Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome is a broad term that covers long-lasting pain and inflammation that can happen after an injury or a medical event, such as surgery, trauma, stroke, or heart attack. […] People living with CRPS have pain that is much greater than normal, even without a visible injury. Other symptoms include changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling on the arm or leg below the injury site. CRPS symptoms may also change over time including the type of pain, skin color, and temperature changes. […] Symptoms of CRPS are different for each person. Most people do not have all of the symptoms listed below. CRPS-related pain can be constant, come and go, or get worse when the limb is touched. As a person recovers from CRPS, their symptoms will begin to go away. […] A person might feel a burning or pins and needles sensation, or as if the affected limb was being squeezed. Over time, pain can spread from the first site to involve most or all of the arm or leg.

• #2 The complex regional pain syndrome: Diagnosis and management strategies | Neurosciences Journal

  https://nsj.org.sa/content/28/4/211

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic disease that affects a limb following an injury or trauma. The CRPS associated with symptoms, including severe pain, swelling, as well as changes in skin color and temperature. […] Pain that is unrelated to any known injury is a characteristic feature of the condition, along with swelling, stiffness, changes in skin color and temperature, and reduced mobility. Other body parts can be affected by CRPS, causing significant disability. […] The goal of CRPS treatment is to reduce pain and improve function. Therefore, it can be challenging to achieve these outcomes, and many patients continue to experience chronic pain and disability despite treatment. […] Diagnosing CRPS can be challenging as no single test can confirm or rule out the condition. Therefore, the diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical criteria, imaging, and laboratory tests, ruling out other conditions with similar symptoms.

• #3 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) Syndrome

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/reflex_sympathetic/

  RSD is an older term used to describe one form of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). Both RSD and CRPS are chronic conditions characterized by severe burning pain, most often affecting one of the extremities (arms, legs, hands, or feet). There are often pathological changes in bone and skin, excessive sweating, tissue swelling and extreme sensitivity to touch, known as allodynia. […] The key symptom is, chronic, intense pain that is out of proportion to the severity of the injury (if an injury occurred) and which gets worse over time rather than better. It most often affects the arms, legs, hands or feet and is accompanied by: burning pain, increased skin sensitivity to touch, changes in skin temperature: warmer or cooler compared to the opposite extremity, changes in skin color: often blotchy, purple, pale or red, changes in skin texture: shiny and thin, sometimes excessively sweaty, changes in nail and hair growth patterns, swelling and stiffness in affected joint, motor disability, with decreased ability to move affected body part. […] Early diagnosis is thought to be important in preventing progression of the syndrome.

• #4 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare, chronic pain disorder. It is challenging for patients and physicians because it leads to significant morbidity due to chronic pain that may last for years. CRPS typically develops four to six weeks after direct trauma, such as an injury or surgery, and causes pain that is out of proportion to the inciting injury. […] Symptoms typically begin within four to six weeks after the inciting incident, and the pain can last years. Pain associated with CRPS does not correspond to a dermatomal or nerve root distribution and usually is not associated with a specific nerve injury (type 1 CRPS). Many patients with CRPS are unable to use the affected extremity because movement can worsen the pain. […] The signs and symptoms of CRPS can vary widely between patients and within a disease course.

• #5

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a poorly understood condition where a person experiences persistent severe and debilitating pain. […] The pain usually only affects 1 limb, but it can sometimes spread to other parts of the body. […] The skin of the affected body part can become so sensitive that a slight touch, bump or even a change in temperature can cause intense pain. […] Affected areas can also become swollen, stiff or undergo fluctuating changes in colour or temperature. […] CRPS often gradually improves over time. But some people with CRPS experience pain for many years.

• #6 Complex regional pain syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome is a rare and severe form of neuroinflammatory and dysautonomic disorder causing chronic pain, neurovascular, and neuropathic symptoms. Although it can vary widely, the classic presentation occurs when severe pain from a physical trauma or neurotropic viral infection outlasts the expected recovery time, and may subsequently spread to uninjured areas. The symptoms of types 1 and 2 are the same, except type 2 is associated with nerve injury. […] Usually starting in a single limb, CRPS often first manifests as pain, swelling, limited range of motion, or partial paralysis, and/or changes to the skin and bones. It may initially affect one limb and then spread throughout the body; 35% of affected individuals report symptoms throughout the body. […] The signs and symptoms of CRPS usually manifest near the injury site. The most common symptoms are extreme pain, including burning, stabbing, grinding, and throbbing. The pain is out of proportion to the severity of the initial injury. Moving or touching the limb is disproportionately painful (allodynia). Other findings are aspects of disuse including swelling, stiffness (limited range of motion), and disuse related changes to the skin (temperature, color, sweating, texture) and bones (disuse osteoporosis).

• #7 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neurological condition that causes pain and other symptoms in your extremities most commonly your hand. […] Symptoms of CRPS include changes to one part of your body: pain, skin discoloration, swelling, decreased function and more. […] The symptoms of CRPS can greatly impact the function of your affected limb, sleep, daily activities and your mental health. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury, fracture or surgery, but they can develop without a known cause. […] The most common and prominent symptom of CRPS is pain. The pain is constant or intermittent and is a burning, stinging or tearing sensation. Its often deep inside your affected limb. […] Sensory changes are also common in the affected area and may include increased sensitivity to painful stimuli (a pinch may feel more painful than usual), feeling pain from stimuli that are usually not painful (such as just touching your skin), and numbness.

• #8 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Division of Pain Medicine | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/pain/about/chronic-pain/crps.html

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a severely disabling condition that usually affects the limbs, after injury or surgery. The main symptoms are severe pain, swelling, loss of range of motion, temperature changes, and changes in the skin. […] The degree of pain is severe and is usually much greater than the injury would typically cause. […] CRPS typically follows three stages of development: […] Stage 1: This stage usually lasts 1-3 months and includes the following symptoms: Severe burning or aching pain that increases with even a very slight touch or breeze. […] Stage 2: This stage typically lasts between 3-6 months, during which time the symptoms progress. The level of pain increases, and hair growth slows down. […] Stage 3: If CRPS remains untreated to this point, it becomes difficult or too painful to move the affected limb. This causes the muscles and tendons to waste (atrophy) and contract, which can ultimately cause contractures of the affected hand or foot. These changes can become permanent.

• #9 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome is a broad term that covers long-lasting pain and inflammation that can happen after an injury or a medical event, such as surgery, trauma, stroke, or heart attack. […] People living with CRPS have pain that is much greater than normal, even without a visible injury. Other symptoms include changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling on the arm or leg below the injury site. CRPS symptoms may also change over time including the type of pain, skin color, and temperature changes. […] Symptoms of CRPS are different for each person. Most people do not have all of the symptoms listed below. CRPS-related pain can be constant, come and go, or get worse when the limb is touched. As a person recovers from CRPS, their symptoms will begin to go away. […] A person might feel a burning or pins and needles sensation, or as if the affected limb was being squeezed. Over time, pain can spread from the first site to involve most or all of the arm or leg.

• #10 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Symptoms | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/symptoms

  The symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) vary in their severity and duration. People who have CRPS often describe continuous, intense pain that gets worse rather than better over time. It may even spread to other areas of the body. For instance, if the injury only originally involved a finger or toe, pain can spread to include the entire arm or leg. In some cases, pain can even travel to the opposite extremity. […] Other symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome include: […] Burning pain […] Swelling and stiffness in affected joints […] Decreased ability to move the affected body part […] Skin changes and changes in nail and hair growth: Hair may become sparse and fine. Skin may become shiny and appear blotchy. Skin may feel warmer or cooler on the injured side when compared to the other side. Skin may sweat too much or not at all.

• #11 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neurological condition that causes pain and other symptoms in your extremities most commonly your hand. […] Symptoms of CRPS include changes to one part of your body: pain, skin discoloration, swelling, decreased function and more. […] The symptoms of CRPS can greatly impact the function of your affected limb, sleep, daily activities and your mental health. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury, fracture or surgery, but they can develop without a known cause. […] The most common and prominent symptom of CRPS is pain. The pain is constant or intermittent and is a burning, stinging or tearing sensation. Its often deep inside your affected limb. […] Sensory changes are also common in the affected area and may include increased sensitivity to painful stimuli (a pinch may feel more painful than usual), feeling pain from stimuli that are usually not painful (such as just touching your skin), and numbness.

• #12 3 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: CRPS Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/3_stages_of_complex_regional_pain_syndrome/article.htm

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by debilitating pain, swelling, and vasomotor dysfunction of an extremity. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury. […] The three stages of complex regional pain syndrome are as follows: Stage I: Acute, characterized by a constant severe burning or aching pain and increased sensitivity to touch, fluctuations in skin temperature between hot and cold followed by swelling and joint stiffness along with increased warmth and redness in the affected limb. Other symptoms may include faster-than-normal nail and hair growth, changes in the skin’s color, appearance, and texture (pale, red, purple, or mottled, thin, and shiny), and excessive sweating. […] Stage II: Dystrophic, characterized by a more constant swelling, increased stiffness, brittle and cracked nails, weakening of muscles, the disappearance of skin wrinkles, increased sensitivity to touch, and a lower-than-normal skin temperature.

• #13 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neurological condition that causes pain and other symptoms in your extremities most commonly your hand. […] Symptoms of CRPS include changes to one part of your body: pain, skin discoloration, swelling, decreased function and more. […] The symptoms of CRPS can greatly impact the function of your affected limb, sleep, daily activities and your mental health. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury, fracture or surgery, but they can develop without a known cause. […] The most common and prominent symptom of CRPS is pain. The pain is constant or intermittent and is a burning, stinging or tearing sensation. Its often deep inside your affected limb. […] Sensory changes are also common in the affected area and may include increased sensitivity to painful stimuli (a pinch may feel more painful than usual), feeling pain from stimuli that are usually not painful (such as just touching your skin), and numbness.

• #14 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  If the process continues, the chronic phase may develop approximately 1 year after disease onset. This stage may last for many years or can be permanent. Pain is more variable during this period. It may continue undiminished or abate. Edema tends to subside over time, leaving fibrosis around the involved joints. The skin is dry, pale, cool, and shiny. Flexion and extension creases are absent. Loss of function and stiffness are marked, and osteoporosis is extreme. In the upper extremity, this can manifest as a frozen shoulder and claw hand. […] Pain in CRPS 1 has the following characteristics: Usually constant and disproportionate to the precipitant injury; May be exacerbated by ambient factors such as loud noises and emotional factors (eg, stress, light touch, active motion, passive motion); May be described as burning, cutting, searing, pressure, or tearing; Usually begins locally but may progress to involve the entire extremity; Stiffness is more severe than expected and may be very distressing to the patient.

• #15 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  Pain is the main symptom of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). It may be a burning, stabbing, stinging or throbbing pain. The affected limb is often extremely sensitive to touch. Even light stroking or the weight of clothing can cause severe pain. […] The painful area is often swollen (which can lead to stiffness). After a time, the muscles in the affected limb may weaken. Movements may be difficult to control, shaky or jerky. […] You may notice colour or temperature changes in the affected areas. Or the skin of the affected area could look more red or blue than normal, and may appear mottled or unusually shiny. […] Some people notice stiffness, changes to the hair or nails, or more or less sweating in the affected limb. Many people say the limb 'feels strange’ or it feels larger or smaller than the normal limb.

• #16 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome)

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  If CRPS happens after an injury, your pain may seem extreme compared to the injury itself. It can also spread. For instance, after hurting your finger, your entire arm may feel tender and swollen. In some cases, the pain could even spread to your opposite arm. This is what doctors call „mirror pain.” […] Other symptoms of CRPS include: A sensation of „burning” pain, Feeling „pins and needles,” like the area has fallen asleep, Extreme sensitivity to touch, Swelling and stiffness in affected joints, Finding it hard to move the affected body part, Changes in nail and hair growth (such as rapid hair growth or no hair growth), Skin temperature changes; your skin may feel warmer or cooler compared to the opposite limb, Skin color changes; your skin could become blotchy, pale, purple or red, Skin texture changes; your skin might look shiny and thin, or feel very dry and thickened, Extreme sweating, Trouble sleeping, Muscle spasms, Tremors. […] Because the effects of CRPS can grow more serious with time, the sooner you become aware of it, the better.

• #17 Complex regional pain syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome is a rare and severe form of neuroinflammatory and dysautonomic disorder causing chronic pain, neurovascular, and neuropathic symptoms. Although it can vary widely, the classic presentation occurs when severe pain from a physical trauma or neurotropic viral infection outlasts the expected recovery time, and may subsequently spread to uninjured areas. The symptoms of types 1 and 2 are the same, except type 2 is associated with nerve injury. […] Usually starting in a single limb, CRPS often first manifests as pain, swelling, limited range of motion, or partial paralysis, and/or changes to the skin and bones. It may initially affect one limb and then spread throughout the body; 35% of affected individuals report symptoms throughout the body. […] The signs and symptoms of CRPS usually manifest near the injury site. The most common symptoms are extreme pain, including burning, stabbing, grinding, and throbbing. The pain is out of proportion to the severity of the initial injury. Moving or touching the limb is disproportionately painful (allodynia). Other findings are aspects of disuse including swelling, stiffness (limited range of motion), and disuse related changes to the skin (temperature, color, sweating, texture) and bones (disuse osteoporosis).

• #18 Complex regional pain syndrome: Types, symptoms, stages, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184338

  Complex regional pain syndrome is a rare, chronic, and sometimes progressive condition. It involves spontaneous or evoked pain in a region, or area of the body. […] Symptoms that distinguish the pain of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) from that of other types of pain are autonomic and inflammatory signs such as changes in skin color, temperature, or sweating. […] A person who develops CRPS after experiencing an injury may find that they have pain that is more severe than they would normally have expected with such an injury. […] The severity and frequency of symptoms vary widely. Some people have repeated episodes, while others find that symptoms disappear forever after a few months. […] Symptoms include severe and continuous pain, often in part or all of a limb. It has been described as burning or a combination of burning and electrical shocks.

• #19 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neurological condition that causes pain and other symptoms in your extremities most commonly your hand. […] Symptoms of CRPS include changes to one part of your body: pain, skin discoloration, swelling, decreased function and more. […] The symptoms of CRPS can greatly impact the function of your affected limb, sleep, daily activities and your mental health. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury, fracture or surgery, but they can develop without a known cause. […] The most common and prominent symptom of CRPS is pain. The pain is constant or intermittent and is a burning, stinging or tearing sensation. Its often deep inside your affected limb. […] Sensory changes are also common in the affected area and may include increased sensitivity to painful stimuli (a pinch may feel more painful than usual), feeling pain from stimuli that are usually not painful (such as just touching your skin), and numbness.

• #20 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Part 1: Essentials of Assessment and Diagnosis | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-part-1-essentials-of-assessment-and-diagnosis/

  Autonomic and trophic changes have a propensity for hyperemic or livid features and a larger majority of individuals show no alteration in the growth of hair and nails. […] Edema or areas of swelling present most of the time and changing in sweating patterns are inconsistent among individuals. […] Reduced strength is more prevalent than normal strength and almost half have some form of movement disorder. […] Sensory disorders tend to be the most consistent deficit and could be increased or decreased at the time of exam.

• #21 3 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: CRPS Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/3_stages_of_complex_regional_pain_syndrome/article.htm

  Patients with CRPS often experience allodynia (pain from innocuous tactile stimuli) and hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). […] Motor disturbances in the affected limb may present with symptoms such as tremors, weakness, muscular incoordination, decreased range of movement, muscle spasms, compromised range of motion on the affected side, and in severe cases, contractures may develop.

