods of muscle weakness. […] Long QT syndrome may be present at birth or develop later in life. The inherited form may occur by itself or as part of larger genetic disorder. Onset later in life may result from certain medications, low blood potassium, low blood calcium, or heart failure. […] Females are affected more often than males. Most people with the condition develop symptoms before they are 40 years old. It is a relatively common cause of sudden death along with Brugada syndrome and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. In the United States it results in about 3,500 deaths a year.

• #7 Long QT syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome can cause sudden fainting and seizures. Young people with LQTS syndrome have a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. […] The most common symptom of long QT syndrome is fainting, also called syncope. A fainting spell from LQTS can happen with little to no warning. […] Fainting happens when the heart beats in an irregular way for a short time. You might faint when you’re excited, angry or scared, or during exercise. If you have LQTS, things that startle you can cause you to pass out, such as a loud ringtone or an alarm clock. […] Before fainting happens, some people with long QT syndrome might have symptoms such as blurred vision, lightheadedness, pounding heartbeats called palpitations, and weakness. […] Long QT syndrome also can cause seizures in some people. […] Babies born with LQTS may have symptoms during the first weeks to months of life. Sometimes the symptoms start later in childhood. Most people born with LQTS have symptoms by age 40. Symptoms of long QT syndrome sometimes happen during sleep. […] Some people with long QT syndrome (LQTS) do not notice any symptoms. The disorder may be found during a heart test called an electrocardiogram. Or it may be discovered when genetic tests are done for other reasons.

• #8 Long QT Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441860/

  Syncope is the most common symptom, usually experienced during exercise and high emotions (50% of the genetic variant). Syncope during swimming, including immediately after diving into the water, appears relatively specific for LQT1. Other presentations include near-syncope, cardiac arrest, or seizures. In 10% to 15% of individuals, death is the first sign. […] For long-term management in congenital Long QT syndrome, beta-blockers are the first line choice, and they help prevent ventricular arrhythmias by stabilizing ventricular action potential and helping block sympathetic surges associated with arrhythmias. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is recommended in patients with Long QT syndrome who were resuscitated from a cardiac arrest. It is also indicated in those who have beta-blocker-resistant symptoms or have contraindications to beta-blockers. It also may be indicated in asymptomatic individuals who are suspected to be at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias.

• #9 Long QT syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome can cause sudden fainting and seizures. Young people with LQTS syndrome have a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. […] The most common symptom of long QT syndrome is fainting, also called syncope. A fainting spell from LQTS can happen with little to no warning. […] Fainting happens when the heart beats in an irregular way for a short time. You might faint when you’re excited, angry or scared, or during exercise. If you have LQTS, things that startle you can cause you to pass out, such as a loud ringtone or an alarm clock. […] Before fainting happens, some people with long QT syndrome might have symptoms such as blurred vision, lightheadedness, pounding heartbeats called palpitations, and weakness. […] Long QT syndrome also can cause seizures in some people. […] Babies born with LQTS may have symptoms during the first weeks to months of life. Sometimes the symptoms start later in childhood. Most people born with LQTS have symptoms by age 40. Symptoms of long QT syndrome sometimes happen during sleep. […] Some people with long QT syndrome (LQTS) do not notice any symptoms. The disorder may be found during a heart test called an electrocardiogram. Or it may be discovered when genetic tests are done for other reasons.

• #10 Long QT Syndrome

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Condition_Long_QT_Syndrome_-_Cardio_EP.xml?co=/regions/mas

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) causes symptoms as early as infancy or as late as middle age. Although some people never experience symptoms, most people with LQTS start experiencing symptoms during adolescence. […] Symptoms of LQTS include: […] Unexplained fainting is the most common symptom of LQTS. When the heart begins to beat erratically, it doesn’t pump enough blood to the brain. Fainting may happen during exercise or when you are scared, excited, or angry. You may feel heart palpitations (fluttering feeling in your chest) before fainting. […] A prolonged irregular heartbeat increasingly deprives the brain of oxygen, which can cause a seizure. […] A certain type of LQTS causes the heart to develop an abnormal rhythm during sleep. This may cause loud gasping while you sleep. […] A heart that is susceptible to prolonged QT intervals during physical or emotional stress may develop a dangerous, life-threatening rhythm. Serious complications of LQTS include:

• #11 Long QT Syndrome

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Cardiovascular/134,233

  Some people with LQTS have no symptoms. The condition is found on an ECG or heart monitor done for other reasons. If ventricular arrhythmias do occur as a result of LQTS, some symptoms may include: […] Chest fluttering (palpitations) […] Shortness of breath or chest pain […] Lightheadedness that comes and goes […] Near fainting or fainting […] Cardiac arrest.

• #12 Long QT Syndrome

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Cardiovascular/134,233

  Some people with LQTS have no symptoms. The condition is found on an ECG or heart monitor done for other reasons. If ventricular arrhythmias do occur as a result of LQTS, some symptoms may include: […] Chest fluttering (palpitations) […] Shortness of breath or chest pain […] Lightheadedness that comes and goes […] Near fainting or fainting […] Cardiac arrest.

• #13 Long QT Syndrome

  https://encyclopedia.nm.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Cardiovascular/134,233

  Some people with LQTS have no symptoms. The condition is found on an ECG or heart monitor done for other reasons. If ventricular arrhythmias do occur as a result of LQTS, some symptoms may include: […] Chest fluttering (palpitations) […] Shortness of breath or chest pain […] Lightheadedness that comes and goes […] Near fainting or fainting […] Cardiac arrest.

• #14 Long QT syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome can cause sudden fainting and seizures. Young people with LQTS syndrome have a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. […] The most common symptom of long QT syndrome is fainting, also called syncope. A fainting spell from LQTS can happen with little to no warning. […] Fainting happens when the heart beats in an irregular way for a short time. You might faint when you’re excited, angry or scared, or during exercise. If you have LQTS, things that startle you can cause you to pass out, such as a loud ringtone or an alarm clock. […] Before fainting happens, some people with long QT syndrome might have symptoms such as blurred vision, lightheadedness, pounding heartbeats called palpitations, and weakness. […] Long QT syndrome also can cause seizures in some people. […] Babies born with LQTS may have symptoms during the first weeks to months of life. Sometimes the symptoms start later in childhood. Most people born with LQTS have symptoms by age 40. Symptoms of long QT syndrome sometimes happen during sleep. […] Some people with long QT syndrome (LQTS) do not notice any symptoms. The disorder may be found during a heart test called an electrocardiogram. Or it may be discovered when genetic tests are done for other reasons.

• #15 Arrhythmias – Long QT Syndrome | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/long-qt-syndrome

  Some people who have LQTS may not have any symptoms. This is called silent LQTS. Others may have symptoms of arrhythmia. These symptoms may happen in specific situations, such as when you experience physical or emotional stress or when you sleep. The symptoms of inherited types of LQTS often start during childhood. It is rare to start having symptoms after 40 years of age. […] Symptoms of LQTS may include: […] Fainting, which may happen during physical or emotional stress, and may include fluttering feelings in your chest before fainting […] Drowning or near drowning, which may be due to fainting while swimming […] Noisy gasping while sleeping […] Seizures […] In about 1 out of 10 people who have LQTS, cardiac arrest (CA) or a sudden death is the first sign of LQTS. CA is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating for no obvious reason. People who have CA die within minutes unless they receive treatment. […] Some types of LQTS are associated with problems in other parts of the body, such as deafness; muscle weakness; problems with the structure of your face, fingers, toes, and spine; and problems with behavior, learning, and memory.