• #22 Signs & Symptoms – RSDSA

  https://rsds.org/living-with-crps/signs-symptoms/

  Look for these telltale signs and symptoms: Pain that is described as deep, aching, cold, burning, and/or increased skin sensitivity […] An initiating injury or traumatic event, such as a sprain, fracture, minor surgery, etc., that should not cause as severe pain as being experienced or where the pain does not subside with healing […] Pain (moderate-to-severe) associated with allodynia, that is, pain from something that should not cause pain, such as the touch of clothing or a shower […] Continuing pain (moderate-to-severe) associated with hyperalgesia, that is, heightened sensitivity to painful stimulation […] Abnormal swelling in the affected area […] Abnormal hair or nail growth […] Abnormal skin color changes […] Abnormal skin temperature, that is, one side of the body is warmer or colder than the other by more than 1C

• #23 3 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: CRPS Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/3_stages_of_complex_regional_pain_syndrome/article.htm

  Patients with CRPS often experience allodynia (pain from innocuous tactile stimuli) and hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). […] Motor disturbances in the affected limb may present with symptoms such as tremors, weakness, muscular incoordination, decreased range of movement, muscle spasms, compromised range of motion on the affected side, and in severe cases, contractures may develop.

• #24 Signs & Symptoms – RSDSA

  https://rsds.org/living-with-crps/signs-symptoms/

  Look for these telltale signs and symptoms: Pain that is described as deep, aching, cold, burning, and/or increased skin sensitivity […] An initiating injury or traumatic event, such as a sprain, fracture, minor surgery, etc., that should not cause as severe pain as being experienced or where the pain does not subside with healing […] Pain (moderate-to-severe) associated with allodynia, that is, pain from something that should not cause pain, such as the touch of clothing or a shower […] Continuing pain (moderate-to-severe) associated with hyperalgesia, that is, heightened sensitivity to painful stimulation […] Abnormal swelling in the affected area […] Abnormal hair or nail growth […] Abnormal skin color changes […] Abnormal skin temperature, that is, one side of the body is warmer or colder than the other by more than 1C

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/symptoms/

  The main symptom of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is pain, which can sometimes be severe, continuous and debilitating. […] The pain of CRPS is usually triggered by an injury. But the pain is a lot more severe and long-lasting than would normally be expected. […] The pain may feel like a mix of burning, stabbing or stinging. There may also be tingling and numbness. […] You may have periods of pain lasting a few days or weeks, called flare-ups, where the pain gets worse. […] If you have CRPS, your skin in the affected area can become very sensitive. […] Even the slightest touch, bump or change in temperature can cause intense pain. […] In addition to chronic pain, CRPS can also cause a range of other symptoms. […] These can include: strange sensations in the affected limb it may feel as if it does not belong to the rest of your body, or it may feel bigger or smaller than the opposite unaffected limb

• #26 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Risks

  https://www.healthline.com/health/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) happens when you experience intense, prolonged pain after an injury to an arm or a leg. Its estimated that CRPS affects almost 200,000 people in the United States each year. […] CRPS symptoms often come on about 1 month after an injury to the affected limb. […] The most common symptom of CRPS is pain thats much more intense than it should be with your injury. You may experience this pain as: stinging, burning, stabbing, tearing, squeezing. […] With CRPS, you may also notice other changes in the affected limb, including: numbness and tingling, or a pins and needles sensation; increased sensitivity to pain (allodynia); severe pain resulting from things that typically arent very painful (hyperalgesia); trouble with movement, including weakness or a reduced range of motion.

• #27

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/symptoms/

  The main symptom of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is pain, which can sometimes be severe, continuous and debilitating. […] The pain of CRPS is usually triggered by an injury. But the pain is a lot more severe and long-lasting than would normally be expected. […] The pain may feel like a mix of burning, stabbing or stinging. There may also be tingling and numbness. […] You may have periods of pain lasting a few days or weeks, called flare-ups, where the pain gets worse. […] If you have CRPS, your skin in the affected area can become very sensitive. […] Even the slightest touch, bump or change in temperature can cause intense pain. […] In addition to chronic pain, CRPS can also cause a range of other symptoms. […] These can include: strange sensations in the affected limb it may feel as if it does not belong to the rest of your body, or it may feel bigger or smaller than the opposite unaffected limb

• #28 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Information about CRPS

  https://patient.info/brain-nerves/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-leaflet

  Movement may be limited, both because of the pain and because joints can feel stiff. The muscles may become weak. Other muscle problems may occur and include sudden and severe spasms, tremors, severe jerking and other abnormal movements. The pain and other symptoms often spread up the arm or leg from the site of the original injury. The symptoms may suddenly affect the opposite limb. Many patients say that their limb 'feels strange’. It can feel as if it does not belong to the rest of the body and as if it is not your own limb. Sometimes the limb feels bigger or smaller than normal. […] The symptoms do not appear to be related to the severity of the injury. CRPS can also start after other problems such as a head injury, stroke or prolonged bed rest. […] Most people with CRPS get better. CRPS is very variable both in how severe the symptoms are and how long the symptoms last. CRPS may be mild and get better by itself or with treatment. In some people, CRPS can cause severe symptoms and last for many years, leading to severe physical and psychological difficulties, and even suicide. If it is not diagnosed and treated, CRPS can spread and affect other limbs. This makes CRPS much harder to treat.

• #29 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: An update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7045919/

  Two phases of the syndrome have been described: first, the acute or warm phase, during which the affected limb shows classical signs of inflammation – calor, dolor, rubor, tumor. The symptoms usually appear distally to the area of trauma like a glove or stocking. Patients describe a constant, deep pain that exacerbates with movement or temperature changes. […] The second, chronic or cold phase starts about 6 months later, as the inflammation subsides. The quality of the pain is different, more persistent while resting and difficult to treat. Some patients experience muscular spasms. Atrophies may occur in the skin, subcutaneous tissue and muscles, even local osteoporosis of the underlying bones. Nail and hair growth are altered, either increased or decreased with quality changes. Autonomic symptoms include hyper- or hypohidrosis and skin colour changes, mainly the limb turning red. Motor disorders appear in most cases with CRPS: in the initial phase, movement is reduced because of edema and fear of inducing pain with movement (kinesiophobia); in the chronic stage, fibrosis ensues limiting movement. […] Although the key distinguishing feature between type 1 and type 2 CRPS is the presence of nerve injury in the latter, the symptoms in type 2 still exceed the territory of the injured nerve and are far more complex than expected for neuropathic pain, resembling, thus, to the symptoms of CRPS type 1.

• #30 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Part 1: Essentials of Assessment and Diagnosis | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-part-1-essentials-of-assessment-and-diagnosis/

  Stage 1 (acute): edema, vasomotor dysregulation, severe tenderness, and allodynia. […] Stage 2 (dystrophic): skin and muscle atrophy, brittle nails and atrophy, intense proximal pain, mottled skin, and brawny edema. […] Stage 3 (atrophic): skin becomes pale, smooth, shiny, and cyanotic, contractures and flexion deformities, pain decreases, and vasomotor changes stop. […] However, evidence to date suggests that the evolution of CRPS is unlikely to be sequential. […] Another CRPS classification is to warm and cold, with individuals sometimes exhibiting early warm symptoms but transitioning to cold later on. […] Pain in itself has a multitude of different features or presentations, from burning, stabbing, or a dragging character, to throbbing and constricting. […] A large proportion of pain is located in deeper structures (muscles, tendons, bones) as compared to the more superficial locations.

• #31 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neurological condition that causes pain and other symptoms in your extremities most commonly your hand. […] Symptoms of CRPS include changes to one part of your body: pain, skin discoloration, swelling, decreased function and more. […] The symptoms of CRPS can greatly impact the function of your affected limb, sleep, daily activities and your mental health. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury, fracture or surgery, but they can develop without a known cause. […] The most common and prominent symptom of CRPS is pain. The pain is constant or intermittent and is a burning, stinging or tearing sensation. Its often deep inside your affected limb. […] Sensory changes are also common in the affected area and may include increased sensitivity to painful stimuli (a pinch may feel more painful than usual), feeling pain from stimuli that are usually not painful (such as just touching your skin), and numbness.

• #32 8 Signs of CRPS | The Hand Society

  https://www.assh.org/handcare/blog/8-signs-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) formerly known as Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) is a pain condition that can be present for a long period of time. Those with this condition have a dysfunction in their central or peripheral nervous systems, causing the system to send frequent or constant pain signals to the brain, which results in the nervous system becoming overactive. […] Here are 8 signs that you may have CRPS: Burning pain […] Sensitive skin […] Changes in skin temperature (warmer or cooler compared to other parts of the body) […] Changes in skin color (often blotchy, purple, pale or red) […] Changes in skin texture (shiny and thin, and sometimes excessively sweaty) […] Changes in nail and hair growth patterns […] Swelling and stiffness in affected joints […] Decreased ability to move the affected body part.

• #33 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neurological condition that causes pain and other symptoms in your extremities most commonly your hand. […] Symptoms of CRPS include changes to one part of your body: pain, skin discoloration, swelling, decreased function and more. […] The symptoms of CRPS can greatly impact the function of your affected limb, sleep, daily activities and your mental health. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury, fracture or surgery, but they can develop without a known cause. […] The most common and prominent symptom of CRPS is pain. The pain is constant or intermittent and is a burning, stinging or tearing sensation. Its often deep inside your affected limb. […] Sensory changes are also common in the affected area and may include increased sensitivity to painful stimuli (a pinch may feel more painful than usual), feeling pain from stimuli that are usually not painful (such as just touching your skin), and numbness.

• #34 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ⋆ El Paso Pain Center

  https://elpasopaincenter.net/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/

  Signs and symptoms of CRPS include: […] Continuous burning or throbbing pain, usually in the arm, leg, hand or foot […] Sensitivity to touch or cold […] Swelling of the painful area […] Changes in skin temperature alternating between sweaty and cold […] Changes in skin color, ranging from white and blotchy to red or blue […] Changes in skin texture, which may become tender, thin or shiny in the affected area […] Changes in hair and nail growth […] Joint stiffness, swelling and damage […] Muscle spasms, tremors and weakness (atrophy) […] Decreased ability to move the affected body part.

• #35 3 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: CRPS Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/3_stages_of_complex_regional_pain_syndrome/article.htm

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by debilitating pain, swelling, and vasomotor dysfunction of an extremity. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury. […] The three stages of complex regional pain syndrome are as follows: Stage I: Acute, characterized by a constant severe burning or aching pain and increased sensitivity to touch, fluctuations in skin temperature between hot and cold followed by swelling and joint stiffness along with increased warmth and redness in the affected limb. Other symptoms may include faster-than-normal nail and hair growth, changes in the skin’s color, appearance, and texture (pale, red, purple, or mottled, thin, and shiny), and excessive sweating. […] Stage II: Dystrophic, characterized by a more constant swelling, increased stiffness, brittle and cracked nails, weakening of muscles, the disappearance of skin wrinkles, increased sensitivity to touch, and a lower-than-normal skin temperature.

• #36 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  The three clinical stages of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS 1) are acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute form lasts approximately 3 months. Pain, often burning in nature, is one of the first symptoms that initially limits function. Swelling, redness with vasomotor instability that worsens with dependency, hyperhidrosis, and coolness to the touch are common physical findings. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton begins because of disuse. […] If the process is not arrested or reversed in the acute phase, the condition may progress to the subacute stage, which can last for up to 9 months. The patient develops persistent severe pain in the extremity and fixed edema that would have been reversible with elevation during the acute phase. The redness of the acute stage gives way to cyanosis or pallor and hyperhidrosis to dry skin. Loss of function progresses, both because of increased pain and fibrosis of the joints caused by chronic inflammation. In the hand, this leads to flexion deformity of the fingers. The skin and subcutaneous tissues begin to atrophy. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton becomes pronounced.

• #37 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  Edema is the most consistent physical finding and is always disproportionate to the severity of the precipitant injury or event. Pain, swelling, and color change may be more prominent with dependency in the early stages. Edema worsens rather than improves and extends beyond the region of initial concern. It evolves into a brawny, nonpitting edema that may progress to an intense fibrosis in all the joints of the extremity. […] Discoloration varies depending on the stage of disease. It may be dusky, cyanotic, pale, or red and may eventually lead to skin hypopigmentation. In the hand, discoloration begins as redness over the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) or proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint flexion creases early in the disease and may progress as a streak across the palm.

• #38

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/symptoms/

  alternating changes to your skin sometimes your skin in the affected limb may be hot, red and dry, whereas other times it may be cold, blue and sweaty changes to skin colour may be harder to see on brown and black skin […] joint stiffness and swelling in the affected limb (oedema) […] difficulty moving the affected body part […] difficulty sleeping (insomnia) […] Very rarely, CRPS can also lead to further physical complications, such as: muscle atrophy, where the muscles begin to waste away […] Some of these problems can make it very difficult for people with CRPS to move around.

• #39 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: An update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7045919/

  Two phases of the syndrome have been described: first, the acute or warm phase, during which the affected limb shows classical signs of inflammation – calor, dolor, rubor, tumor. The symptoms usually appear distally to the area of trauma like a glove or stocking. Patients describe a constant, deep pain that exacerbates with movement or temperature changes. […] The second, chronic or cold phase starts about 6 months later, as the inflammation subsides. The quality of the pain is different, more persistent while resting and difficult to treat. Some patients experience muscular spasms. Atrophies may occur in the skin, subcutaneous tissue and muscles, even local osteoporosis of the underlying bones. Nail and hair growth are altered, either increased or decreased with quality changes. Autonomic symptoms include hyper- or hypohidrosis and skin colour changes, mainly the limb turning red. Motor disorders appear in most cases with CRPS: in the initial phase, movement is reduced because of edema and fear of inducing pain with movement (kinesiophobia); in the chronic stage, fibrosis ensues limiting movement. […] Although the key distinguishing feature between type 1 and type 2 CRPS is the presence of nerve injury in the latter, the symptoms in type 2 still exceed the territory of the injured nerve and are far more complex than expected for neuropathic pain, resembling, thus, to the symptoms of CRPS type 1.

• #40 Symptoms of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Los Angeles, CA

  https://www.fullrangeortho.com/blog/symptoms-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  Individuals with CRPS may experience sensory changes in the affected limb, such as increased sensitivity to touch, temperature or pressure. Even light touch or gentle stimuli can trigger intense pain or discomfort. Conversely, some individuals may also experience numbness or tingling in the affected limb, further complicating the sensory experience. […] CRPS can cause noticeable changes in the skin of the affected limb, including swelling, redness, and changes in temperature. The skin may appear shiny, thin, or translucent, and it may feel warmer or cooler to the touch compared to the unaffected limb. In severe cases, the affected limb may also undergo changes in hair and nail growth, becoming either excessively coarse or sparse. […] Over time, CRPS can lead to muscle weakness, stiffness, and atrophy in the affected limb. Reduced mobility and activity levels due to pain and discomfort can contribute to muscle wasting and loss of function. Physical therapy and exercise may help improve strength and range of motion, but muscle weakness and atrophy may persist despite treatment.

• #41 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome)

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  If CRPS happens after an injury, your pain may seem extreme compared to the injury itself. It can also spread. For instance, after hurting your finger, your entire arm may feel tender and swollen. In some cases, the pain could even spread to your opposite arm. This is what doctors call „mirror pain.” […] Other symptoms of CRPS include: A sensation of „burning” pain, Feeling „pins and needles,” like the area has fallen asleep, Extreme sensitivity to touch, Swelling and stiffness in affected joints, Finding it hard to move the affected body part, Changes in nail and hair growth (such as rapid hair growth or no hair growth), Skin temperature changes; your skin may feel warmer or cooler compared to the opposite limb, Skin color changes; your skin could become blotchy, pale, purple or red, Skin texture changes; your skin might look shiny and thin, or feel very dry and thickened, Extreme sweating, Trouble sleeping, Muscle spasms, Tremors. […] Because the effects of CRPS can grow more serious with time, the sooner you become aware of it, the better.

• #42 Signs & Symptoms – RSDSA

  https://rsds.org/living-with-crps/signs-symptoms/

  Look for these telltale signs and symptoms: Pain that is described as deep, aching, cold, burning, and/or increased skin sensitivity […] An initiating injury or traumatic event, such as a sprain, fracture, minor surgery, etc., that should not cause as severe pain as being experienced or where the pain does not subside with healing […] Pain (moderate-to-severe) associated with allodynia, that is, pain from something that should not cause pain, such as the touch of clothing or a shower […] Continuing pain (moderate-to-severe) associated with hyperalgesia, that is, heightened sensitivity to painful stimulation […] Abnormal swelling in the affected area […] Abnormal hair or nail growth […] Abnormal skin color changes […] Abnormal skin temperature, that is, one side of the body is warmer or colder than the other by more than 1C

• #43 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a painful condition of the arm, hand, leg or foot that occurs after an injury, such as a fracture. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, and may last months or years. […] Most people recover fully, but the condition can recur and for a small group of people with CRPS, symptoms may be severe and persist for years. […] The symptoms of CRPS may include: burning pain in the arm, hand, leg or foot, pain that changes in intensity, but often feels much worse than may be expected, loss of fine motor control, tremors or spasms, stiffness, changes to the skin, hair and nails on the affected limb, the affected limb is warmer or colder than the unaffected limb, the affected limb is sweatier or drier than the unaffected limb. […] Most people recover from CRPS, but for some there is a range of ongoing symptoms that vary from minor to severe. For a small group of people with CRPS, significant pain and disability persist for years.

• #44 8 Signs of CRPS | The Hand Society

  https://www.assh.org/handcare/blog/8-signs-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) formerly known as Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) is a pain condition that can be present for a long period of time. Those with this condition have a dysfunction in their central or peripheral nervous systems, causing the system to send frequent or constant pain signals to the brain, which results in the nervous system becoming overactive. […] Here are 8 signs that you may have CRPS: Burning pain […] Sensitive skin […] Changes in skin temperature (warmer or cooler compared to other parts of the body) […] Changes in skin color (often blotchy, purple, pale or red) […] Changes in skin texture (shiny and thin, and sometimes excessively sweaty) […] Changes in nail and hair growth patterns […] Swelling and stiffness in affected joints […] Decreased ability to move the affected body part.

• #45 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Severe burning, aching pain that worsens with the slightest touch or breeze […] Skin that slowly becomes blotchy, purple, pale, or red; thin and shiny; swollen; more sweaty […] Stage 2 (lasts 3 to 6 months): […] Continued changes in the skin […] Nails that are cracked and break more easily […] Pain that is becoming worse […] Slower hair growth […] Stiff joints and weak muscles […] Stage 3 (irreversible changes can be seen) […] Limited movement in limb because of tightened muscles and tendons (contracture) […] Muscle wasting […] Pain in the entire limb […] If pain and other symptoms are severe or long-lasting, many people may experience depression or anxiety. […] The outlook is better with an early diagnosis. If your provider diagnoses the condition in the first stage, sometimes signs of the disease may disappear (remission) and normal movement is possible. […] If the condition is not diagnosed quickly, changes to the bone and muscle may get worse and may not be reversible. […] In some people, symptoms go away on their own. In other people, even with treatment the pain continues and the condition causes crippling, irreversible changes.

• #46 Symptoms of CRPS | RSD | Causalgia

  https://www.crpslawsuit.com/symptoms/

  Changes in skin temperature affect sufferers of CRPS. The skin can be hot to the touch and frequently remain excessively sweaty for extended periods, but it can also change to cold and clammy. […] The skin will become shiny, thin, and tender over time, noticeably changing the texture of the affected area. […] For injuries to bony areas or joints, a certain amount of stiffness is to be expected in any situation. For sufferers of RSD or causalgia, the stiffness in the joints increases instead of diminishing over time, making movement excruciatingly painful. The joints also tend to swell, and damage is likely. […] Perhaps the most surprising effect of CRPS is the changes in hair growth. Patients tend to either experience rapid growth of hair and fingernails, or a complete lack of growth.

• #47 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  The three clinical stages of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS 1) are acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute form lasts approximately 3 months. Pain, often burning in nature, is one of the first symptoms that initially limits function. Swelling, redness with vasomotor instability that worsens with dependency, hyperhidrosis, and coolness to the touch are common physical findings. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton begins because of disuse. […] If the process is not arrested or reversed in the acute phase, the condition may progress to the subacute stage, which can last for up to 9 months. The patient develops persistent severe pain in the extremity and fixed edema that would have been reversible with elevation during the acute phase. The redness of the acute stage gives way to cyanosis or pallor and hyperhidrosis to dry skin. Loss of function progresses, both because of increased pain and fibrosis of the joints caused by chronic inflammation. In the hand, this leads to flexion deformity of the fingers. The skin and subcutaneous tissues begin to atrophy. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton becomes pronounced.

• #48 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Part 1: Essentials of Assessment and Diagnosis | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-part-1-essentials-of-assessment-and-diagnosis/

  Stage 1 (acute): edema, vasomotor dysregulation, severe tenderness, and allodynia. […] Stage 2 (dystrophic): skin and muscle atrophy, brittle nails and atrophy, intense proximal pain, mottled skin, and brawny edema. […] Stage 3 (atrophic): skin becomes pale, smooth, shiny, and cyanotic, contractures and flexion deformities, pain decreases, and vasomotor changes stop. […] However, evidence to date suggests that the evolution of CRPS is unlikely to be sequential. […] Another CRPS classification is to warm and cold, with individuals sometimes exhibiting early warm symptoms but transitioning to cold later on. […] Pain in itself has a multitude of different features or presentations, from burning, stabbing, or a dragging character, to throbbing and constricting. […] A large proportion of pain is located in deeper structures (muscles, tendons, bones) as compared to the more superficial locations.

• #49 3 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: CRPS Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/3_stages_of_complex_regional_pain_syndrome/article.htm

  Patients with CRPS often experience allodynia (pain from innocuous tactile stimuli) and hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). […] Motor disturbances in the affected limb may present with symptoms such as tremors, weakness, muscular incoordination, decreased range of movement, muscle spasms, compromised range of motion on the affected side, and in severe cases, contractures may develop.

• #50 Symptoms of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Los Angeles, CA

  https://www.fullrangeortho.com/blog/symptoms-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  CRPS can cause stiffness and limited range of motion in the affected limb, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks and activities. Joint stiffness may worsen over time, leading to contractures and deformities if left untreated. Physical therapy, stretching exercises and gentle mobilization techniques can help improve flexibility and joint function, but progress may be slow and challenging. […] Living with chronic pain can take a toll on a persons emotional and psychological well-being. Individuals with CRPS may experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, frustration, and social isolation due to their condition. Coping with the physical and emotional challenges of CRPS may require support from healthcare professionals, family members and mental health providers. […] CRPS can affect the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms such as excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), changes in skin color and temperature and abnormal hair and nail growth in the affected limb. These autonomic dysregulation symptoms are often present alongside other signs of CRPS and may contribute to the overall complexity of the condition.

• #51 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  The main symptom of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is severe and prolonged pain in the affected limb. This sensation, which may feel like burning, shooting, stabbing or „pins and needles,” can spread to the entire limb even if the initial injury was minor or only involved a smaller area, such as a finger or toe. Pain is typically worse when a child tries to move the affected limb or put weight on it. Other common symptoms of CRPS can include: […] Allodynia, or increased sensitivity in the affected area, which can make normal contact extremely painful […] Swelling of the affected limb […] Changes to the color of the affected limb, which may turn blue, red, purple or pale […] Changes to the temperature of the affected limb, which may feel warmer or cooler than the unaffected limb […] Changes to the texture of the skin, which may become thin, dry and shiny […] Changes in nail or hair growth on the affected limb […] Joint stiffness in the affected limb […] Decreased range of motion in the affected limb […] Dystonia, or abnormal movement in the affected limb.

• #52 Complex regional pain syndrome: Types, symptoms, stages, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184338

  If CRPS happens after an injury, the pain of the injury may be unusually severe. For example, an ankle sprain may trigger an unbearable burning sensation. The pain may not be limited to the area where the injury occurred. […] The affected part can become hypersensitive. Touching, bumping, or exposing the limb to temperature changes may cause severe pain. […] Muscle atrophy, or wasting, can result, if the patient stops using the limb because of the pain. […] There may also be changes in skin temperature, fluid retention (edema) and sweating, changes in skin color, causing blotches or streaks, ranging from very pale to pink, and perhaps with a blue tinge, changes to finger and toenails, thin and shiny skin texture, unusually fast or slow nail and hair growth, painful, stiff, and inflamed joints, difficulty coordinating muscle movement, and unusual movement in the limb.

• #53 Complex regional pain syndrome: Types, symptoms, stages, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/184338

  If CRPS happens after an injury, the pain of the injury may be unusually severe. For example, an ankle sprain may trigger an unbearable burning sensation. The pain may not be limited to the area where the injury occurred. […] The affected part can become hypersensitive. Touching, bumping, or exposing the limb to temperature changes may cause severe pain. […] Muscle atrophy, or wasting, can result, if the patient stops using the limb because of the pain. […] There may also be changes in skin temperature, fluid retention (edema) and sweating, changes in skin color, causing blotches or streaks, ranging from very pale to pink, and perhaps with a blue tinge, changes to finger and toenails, thin and shiny skin texture, unusually fast or slow nail and hair growth, painful, stiff, and inflamed joints, difficulty coordinating muscle movement, and unusual movement in the limb.

• #54 What Is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and How to Spot Its Symptoms – Wake Spine & Pain Specialists

  https://wakespine.com/what-is-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-and-how-to-spot-its-symptoms/

  Motor symptoms, such as muscle weakness or tremors, may also be present in CRPS. These symptoms can make it challenging to perform fine motor tasks or engage in activities that require strength and coordination. […] It’s important to remember that the symptoms of CRPS can vary and may not be present in every individual. Some people may experience only a few of these symptoms, while others may experience a combination of several. If you or someone you know is experiencing persistent pain, changes in skin temperature, swelling, or sensitivity to touch, it is important to consult a healthcare professional with expertise in pain management and CRPS. […] Early recognition and intervention can significantly improve the prognosis for individuals with CRPS. By identifying the symptoms and seeking appropriate medical care, individuals with CRPS can take the first steps towards managing their pain and improving their quality of life.

• #55 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) describes several chronic neuropathic pain conditions in which the pain is more severe and longer-lasting that would be expected from the initial injury. The pain is often characterized by persistent burning or aching plus certain abnormalities that occur in the same area as the pain. These abnormalities include increased or decreased sweating, swelling, changes in skin color and/or temperature, damage to the skin, hair loss, cracked or thickened nails, muscle wasting and weakness, and bone loss. […] Symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome vary greatly and do not follow a pattern. […] Pain burning, tingling, or aching is common. It usually occurs in the limb (arm, leg, hand, or foot) that was injured. The pain is often worse than would be expected from the injury. […] The affected limb may swell. Hair may be lost. The nails may crack or become thick. Bones may become less dense. Muscles may waste away and become weak. […] Symptoms may lessen or remain the same for years. In a few people, the disorder progresses, spreading to other areas of the body.

• #56 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome)

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  If CRPS happens after an injury, your pain may seem extreme compared to the injury itself. It can also spread. For instance, after hurting your finger, your entire arm may feel tender and swollen. In some cases, the pain could even spread to your opposite arm. This is what doctors call „mirror pain.” […] Other symptoms of CRPS include: A sensation of „burning” pain, Feeling „pins and needles,” like the area has fallen asleep, Extreme sensitivity to touch, Swelling and stiffness in affected joints, Finding it hard to move the affected body part, Changes in nail and hair growth (such as rapid hair growth or no hair growth), Skin temperature changes; your skin may feel warmer or cooler compared to the opposite limb, Skin color changes; your skin could become blotchy, pale, purple or red, Skin texture changes; your skin might look shiny and thin, or feel very dry and thickened, Extreme sweating, Trouble sleeping, Muscle spasms, Tremors. […] Because the effects of CRPS can grow more serious with time, the sooner you become aware of it, the better.

• #57 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  Pain is the main symptom of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). It may be a burning, stabbing, stinging or throbbing pain. The affected limb is often extremely sensitive to touch. Even light stroking or the weight of clothing can cause severe pain. […] The painful area is often swollen (which can lead to stiffness). After a time, the muscles in the affected limb may weaken. Movements may be difficult to control, shaky or jerky. […] You may notice colour or temperature changes in the affected areas. Or the skin of the affected area could look more red or blue than normal, and may appear mottled or unusually shiny. […] Some people notice stiffness, changes to the hair or nails, or more or less sweating in the affected limb. Many people say the limb 'feels strange’ or it feels larger or smaller than the normal limb.

• #58 Symptoms & Recovery Pathways of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

  https://www.thehandsphysio.com.au/injuries/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a long lasting, very painful condition. Normally, after an injury or surgery your sympathetic nervous system is activated to bring about healing and return your body back to normal. […] Due to distorted information processing, of unknown cause, these nerves continue to send the message of injury to the brain and so the symptoms of the initial injury (redness, swelling) are continually experienced. Therefore, an abnormal healing response is demonstrated. The pain of the initial injury is felt long after the injury has taken place and usually worsens. […] Intense pain that out of proportion to the initial injury […] Altered sensations increased sensitivity to touch (hot and/or cold), pressure and movement […] Swollen and look shiny […] Colour change either red and blotchy or blue and pale

• #59 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  The main symptom of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is severe and prolonged pain in the affected limb. This sensation, which may feel like burning, shooting, stabbing or „pins and needles,” can spread to the entire limb even if the initial injury was minor or only involved a smaller area, such as a finger or toe. Pain is typically worse when a child tries to move the affected limb or put weight on it. Other common symptoms of CRPS can include: […] Allodynia, or increased sensitivity in the affected area, which can make normal contact extremely painful […] Swelling of the affected limb […] Changes to the color of the affected limb, which may turn blue, red, purple or pale […] Changes to the temperature of the affected limb, which may feel warmer or cooler than the unaffected limb […] Changes to the texture of the skin, which may become thin, dry and shiny […] Changes in nail or hair growth on the affected limb […] Joint stiffness in the affected limb […] Decreased range of motion in the affected limb […] Dystonia, or abnormal movement in the affected limb.

• #60 Complex regional pain syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/594

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is prolonged pain, disproportionate to the initiating event, most frequently following minor trauma and most commonly affecting the distal aspect of an extremity. […] Pain is often described as spontaneous, burning, lancinating, sharp, shooting, or electric. It characteristically develops dull, boring, and aching qualities with chronicity. Allodynia and hyperalgesia are almost always present. […] Local edema, erythema, sweating abnormalities, and trophic skin and nail changes are often, but not always, present. […] The affected extremity is often held immobile, and this can be associated with dystonia, focal weakness, and contractures. […] The pain is usually regional (not in a specific nerve territory or dermatome) and has a distal predominance of abnormal sensory, motor, sudomotor, vasomotor, and/or trophic findings with variable progression over time.

• #61 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: An update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7045919/

  Two phases of the syndrome have been described: first, the acute or warm phase, during which the affected limb shows classical signs of inflammation – calor, dolor, rubor, tumor. The symptoms usually appear distally to the area of trauma like a glove or stocking. Patients describe a constant, deep pain that exacerbates with movement or temperature changes. […] The second, chronic or cold phase starts about 6 months later, as the inflammation subsides. The quality of the pain is different, more persistent while resting and difficult to treat. Some patients experience muscular spasms. Atrophies may occur in the skin, subcutaneous tissue and muscles, even local osteoporosis of the underlying bones. Nail and hair growth are altered, either increased or decreased with quality changes. Autonomic symptoms include hyper- or hypohidrosis and skin colour changes, mainly the limb turning red. Motor disorders appear in most cases with CRPS: in the initial phase, movement is reduced because of edema and fear of inducing pain with movement (kinesiophobia); in the chronic stage, fibrosis ensues limiting movement. […] Although the key distinguishing feature between type 1 and type 2 CRPS is the presence of nerve injury in the latter, the symptoms in type 2 still exceed the territory of the injured nerve and are far more complex than expected for neuropathic pain, resembling, thus, to the symptoms of CRPS type 1.

• #62 Complex regional pain syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome

  The prognosis of CRPS is improved with early and aggressive treatment, with the risk of chronic, debilitating pain being reduced with the early treatment. If treatment is delayed, however, the disorder can quickly spread to the entire limb, and changes in bone, nerve, and muscle may become irreversible. The prognosis worsens with the chronic „cold” form of CRPS and CRPS affecting the upper extremities. Inactivity of the limb following an injury, whether due to pain or recovery or, in some instances, psychological distress after the injury, can lead to deconditioning. The absence of movement contributes to muscle atrophy, swelling, joint stiffness and pain, and reduced circulation, among other processes. This sequence of physiological changes not only intensifies the symptoms of CRPS but is also associated with a less favorable prognosis.