• #16 Long QT syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome can cause sudden fainting and seizures. Young people with LQTS syndrome have a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. […] The most common symptom of long QT syndrome is fainting, also called syncope. A fainting spell from LQTS can happen with little to no warning. […] Fainting happens when the heart beats in an irregular way for a short time. You might faint when you’re excited, angry or scared, or during exercise. If you have LQTS, things that startle you can cause you to pass out, such as a loud ringtone or an alarm clock. […] Before fainting happens, some people with long QT syndrome might have symptoms such as blurred vision, lightheadedness, pounding heartbeats called palpitations, and weakness. […] Long QT syndrome also can cause seizures in some people. […] Babies born with LQTS may have symptoms during the first weeks to months of life. Sometimes the symptoms start later in childhood. Most people born with LQTS have symptoms by age 40. Symptoms of long QT syndrome sometimes happen during sleep. […] Some people with long QT syndrome (LQTS) do not notice any symptoms. The disorder may be found during a heart test called an electrocardiogram. Or it may be discovered when genetic tests are done for other reasons.

• #17 Long QT Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441860/

  Syncope is the most common symptom, usually experienced during exercise and high emotions (50% of the genetic variant). Syncope during swimming, including immediately after diving into the water, appears relatively specific for LQT1. Other presentations include near-syncope, cardiac arrest, or seizures. In 10% to 15% of individuals, death is the first sign. […] For long-term management in congenital Long QT syndrome, beta-blockers are the first line choice, and they help prevent ventricular arrhythmias by stabilizing ventricular action potential and helping block sympathetic surges associated with arrhythmias. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is recommended in patients with Long QT syndrome who were resuscitated from a cardiac arrest. It is also indicated in those who have beta-blocker-resistant symptoms or have contraindications to beta-blockers. It also may be indicated in asymptomatic individuals who are suspected to be at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias.

• #18 Arrhythmias – Long QT Syndrome | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/long-qt-syndrome

  Some people who have LQTS may not have any symptoms. This is called silent LQTS. Others may have symptoms of arrhythmia. These symptoms may happen in specific situations, such as when you experience physical or emotional stress or when you sleep. The symptoms of inherited types of LQTS often start during childhood. It is rare to start having symptoms after 40 years of age. […] Symptoms of LQTS may include: […] Fainting, which may happen during physical or emotional stress, and may include fluttering feelings in your chest before fainting […] Drowning or near drowning, which may be due to fainting while swimming […] Noisy gasping while sleeping […] Seizures […] In about 1 out of 10 people who have LQTS, cardiac arrest (CA) or a sudden death is the first sign of LQTS. CA is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating for no obvious reason. People who have CA die within minutes unless they receive treatment. […] Some types of LQTS are associated with problems in other parts of the body, such as deafness; muscle weakness; problems with the structure of your face, fingers, toes, and spine; and problems with behavior, learning, and memory.

• #19 Long QT syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome

  Many people with long QT syndrome have no signs or symptoms. When symptoms occur, they are generally caused by abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), most commonly a form of ventricular tachycardia called Torsades de pointes (TdP). If the arrhythmia reverts to a normal rhythm spontaneously the affected person may experience lightheadedness (known as presyncope) or faint which may be preceded by a fluttering sensation in the chest. If the arrhythmia continues, the affected person may experience a cardiac arrest, which if untreated may lead to sudden death. […] The arrhythmias that lead to faints and sudden death are more likely to occur in specific circumstances, in part determined by which genetic variant is present. While arrhythmias can occur at any time, in some forms of LQTS arrhythmias are more commonly seen in response to exercise or mental stress (LQT1), in other forms following a sudden loud noise (LQT2), and in some forms during sleep or immediately upon waking (LQT3). […] Those with LQTS may also experience non-epileptic seizures as a result of reduced blood flow to the brain during an arrhythmia.

• #20 Long QT Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-clinical

  A history of cardiac events is the most typical clinical presentation in patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS). LQTS is usually diagnosed after a person has a cardiac event (eg, syncope, cardiac arrest). In some situations, LQTS is diagnosed after a family member suddenly dies. In some individuals, LQTS is diagnosed because an electrocardiogram (ECG) shows QT prolongation. […] Exercise, swimming, or emotion may trigger events, but they may also occur during night sleep. […] Triggering events are somewhat different by genotype. Patients with LQT1 usually have cardiac events preceded by exercise or swimming. Sudden exposure of the patient’s face to cold water is thought to elicit a vagotonic reflex. Patients with LQT2 may have arrhythmic events after an emotional event, exercise, or exposure to auditory stimuli (eg, door bells, telephone ring). Patients with LQT3 usually have events during night sleep.

• #21 Long QT syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome can cause sudden fainting and seizures. Young people with LQTS syndrome have a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. […] The most common symptom of long QT syndrome is fainting, also called syncope. A fainting spell from LQTS can happen with little to no warning. […] Fainting happens when the heart beats in an irregular way for a short time. You might faint when you’re excited, angry or scared, or during exercise. If you have LQTS, things that startle you can cause you to pass out, such as a loud ringtone or an alarm clock. […] Before fainting happens, some people with long QT syndrome might have symptoms such as blurred vision, lightheadedness, pounding heartbeats called palpitations, and weakness. […] Long QT syndrome also can cause seizures in some people. […] Babies born with LQTS may have symptoms during the first weeks to months of life. Sometimes the symptoms start later in childhood. Most people born with LQTS have symptoms by age 40. Symptoms of long QT syndrome sometimes happen during sleep. […] Some people with long QT syndrome (LQTS) do not notice any symptoms. The disorder may be found during a heart test called an electrocardiogram. Or it may be discovered when genetic tests are done for other reasons.

• #22 Long QT Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-clinical

  A history of cardiac events is the most typical clinical presentation in patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS). LQTS is usually diagnosed after a person has a cardiac event (eg, syncope, cardiac arrest). In some situations, LQTS is diagnosed after a family member suddenly dies. In some individuals, LQTS is diagnosed because an electrocardiogram (ECG) shows QT prolongation. […] Exercise, swimming, or emotion may trigger events, but they may also occur during night sleep. […] Triggering events are somewhat different by genotype. Patients with LQT1 usually have cardiac events preceded by exercise or swimming. Sudden exposure of the patient’s face to cold water is thought to elicit a vagotonic reflex. Patients with LQT2 may have arrhythmic events after an emotional event, exercise, or exposure to auditory stimuli (eg, door bells, telephone ring). Patients with LQT3 usually have events during night sleep.

• #23 Long QT Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-clinical

  A history of cardiac events is the most typical clinical presentation in patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS). LQTS is usually diagnosed after a person has a cardiac event (eg, syncope, cardiac arrest). In some situations, LQTS is diagnosed after a family member suddenly dies. In some individuals, LQTS is diagnosed because an electrocardiogram (ECG) shows QT prolongation. […] Exercise, swimming, or emotion may trigger events, but they may also occur during night sleep. […] Triggering events are somewhat different by genotype. Patients with LQT1 usually have cardiac events preceded by exercise or swimming. Sudden exposure of the patient’s face to cold water is thought to elicit a vagotonic reflex. Patients with LQT2 may have arrhythmic events after an emotional event, exercise, or exposure to auditory stimuli (eg, door bells, telephone ring). Patients with LQT3 usually have events during night sleep.

• #24 Long QT Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-clinical

  A history of cardiac events is the most typical clinical presentation in patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS). LQTS is usually diagnosed after a person has a cardiac event (eg, syncope, cardiac arrest). In some situations, LQTS is diagnosed after a family member suddenly dies. In some individuals, LQTS is diagnosed because an electrocardiogram (ECG) shows QT prolongation. […] Exercise, swimming, or emotion may trigger events, but they may also occur during night sleep. […] Triggering events are somewhat different by genotype. Patients with LQT1 usually have cardiac events preceded by exercise or swimming. Sudden exposure of the patient’s face to cold water is thought to elicit a vagotonic reflex. Patients with LQT2 may have arrhythmic events after an emotional event, exercise, or exposure to auditory stimuli (eg, door bells, telephone ring). Patients with LQT3 usually have events during night sleep.