• #63 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  People with CRPS become anxious or depressed this is normal for anyone with long-term (chronic) pain and needs to be dealt with. Others have negative feelings about the affected limb. […] Its difficult to predict how complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) will progress in any one person, but early diagnosis and treatment are helpful. […] Many people find their CRPS settles over a few weeks or months with good rehabilitation therapy. However, if you’ve had symptoms for more than six months then it’s more likely that you’ll still have some pain even after treatment. Some people find that other symptoms improve even if the pain continues. […] CRPS often affects a wider area than any previous injury and it may affect the whole limb. Occasionally, people whove had CRPS in one limb may develop it in another, but this is relatively unusual. It’s also possible for symptoms to return in people who’ve had a previous improvement in symptoms. […] Even if you have CRPS for a long time, it will not damage the body’s tissues. However, you should try not to alter your posture to adapt to the painful limb, as this can sometimes lead to secondary problems in other parts of the body.

• #64 Symptoms of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Los Angeles, CA

  https://www.fullrangeortho.com/blog/symptoms-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  CRPS can cause stiffness and limited range of motion in the affected limb, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks and activities. Joint stiffness may worsen over time, leading to contractures and deformities if left untreated. Physical therapy, stretching exercises and gentle mobilization techniques can help improve flexibility and joint function, but progress may be slow and challenging. […] Living with chronic pain can take a toll on a persons emotional and psychological well-being. Individuals with CRPS may experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, frustration, and social isolation due to their condition. Coping with the physical and emotional challenges of CRPS may require support from healthcare professionals, family members and mental health providers. […] CRPS can affect the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms such as excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), changes in skin color and temperature and abnormal hair and nail growth in the affected limb. These autonomic dysregulation symptoms are often present alongside other signs of CRPS and may contribute to the overall complexity of the condition.

• #65

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abn2964

  Pain is the main symptom of CRPS. Most people have severe pain in an arm or a leg. Usually the pain is in a part of your body where you had surgery or an injury. The pain is usually constant and either shooting, sharp, or burning. The pain is much worse and it lasts much longer than you would expect for the kind of injury you had. Some people may not have had an injury or surgery before the pain started, but most people have. […] Symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) are usually only in one arm or leg and include: Pain that’s much more severe and lasts much longer than what you would expect for the kind of injury you may have had. […] Like other conditions that cause chronic pain, CRPS can also cause sleeping problems, anxiety, mood swings, sadness, and depression. […] CRPS isn’t the same for all people. Many have mild symptoms and slowly get better over time. But some people may not recover. They may be left with long-lasting pain and disability.

• #66 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Severe burning, aching pain that worsens with the slightest touch or breeze […] Skin that slowly becomes blotchy, purple, pale, or red; thin and shiny; swollen; more sweaty […] Stage 2 (lasts 3 to 6 months): […] Continued changes in the skin […] Nails that are cracked and break more easily […] Pain that is becoming worse […] Slower hair growth […] Stiff joints and weak muscles […] Stage 3 (irreversible changes can be seen) […] Limited movement in limb because of tightened muscles and tendons (contracture) […] Muscle wasting […] Pain in the entire limb […] If pain and other symptoms are severe or long-lasting, many people may experience depression or anxiety. […] The outlook is better with an early diagnosis. If your provider diagnoses the condition in the first stage, sometimes signs of the disease may disappear (remission) and normal movement is possible. […] If the condition is not diagnosed quickly, changes to the bone and muscle may get worse and may not be reversible. […] In some people, symptoms go away on their own. In other people, even with treatment the pain continues and the condition causes crippling, irreversible changes.

• #67

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abn2964

  Pain is the main symptom of CRPS. Most people have severe pain in an arm or a leg. Usually the pain is in a part of your body where you had surgery or an injury. The pain is usually constant and either shooting, sharp, or burning. The pain is much worse and it lasts much longer than you would expect for the kind of injury you had. Some people may not have had an injury or surgery before the pain started, but most people have. […] Symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) are usually only in one arm or leg and include: Pain that’s much more severe and lasts much longer than what you would expect for the kind of injury you may have had. […] Like other conditions that cause chronic pain, CRPS can also cause sleeping problems, anxiety, mood swings, sadness, and depression. […] CRPS isn’t the same for all people. Many have mild symptoms and slowly get better over time. But some people may not recover. They may be left with long-lasting pain and disability.

• #68 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Symptoms | Medical Tourism Italy

  https://www.medicaltourismitaly.com/rsd-crps/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-symptoms/

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome symptoms also include mental health related issues. These result from the severity of the Complex Regional Pain Syndrome pain. This pain makes the patient experience anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and emotional stress. The emotional stress caused by the persistent pain can lead to flare ups. Headaches can also result from Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and insomnia—the lack of sleep can affect Complex Regional Pain Syndrome patients.

• #69

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/symptoms/

  alternating changes to your skin sometimes your skin in the affected limb may be hot, red and dry, whereas other times it may be cold, blue and sweaty changes to skin colour may be harder to see on brown and black skin […] joint stiffness and swelling in the affected limb (oedema) […] difficulty moving the affected body part […] difficulty sleeping (insomnia) […] Very rarely, CRPS can also lead to further physical complications, such as: muscle atrophy, where the muscles begin to waste away […] Some of these problems can make it very difficult for people with CRPS to move around.

• #70 Complex regional pain syndrome | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/c/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a medical condition that usually affects an arm or leg. It presents with severe pain and other symptoms, which may become chronic. […] Pain is the main symptom but others can include changes related to sensation, temperature, sweating, swelling, movement, and hair/nails/skin. […] Symptoms generally start within a month of the trauma and continue for longer than would be expected after an injury or event. […] The pain can feel like stabbing, stinging, burning, aching, or a combination of those. It may be constant or variable, and you may experience flare-ups (or exacerbations) of pain. […] Other symptoms include changes related to sensations, temperature, sweating, swelling, movement and hair/nails/skin. These can include: tingling, numb or sensitive skin on the affected area, pain that feels more intense than it should in response to pressure or hot and cold, swelling, sweating or dry skin, joint stiffness and swelling, change in skin colour (white and blotchy, red, or blue), hair and nail growth changes, muscle spasms, shaking, or weakness, problems with movement, feeling like your arm or leg doesn’t belong to you, sleep problems.

• #71 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  People with CRPS become anxious or depressed this is normal for anyone with long-term (chronic) pain and needs to be dealt with. Others have negative feelings about the affected limb. […] Its difficult to predict how complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) will progress in any one person, but early diagnosis and treatment are helpful. […] Many people find their CRPS settles over a few weeks or months with good rehabilitation therapy. However, if you’ve had symptoms for more than six months then it’s more likely that you’ll still have some pain even after treatment. Some people find that other symptoms improve even if the pain continues. […] CRPS often affects a wider area than any previous injury and it may affect the whole limb. Occasionally, people whove had CRPS in one limb may develop it in another, but this is relatively unusual. It’s also possible for symptoms to return in people who’ve had a previous improvement in symptoms. […] Even if you have CRPS for a long time, it will not damage the body’s tissues. However, you should try not to alter your posture to adapt to the painful limb, as this can sometimes lead to secondary problems in other parts of the body.

• #72 Symptoms of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Los Angeles, CA

  https://www.fullrangeortho.com/blog/symptoms-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  CRPS can cause stiffness and limited range of motion in the affected limb, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks and activities. Joint stiffness may worsen over time, leading to contractures and deformities if left untreated. Physical therapy, stretching exercises and gentle mobilization techniques can help improve flexibility and joint function, but progress may be slow and challenging. […] Living with chronic pain can take a toll on a persons emotional and psychological well-being. Individuals with CRPS may experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, frustration, and social isolation due to their condition. Coping with the physical and emotional challenges of CRPS may require support from healthcare professionals, family members and mental health providers. […] CRPS can affect the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms such as excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), changes in skin color and temperature and abnormal hair and nail growth in the affected limb. These autonomic dysregulation symptoms are often present alongside other signs of CRPS and may contribute to the overall complexity of the condition.

• #73 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  People with CRPS become anxious or depressed this is normal for anyone with long-term (chronic) pain and needs to be dealt with. Others have negative feelings about the affected limb. […] Its difficult to predict how complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) will progress in any one person, but early diagnosis and treatment are helpful. […] Many people find their CRPS settles over a few weeks or months with good rehabilitation therapy. However, if you’ve had symptoms for more than six months then it’s more likely that you’ll still have some pain even after treatment. Some people find that other symptoms improve even if the pain continues. […] CRPS often affects a wider area than any previous injury and it may affect the whole limb. Occasionally, people whove had CRPS in one limb may develop it in another, but this is relatively unusual. It’s also possible for symptoms to return in people who’ve had a previous improvement in symptoms. […] Even if you have CRPS for a long time, it will not damage the body’s tissues. However, you should try not to alter your posture to adapt to the painful limb, as this can sometimes lead to secondary problems in other parts of the body.

• #74 Complex regional pain syndrome | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/c/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  These are early warning signs. If you have pain and more than 1 of these other symptoms, you need to talk about them with your healthcare provider as soon as possible. […] Many people’s CRPS symptoms will reduce. The amount of time this takes will vary for each person and is hard to predict. It’s more likely if you are diagnosed and given the right treatment within the first few months of CRPS starting. However, treatment can be useful at any point of your CRPS journey, to help improve pain management, function, and quality of life. […] Not everyone’s CRPS symptoms will go completely. Often the pain will continue. Some other symptoms will come and go, or change over the years new ones can start and others fade. You can get better at managing your pain and other symptoms with fewer flare ups, and treatment can help with this.

• #75 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Part 1: Essentials of Assessment and Diagnosis | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-part-1-essentials-of-assessment-and-diagnosis/

  Stage 1 (acute): edema, vasomotor dysregulation, severe tenderness, and allodynia. […] Stage 2 (dystrophic): skin and muscle atrophy, brittle nails and atrophy, intense proximal pain, mottled skin, and brawny edema. […] Stage 3 (atrophic): skin becomes pale, smooth, shiny, and cyanotic, contractures and flexion deformities, pain decreases, and vasomotor changes stop. […] However, evidence to date suggests that the evolution of CRPS is unlikely to be sequential. […] Another CRPS classification is to warm and cold, with individuals sometimes exhibiting early warm symptoms but transitioning to cold later on. […] Pain in itself has a multitude of different features or presentations, from burning, stabbing, or a dragging character, to throbbing and constricting. […] A large proportion of pain is located in deeper structures (muscles, tendons, bones) as compared to the more superficial locations.

• #76 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Division of Pain Medicine | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/pain/about/chronic-pain/crps.html

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a severely disabling condition that usually affects the limbs, after injury or surgery. The main symptoms are severe pain, swelling, loss of range of motion, temperature changes, and changes in the skin. […] The degree of pain is severe and is usually much greater than the injury would typically cause. […] CRPS typically follows three stages of development: […] Stage 1: This stage usually lasts 1-3 months and includes the following symptoms: Severe burning or aching pain that increases with even a very slight touch or breeze. […] Stage 2: This stage typically lasts between 3-6 months, during which time the symptoms progress. The level of pain increases, and hair growth slows down. […] Stage 3: If CRPS remains untreated to this point, it becomes difficult or too painful to move the affected limb. This causes the muscles and tendons to waste (atrophy) and contract, which can ultimately cause contractures of the affected hand or foot. These changes can become permanent.

• #77 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  The three clinical stages of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS 1) are acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute form lasts approximately 3 months. Pain, often burning in nature, is one of the first symptoms that initially limits function. Swelling, redness with vasomotor instability that worsens with dependency, hyperhidrosis, and coolness to the touch are common physical findings. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton begins because of disuse. […] If the process is not arrested or reversed in the acute phase, the condition may progress to the subacute stage, which can last for up to 9 months. The patient develops persistent severe pain in the extremity and fixed edema that would have been reversible with elevation during the acute phase. The redness of the acute stage gives way to cyanosis or pallor and hyperhidrosis to dry skin. Loss of function progresses, both because of increased pain and fibrosis of the joints caused by chronic inflammation. In the hand, this leads to flexion deformity of the fingers. The skin and subcutaneous tissues begin to atrophy. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton becomes pronounced.

• #78 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a long-term (chronic) pain condition that can affect any area of the body, but often affects an arm or a leg. […] The key symptom is pain that: […] Is intense and often burning and is much stronger than would be expected for the type of injury that occurred. […] Gets worse, rather than better over time. […] Begins at the point of injury, but may spread to the whole limb, or to the arm or leg on the opposite side of the body. […] In most cases, CRPS has three stages. But, CRPS does not always follow this pattern. Some people develop severe symptoms right away. Others stay in the first stage. […] Stage 1 (lasts 1 to 3 months): […] Changes in skin temperature, switching between warm or cold […] Faster growth of nails and hair […] Muscle spasms and joint pain

• #79 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Division of Pain Medicine | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/pain/about/chronic-pain/crps.html

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a severely disabling condition that usually affects the limbs, after injury or surgery. The main symptoms are severe pain, swelling, loss of range of motion, temperature changes, and changes in the skin. […] The degree of pain is severe and is usually much greater than the injury would typically cause. […] CRPS typically follows three stages of development: […] Stage 1: This stage usually lasts 1-3 months and includes the following symptoms: Severe burning or aching pain that increases with even a very slight touch or breeze. […] Stage 2: This stage typically lasts between 3-6 months, during which time the symptoms progress. The level of pain increases, and hair growth slows down. […] Stage 3: If CRPS remains untreated to this point, it becomes difficult or too painful to move the affected limb. This causes the muscles and tendons to waste (atrophy) and contract, which can ultimately cause contractures of the affected hand or foot. These changes can become permanent.

• #80 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a long-term (chronic) pain condition that can affect any area of the body, but often affects an arm or a leg. […] The key symptom is pain that: […] Is intense and often burning and is much stronger than would be expected for the type of injury that occurred. […] Gets worse, rather than better over time. […] Begins at the point of injury, but may spread to the whole limb, or to the arm or leg on the opposite side of the body. […] In most cases, CRPS has three stages. But, CRPS does not always follow this pattern. Some people develop severe symptoms right away. Others stay in the first stage. […] Stage 1 (lasts 1 to 3 months): […] Changes in skin temperature, switching between warm or cold […] Faster growth of nails and hair […] Muscle spasms and joint pain

• #81 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  The three clinical stages of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS 1) are acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute form lasts approximately 3 months. Pain, often burning in nature, is one of the first symptoms that initially limits function. Swelling, redness with vasomotor instability that worsens with dependency, hyperhidrosis, and coolness to the touch are common physical findings. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton begins because of disuse. […] If the process is not arrested or reversed in the acute phase, the condition may progress to the subacute stage, which can last for up to 9 months. The patient develops persistent severe pain in the extremity and fixed edema that would have been reversible with elevation during the acute phase. The redness of the acute stage gives way to cyanosis or pallor and hyperhidrosis to dry skin. Loss of function progresses, both because of increased pain and fibrosis of the joints caused by chronic inflammation. In the hand, this leads to flexion deformity of the fingers. The skin and subcutaneous tissues begin to atrophy. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton becomes pronounced.

• #82 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – Hughston Clinic

  https://hughston.com/wellness/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/

  CRPS patients experience chronic pain with sensory and motor symptoms in their limbs. […] There are 3 stages of CRPS: acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute stage lasts 3 months. During this stage patients usually have a burning type pain, swelling, skin redness, increased sweating, and decreased range of motion. After 3 months, the patient enters the subacute stage. During this stage patients have continued severe pain, swelling, skin dryness, and paleness or bluish coloration of the skin. After 12 months, the patient progresses to the chronic stage that can last for multiple years or even become permanent. In the chronic stage, the patients pain is variable and can continue to be severe or it may subside. The patients skin is dry, shiny, and cool to the touch. Also, since the patient has not been using their extremity, the underlying bones can develop osteoporosis.