• #25 Long QT syndrome: Symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/long-qt-syndrome

  Some individuals with LQTS may not experience any symptoms. This is known as silent LQTS. […] Fainting or syncope is the most common symptom of LQTS, affecting 50% of those with a genetic variant. It often occurs during exercise or times of high emotions. […] Other common symptoms include: arrhythmias during sleep or physical and emotional stress, drowning or near drowning due to fainting while swimming, noisy gasping while sleeping, cardiac arrest, seizures. […] Sudden death is the first sign of LQTS in 10 to 15% of individuals. Cardiac arrest involves a heart that suddenly stops beating. It can cause a person to die within minutes unless they receive immediate treatment. […] Certain types of LQTS may also present with non-cardiac symptoms. These include: hearing loss, skeletal abnormalities, such as short stature and scoliosis, immune dysfunction, cognitive issues, such as problems with learning, behavior, and memory. […] Long QT syndrome is a potentially fatal condition that may lead to sudden death due to cardiac arrest.

• #26 Arrhythmias – Long QT Syndrome | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/long-qt-syndrome

  Some people who have LQTS may not have any symptoms. This is called silent LQTS. Others may have symptoms of arrhythmia. These symptoms may happen in specific situations, such as when you experience physical or emotional stress or when you sleep. The symptoms of inherited types of LQTS often start during childhood. It is rare to start having symptoms after 40 years of age. […] Symptoms of LQTS may include: […] Fainting, which may happen during physical or emotional stress, and may include fluttering feelings in your chest before fainting […] Drowning or near drowning, which may be due to fainting while swimming […] Noisy gasping while sleeping […] Seizures […] In about 1 out of 10 people who have LQTS, cardiac arrest (CA) or a sudden death is the first sign of LQTS. CA is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating for no obvious reason. People who have CA die within minutes unless they receive treatment. […] Some types of LQTS are associated with problems in other parts of the body, such as deafness; muscle weakness; problems with the structure of your face, fingers, toes, and spine; and problems with behavior, learning, and memory.

• #27 Arrhythmias – Long QT Syndrome | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/long-qt-syndrome

  Some people who have LQTS may not have any symptoms. This is called silent LQTS. Others may have symptoms of arrhythmia. These symptoms may happen in specific situations, such as when you experience physical or emotional stress or when you sleep. The symptoms of inherited types of LQTS often start during childhood. It is rare to start having symptoms after 40 years of age. […] Symptoms of LQTS may include: […] Fainting, which may happen during physical or emotional stress, and may include fluttering feelings in your chest before fainting […] Drowning or near drowning, which may be due to fainting while swimming […] Noisy gasping while sleeping […] Seizures […] In about 1 out of 10 people who have LQTS, cardiac arrest (CA) or a sudden death is the first sign of LQTS. CA is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating for no obvious reason. People who have CA die within minutes unless they receive treatment. […] Some types of LQTS are associated with problems in other parts of the body, such as deafness; muscle weakness; problems with the structure of your face, fingers, toes, and spine; and problems with behavior, learning, and memory.

• #28 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17183-long-q-t-syndrome-lqts

  Long QT syndrome can lead to Torsades de Pointes. This is a life-threatening arrhythmia that can lead to sudden death. […] With the right treatment, people with long QT syndrome have a death rate of about 1%. Without treatment, the prognosis is poor. Up to 21% of untreated people with symptoms die within a year after they start fainting. […] The inherited type of long QT syndrome is a condition people have their whole lives. However, you may have a lower risk of symptoms and complications over time.

• #29 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17183-long-q-t-syndrome-lqts

  People with long QT syndrome have a QT interval thats longer than normal on an EKG. […] The most common long QT syndrome symptoms include: Syncope (fainting). Seizures. Cardiac arrest. Sudden death. […] The symptoms of long QT syndrome appear when the syndrome leads to Torsades de Pointes. During this arrhythmia, your heart cant pump blood effectively. If your brain doesnt get enough blood supply, you can faint and have a seizure. If the arrhythmia continues, sudden death will occur. If your heart rhythm returns to normal, symptoms will stop. […] Almost 50% of people with long QT syndrome never have symptoms. For 1 out of 10 people with this syndrome, cardiac arrest is the first sign that something is wrong. Without immediate treatment, cardiac arrest is fatal. […] People who have symptoms usually start having them during their early teens. If you have symptoms of long QT syndrome, youll likely have them again. The risk of symptoms tends to be highest before age 30. However, people can still have them in their 50s and later.

• #30 Long QT syndrome | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/l/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome is a condition that affects the rhythm of the heartbeat. It can cause fast, chaotic heartbeats (known as arrhythmia), which may trigger a sudden fainting spell, or if the heart doesn’t regain its normal rhythm it may cause sudden death. Many people with long QT syndrome may not have any signs or symptoms. For those who do have symptoms, fainting, blackouts and irregular heart beat are the most common. These episodes can start at any age and may be triggered by: stress, intense emotion (such as fright, anger, or pain), a sudden, startling noise such as an alarm bell, strenuous exercise, particularly swimming, a slow heart rate during sleep. However, there isn’t always a trigger. Children who are born with long QT syndrome may have at least 1 episode of fainting by the time they are 10 years of age. Others may just have 1 or 2 episodes of fainting as children, and then never have another episode again. […] Long QT syndrome is most commonly treated with medicines called beta-blockers. These work by slowing your heart rate. They do not cure long QT syndrome, but they have been shown to reduce or prevent the symptoms.

• #31 Long QT syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome can cause sudden fainting and seizures. Young people with LQTS syndrome have a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. […] The most common symptom of long QT syndrome is fainting, also called syncope. A fainting spell from LQTS can happen with little to no warning. […] Fainting happens when the heart beats in an irregular way for a short time. You might faint when you’re excited, angry or scared, or during exercise. If you have LQTS, things that startle you can cause you to pass out, such as a loud ringtone or an alarm clock. […] Before fainting happens, some people with long QT syndrome might have symptoms such as blurred vision, lightheadedness, pounding heartbeats called palpitations, and weakness. […] Long QT syndrome also can cause seizures in some people. […] Babies born with LQTS may have symptoms during the first weeks to months of life. Sometimes the symptoms start later in childhood. Most people born with LQTS have symptoms by age 40. Symptoms of long QT syndrome sometimes happen during sleep. […] Some people with long QT syndrome (LQTS) do not notice any symptoms. The disorder may be found during a heart test called an electrocardiogram. Or it may be discovered when genetic tests are done for other reasons.

• #32 Diagnosis, management and therapeutic strategies for congenital long QT syndrome | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/108/5/332

  Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by heart rate corrected QT interval prolongation and life-threatening arrhythmias, leading to syncope and sudden death. […] The age of onset of arrhythmias is typically younger in LQT1 patients and in particular LQT1 males are at risk, whereas most LQT2 and LQT3 patients who become symptomatic experience their first symptoms around puberty and here particular females are at risk. […] The arrhythmias in LQTS originate from the last part of the ventricular action potential where severe action potential prolongation results in early afterdepolarisations that at one instant reach threshold for subsequent fast sodium inward current and a trigger beat that then degenerates into fast polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia: Torsades de Pointes and ventricular fibrillation. […] In summary, congenital LQTS is an inheritable entity characterised by a prolonged heart-rate corrected QT interval, and it associates with malignant arrhythmias at young age.