• #83 3 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: CRPS Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/3_stages_of_complex_regional_pain_syndrome/article.htm

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by debilitating pain, swelling, and vasomotor dysfunction of an extremity. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury. […] The three stages of complex regional pain syndrome are as follows: Stage I: Acute, characterized by a constant severe burning or aching pain and increased sensitivity to touch, fluctuations in skin temperature between hot and cold followed by swelling and joint stiffness along with increased warmth and redness in the affected limb. Other symptoms may include faster-than-normal nail and hair growth, changes in the skin’s color, appearance, and texture (pale, red, purple, or mottled, thin, and shiny), and excessive sweating. […] Stage II: Dystrophic, characterized by a more constant swelling, increased stiffness, brittle and cracked nails, weakening of muscles, the disappearance of skin wrinkles, increased sensitivity to touch, and a lower-than-normal skin temperature.

• #84 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Type 1 vs. Type 2 – Healthgrades

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/chronic-pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Left untreated, CRPS can lead to muscle atrophy—or wasting—and loss of function. These problems may be permanent. See your doctor promptly if you have constant or severe pain in a limb that is out of proportion following trauma. […] Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) symptoms start after an injury or surgery in most cases. Rarely, symptoms occur without a direct link to trauma. Symptoms usually begin within 4 to 6 weeks of the injury or surgery. They typically occur in an arm, hand, leg or foot. […] CRPS symptoms progress through three stages. […] Stage 1 can last up to three months. Symptoms may include: Aching, burning or throbbing pain that is constant and more severe or intense than one would expect from the injury or surgery; Excessive sweating in the area; Extreme sensitivity to touch, or even air movement, that intensifies the pain; Increased nail and hair growth; Skin warmth, redness, mottling, or texture changes; Swelling, muscle spasms, and joint stiffness.

• #85 3 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: CRPS Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/3_stages_of_complex_regional_pain_syndrome/article.htm

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by debilitating pain, swelling, and vasomotor dysfunction of an extremity. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury. […] The three stages of complex regional pain syndrome are as follows: Stage I: Acute, characterized by a constant severe burning or aching pain and increased sensitivity to touch, fluctuations in skin temperature between hot and cold followed by swelling and joint stiffness along with increased warmth and redness in the affected limb. Other symptoms may include faster-than-normal nail and hair growth, changes in the skin’s color, appearance, and texture (pale, red, purple, or mottled, thin, and shiny), and excessive sweating. […] Stage II: Dystrophic, characterized by a more constant swelling, increased stiffness, brittle and cracked nails, weakening of muscles, the disappearance of skin wrinkles, increased sensitivity to touch, and a lower-than-normal skin temperature.

• #86 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Type 1 vs. Type 2 – Healthgrades

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/chronic-pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Left untreated, CRPS can lead to muscle atrophy—or wasting—and loss of function. These problems may be permanent. See your doctor promptly if you have constant or severe pain in a limb that is out of proportion following trauma. […] Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) symptoms start after an injury or surgery in most cases. Rarely, symptoms occur without a direct link to trauma. Symptoms usually begin within 4 to 6 weeks of the injury or surgery. They typically occur in an arm, hand, leg or foot. […] CRPS symptoms progress through three stages. […] Stage 1 can last up to three months. Symptoms may include: Aching, burning or throbbing pain that is constant and more severe or intense than one would expect from the injury or surgery; Excessive sweating in the area; Extreme sensitivity to touch, or even air movement, that intensifies the pain; Increased nail and hair growth; Skin warmth, redness, mottling, or texture changes; Swelling, muscle spasms, and joint stiffness.

• #87 3 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: CRPS Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/3_stages_of_complex_regional_pain_syndrome/article.htm

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by debilitating pain, swelling, and vasomotor dysfunction of an extremity. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury. […] The three stages of complex regional pain syndrome are as follows: Stage I: Acute, characterized by a constant severe burning or aching pain and increased sensitivity to touch, fluctuations in skin temperature between hot and cold followed by swelling and joint stiffness along with increased warmth and redness in the affected limb. Other symptoms may include faster-than-normal nail and hair growth, changes in the skin’s color, appearance, and texture (pale, red, purple, or mottled, thin, and shiny), and excessive sweating. […] Stage II: Dystrophic, characterized by a more constant swelling, increased stiffness, brittle and cracked nails, weakening of muscles, the disappearance of skin wrinkles, increased sensitivity to touch, and a lower-than-normal skin temperature.

• #88 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a long-term (chronic) pain condition that can affect any area of the body, but often affects an arm or a leg. […] The key symptom is pain that: […] Is intense and often burning and is much stronger than would be expected for the type of injury that occurred. […] Gets worse, rather than better over time. […] Begins at the point of injury, but may spread to the whole limb, or to the arm or leg on the opposite side of the body. […] In most cases, CRPS has three stages. But, CRPS does not always follow this pattern. Some people develop severe symptoms right away. Others stay in the first stage. […] Stage 1 (lasts 1 to 3 months): […] Changes in skin temperature, switching between warm or cold […] Faster growth of nails and hair […] Muscle spasms and joint pain

• #89 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a long-term (chronic) pain condition that can affect any area of the body, but often affects an arm or a leg. […] The key symptom is pain that: […] Is intense and often burning and is much stronger than would be expected for the type of injury that occurred. […] Gets worse, rather than better over time. […] Begins at the point of injury, but may spread to the whole limb, or to the arm or leg on the opposite side of the body. […] In most cases, CRPS has three stages. But, CRPS does not always follow this pattern. Some people develop severe symptoms right away. Others stay in the first stage. […] Stage 1 (lasts 1 to 3 months): […] Changes in skin temperature, switching between warm or cold […] Faster growth of nails and hair […] Muscle spasms and joint pain

• #90 3 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: CRPS Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/3_stages_of_complex_regional_pain_syndrome/article.htm

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by debilitating pain, swelling, and vasomotor dysfunction of an extremity. […] Symptoms of CRPS typically start within four to six weeks after an injury. […] The three stages of complex regional pain syndrome are as follows: Stage I: Acute, characterized by a constant severe burning or aching pain and increased sensitivity to touch, fluctuations in skin temperature between hot and cold followed by swelling and joint stiffness along with increased warmth and redness in the affected limb. Other symptoms may include faster-than-normal nail and hair growth, changes in the skin’s color, appearance, and texture (pale, red, purple, or mottled, thin, and shiny), and excessive sweating. […] Stage II: Dystrophic, characterized by a more constant swelling, increased stiffness, brittle and cracked nails, weakening of muscles, the disappearance of skin wrinkles, increased sensitivity to touch, and a lower-than-normal skin temperature.

• #91 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Initial symptoms of CRPS include pain out of proportion to the inciting injury that is usually described by patients as burning, tingling, stabbing, numbness, or an electric shock and is localized to a distal extremity (CRPS rarely develops in other parts of the body). Other symptoms at the site of pain include increased growth of hair or nails (trophic changes), increased sweating, localized swelling, and hyperemia. […] CRPS is often described in terms of warm changes and cold changes, although they are not separate diagnostic categories. Warm CRPS is associated with a warm, erythematous, edematous extremity and tends to be correlated with inflammatory changes earlier in the disease course; one study described these changes within the first eight months. Cold CRPS is associated with a cold, dusky, sweaty extremity and is more often associated with chronic CRPS; in one study, cold symptoms lasted for more than nine months.

• #92 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Risks

  https://www.healthline.com/health/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  The acute phase is also referred to as the warm phase and happens early on. Its characterized by deeper pain that gets worse with movement, as well as classic symptoms of inflammation in the affected limb, such as: swelling, warmth, redness. […] The chronic phase (or cold phase) starts about 6 months after your injury. In this phase, pain can become more persistent and harder to alleviate. You may also have symptoms like: a grayish or bluish appearance to the skin; coldness and clamminess in the skin; skin texture changes, in which the skin may appear shiny and thin or thick and scaly; changes in the growth of hair and nails; muscle tremors or spasms; osteoporosis that affects nearby bones. […] Treatment is generally more effective when it starts during the acute phase. When symptoms have progressed to the chronic phase, the outlook is not as good. […] CRPS symptoms can gradually go away over months or years, but the condition can also have a debilitating long-term impact if you have severe symptoms.

• #93 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  The three clinical stages of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS 1) are acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute form lasts approximately 3 months. Pain, often burning in nature, is one of the first symptoms that initially limits function. Swelling, redness with vasomotor instability that worsens with dependency, hyperhidrosis, and coolness to the touch are common physical findings. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton begins because of disuse. […] If the process is not arrested or reversed in the acute phase, the condition may progress to the subacute stage, which can last for up to 9 months. The patient develops persistent severe pain in the extremity and fixed edema that would have been reversible with elevation during the acute phase. The redness of the acute stage gives way to cyanosis or pallor and hyperhidrosis to dry skin. Loss of function progresses, both because of increased pain and fibrosis of the joints caused by chronic inflammation. In the hand, this leads to flexion deformity of the fingers. The skin and subcutaneous tissues begin to atrophy. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton becomes pronounced.

• #94 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Severe burning, aching pain that worsens with the slightest touch or breeze […] Skin that slowly becomes blotchy, purple, pale, or red; thin and shiny; swollen; more sweaty […] Stage 2 (lasts 3 to 6 months): […] Continued changes in the skin […] Nails that are cracked and break more easily […] Pain that is becoming worse […] Slower hair growth […] Stiff joints and weak muscles […] Stage 3 (irreversible changes can be seen) […] Limited movement in limb because of tightened muscles and tendons (contracture) […] Muscle wasting […] Pain in the entire limb […] If pain and other symptoms are severe or long-lasting, many people may experience depression or anxiety. […] The outlook is better with an early diagnosis. If your provider diagnoses the condition in the first stage, sometimes signs of the disease may disappear (remission) and normal movement is possible. […] If the condition is not diagnosed quickly, changes to the bone and muscle may get worse and may not be reversible. […] In some people, symptoms go away on their own. In other people, even with treatment the pain continues and the condition causes crippling, irreversible changes.

• #95 Exploring the Stages of CRPS – Southeast Pain & Spine Care

  https://www.sepainandspinecare.com/exploring-the-stages-of-crps/

  If left untreated, acute CRPS can progress to the second stage, dystrophic CRPS. In this stage, the symptoms become more severe and long-lasting. The affected limb may exhibit visible changes in bone density, leading to osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. The skin may appear shiny and tight, and the affected area may become more prone to infections. […] Pain in dystrophic CRPS is typically constant and may be accompanied by burning or throbbing sensations. The affected limb may also undergo involuntary movements and muscle spasms. Individuals with dystrophic CRPS often experience significant functional impairment, as the pain and physical limitations can make it challenging to perform everyday activities. […] Atrophic CRPS represents the chronic stage of the condition, where the symptoms become more long-term and may persist indefinitely. The affected limb may become visibly wasted or atrophied, with a loss of muscle mass and strength. The pain experienced in this stage may vary in intensity but is generally constant and may be accompanied by severe stiffness. […] In addition to the physical symptoms, individuals with atrophic CRPS often face psychological and emotional challenges. The chronic pain and physical limitations can lead to feelings of frustration, depression, and anxiety. The impact on quality of life can be profound, affecting relationships, work, and overall well-being.

• #96 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Type 1 vs. Type 2 – Healthgrades

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/chronic-pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Stage 2 can start after three months and last up to 12 months after the trauma. Symptoms progress and may include: Cool skin; Muscle weakness; Increased pain and sensitivity to touch that may spread to other areas; Increased swelling that may eliminate skin wrinkles; Slowed hair growth and nails that become brittle and may crack; Worsening joint stiffness. […] Left untreated, stage three occurs after 12 months. Symptoms may include: Atrophy of muscles and tendons, which can cause contractures; Dry, pale, tight and shiny skin; Pain that may decrease; Progression of stiffness may make it too hard or painful to move the limb. […] Once symptoms reach stage three, the condition can be permanent. It is important to start treatment early, when it is most likely to be effective. If you notice any of these symptoms following any kind of physical trauma, see your doctor promptly. Ask specifically about the possibility of having CRPS.

• #97 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  The three clinical stages of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS 1) are acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute form lasts approximately 3 months. Pain, often burning in nature, is one of the first symptoms that initially limits function. Swelling, redness with vasomotor instability that worsens with dependency, hyperhidrosis, and coolness to the touch are common physical findings. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton begins because of disuse. […] If the process is not arrested or reversed in the acute phase, the condition may progress to the subacute stage, which can last for up to 9 months. The patient develops persistent severe pain in the extremity and fixed edema that would have been reversible with elevation during the acute phase. The redness of the acute stage gives way to cyanosis or pallor and hyperhidrosis to dry skin. Loss of function progresses, both because of increased pain and fibrosis of the joints caused by chronic inflammation. In the hand, this leads to flexion deformity of the fingers. The skin and subcutaneous tissues begin to atrophy. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton becomes pronounced.

• #98 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – Symptoms And Treatment: Glaser Pain Relief Center: Interventional Pain Management Specialists

  https://www.glaserpainrelief.com/blog/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-symptoms-and-treatment

  For some patients, there are three distinct phases. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome stages may include: Stage 1: which is characterized by the development of pain in a limb either following an event or without any apparent cause. This phase is generally characterized by throbbing pain, a burning sensation, sensitivity to touch or cold, aching and localized edema. […] Stage 2: in this stage there is a progression of the soft tissue edema, thickening of the skin, muscle atrophy and the development of brawny skin. This phase may last 3-6 months. […] Stage 3: this is the most severe stage and is characterized by limitation of movement, shoulder-hand syndrome, contractures of the digits, skin changes and brittle nails.

• #99 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  The three clinical stages of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS 1) are acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute form lasts approximately 3 months. Pain, often burning in nature, is one of the first symptoms that initially limits function. Swelling, redness with vasomotor instability that worsens with dependency, hyperhidrosis, and coolness to the touch are common physical findings. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton begins because of disuse. […] If the process is not arrested or reversed in the acute phase, the condition may progress to the subacute stage, which can last for up to 9 months. The patient develops persistent severe pain in the extremity and fixed edema that would have been reversible with elevation during the acute phase. The redness of the acute stage gives way to cyanosis or pallor and hyperhidrosis to dry skin. Loss of function progresses, both because of increased pain and fibrosis of the joints caused by chronic inflammation. In the hand, this leads to flexion deformity of the fingers. The skin and subcutaneous tissues begin to atrophy. Demineralization of the underlying bony skeleton becomes pronounced.

• #100 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Type 1 vs. Type 2 – Healthgrades

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/chronic-pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Stage 2 can start after three months and last up to 12 months after the trauma. Symptoms progress and may include: Cool skin; Muscle weakness; Increased pain and sensitivity to touch that may spread to other areas; Increased swelling that may eliminate skin wrinkles; Slowed hair growth and nails that become brittle and may crack; Worsening joint stiffness. […] Left untreated, stage three occurs after 12 months. Symptoms may include: Atrophy of muscles and tendons, which can cause contractures; Dry, pale, tight and shiny skin; Pain that may decrease; Progression of stiffness may make it too hard or painful to move the limb. […] Once symptoms reach stage three, the condition can be permanent. It is important to start treatment early, when it is most likely to be effective. If you notice any of these symptoms following any kind of physical trauma, see your doctor promptly. Ask specifically about the possibility of having CRPS.

• #101 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Severe burning, aching pain that worsens with the slightest touch or breeze […] Skin that slowly becomes blotchy, purple, pale, or red; thin and shiny; swollen; more sweaty […] Stage 2 (lasts 3 to 6 months): […] Continued changes in the skin […] Nails that are cracked and break more easily […] Pain that is becoming worse […] Slower hair growth […] Stiff joints and weak muscles […] Stage 3 (irreversible changes can be seen) […] Limited movement in limb because of tightened muscles and tendons (contracture) […] Muscle wasting […] Pain in the entire limb […] If pain and other symptoms are severe or long-lasting, many people may experience depression or anxiety. […] The outlook is better with an early diagnosis. If your provider diagnoses the condition in the first stage, sometimes signs of the disease may disappear (remission) and normal movement is possible. […] If the condition is not diagnosed quickly, changes to the bone and muscle may get worse and may not be reversible. […] In some people, symptoms go away on their own. In other people, even with treatment the pain continues and the condition causes crippling, irreversible changes.

• #102 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Part 1: Essentials of Assessment and Diagnosis | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-part-1-essentials-of-assessment-and-diagnosis/

  Stage 1 (acute): edema, vasomotor dysregulation, severe tenderness, and allodynia. […] Stage 2 (dystrophic): skin and muscle atrophy, brittle nails and atrophy, intense proximal pain, mottled skin, and brawny edema. […] Stage 3 (atrophic): skin becomes pale, smooth, shiny, and cyanotic, contractures and flexion deformities, pain decreases, and vasomotor changes stop. […] However, evidence to date suggests that the evolution of CRPS is unlikely to be sequential. […] Another CRPS classification is to warm and cold, with individuals sometimes exhibiting early warm symptoms but transitioning to cold later on. […] Pain in itself has a multitude of different features or presentations, from burning, stabbing, or a dragging character, to throbbing and constricting. […] A large proportion of pain is located in deeper structures (muscles, tendons, bones) as compared to the more superficial locations.

• #103 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Type 1 vs. Type 2 – Healthgrades

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/chronic-pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Stage 2 can start after three months and last up to 12 months after the trauma. Symptoms progress and may include: Cool skin; Muscle weakness; Increased pain and sensitivity to touch that may spread to other areas; Increased swelling that may eliminate skin wrinkles; Slowed hair growth and nails that become brittle and may crack; Worsening joint stiffness. […] Left untreated, stage three occurs after 12 months. Symptoms may include: Atrophy of muscles and tendons, which can cause contractures; Dry, pale, tight and shiny skin; Pain that may decrease; Progression of stiffness may make it too hard or painful to move the limb. […] Once symptoms reach stage three, the condition can be permanent. It is important to start treatment early, when it is most likely to be effective. If you notice any of these symptoms following any kind of physical trauma, see your doctor promptly. Ask specifically about the possibility of having CRPS.

• #104 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Severe burning, aching pain that worsens with the slightest touch or breeze […] Skin that slowly becomes blotchy, purple, pale, or red; thin and shiny; swollen; more sweaty […] Stage 2 (lasts 3 to 6 months): […] Continued changes in the skin […] Nails that are cracked and break more easily […] Pain that is becoming worse […] Slower hair growth […] Stiff joints and weak muscles […] Stage 3 (irreversible changes can be seen) […] Limited movement in limb because of tightened muscles and tendons (contracture) […] Muscle wasting […] Pain in the entire limb […] If pain and other symptoms are severe or long-lasting, many people may experience depression or anxiety. […] The outlook is better with an early diagnosis. If your provider diagnoses the condition in the first stage, sometimes signs of the disease may disappear (remission) and normal movement is possible. […] If the condition is not diagnosed quickly, changes to the bone and muscle may get worse and may not be reversible. […] In some people, symptoms go away on their own. In other people, even with treatment the pain continues and the condition causes crippling, irreversible changes.

• #105 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Type 1 vs. Type 2 – Healthgrades

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/chronic-pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Stage 2 can start after three months and last up to 12 months after the trauma. Symptoms progress and may include: Cool skin; Muscle weakness; Increased pain and sensitivity to touch that may spread to other areas; Increased swelling that may eliminate skin wrinkles; Slowed hair growth and nails that become brittle and may crack; Worsening joint stiffness. […] Left untreated, stage three occurs after 12 months. Symptoms may include: Atrophy of muscles and tendons, which can cause contractures; Dry, pale, tight and shiny skin; Pain that may decrease; Progression of stiffness may make it too hard or painful to move the limb. […] Once symptoms reach stage three, the condition can be permanent. It is important to start treatment early, when it is most likely to be effective. If you notice any of these symptoms following any kind of physical trauma, see your doctor promptly. Ask specifically about the possibility of having CRPS.

• #106 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Severe burning, aching pain that worsens with the slightest touch or breeze […] Skin that slowly becomes blotchy, purple, pale, or red; thin and shiny; swollen; more sweaty […] Stage 2 (lasts 3 to 6 months): […] Continued changes in the skin […] Nails that are cracked and break more easily […] Pain that is becoming worse […] Slower hair growth […] Stiff joints and weak muscles […] Stage 3 (irreversible changes can be seen) […] Limited movement in limb because of tightened muscles and tendons (contracture) […] Muscle wasting […] Pain in the entire limb […] If pain and other symptoms are severe or long-lasting, many people may experience depression or anxiety. […] The outlook is better with an early diagnosis. If your provider diagnoses the condition in the first stage, sometimes signs of the disease may disappear (remission) and normal movement is possible. […] If the condition is not diagnosed quickly, changes to the bone and muscle may get worse and may not be reversible. […] In some people, symptoms go away on their own. In other people, even with treatment the pain continues and the condition causes crippling, irreversible changes.

• #107 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Initial symptoms of CRPS include pain out of proportion to the inciting injury that is usually described by patients as burning, tingling, stabbing, numbness, or an electric shock and is localized to a distal extremity (CRPS rarely develops in other parts of the body). Other symptoms at the site of pain include increased growth of hair or nails (trophic changes), increased sweating, localized swelling, and hyperemia. […] CRPS is often described in terms of warm changes and cold changes, although they are not separate diagnostic categories. Warm CRPS is associated with a warm, erythematous, edematous extremity and tends to be correlated with inflammatory changes earlier in the disease course; one study described these changes within the first eight months. Cold CRPS is associated with a cold, dusky, sweaty extremity and is more often associated with chronic CRPS; in one study, cold symptoms lasted for more than nine months.

• #108 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Risks

  https://www.healthline.com/health/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  The acute phase is also referred to as the warm phase and happens early on. Its characterized by deeper pain that gets worse with movement, as well as classic symptoms of inflammation in the affected limb, such as: swelling, warmth, redness. […] The chronic phase (or cold phase) starts about 6 months after your injury. In this phase, pain can become more persistent and harder to alleviate. You may also have symptoms like: a grayish or bluish appearance to the skin; coldness and clamminess in the skin; skin texture changes, in which the skin may appear shiny and thin or thick and scaly; changes in the growth of hair and nails; muscle tremors or spasms; osteoporosis that affects nearby bones. […] Treatment is generally more effective when it starts during the acute phase. When symptoms have progressed to the chronic phase, the outlook is not as good. […] CRPS symptoms can gradually go away over months or years, but the condition can also have a debilitating long-term impact if you have severe symptoms.

• #109 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  If the process continues, the chronic phase may develop approximately 1 year after disease onset. This stage may last for many years or can be permanent. Pain is more variable during this period. It may continue undiminished or abate. Edema tends to subside over time, leaving fibrosis around the involved joints. The skin is dry, pale, cool, and shiny. Flexion and extension creases are absent. Loss of function and stiffness are marked, and osteoporosis is extreme. In the upper extremity, this can manifest as a frozen shoulder and claw hand. […] Pain in CRPS 1 has the following characteristics: Usually constant and disproportionate to the precipitant injury; May be exacerbated by ambient factors such as loud noises and emotional factors (eg, stress, light touch, active motion, passive motion); May be described as burning, cutting, searing, pressure, or tearing; Usually begins locally but may progress to involve the entire extremity; Stiffness is more severe than expected and may be very distressing to the patient.

• #110 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – Hughston Clinic

  https://hughston.com/wellness/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/

  CRPS patients experience chronic pain with sensory and motor symptoms in their limbs. […] There are 3 stages of CRPS: acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute stage lasts 3 months. During this stage patients usually have a burning type pain, swelling, skin redness, increased sweating, and decreased range of motion. After 3 months, the patient enters the subacute stage. During this stage patients have continued severe pain, swelling, skin dryness, and paleness or bluish coloration of the skin. After 12 months, the patient progresses to the chronic stage that can last for multiple years or even become permanent. In the chronic stage, the patients pain is variable and can continue to be severe or it may subside. The patients skin is dry, shiny, and cool to the touch. Also, since the patient has not been using their extremity, the underlying bones can develop osteoporosis.

• #111 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  If the process continues, the chronic phase may develop approximately 1 year after disease onset. This stage may last for many years or can be permanent. Pain is more variable during this period. It may continue undiminished or abate. Edema tends to subside over time, leaving fibrosis around the involved joints. The skin is dry, pale, cool, and shiny. Flexion and extension creases are absent. Loss of function and stiffness are marked, and osteoporosis is extreme. In the upper extremity, this can manifest as a frozen shoulder and claw hand. […] Pain in CRPS 1 has the following characteristics: Usually constant and disproportionate to the precipitant injury; May be exacerbated by ambient factors such as loud noises and emotional factors (eg, stress, light touch, active motion, passive motion); May be described as burning, cutting, searing, pressure, or tearing; Usually begins locally but may progress to involve the entire extremity; Stiffness is more severe than expected and may be very distressing to the patient.

• #112 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | Padda Institute

  https://painmd.tv/stages-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome/

  Since this stage comes around a year after the first onset, you are likely to be in continual anguish if you enter this phase, also known as the chronic stage. This stage can extend for months, years, or perhaps your entire life. The degree of the pain may be periodic or constant. Still, you are frequently limited in accomplishing ordinary daily duties. Atrophy can develop in some circumstances, leading to the loss of limb function. Frozen shoulders or claw hands are possible extreme cases.

• #113 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  If the process continues, the chronic phase may develop approximately 1 year after disease onset. This stage may last for many years or can be permanent. Pain is more variable during this period. It may continue undiminished or abate. Edema tends to subside over time, leaving fibrosis around the involved joints. The skin is dry, pale, cool, and shiny. Flexion and extension creases are absent. Loss of function and stiffness are marked, and osteoporosis is extreme. In the upper extremity, this can manifest as a frozen shoulder and claw hand. […] Pain in CRPS 1 has the following characteristics: Usually constant and disproportionate to the precipitant injury; May be exacerbated by ambient factors such as loud noises and emotional factors (eg, stress, light touch, active motion, passive motion); May be described as burning, cutting, searing, pressure, or tearing; Usually begins locally but may progress to involve the entire extremity; Stiffness is more severe than expected and may be very distressing to the patient.

• #114 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Type 1 vs. Type 2 – Healthgrades

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/chronic-pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Stage 2 can start after three months and last up to 12 months after the trauma. Symptoms progress and may include: Cool skin; Muscle weakness; Increased pain and sensitivity to touch that may spread to other areas; Increased swelling that may eliminate skin wrinkles; Slowed hair growth and nails that become brittle and may crack; Worsening joint stiffness. […] Left untreated, stage three occurs after 12 months. Symptoms may include: Atrophy of muscles and tendons, which can cause contractures; Dry, pale, tight and shiny skin; Pain that may decrease; Progression of stiffness may make it too hard or painful to move the limb. […] Once symptoms reach stage three, the condition can be permanent. It is important to start treatment early, when it is most likely to be effective. If you notice any of these symptoms following any kind of physical trauma, see your doctor promptly. Ask specifically about the possibility of having CRPS.

• #115 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Type 1 vs. Type 2 – Healthgrades

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/chronic-pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Stage 2 can start after three months and last up to 12 months after the trauma. Symptoms progress and may include: Cool skin; Muscle weakness; Increased pain and sensitivity to touch that may spread to other areas; Increased swelling that may eliminate skin wrinkles; Slowed hair growth and nails that become brittle and may crack; Worsening joint stiffness. […] Left untreated, stage three occurs after 12 months. Symptoms may include: Atrophy of muscles and tendons, which can cause contractures; Dry, pale, tight and shiny skin; Pain that may decrease; Progression of stiffness may make it too hard or painful to move the limb. […] Once symptoms reach stage three, the condition can be permanent. It is important to start treatment early, when it is most likely to be effective. If you notice any of these symptoms following any kind of physical trauma, see your doctor promptly. Ask specifically about the possibility of having CRPS.

• #116 Complex regional pain syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007184.htm

  Severe burning, aching pain that worsens with the slightest touch or breeze […] Skin that slowly becomes blotchy, purple, pale, or red; thin and shiny; swollen; more sweaty […] Stage 2 (lasts 3 to 6 months): […] Continued changes in the skin […] Nails that are cracked and break more easily […] Pain that is becoming worse […] Slower hair growth […] Stiff joints and weak muscles […] Stage 3 (irreversible changes can be seen) […] Limited movement in limb because of tightened muscles and tendons (contracture) […] Muscle wasting […] Pain in the entire limb […] If pain and other symptoms are severe or long-lasting, many people may experience depression or anxiety. […] The outlook is better with an early diagnosis. If your provider diagnoses the condition in the first stage, sometimes signs of the disease may disappear (remission) and normal movement is possible. […] If the condition is not diagnosed quickly, changes to the bone and muscle may get worse and may not be reversible. […] In some people, symptoms go away on their own. In other people, even with treatment the pain continues and the condition causes crippling, irreversible changes.

• #117 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  If the process continues, the chronic phase may develop approximately 1 year after disease onset. This stage may last for many years or can be permanent. Pain is more variable during this period. It may continue undiminished or abate. Edema tends to subside over time, leaving fibrosis around the involved joints. The skin is dry, pale, cool, and shiny. Flexion and extension creases are absent. Loss of function and stiffness are marked, and osteoporosis is extreme. In the upper extremity, this can manifest as a frozen shoulder and claw hand. […] Pain in CRPS 1 has the following characteristics: Usually constant and disproportionate to the precipitant injury; May be exacerbated by ambient factors such as loud noises and emotional factors (eg, stress, light touch, active motion, passive motion); May be described as burning, cutting, searing, pressure, or tearing; Usually begins locally but may progress to involve the entire extremity; Stiffness is more severe than expected and may be very distressing to the patient.

• #118 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Type 1 vs. Type 2 – Healthgrades

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/chronic-pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Stage 2 can start after three months and last up to 12 months after the trauma. Symptoms progress and may include: Cool skin; Muscle weakness; Increased pain and sensitivity to touch that may spread to other areas; Increased swelling that may eliminate skin wrinkles; Slowed hair growth and nails that become brittle and may crack; Worsening joint stiffness. […] Left untreated, stage three occurs after 12 months. Symptoms may include: Atrophy of muscles and tendons, which can cause contractures; Dry, pale, tight and shiny skin; Pain that may decrease; Progression of stiffness may make it too hard or painful to move the limb. […] Once symptoms reach stage three, the condition can be permanent. It is important to start treatment early, when it is most likely to be effective. If you notice any of these symptoms following any kind of physical trauma, see your doctor promptly. Ask specifically about the possibility of having CRPS.

• #119 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  If the process continues, the chronic phase may develop approximately 1 year after disease onset. This stage may last for many years or can be permanent. Pain is more variable during this period. It may continue undiminished or abate. Edema tends to subside over time, leaving fibrosis around the involved joints. The skin is dry, pale, cool, and shiny. Flexion and extension creases are absent. Loss of function and stiffness are marked, and osteoporosis is extreme. In the upper extremity, this can manifest as a frozen shoulder and claw hand. […] Pain in CRPS 1 has the following characteristics: Usually constant and disproportionate to the precipitant injury; May be exacerbated by ambient factors such as loud noises and emotional factors (eg, stress, light touch, active motion, passive motion); May be described as burning, cutting, searing, pressure, or tearing; Usually begins locally but may progress to involve the entire extremity; Stiffness is more severe than expected and may be very distressing to the patient.

• #120 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – Hughston Clinic

  https://hughston.com/wellness/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/

  CRPS patients experience chronic pain with sensory and motor symptoms in their limbs. […] There are 3 stages of CRPS: acute, subacute, and chronic. The acute stage lasts 3 months. During this stage patients usually have a burning type pain, swelling, skin redness, increased sweating, and decreased range of motion. After 3 months, the patient enters the subacute stage. During this stage patients have continued severe pain, swelling, skin dryness, and paleness or bluish coloration of the skin. After 12 months, the patient progresses to the chronic stage that can last for multiple years or even become permanent. In the chronic stage, the patients pain is variable and can continue to be severe or it may subside. The patients skin is dry, shiny, and cool to the touch. Also, since the patient has not been using their extremity, the underlying bones can develop osteoporosis.

• #121 Patient Education | Concord Orthopaedics

  https://www.concordortho.com/patient-resources/patient-education/topic/71ac113d2337fa91a243fcaf35d37f1c

  The third stage is permanent and is characterized by dystrophy or defective growth of bones or tissue. It consists of muscle atrophy or shrinkage, bone density (calcium) loss, contracture, edema, and limited range of motion of the affected joints. Pain is worsened by any kind of touch and movement of the affected limb.