• #33 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17183-long-q-t-syndrome-lqts

  People with long QT syndrome have a QT interval thats longer than normal on an EKG. […] The most common long QT syndrome symptoms include: Syncope (fainting). Seizures. Cardiac arrest. Sudden death. […] The symptoms of long QT syndrome appear when the syndrome leads to Torsades de Pointes. During this arrhythmia, your heart cant pump blood effectively. If your brain doesnt get enough blood supply, you can faint and have a seizure. If the arrhythmia continues, sudden death will occur. If your heart rhythm returns to normal, symptoms will stop. […] Almost 50% of people with long QT syndrome never have symptoms. For 1 out of 10 people with this syndrome, cardiac arrest is the first sign that something is wrong. Without immediate treatment, cardiac arrest is fatal. […] People who have symptoms usually start having them during their early teens. If you have symptoms of long QT syndrome, youll likely have them again. The risk of symptoms tends to be highest before age 30. However, people can still have them in their 50s and later.

• #34 Long QT Syndrome | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  The most common symptom of long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a sudden loss of consciousness or fainting, called syncope. The condition may also cause seizures and in some instances, cardiac arrest and sudden death. […] The severity of the condition varies greatly. Some people never experience syncope and others may have frequent episodes that could possibly lead to cardiac arrest and sudden death. […] It is important to note that symptoms usually occur without warning and are caused by a very fast heart rhythm called torsade de pointes. Syncope may occur during or just after physical exertion, emotional excitement or sudden auditory arousal, such as from an alarm clock. […] With the correct diagnosis and therapy, long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a treatable disorder and most deaths are preventable.

• #35 Long Q-T Syndrome (LQTS) | The Texas Heart Institute®

  https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/long-q-t-syndrome/

  Long Q-T syndrome (LQTS) is a disorder of the heart’s conduction system. The disorder affects a process called repolarization, which is the recharging of the heart after each heartbeat. Congenital LQTS is a rare disorder that is usually inherited (passed down through family members). In other cases, LQTS can be caused by certain medicines, or it can be the result of a stroke or some other neurologic disorder. LQTS can lead to an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia); fainting or loss of consciousness (syncope); or even sudden death. […] People with LQTS may not have any signs or symptoms. For those who do have symptoms, fainting and arrhythmia are the most common. People with LQTS often show a prolonged Q-T interval during exercise, intense emotion (such as fright, anger, or pain), or as a reaction to a loud or startling noise. […] People with LQTS have usually had at least one episode of fainting by the time they are 10 years old. Others may just have 1 or 2 episodes of fainting as children, and then never have another episode again.

• #36 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Life Expectanc

  https://www.healthline.com/health/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a medical condition that affects the normal electrical activity of the heart. […] While LQTS doesn’t always cause symptoms, it does have the potential to cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias. People with LQTS can also experience fainting spells. If you have LQTS, it’s important you manage it to prevent these from happening. […] Not everyone with LQTS has symptoms, but those who do might notice: fluttering feelings in the chest, noisy gasping when sleeping, passing out for no known reason. […] According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, one out of every 10 people with LQTS experience sudden death or sudden cardiac death as the first sign of the disorder. […] The more episodes a person has, the more at risk they are for a life-threatening arrhythmia.

• #37 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17183-long-q-t-syndrome-lqts

  Long QT syndrome can lead to Torsades de Pointes. This is a life-threatening arrhythmia that can lead to sudden death. […] With the right treatment, people with long QT syndrome have a death rate of about 1%. Without treatment, the prognosis is poor. Up to 21% of untreated people with symptoms die within a year after they start fainting. […] The inherited type of long QT syndrome is a condition people have their whole lives. However, you may have a lower risk of symptoms and complications over time.

• #38

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/long-qt-syndrome

  Studies have shown that if left untreated, more than 50 per cent of people with inherited Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) die within 10 years. To manage LQTS, patients are advised to avoid competitive sports. Treatment includes the following: Drugs like beta-blockers slow the heart rate by blunting the hearts reaction to adrenaline in times of stress, fear or exertion, making dangerous rhythms in a patient with LQTS less likely. The only way to prevent deaths in LQTS patients is to get an automated implantable cardioverter defibrillator implanted in their bodies.

• #39 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome symptoms often don’t appear until a serious arrhythmia occurs. When it does, you may experience: Fainting or dizziness […] Symptoms typically begin in adolescence, with the highest risk occurring before age 30. […] Some people with long QT syndrome may experience heart palpitations and chest pain. […] The highest risk of sudden cardiac events is within the first two years after the initial symptoms. With proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments, many people with long QT syndrome live full, healthy lives.

• #40 Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) – CIDG

  https://www.cidg.org.nz/patients-families/cardiac-inherited-diseases/long-qt-syndrome-lqts/

  Since the loss of consciousness may be associated with a seizure, misdiagnosis of LQTS as epilepsy is common. This can dangerously delay diagnosis for many years. Death due to long QT syndrome during rest or sleep tends to occur in women with long QT type 2 and males with long QT type 3. […] More than half of gene carriers will never have a symptom due to LQTS. Those at greatest risk are gene carriers who have already experienced a sudden collapse, and those with a very long QT interval on their ECG.

• #41 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17183-long-q-t-syndrome-lqts

  Long QT syndrome can lead to Torsades de Pointes. This is a life-threatening arrhythmia that can lead to sudden death. […] With the right treatment, people with long QT syndrome have a death rate of about 1%. Without treatment, the prognosis is poor. Up to 21% of untreated people with symptoms die within a year after they start fainting. […] The inherited type of long QT syndrome is a condition people have their whole lives. However, you may have a lower risk of symptoms and complications over time.

• #42 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Managing LQTS

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/heart-health/long-qt-syndrome

  Fainting is the most common symptom of LQTS. This tends to occur during exercise or times of physical or emotional stress. With one type of congenital LQTS, fainting often occurs during swimming or after diving into water. However, some people do not have any symptoms. […] Symptoms can also include near fainting and seizures. In up to 15% of cases, cardiac arrest or death is the first sign of LQTS. Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating. […] In congenital LQTS, other signs and symptoms can occur that do not affect the heart. These include: deafness, immune system dysfunction, learning, memory, and behavior problems, muscle weakness, skeletal problems, including short stature and scoliosis. […] LQTS can lead to torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation. These dangerous arrhythmias can lead to cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. […] For most people, it is a lifelong condition and will require lifelong treatment. However, the risk of episodes and complications tends to decrease with age. This seems to be especially true for males over age 40.

• #43 Types of Long QT Syndrome | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/long-qt-syndrome/types.html

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a rare disorder of the hearts electrical system that can lead to dangerous heart rhythms, fainting, and sudden cardiac arrest. […] Although there is no cure for LQTS, we can treat the disorder to prevent fainting and dangerous arrhythmias. We work with you to customize a treatment plan that supports your health needs. We take into consideration the type of LQTS you have and whether you have experienced fainting or cardiac arrest. […] In LQT1, the potassium ion channels in the heart do not work properly, disrupting the hearts electrical activity. Emotional stress or physical exercise, particularly swimming, can trigger arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeat) in people with LQT1. […] Emotional stress, surprise, and startling can cause arrhythmias in people with LQT2. A common trigger is sudden, loud noises such as alarm clocks or car horns. […] People with LQT3 often develop arrhythmias during sleep or rest, caused by a slow heart rate. Although people with LQT3 have fewer episodes of arrhythmia, these episodes are more likely to be fatal.

• #44 Types of Long QT Syndrome | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/long-qt-syndrome/types.html

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a rare disorder of the hearts electrical system that can lead to dangerous heart rhythms, fainting, and sudden cardiac arrest. […] Although there is no cure for LQTS, we can treat the disorder to prevent fainting and dangerous arrhythmias. We work with you to customize a treatment plan that supports your health needs. We take into consideration the type of LQTS you have and whether you have experienced fainting or cardiac arrest. […] In LQT1, the potassium ion channels in the heart do not work properly, disrupting the hearts electrical activity. Emotional stress or physical exercise, particularly swimming, can trigger arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeat) in people with LQT1. […] Emotional stress, surprise, and startling can cause arrhythmias in people with LQT2. A common trigger is sudden, loud noises such as alarm clocks or car horns. […] People with LQT3 often develop arrhythmias during sleep or rest, caused by a slow heart rate. Although people with LQT3 have fewer episodes of arrhythmia, these episodes are more likely to be fatal.

• #45 Types of Long QT Syndrome | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/long-qt-syndrome/types.html

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a rare disorder of the hearts electrical system that can lead to dangerous heart rhythms, fainting, and sudden cardiac arrest. […] Although there is no cure for LQTS, we can treat the disorder to prevent fainting and dangerous arrhythmias. We work with you to customize a treatment plan that supports your health needs. We take into consideration the type of LQTS you have and whether you have experienced fainting or cardiac arrest. […] In LQT1, the potassium ion channels in the heart do not work properly, disrupting the hearts electrical activity. Emotional stress or physical exercise, particularly swimming, can trigger arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeat) in people with LQT1. […] Emotional stress, surprise, and startling can cause arrhythmias in people with LQT2. A common trigger is sudden, loud noises such as alarm clocks or car horns. […] People with LQT3 often develop arrhythmias during sleep or rest, caused by a slow heart rate. Although people with LQT3 have fewer episodes of arrhythmia, these episodes are more likely to be fatal.

• #46 Long QT Syndrome – One Heart Cardiology

  https://oneheartcardiology.com.au/service/long-qt-syndrome/

  The limitation needs to be more severe with LQT1, or those who have already experienced events during exercise, than LQT2 and 3. […] With LQT 1, and subjects with a history of exercise induced syncope, swimming and diving are contraindicated. […] Beta blockade should be initiated in those who have had symptoms, and those with a definite long QT interval, particularly in pre-adolescent boys, including infants. […] Overall reduction of risk of sudden cardiac death in high risk subjects is 67% in LQT 1 males and 71% in LQT 2 females. […] A relative indication is the presence of a very long QT interval (QTc0.55sec) even without symptomatology, particularly adult females and males with LQT 3. […] Those with a long QT interval (500ms), especially young males and adult females need to be treated much as someone who has already presented with syncope.

• #47 Arrhythmias – Long QT Syndrome | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/long-qt-syndrome

  Some people who have LQTS may not have any symptoms. This is called silent LQTS. Others may have symptoms of arrhythmia. These symptoms may happen in specific situations, such as when you experience physical or emotional stress or when you sleep. The symptoms of inherited types of LQTS often start during childhood. It is rare to start having symptoms after 40 years of age. […] Symptoms of LQTS may include: […] Fainting, which may happen during physical or emotional stress, and may include fluttering feelings in your chest before fainting […] Drowning or near drowning, which may be due to fainting while swimming […] Noisy gasping while sleeping […] Seizures […] In about 1 out of 10 people who have LQTS, cardiac arrest (CA) or a sudden death is the first sign of LQTS. CA is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating for no obvious reason. People who have CA die within minutes unless they receive treatment. […] Some types of LQTS are associated with problems in other parts of the body, such as deafness; muscle weakness; problems with the structure of your face, fingers, toes, and spine; and problems with behavior, learning, and memory.

• #48 Long QT Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-clinical

  A family history of cardiac arrest and sudden death, especially at a young age, may suggest a congenital (familial) form of LQTS. […] Findings on physical examination usually do not indicate a diagnosis of long QT syndrome (LQTS), although some patients may present with excessive bradycardia for their age, and some patients may have hearing loss (congenital deafness), indicating the possibility of Jervell and Lang-Nielsen (JLN) syndrome. […] Skeletal abnormalities, such as short stature and scoliosis are seen in LQT7 (Andersen syndrome), and congenital heart diseases, cognitive and behavioral problems, musculoskeletal diseases, and immune dysfunction may be seen in those with LQT8 (Timothy syndrome).

• #49 Arrhythmias – Long QT Syndrome | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/long-qt-syndrome

  Some people who have LQTS may not have any symptoms. This is called silent LQTS. Others may have symptoms of arrhythmia. These symptoms may happen in specific situations, such as when you experience physical or emotional stress or when you sleep. The symptoms of inherited types of LQTS often start during childhood. It is rare to start having symptoms after 40 years of age. […] Symptoms of LQTS may include: […] Fainting, which may happen during physical or emotional stress, and may include fluttering feelings in your chest before fainting […] Drowning or near drowning, which may be due to fainting while swimming […] Noisy gasping while sleeping […] Seizures […] In about 1 out of 10 people who have LQTS, cardiac arrest (CA) or a sudden death is the first sign of LQTS. CA is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating for no obvious reason. People who have CA die within minutes unless they receive treatment. […] Some types of LQTS are associated with problems in other parts of the body, such as deafness; muscle weakness; problems with the structure of your face, fingers, toes, and spine; and problems with behavior, learning, and memory.

• #50 Long QT Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiopathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-overview

  Skeletal abnormalities, such as short stature and scoliosis are seen in the LQT7 type (Andersen syndrome), and congenital heart diseases, cognitive and behavioral problems, musculoskeletal diseases, and immune dysfunction may be seen in those with LQT8 type (Timothy syndrome). […] Patients with LQTS usually present with cardiac events (eg, syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, sudden death) in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. However, LQTS has been identified in adults as late as in the fifth decade of life. The risk of death from LQTS is higher in boys than in girls younger than 10 years; the risk is similar in male and female patients thereafter. […] The prognosis is good overall for patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS) treated with beta-blockers (and other therapeutic measures, if needed). Fortunately, episodes of torsade de pointes are usually self-terminating in patients with LQTS; only about 4-5% of cardiac events are fatal.

• #51 Arrhythmias – Long QT Syndrome | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/long-qt-syndrome

  Some people who have LQTS may not have any symptoms. This is called silent LQTS. Others may have symptoms of arrhythmia. These symptoms may happen in specific situations, such as when you experience physical or emotional stress or when you sleep. The symptoms of inherited types of LQTS often start during childhood. It is rare to start having symptoms after 40 years of age. […] Symptoms of LQTS may include: […] Fainting, which may happen during physical or emotional stress, and may include fluttering feelings in your chest before fainting […] Drowning or near drowning, which may be due to fainting while swimming […] Noisy gasping while sleeping […] Seizures […] In about 1 out of 10 people who have LQTS, cardiac arrest (CA) or a sudden death is the first sign of LQTS. CA is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating for no obvious reason. People who have CA die within minutes unless they receive treatment. […] Some types of LQTS are associated with problems in other parts of the body, such as deafness; muscle weakness; problems with the structure of your face, fingers, toes, and spine; and problems with behavior, learning, and memory.

• #52 Long QT Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiopathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-overview

  Skeletal abnormalities, such as short stature and scoliosis are seen in the LQT7 type (Andersen syndrome), and congenital heart diseases, cognitive and behavioral problems, musculoskeletal diseases, and immune dysfunction may be seen in those with LQT8 type (Timothy syndrome). […] Patients with LQTS usually present with cardiac events (eg, syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, sudden death) in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. However, LQTS has been identified in adults as late as in the fifth decade of life. The risk of death from LQTS is higher in boys than in girls younger than 10 years; the risk is similar in male and female patients thereafter. […] The prognosis is good overall for patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS) treated with beta-blockers (and other therapeutic measures, if needed). Fortunately, episodes of torsade de pointes are usually self-terminating in patients with LQTS; only about 4-5% of cardiac events are fatal.