• #122 Understanding the Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) » GJEL Accident Attorneys

  https://www.gjel.com/stages-crps

  Stage 1: In this early stage, there is usually pain out of proportion to the initial injury and increased sensitivity in the affected area. Symptoms in the affected limb may include swelling, skin color changes, flushing, warmth or coolness, tenderness and occasional discoloration. […] Stage 2: Symptoms during this stage can become more severe, with an increase in edema (swelling), hypersensitivity of the skin and a burning sensation that generally persists. Loss of range of motion, joint stiffness, and changes in sweating are some other signs of this stage. […] Stage 3: At this point, muscle contractures or “frozen joints” start to appear as a result of excessive amounts of scar tissue around the affected joint. Numbness and tingling throughout the area may also occur. […] Stage 4: During the final and most serious stage, CRPS has reached its peak intensity. Atrophied muscles and diminished reflexes are hallmark signs of this painful condition as well as severe neurological pain that radiates through all extremities. In addition to these physical symptoms, patients may also experience hair loss, brittle nails and difficulty swallowing or speaking.

• #123 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/334377-clinical

  If the process continues, the chronic phase may develop approximately 1 year after disease onset. This stage may last for many years or can be permanent. Pain is more variable during this period. It may continue undiminished or abate. Edema tends to subside over time, leaving fibrosis around the involved joints. The skin is dry, pale, cool, and shiny. Flexion and extension creases are absent. Loss of function and stiffness are marked, and osteoporosis is extreme. In the upper extremity, this can manifest as a frozen shoulder and claw hand. […] Pain in CRPS 1 has the following characteristics: Usually constant and disproportionate to the precipitant injury; May be exacerbated by ambient factors such as loud noises and emotional factors (eg, stress, light touch, active motion, passive motion); May be described as burning, cutting, searing, pressure, or tearing; Usually begins locally but may progress to involve the entire extremity; Stiffness is more severe than expected and may be very distressing to the patient.

• #124 Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | Padda Institute

  https://painmd.tv/stages-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome/

  Since this stage comes around a year after the first onset, you are likely to be in continual anguish if you enter this phase, also known as the chronic stage. This stage can extend for months, years, or perhaps your entire life. The degree of the pain may be periodic or constant. Still, you are frequently limited in accomplishing ordinary daily duties. Atrophy can develop in some circumstances, leading to the loss of limb function. Frozen shoulders or claw hands are possible extreme cases.

• #125 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Initial symptoms of CRPS include pain out of proportion to the inciting injury that is usually described by patients as burning, tingling, stabbing, numbness, or an electric shock and is localized to a distal extremity (CRPS rarely develops in other parts of the body). Other symptoms at the site of pain include increased growth of hair or nails (trophic changes), increased sweating, localized swelling, and hyperemia. […] CRPS is often described in terms of warm changes and cold changes, although they are not separate diagnostic categories. Warm CRPS is associated with a warm, erythematous, edematous extremity and tends to be correlated with inflammatory changes earlier in the disease course; one study described these changes within the first eight months. Cold CRPS is associated with a cold, dusky, sweaty extremity and is more often associated with chronic CRPS; in one study, cold symptoms lasted for more than nine months.

• #126

  https://www.orthobullets.com/basic-science/6095/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, is an idiopathic condition caused by an aberrant inflammatory response that leads to sustained sympathetic activity in a perpetuated reflex arc. Patients present with extremity pain out of proportion to physical exam findings […] Diagnosis is made clinically with the Budapest diagnostic criteria and can be confirmed by pain relief with sympathetic block. […] Treatment is usually physical therapy, pain medication, nerve stimulation or nerve blockade. Surgical sympathectomy is indicated in cases of progressive pain that fails nonoperative management. […] Cardinal signs include exaggerated pain, swelling, stiffness, and skin discoloration. […] Physical exam may reveal vasomotor disturbance, trophic skin changes, hyperhidrosis, „flamingo gait” if the knee is involved, and equinovarus deformity if the ankle is involved. […] Early diagnosis is critical for a successful outcome. […] Better prognosis if upper extremity, warm CRPS, children.

• #127 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Initial symptoms of CRPS include pain out of proportion to the inciting injury that is usually described by patients as burning, tingling, stabbing, numbness, or an electric shock and is localized to a distal extremity (CRPS rarely develops in other parts of the body). Other symptoms at the site of pain include increased growth of hair or nails (trophic changes), increased sweating, localized swelling, and hyperemia. […] CRPS is often described in terms of warm changes and cold changes, although they are not separate diagnostic categories. Warm CRPS is associated with a warm, erythematous, edematous extremity and tends to be correlated with inflammatory changes earlier in the disease course; one study described these changes within the first eight months. Cold CRPS is associated with a cold, dusky, sweaty extremity and is more often associated with chronic CRPS; in one study, cold symptoms lasted for more than nine months.

• #128 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Initial symptoms of CRPS include pain out of proportion to the inciting injury that is usually described by patients as burning, tingling, stabbing, numbness, or an electric shock and is localized to a distal extremity (CRPS rarely develops in other parts of the body). Other symptoms at the site of pain include increased growth of hair or nails (trophic changes), increased sweating, localized swelling, and hyperemia. […] CRPS is often described in terms of warm changes and cold changes, although they are not separate diagnostic categories. Warm CRPS is associated with a warm, erythematous, edematous extremity and tends to be correlated with inflammatory changes earlier in the disease course; one study described these changes within the first eight months. Cold CRPS is associated with a cold, dusky, sweaty extremity and is more often associated with chronic CRPS; in one study, cold symptoms lasted for more than nine months.

• #129 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Initial symptoms of CRPS include pain out of proportion to the inciting injury that is usually described by patients as burning, tingling, stabbing, numbness, or an electric shock and is localized to a distal extremity (CRPS rarely develops in other parts of the body). Other symptoms at the site of pain include increased growth of hair or nails (trophic changes), increased sweating, localized swelling, and hyperemia. […] CRPS is often described in terms of warm changes and cold changes, although they are not separate diagnostic categories. Warm CRPS is associated with a warm, erythematous, edematous extremity and tends to be correlated with inflammatory changes earlier in the disease course; one study described these changes within the first eight months. Cold CRPS is associated with a cold, dusky, sweaty extremity and is more often associated with chronic CRPS; in one study, cold symptoms lasted for more than nine months.

• #130

  https://www.orthobullets.com/basic-science/6095/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, is an idiopathic condition caused by an aberrant inflammatory response that leads to sustained sympathetic activity in a perpetuated reflex arc. Patients present with extremity pain out of proportion to physical exam findings […] Diagnosis is made clinically with the Budapest diagnostic criteria and can be confirmed by pain relief with sympathetic block. […] Treatment is usually physical therapy, pain medication, nerve stimulation or nerve blockade. Surgical sympathectomy is indicated in cases of progressive pain that fails nonoperative management. […] Cardinal signs include exaggerated pain, swelling, stiffness, and skin discoloration. […] Physical exam may reveal vasomotor disturbance, trophic skin changes, hyperhidrosis, „flamingo gait” if the knee is involved, and equinovarus deformity if the ankle is involved. […] Early diagnosis is critical for a successful outcome. […] Better prognosis if upper extremity, warm CRPS, children.

• #131 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Initial symptoms of CRPS include pain out of proportion to the inciting injury that is usually described by patients as burning, tingling, stabbing, numbness, or an electric shock and is localized to a distal extremity (CRPS rarely develops in other parts of the body). Other symptoms at the site of pain include increased growth of hair or nails (trophic changes), increased sweating, localized swelling, and hyperemia. […] CRPS is often described in terms of warm changes and cold changes, although they are not separate diagnostic categories. Warm CRPS is associated with a warm, erythematous, edematous extremity and tends to be correlated with inflammatory changes earlier in the disease course; one study described these changes within the first eight months. Cold CRPS is associated with a cold, dusky, sweaty extremity and is more often associated with chronic CRPS; in one study, cold symptoms lasted for more than nine months.

• #132 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Initial symptoms of CRPS include pain out of proportion to the inciting injury that is usually described by patients as burning, tingling, stabbing, numbness, or an electric shock and is localized to a distal extremity (CRPS rarely develops in other parts of the body). Other symptoms at the site of pain include increased growth of hair or nails (trophic changes), increased sweating, localized swelling, and hyperemia. […] CRPS is often described in terms of warm changes and cold changes, although they are not separate diagnostic categories. Warm CRPS is associated with a warm, erythematous, edematous extremity and tends to be correlated with inflammatory changes earlier in the disease course; one study described these changes within the first eight months. Cold CRPS is associated with a cold, dusky, sweaty extremity and is more often associated with chronic CRPS; in one study, cold symptoms lasted for more than nine months.

• #133 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Initial symptoms of CRPS include pain out of proportion to the inciting injury that is usually described by patients as burning, tingling, stabbing, numbness, or an electric shock and is localized to a distal extremity (CRPS rarely develops in other parts of the body). Other symptoms at the site of pain include increased growth of hair or nails (trophic changes), increased sweating, localized swelling, and hyperemia. […] CRPS is often described in terms of warm changes and cold changes, although they are not separate diagnostic categories. Warm CRPS is associated with a warm, erythematous, edematous extremity and tends to be correlated with inflammatory changes earlier in the disease course; one study described these changes within the first eight months. Cold CRPS is associated with a cold, dusky, sweaty extremity and is more often associated with chronic CRPS; in one study, cold symptoms lasted for more than nine months.

• #134 Complex regional pain syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome

  The prognosis of CRPS is improved with early and aggressive treatment, with the risk of chronic, debilitating pain being reduced with the early treatment. If treatment is delayed, however, the disorder can quickly spread to the entire limb, and changes in bone, nerve, and muscle may become irreversible. The prognosis worsens with the chronic „cold” form of CRPS and CRPS affecting the upper extremities. Inactivity of the limb following an injury, whether due to pain or recovery or, in some instances, psychological distress after the injury, can lead to deconditioning. The absence of movement contributes to muscle atrophy, swelling, joint stiffness and pain, and reduced circulation, among other processes. This sequence of physiological changes not only intensifies the symptoms of CRPS but is also associated with a less favorable prognosis.

• #135 CRPS Symptoms | Burning Nights

  https://www.burningnightscrps.org/crps/crps-information/crps-symptoms/

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) has a number of signs and symptoms, but not everyone living with CRPS will experience the same signs and symptoms as someone else with the condition. […] The main sign of CRPS is pain that is not in proportion to the injury and has lasted for a longer period than it should have done. […] Intense burning, throbbing, gnawing or aggravating pain. […] Pain out of proportion to the original injury. […] Pain lasting longer than the healing time for the injury. […] Spreading of CRPS from initial area approximately 7% of patients will have spreading to another limb from the initial limb or area. […] It has widely been accepted by researchers that Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) can spread from its initial site to other areas of the body. […] The spread of chronic pain from its initial site of presentation is common.

• #136 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Information about CRPS

  https://patient.info/brain-nerves/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-leaflet

  Movement may be limited, both because of the pain and because joints can feel stiff. The muscles may become weak. Other muscle problems may occur and include sudden and severe spasms, tremors, severe jerking and other abnormal movements. The pain and other symptoms often spread up the arm or leg from the site of the original injury. The symptoms may suddenly affect the opposite limb. Many patients say that their limb 'feels strange’. It can feel as if it does not belong to the rest of the body and as if it is not your own limb. Sometimes the limb feels bigger or smaller than normal. […] The symptoms do not appear to be related to the severity of the injury. CRPS can also start after other problems such as a head injury, stroke or prolonged bed rest. […] Most people with CRPS get better. CRPS is very variable both in how severe the symptoms are and how long the symptoms last. CRPS may be mild and get better by itself or with treatment. In some people, CRPS can cause severe symptoms and last for many years, leading to severe physical and psychological difficulties, and even suicide. If it is not diagnosed and treated, CRPS can spread and affect other limbs. This makes CRPS much harder to treat.

• #137 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Treatment (CRPS) | CRPS Symptoms

  https://www.treatingpain.com/conditions/crps/

  Chronic arm or leg pain developing after injury, surgery, stroke, or heart attack. […] The symptoms of CRPS frequently include severe burning pain and extreme sensitivity to touch in the area of the injury. Swelling, excessive sweating, and changes in the bone and skin tissue may also occur. […] Symptoms may spread upward from the initial injury site (e.g. hand to shoulder) and may be heightened by emotional stress. The unrelenting pain causes many people extreme emotional and physical duress and, left untreated, can lead to permanent changes in muscle and bone. Early detection and treatment are very much needed. Common symptoms include: Swelling, Muscle spasms, Loss of motion, Abnormal sweating, Tenderness and stiffness in joints, Extreme sensitivity to even mild stimuli, such as clothing or a light touch, Warm, red-looking skin at the injured area initially, changing to cool, bluish-looking skin later.

• #138 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome is a broad term that covers long-lasting pain and inflammation that can happen after an injury or a medical event, such as surgery, trauma, stroke, or heart attack. […] People living with CRPS have pain that is much greater than normal, even without a visible injury. Other symptoms include changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling on the arm or leg below the injury site. CRPS symptoms may also change over time including the type of pain, skin color, and temperature changes. […] Symptoms of CRPS are different for each person. Most people do not have all of the symptoms listed below. CRPS-related pain can be constant, come and go, or get worse when the limb is touched. As a person recovers from CRPS, their symptoms will begin to go away. […] A person might feel a burning or pins and needles sensation, or as if the affected limb was being squeezed. Over time, pain can spread from the first site to involve most or all of the arm or leg.

• #139 CRPS Symptoms | Burning Nights

  https://www.burningnightscrps.org/crps/crps-information/crps-symptoms/

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) has a number of signs and symptoms, but not everyone living with CRPS will experience the same signs and symptoms as someone else with the condition. […] The main sign of CRPS is pain that is not in proportion to the injury and has lasted for a longer period than it should have done. […] Intense burning, throbbing, gnawing or aggravating pain. […] Pain out of proportion to the original injury. […] Pain lasting longer than the healing time for the injury. […] Spreading of CRPS from initial area approximately 7% of patients will have spreading to another limb from the initial limb or area. […] It has widely been accepted by researchers that Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) can spread from its initial site to other areas of the body. […] The spread of chronic pain from its initial site of presentation is common.

• #140 CRPS Symptoms | Burning Nights

  https://www.burningnightscrps.org/crps/crps-information/crps-symptoms/

  Eighty-nine patients exhibited CRPS in multiple limbs. […] In 72 patients spread from a first to a second limb occurred showing a contralateral pattern in 49%, ipsilateral pattern in 30% and diagonal pattern in 14%. […] The median interval between the occurrence in the first and second limb was 21 months for contralateral spread, 19 months for ipsilateral spread and 10 months for diagonal spread. […] In a very small number of cases, which is thought to be 8% or less, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome has spread to the entire body.

• #141 CRPS Symptoms | Burning Nights

  https://www.burningnightscrps.org/crps/crps-information/crps-symptoms/

  Eighty-nine patients exhibited CRPS in multiple limbs. […] In 72 patients spread from a first to a second limb occurred showing a contralateral pattern in 49%, ipsilateral pattern in 30% and diagonal pattern in 14%. […] The median interval between the occurrence in the first and second limb was 21 months for contralateral spread, 19 months for ipsilateral spread and 10 months for diagonal spread. […] In a very small number of cases, which is thought to be 8% or less, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome has spread to the entire body.

• #142 CRPS Symptoms | Burning Nights

  https://www.burningnightscrps.org/crps/crps-information/crps-symptoms/

  Eighty-nine patients exhibited CRPS in multiple limbs. […] In 72 patients spread from a first to a second limb occurred showing a contralateral pattern in 49%, ipsilateral pattern in 30% and diagonal pattern in 14%. […] The median interval between the occurrence in the first and second limb was 21 months for contralateral spread, 19 months for ipsilateral spread and 10 months for diagonal spread. […] In a very small number of cases, which is thought to be 8% or less, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome has spread to the entire body.