• #53 Long QT syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome

  Many people with long QT syndrome have no signs or symptoms. When symptoms occur, they are generally caused by abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), most commonly a form of ventricular tachycardia called Torsades de pointes (TdP). If the arrhythmia reverts to a normal rhythm spontaneously the affected person may experience lightheadedness (known as presyncope) or faint which may be preceded by a fluttering sensation in the chest. If the arrhythmia continues, the affected person may experience a cardiac arrest, which if untreated may lead to sudden death. […] The arrhythmias that lead to faints and sudden death are more likely to occur in specific circumstances, in part determined by which genetic variant is present. While arrhythmias can occur at any time, in some forms of LQTS arrhythmias are more commonly seen in response to exercise or mental stress (LQT1), in other forms following a sudden loud noise (LQT2), and in some forms during sleep or immediately upon waking (LQT3). […] Those with LQTS may also experience non-epileptic seizures as a result of reduced blood flow to the brain during an arrhythmia.

• #54 Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) – CIDG

  https://www.cidg.org.nz/patients-families/cardiac-inherited-diseases/long-qt-syndrome-lqts/

  Since the loss of consciousness may be associated with a seizure, misdiagnosis of LQTS as epilepsy is common. This can dangerously delay diagnosis for many years. Death due to long QT syndrome during rest or sleep tends to occur in women with long QT type 2 and males with long QT type 3. […] More than half of gene carriers will never have a symptom due to LQTS. Those at greatest risk are gene carriers who have already experienced a sudden collapse, and those with a very long QT interval on their ECG.

• #55 Long QT Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiopathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-overview

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a congenital disorder characterized by a prolongation of the QT interval on electrocardiograms (ECGs) and a propensity to ventricular tachyarrhythmias, which may lead to syncope, cardiac arrest, or sudden death. […] LQTS is usually diagnosed after a person has a cardiac event (eg, syncope, cardiac arrest). In some situations, this condition is diagnosed after a family member suddenly dies. In some individuals, the diagnosis is made when an ECG shows QT prolongation. […] A history of cardiac events is the most typical clinical presentation in patients with LQTS. […] Findings on physical examination usually do not indicate a diagnosis of LQTS, although some patients may present with excessive bradycardia for their age, and some patients may have hearing loss (congenital deafness), indicating the possibility of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome.

• #56 Long QT syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/829

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterized by a prolonged QT interval on ECG, which may be congenital or acquired. […] Patients with LQTS are at increased risk of syncope, ventricular arrhythmias (including torsades de pointes), and sudden cardiac death. […] In congenital LQTS, mutations within 17 identified genes result in a variety of channelopathies affecting myocardial repolarization, thus prolonging the QT interval. […] A prolonged QT interval is defined as a heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) of 450 ms in males and 460 ms in females. […] The European Society of Cardiology suggests using a QTc of 480 ms for diagnosing LQTS and using a QTc of 460-479 as a borderline range where a diagnosis may be considered along with other criteria. […] Key diagnostic factors include history of known gene mutation, use of drugs or circumstances known to increase the QT interval, syncope during heightened adrenergic tones, syncope during arousal or surprise, arrhythmic symptoms postpartum, syncope at rest and during bradycardia, cardiac syncope, palpitations, periodic paralysis, dysmorphic features, and sensorineural deafness. […] Other diagnostic factors include dizziness, angina, fatigue, oliguria, muscle weakness, tetany, numbness, Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s sign, cold and pale extremities, hypotension, and confusion.

• #57 Long QT syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/829

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterized by a prolonged QT interval on ECG, which may be congenital or acquired. […] Patients with LQTS are at increased risk of syncope, ventricular arrhythmias (including torsades de pointes), and sudden cardiac death. […] In congenital LQTS, mutations within 17 identified genes result in a variety of channelopathies affecting myocardial repolarization, thus prolonging the QT interval. […] A prolonged QT interval is defined as a heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) of 450 ms in males and 460 ms in females. […] The European Society of Cardiology suggests using a QTc of 480 ms for diagnosing LQTS and using a QTc of 460-479 as a borderline range where a diagnosis may be considered along with other criteria. […] Key diagnostic factors include history of known gene mutation, use of drugs or circumstances known to increase the QT interval, syncope during heightened adrenergic tones, syncope during arousal or surprise, arrhythmic symptoms postpartum, syncope at rest and during bradycardia, cardiac syncope, palpitations, periodic paralysis, dysmorphic features, and sensorineural deafness. […] Other diagnostic factors include dizziness, angina, fatigue, oliguria, muscle weakness, tetany, numbness, Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s sign, cold and pale extremities, hypotension, and confusion.

• #58 Long QT Syndrome – Melbourne Heart Rhythm

  https://www.melbourneheartrhythm.com.au/learn/conditions/53-long-qt-syndrome

  Features suggesting arrhythmic syncope include collapse associated with exercise, sudden emotional stress or loud noise, and physical injuries indicating failure to make protective movements when falling – particularly facial injury. […] All gene carriers must avoid medications which prolong the QT interval, can cause torsade de pointes or lower serum potassium levels. […] With all forms of LQTS, where there is a long QT interval (and not necessarily just gene carriage), some degree of limitation in sporting activity is recommended. […] The limitation needs to be more severe with LQT1, or those who have already experienced events during exercise, than LQT2 and 3. They should not become professional athletes, and all highly competitive sports are to be discouraged. […] Beta blockade should be initiated in those who have had symptoms, and those with a definite long QT interval, particularly in pre-adolescent boys, including infants. Overall reduction of risk of sudden cardiac death in high risk subjects is 67% in LQT 1 males and 71% in LQT 2 females. […] All patients with LQTS should avoid medications contra-indicated in LQTS. […] Those with a long QT interval (>500ms), especially young males and adult females need to be treated much as someone who has already presented with syncope.

• #59 Long QT syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome is a heart rhythm condition. Fainting can be a symptom of long QT syndrome. See your doctor about long QT syndrome if you faint for no apparent reason, or during or after exercise or emotional excitement. A person with long QT syndrome may experience fast, erratic heartbeats when exercising, or at times of emotional excitement. This may cause fainting, seizures or, in some cases, sudden death. Long QT syndrome is a relatively common cause of sudden death in children and young adults. About one third of people who have long QT syndrome do not have any symptoms. […] You should be investigated for long QT syndrome if: you faint for no apparent reason, you faint during or shortly after exercise or emotional excitement, there is a history of unexplained fainting or sudden death in your family, there is a family history of long QT syndrome.

• #60 Long QT syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/long-qt-syndrome/

  If you have long QT syndrome, the ECG results will show a pattern in the way your heart beats called a „prolonged QT interval”. […] Treatment for long QT syndrome depends on the cause, your test results, your symptoms and if you’re at high risk of serious problems. […] Sometimes long QT syndrome is caused by another health condition or medicine. In these cases, treating the condition or stopping the medicine can improve the symptoms.

• #61 Long QT syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/long-qt-syndrome/

  If you have long QT syndrome, the ECG results will show a pattern in the way your heart beats called a „prolonged QT interval”. […] Treatment for long QT syndrome depends on the cause, your test results, your symptoms and if you’re at high risk of serious problems. […] Sometimes long QT syndrome is caused by another health condition or medicine. In these cases, treating the condition or stopping the medicine can improve the symptoms.

• #62 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Managing LQTS

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/heart-health/long-qt-syndrome

  Fainting is the most common symptom of LQTS. This tends to occur during exercise or times of physical or emotional stress. With one type of congenital LQTS, fainting often occurs during swimming or after diving into water. However, some people do not have any symptoms. […] Symptoms can also include near fainting and seizures. In up to 15% of cases, cardiac arrest or death is the first sign of LQTS. Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating. […] In congenital LQTS, other signs and symptoms can occur that do not affect the heart. These include: deafness, immune system dysfunction, learning, memory, and behavior problems, muscle weakness, skeletal problems, including short stature and scoliosis. […] LQTS can lead to torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation. These dangerous arrhythmias can lead to cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. […] For most people, it is a lifelong condition and will require lifelong treatment. However, the risk of episodes and complications tends to decrease with age. This seems to be especially true for males over age 40.

• #63 Long QT syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome can also be acquired by taking certain over-the-counter medications and some prescribed medications, including some: antiarrhythmic medications (used to maintain a normal heart rhythm), antibiotics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-nausea medications, diuretics. In some cases, stopping taking the medicine may prevent further symptoms. […] Treatments include: medications beta blockers are effective for 90 per cent of people with long QT syndrome. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are devices placed inside the body to detect and correct abnormal heart rhythms. ICDs may be necessary for patients that do not respond to beta blocker therapy.

• #64 Long QT syndrome | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/l/long-qt-syndrome

• #65 Long QT syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome can also be acquired by taking certain over-the-counter medications and some prescribed medications, including some: antiarrhythmic medications (used to maintain a normal heart rhythm), antibiotics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-nausea medications, diuretics. In some cases, stopping taking the medicine may prevent further symptoms. […] Treatments include: medications beta blockers are effective for 90 per cent of people with long QT syndrome. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are devices placed inside the body to detect and correct abnormal heart rhythms. ICDs may be necessary for patients that do not respond to beta blocker therapy.

• #66 Long QT Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441860/

  Syncope is the most common symptom, usually experienced during exercise and high emotions (50% of the genetic variant). Syncope during swimming, including immediately after diving into the water, appears relatively specific for LQT1. Other presentations include near-syncope, cardiac arrest, or seizures. In 10% to 15% of individuals, death is the first sign. […] For long-term management in congenital Long QT syndrome, beta-blockers are the first line choice, and they help prevent ventricular arrhythmias by stabilizing ventricular action potential and helping block sympathetic surges associated with arrhythmias. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is recommended in patients with Long QT syndrome who were resuscitated from a cardiac arrest. It is also indicated in those who have beta-blocker-resistant symptoms or have contraindications to beta-blockers. It also may be indicated in asymptomatic individuals who are suspected to be at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias.

• #67 Long QT syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/long-qt-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352524

  A prolonged QT interval is an irregular heart rhythm. It is a change in how the heart’s bottom chambers send signals. In a prolonged QT interval, it takes longer than usual for the heart to recharge between beats. A prolonged QT interval can be seen on a heart test called an electrocardiogram. […] If long QT symptoms don’t happen often, they may not be seen on a regular ECG. If so, your healthcare professional may ask you to wear a heart monitor at home. There are several different types. […] Some people with LQTS need medicines to treat symptoms and prevent life-threatening heart rhythm changes. […] The goals of LQTS treatment are to: Prevent irregular heartbeats. Prevent sudden cardiac death. […] Some people with long QT syndrome need surgery or a device to control the heartbeat. Surgery or other procedures used for LQTS treatment may include: Left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) surgery. This surgery may be done if you have long QT syndrome and continuing heart rhythm changes but beta blockers don’t work for you. It doesn’t cure long QT syndrome. Instead, the surgery helps lower the risk of sudden cardiac death. […] Your healthcare professional may suggest lifestyle changes to help you manage long QT syndrome (LQTS). These changes can lower the risk of a fainting spell or sudden cardiac death linked with LQTS.

• #68 Long QT syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/long-qt-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352524

  A prolonged QT interval is an irregular heart rhythm. It is a change in how the heart’s bottom chambers send signals. In a prolonged QT interval, it takes longer than usual for the heart to recharge between beats. A prolonged QT interval can be seen on a heart test called an electrocardiogram. […] If long QT symptoms don’t happen often, they may not be seen on a regular ECG. If so, your healthcare professional may ask you to wear a heart monitor at home. There are several different types. […] Some people with LQTS need medicines to treat symptoms and prevent life-threatening heart rhythm changes. […] The goals of LQTS treatment are to: Prevent irregular heartbeats. Prevent sudden cardiac death. […] Some people with long QT syndrome need surgery or a device to control the heartbeat. Surgery or other procedures used for LQTS treatment may include: Left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) surgery. This surgery may be done if you have long QT syndrome and continuing heart rhythm changes but beta blockers don’t work for you. It doesn’t cure long QT syndrome. Instead, the surgery helps lower the risk of sudden cardiac death. […] Your healthcare professional may suggest lifestyle changes to help you manage long QT syndrome (LQTS). These changes can lower the risk of a fainting spell or sudden cardiac death linked with LQTS.

• #69 Long QT Syndrome – Melbourne Heart Rhythm

  https://www.melbourneheartrhythm.com.au/learn/conditions/53-long-qt-syndrome

  Features suggesting arrhythmic syncope include collapse associated with exercise, sudden emotional stress or loud noise, and physical injuries indicating failure to make protective movements when falling – particularly facial injury. […] All gene carriers must avoid medications which prolong the QT interval, can cause torsade de pointes or lower serum potassium levels. […] With all forms of LQTS, where there is a long QT interval (and not necessarily just gene carriage), some degree of limitation in sporting activity is recommended. […] The limitation needs to be more severe with LQT1, or those who have already experienced events during exercise, than LQT2 and 3. They should not become professional athletes, and all highly competitive sports are to be discouraged. […] Beta blockade should be initiated in those who have had symptoms, and those with a definite long QT interval, particularly in pre-adolescent boys, including infants. Overall reduction of risk of sudden cardiac death in high risk subjects is 67% in LQT 1 males and 71% in LQT 2 females. […] All patients with LQTS should avoid medications contra-indicated in LQTS. […] Those with a long QT interval (>500ms), especially young males and adult females need to be treated much as someone who has already presented with syncope.

• #70 Long QT Syndrome – Melbourne Heart Rhythm

  https://www.melbourneheartrhythm.com.au/learn/conditions/53-long-qt-syndrome

  Features suggesting arrhythmic syncope include collapse associated with exercise, sudden emotional stress or loud noise, and physical injuries indicating failure to make protective movements when falling – particularly facial injury. […] All gene carriers must avoid medications which prolong the QT interval, can cause torsade de pointes or lower serum potassium levels. […] With all forms of LQTS, where there is a long QT interval (and not necessarily just gene carriage), some degree of limitation in sporting activity is recommended. […] The limitation needs to be more severe with LQT1, or those who have already experienced events during exercise, than LQT2 and 3. They should not become professional athletes, and all highly competitive sports are to be discouraged. […] Beta blockade should be initiated in those who have had symptoms, and those with a definite long QT interval, particularly in pre-adolescent boys, including infants. Overall reduction of risk of sudden cardiac death in high risk subjects is 67% in LQT 1 males and 71% in LQT 2 females. […] All patients with LQTS should avoid medications contra-indicated in LQTS. […] Those with a long QT interval (>500ms), especially young males and adult females need to be treated much as someone who has already presented with syncope.

• #71 Long QT Syndrome – One Heart Cardiology

  https://oneheartcardiology.com.au/service/long-qt-syndrome/

  The limitation needs to be more severe with LQT1, or those who have already experienced events during exercise, than LQT2 and 3. […] With LQT 1, and subjects with a history of exercise induced syncope, swimming and diving are contraindicated. […] Beta blockade should be initiated in those who have had symptoms, and those with a definite long QT interval, particularly in pre-adolescent boys, including infants. […] Overall reduction of risk of sudden cardiac death in high risk subjects is 67% in LQT 1 males and 71% in LQT 2 females. […] A relative indication is the presence of a very long QT interval (QTc0.55sec) even without symptomatology, particularly adult females and males with LQT 3. […] Those with a long QT interval (500ms), especially young males and adult females need to be treated much as someone who has already presented with syncope.

• #72 Long QT Syndrome – One Heart Cardiology

  https://oneheartcardiology.com.au/service/long-qt-syndrome/

  The limitation needs to be more severe with LQT1, or those who have already experienced events during exercise, than LQT2 and 3. […] With LQT 1, and subjects with a history of exercise induced syncope, swimming and diving are contraindicated. […] Beta blockade should be initiated in those who have had symptoms, and those with a definite long QT interval, particularly in pre-adolescent boys, including infants. […] Overall reduction of risk of sudden cardiac death in high risk subjects is 67% in LQT 1 males and 71% in LQT 2 females. […] A relative indication is the presence of a very long QT interval (QTc0.55sec) even without symptomatology, particularly adult females and males with LQT 3. […] Those with a long QT interval (500ms), especially young males and adult females need to be treated much as someone who has already presented with syncope.

• #73 Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a type of arrhythmia that can lead to an abnormally fast or chaotic heartbeat. This fast heartbeat can cause heart palpitations, fainting, seizures, and rarely, sudden cardiac arrest. […] When people have symptoms, the most common are: fainting spells, seizures, heart palpitations. Fainting spells often come on suddenly, but sometimes people have warning symptoms such as blurred vision, lightheadedness, or weakness. People with LQTS may experience fainting in response to emotions such as excitement, anger, or fear. […] LQTS can lead to fainting spells, seizures, or, rarely, sudden cardiac arrest. The heart rhythm changes from LQTS often correct on their own but can be deadly when they don’t. Young people with LQTS are at higher risk of sudden cardiac arrest. […] Getting early treatment can help you manage your LQTS and may prevent dangerous complications. […] People who get proper treatment for LQTS have a low death rate and can live a full life. However, if LQTS is untreated, there is a higher risk of death especially within the first two years after the first cardiac event.

• #74 Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a type of arrhythmia that can lead to an abnormally fast or chaotic heartbeat. This fast heartbeat can cause heart palpitations, fainting, seizures, and rarely, sudden cardiac arrest. […] When people have symptoms, the most common are: fainting spells, seizures, heart palpitations. Fainting spells often come on suddenly, but sometimes people have warning symptoms such as blurred vision, lightheadedness, or weakness. People with LQTS may experience fainting in response to emotions such as excitement, anger, or fear. […] LQTS can lead to fainting spells, seizures, or, rarely, sudden cardiac arrest. The heart rhythm changes from LQTS often correct on their own but can be deadly when they don’t. Young people with LQTS are at higher risk of sudden cardiac arrest. […] Getting early treatment can help you manage your LQTS and may prevent dangerous complications. […] People who get proper treatment for LQTS have a low death rate and can live a full life. However, if LQTS is untreated, there is a higher risk of death especially within the first two years after the first cardiac event.

• #75 Long QT Syndrome – Melbourne Heart Rhythm

  https://www.melbourneheartrhythm.com.au/learn/conditions/53-long-qt-syndrome

  Features suggesting arrhythmic syncope include collapse associated with exercise, sudden emotional stress or loud noise, and physical injuries indicating failure to make protective movements when falling – particularly facial injury. […] All gene carriers must avoid medications which prolong the QT interval, can cause torsade de pointes or lower serum potassium levels. […] With all forms of LQTS, where there is a long QT interval (and not necessarily just gene carriage), some degree of limitation in sporting activity is recommended. […] The limitation needs to be more severe with LQT1, or those who have already experienced events during exercise, than LQT2 and 3. They should not become professional athletes, and all highly competitive sports are to be discouraged. […] Beta blockade should be initiated in those who have had symptoms, and those with a definite long QT interval, particularly in pre-adolescent boys, including infants. Overall reduction of risk of sudden cardiac death in high risk subjects is 67% in LQT 1 males and 71% in LQT 2 females. […] All patients with LQTS should avoid medications contra-indicated in LQTS. […] Those with a long QT interval (>500ms), especially young males and adult females need to be treated much as someone who has already presented with syncope.

• #76 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17183-long-q-t-syndrome-lqts

  Long QT syndrome can lead to Torsades de Pointes. This is a life-threatening arrhythmia that can lead to sudden death. […] With the right treatment, people with long QT syndrome have a death rate of about 1%. Without treatment, the prognosis is poor. Up to 21% of untreated people with symptoms die within a year after they start fainting. […] The inherited type of long QT syndrome is a condition people have their whole lives. However, you may have a lower risk of symptoms and complications over time.

• #77 Long QT Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/long-qt-syndrome

  Long QT syndrome symptoms often don’t appear until a serious arrhythmia occurs. When it does, you may experience: Fainting or dizziness […] Symptoms typically begin in adolescence, with the highest risk occurring before age 30. […] Some people with long QT syndrome may experience heart palpitations and chest pain. […] The highest risk of sudden cardiac events is within the first two years after the initial symptoms. With proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments, many people with long QT syndrome live full, healthy lives.

• #78 Types of Long QT Syndrome | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/long-qt-syndrome/types.html

  Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a rare disorder of the hearts electrical system that can lead to dangerous heart rhythms, fainting, and sudden cardiac arrest. […] Although there is no cure for LQTS, we can treat the disorder to prevent fainting and dangerous arrhythmias. We work with you to customize a treatment plan that supports your health needs. We take into consideration the type of LQTS you have and whether you have experienced fainting or cardiac arrest. […] In LQT1, the potassium ion channels in the heart do not work properly, disrupting the hearts electrical activity. Emotional stress or physical exercise, particularly swimming, can trigger arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeat) in people with LQT1. […] Emotional stress, surprise, and startling can cause arrhythmias in people with LQT2. A common trigger is sudden, loud noises such as alarm clocks or car horns. […] People with LQT3 often develop arrhythmias during sleep or rest, caused by a slow heart rate. Although people with LQT3 have fewer episodes of arrhythmia, these episodes are more likely to be fatal.

• #79 Long QT Syndrome – Heart Rhythm CentreHeart Rhythm Centre

  https://heartrhythm.com.au/symptom/long-qt-syndrome/

  Some patients with Long QT Syndrome have no symptoms. Others have heart rhythm disturbances leading to fainting. If the heart rhythm disturbance persists, it may result in cardiac arrest or death. […] The vast majority of those with Long QT Syndrome will lead normal and productive lives with a good quality of life. The risk of death is very low in those receiving appropriate treatment.

• #80 Long QT Syndrome – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/long-qt

  Many people dont have any symptoms, and often only find out when they have an electrocardiogram (or ECG). […] For those that do have symptoms they can include: Palpitations which can feel like your heart is beating faster, fluttering, or skipping a beat. Fainting or feeling like you are going to faint. Seizures. Sudden cardiac arrest This is when the heart suddenly stops pumping blood and ceases to beat. Its estimated that around one in 10 people who have Long QT syndrome will experience cardiac arrest as a first symptom. Ninety percent of people who have a cardiac arrest outside of hospital will not survive. […] If untreated and symptomatic up to 20 percent of people with Long QT may die within a year. But once diagnosed and treated, the prognosis for people with Long QT is good with the risk of suffering cardiac arrest dropping to less than 1% over 20 years.

• #81 Long QT Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiopathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157826-overview

  Patients at high risk (ie, those with aborted cardiac arrest or recurrent cardiac events despite beta-blocker therapy) have a markedly increased risk of sudden death. Treat these patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD); their prognosis after implantation of an ICD is good. […] LQTS may result in syncope and lead to sudden cardiac death, which usually occurs in otherwise healthy young individuals. LQTS is thought to cause about 4,000 deaths in the United States each year. The cumulative mortality rate reaches approximately 6% by the age of 40 years. […] Although sudden death usually occurs in symptomatic patients, it can also materialize with the first episode of syncope in about 30% of the patients. This finding emphasizes the importance of diagnosing LQTS in the presymptomatic period. Depending on the type of mutation present, sudden cardiac death may take place during exercise, emotional stress, at rest, or at sleep.

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