• #143 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome)

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  If CRPS happens after an injury, your pain may seem extreme compared to the injury itself. It can also spread. For instance, after hurting your finger, your entire arm may feel tender and swollen. In some cases, the pain could even spread to your opposite arm. This is what doctors call „mirror pain.” […] Other symptoms of CRPS include: A sensation of „burning” pain, Feeling „pins and needles,” like the area has fallen asleep, Extreme sensitivity to touch, Swelling and stiffness in affected joints, Finding it hard to move the affected body part, Changes in nail and hair growth (such as rapid hair growth or no hair growth), Skin temperature changes; your skin may feel warmer or cooler compared to the opposite limb, Skin color changes; your skin could become blotchy, pale, purple or red, Skin texture changes; your skin might look shiny and thin, or feel very dry and thickened, Extreme sweating, Trouble sleeping, Muscle spasms, Tremors. […] Because the effects of CRPS can grow more serious with time, the sooner you become aware of it, the better.

• #144 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  People with CRPS become anxious or depressed this is normal for anyone with long-term (chronic) pain and needs to be dealt with. Others have negative feelings about the affected limb. […] Its difficult to predict how complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) will progress in any one person, but early diagnosis and treatment are helpful. […] Many people find their CRPS settles over a few weeks or months with good rehabilitation therapy. However, if you’ve had symptoms for more than six months then it’s more likely that you’ll still have some pain even after treatment. Some people find that other symptoms improve even if the pain continues. […] CRPS often affects a wider area than any previous injury and it may affect the whole limb. Occasionally, people whove had CRPS in one limb may develop it in another, but this is relatively unusual. It’s also possible for symptoms to return in people who’ve had a previous improvement in symptoms. […] Even if you have CRPS for a long time, it will not damage the body’s tissues. However, you should try not to alter your posture to adapt to the painful limb, as this can sometimes lead to secondary problems in other parts of the body.

• #145 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a painful condition of the arm, hand, leg or foot that occurs after an injury, such as a fracture. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, and may last months or years. […] Most people recover fully, but the condition can recur and for a small group of people with CRPS, symptoms may be severe and persist for years. […] The symptoms of CRPS may include: burning pain in the arm, hand, leg or foot, pain that changes in intensity, but often feels much worse than may be expected, loss of fine motor control, tremors or spasms, stiffness, changes to the skin, hair and nails on the affected limb, the affected limb is warmer or colder than the unaffected limb, the affected limb is sweatier or drier than the unaffected limb. […] Most people recover from CRPS, but for some there is a range of ongoing symptoms that vary from minor to severe. For a small group of people with CRPS, significant pain and disability persist for years.

• #146 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Other symptoms of CRPS in the affected area include skin swelling, decreased function in your affected limb, changes in skin temperature, changes in skin color, changes in skin texture, and changes in nail and hair growth. […] Since the symptoms of CRPS usually improve over time, its easiest for healthcare providers to diagnose it in the early stages. Its important to see a provider soon after you experience symptoms of CRPS. […] CRPS can also either be acute (short-term) or chronic (lasting longer than six months). Its usually treatable. […] Each persons experience with CRPS is different. CRPS usually improves over time and eventually goes away (goes into remission) in most people. […] Severe or prolonged cases, which are rare, can greatly affect your life. In some people, CRPS gets worse and even spreads to other areas of their body.

• #147 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a painful condition of the arm, hand, leg or foot that occurs after an injury, such as a fracture. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, and may last months or years. […] Most people recover fully, but the condition can recur and for a small group of people with CRPS, symptoms may be severe and persist for years. […] The symptoms of CRPS may include: burning pain in the arm, hand, leg or foot, pain that changes in intensity, but often feels much worse than may be expected, loss of fine motor control, tremors or spasms, stiffness, changes to the skin, hair and nails on the affected limb, the affected limb is warmer or colder than the unaffected limb, the affected limb is sweatier or drier than the unaffected limb. […] Most people recover from CRPS, but for some there is a range of ongoing symptoms that vary from minor to severe. For a small group of people with CRPS, significant pain and disability persist for years.

• #148 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) Syndrome

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/reflex_sympathetic/

  RSD is an older term used to describe one form of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). Both RSD and CRPS are chronic conditions characterized by severe burning pain, most often affecting one of the extremities (arms, legs, hands, or feet). There are often pathological changes in bone and skin, excessive sweating, tissue swelling and extreme sensitivity to touch, known as allodynia. […] The key symptom is, chronic, intense pain that is out of proportion to the severity of the injury (if an injury occurred) and which gets worse over time rather than better. It most often affects the arms, legs, hands or feet and is accompanied by: burning pain, increased skin sensitivity to touch, changes in skin temperature: warmer or cooler compared to the opposite extremity, changes in skin color: often blotchy, purple, pale or red, changes in skin texture: shiny and thin, sometimes excessively sweaty, changes in nail and hair growth patterns, swelling and stiffness in affected joint, motor disability, with decreased ability to move affected body part. […] Early diagnosis is thought to be important in preventing progression of the syndrome.

• #149 Exploring the Stages of CRPS – Southeast Pain & Spine Care

  https://www.sepainandspinecare.com/exploring-the-stages-of-crps/

  Early intervention is crucial in managing CRPS effectively and preventing further progression. If you suspect you may have CRPS, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A timely diagnosis can help establish a treatment plan tailored to your specific needs and minimize the impact of the condition on your daily life. […] The treatment approach for CRPS varies depending on the stage and severity of the condition. In the acute stage, early intervention is focused on pain management and preventing further progression. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physical therapy may be recommended to alleviate pain and improve mobility. […] As CRPS progresses to the dystrophic stage, more aggressive interventions may be necessary. This can include medications such as corticosteroids or nerve blocks to target the pain, as well as occupational therapy and assistive devices to maintain functionality. […] In the chronic atrophic stage, the focus shifts towards pain management, physical rehabilitation, and psychological support. Medications such as opioids or antidepressants may be prescribed to manage pain and improve mood. Physical therapy and alternative therapies, such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), may also be beneficial in improving mobility and reducing pain.

• #150 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Other symptoms of CRPS in the affected area include skin swelling, decreased function in your affected limb, changes in skin temperature, changes in skin color, changes in skin texture, and changes in nail and hair growth. […] Since the symptoms of CRPS usually improve over time, its easiest for healthcare providers to diagnose it in the early stages. Its important to see a provider soon after you experience symptoms of CRPS. […] CRPS can also either be acute (short-term) or chronic (lasting longer than six months). Its usually treatable. […] Each persons experience with CRPS is different. CRPS usually improves over time and eventually goes away (goes into remission) in most people. […] Severe or prolonged cases, which are rare, can greatly affect your life. In some people, CRPS gets worse and even spreads to other areas of their body.

• #151 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  People with CRPS become anxious or depressed this is normal for anyone with long-term (chronic) pain and needs to be dealt with. Others have negative feelings about the affected limb. […] Its difficult to predict how complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) will progress in any one person, but early diagnosis and treatment are helpful. […] Many people find their CRPS settles over a few weeks or months with good rehabilitation therapy. However, if you’ve had symptoms for more than six months then it’s more likely that you’ll still have some pain even after treatment. Some people find that other symptoms improve even if the pain continues. […] CRPS often affects a wider area than any previous injury and it may affect the whole limb. Occasionally, people whove had CRPS in one limb may develop it in another, but this is relatively unusual. It’s also possible for symptoms to return in people who’ve had a previous improvement in symptoms. […] Even if you have CRPS for a long time, it will not damage the body’s tissues. However, you should try not to alter your posture to adapt to the painful limb, as this can sometimes lead to secondary problems in other parts of the body.

• #152 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Other symptoms of CRPS in the affected area include skin swelling, decreased function in your affected limb, changes in skin temperature, changes in skin color, changes in skin texture, and changes in nail and hair growth. […] Since the symptoms of CRPS usually improve over time, its easiest for healthcare providers to diagnose it in the early stages. Its important to see a provider soon after you experience symptoms of CRPS. […] CRPS can also either be acute (short-term) or chronic (lasting longer than six months). Its usually treatable. […] Each persons experience with CRPS is different. CRPS usually improves over time and eventually goes away (goes into remission) in most people. […] Severe or prolonged cases, which are rare, can greatly affect your life. In some people, CRPS gets worse and even spreads to other areas of their body.

• #153 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Other symptoms of CRPS in the affected area include skin swelling, decreased function in your affected limb, changes in skin temperature, changes in skin color, changes in skin texture, and changes in nail and hair growth. […] Since the symptoms of CRPS usually improve over time, its easiest for healthcare providers to diagnose it in the early stages. Its important to see a provider soon after you experience symptoms of CRPS. […] CRPS can also either be acute (short-term) or chronic (lasting longer than six months). Its usually treatable. […] Each persons experience with CRPS is different. CRPS usually improves over time and eventually goes away (goes into remission) in most people. […] Severe or prolonged cases, which are rare, can greatly affect your life. In some people, CRPS gets worse and even spreads to other areas of their body.

• #154 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  CRPS recurs (happens again) in about 10% to 30% of people. Most recurrences are due to unknown reasons. […] The most important goals are to relieve pain and restore movement and strength in the affected limb. By achieving pain relief, you increase the odds of improving its function and your quality of life.

• #155 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Just as CRPS has different causes in different patients, outcomes are also highly variable from one patient to the next. Children and adolescents have a generally better prognosis than adults or the elderly. […] Early diagnosis is always preferable. An early diagnosis allows for early and aggressive treatment of symptoms. If CRPS is diagnosed in the first stage, sometimes signs of the disease may disappear and normal movement is possible. […] If the condition is not diagnosed quickly, changes to the bone and muscle may get worse and may not be reversible. […] In some people, symptoms go away on their own. In others, CRPS pain continues even with treatment and the condition causes crippling, irreversible changes.

• #156 Complex regional pain syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome

  The prognosis of CRPS is improved with early and aggressive treatment, with the risk of chronic, debilitating pain being reduced with the early treatment. If treatment is delayed, however, the disorder can quickly spread to the entire limb, and changes in bone, nerve, and muscle may become irreversible. The prognosis worsens with the chronic „cold” form of CRPS and CRPS affecting the upper extremities. Inactivity of the limb following an injury, whether due to pain or recovery or, in some instances, psychological distress after the injury, can lead to deconditioning. The absence of movement contributes to muscle atrophy, swelling, joint stiffness and pain, and reduced circulation, among other processes. This sequence of physiological changes not only intensifies the symptoms of CRPS but is also associated with a less favorable prognosis.

• #157

  https://www.orthobullets.com/basic-science/6095/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, is an idiopathic condition caused by an aberrant inflammatory response that leads to sustained sympathetic activity in a perpetuated reflex arc. Patients present with extremity pain out of proportion to physical exam findings […] Diagnosis is made clinically with the Budapest diagnostic criteria and can be confirmed by pain relief with sympathetic block. […] Treatment is usually physical therapy, pain medication, nerve stimulation or nerve blockade. Surgical sympathectomy is indicated in cases of progressive pain that fails nonoperative management. […] Cardinal signs include exaggerated pain, swelling, stiffness, and skin discoloration. […] Physical exam may reveal vasomotor disturbance, trophic skin changes, hyperhidrosis, „flamingo gait” if the knee is involved, and equinovarus deformity if the ankle is involved. […] Early diagnosis is critical for a successful outcome. […] Better prognosis if upper extremity, warm CRPS, children.

• #158

  https://www.orthobullets.com/basic-science/6095/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, is an idiopathic condition caused by an aberrant inflammatory response that leads to sustained sympathetic activity in a perpetuated reflex arc. Patients present with extremity pain out of proportion to physical exam findings […] Diagnosis is made clinically with the Budapest diagnostic criteria and can be confirmed by pain relief with sympathetic block. […] Treatment is usually physical therapy, pain medication, nerve stimulation or nerve blockade. Surgical sympathectomy is indicated in cases of progressive pain that fails nonoperative management. […] Cardinal signs include exaggerated pain, swelling, stiffness, and skin discoloration. […] Physical exam may reveal vasomotor disturbance, trophic skin changes, hyperhidrosis, „flamingo gait” if the knee is involved, and equinovarus deformity if the ankle is involved. […] Early diagnosis is critical for a successful outcome. […] Better prognosis if upper extremity, warm CRPS, children.

• #159 Signs & Symptoms – RSDSA

  https://rsds.org/living-with-crps/signs-symptoms/

  Abnormal sweating of the affected area […] Limited range of motion, weakness, or other motor disorders such as paralysis or dystonia […] Symptoms and signs can wax and wane […] Can affect anyone, but is more common in women, with a recent increase in the number of children and adolescents who are diagnosed.

• #160 Complex regional pain syndrome | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/c/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a medical condition that usually affects an arm or leg. It presents with severe pain and other symptoms, which may become chronic. […] Pain is the main symptom but others can include changes related to sensation, temperature, sweating, swelling, movement, and hair/nails/skin. […] Symptoms generally start within a month of the trauma and continue for longer than would be expected after an injury or event. […] The pain can feel like stabbing, stinging, burning, aching, or a combination of those. It may be constant or variable, and you may experience flare-ups (or exacerbations) of pain. […] Other symptoms include changes related to sensations, temperature, sweating, swelling, movement and hair/nails/skin. These can include: tingling, numb or sensitive skin on the affected area, pain that feels more intense than it should in response to pressure or hot and cold, swelling, sweating or dry skin, joint stiffness and swelling, change in skin colour (white and blotchy, red, or blue), hair and nail growth changes, muscle spasms, shaking, or weakness, problems with movement, feeling like your arm or leg doesn’t belong to you, sleep problems.

• #161

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/symptoms/

  The main symptom of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is pain, which can sometimes be severe, continuous and debilitating. […] The pain of CRPS is usually triggered by an injury. But the pain is a lot more severe and long-lasting than would normally be expected. […] The pain may feel like a mix of burning, stabbing or stinging. There may also be tingling and numbness. […] You may have periods of pain lasting a few days or weeks, called flare-ups, where the pain gets worse. […] If you have CRPS, your skin in the affected area can become very sensitive. […] Even the slightest touch, bump or change in temperature can cause intense pain. […] In addition to chronic pain, CRPS can also cause a range of other symptoms. […] These can include: strange sensations in the affected limb it may feel as if it does not belong to the rest of your body, or it may feel bigger or smaller than the opposite unaffected limb

• #162 Complex regional pain syndrome | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/c/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a medical condition that usually affects an arm or leg. It presents with severe pain and other symptoms, which may become chronic. […] Pain is the main symptom but others can include changes related to sensation, temperature, sweating, swelling, movement, and hair/nails/skin. […] Symptoms generally start within a month of the trauma and continue for longer than would be expected after an injury or event. […] The pain can feel like stabbing, stinging, burning, aching, or a combination of those. It may be constant or variable, and you may experience flare-ups (or exacerbations) of pain. […] Other symptoms include changes related to sensations, temperature, sweating, swelling, movement and hair/nails/skin. These can include: tingling, numb or sensitive skin on the affected area, pain that feels more intense than it should in response to pressure or hot and cold, swelling, sweating or dry skin, joint stiffness and swelling, change in skin colour (white and blotchy, red, or blue), hair and nail growth changes, muscle spasms, shaking, or weakness, problems with movement, feeling like your arm or leg doesn’t belong to you, sleep problems.

• #163 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Treatment (CRPS) | CRPS Symptoms

  https://www.treatingpain.com/conditions/crps/

  Chronic arm or leg pain developing after injury, surgery, stroke, or heart attack. […] The symptoms of CRPS frequently include severe burning pain and extreme sensitivity to touch in the area of the injury. Swelling, excessive sweating, and changes in the bone and skin tissue may also occur. […] Symptoms may spread upward from the initial injury site (e.g. hand to shoulder) and may be heightened by emotional stress. The unrelenting pain causes many people extreme emotional and physical duress and, left untreated, can lead to permanent changes in muscle and bone. Early detection and treatment are very much needed. Common symptoms include: Swelling, Muscle spasms, Loss of motion, Abnormal sweating, Tenderness and stiffness in joints, Extreme sensitivity to even mild stimuli, such as clothing or a light touch, Warm, red-looking skin at the injured area initially, changing to cool, bluish-looking skin later.

• #164 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Symptoms | Medical Tourism Italy

  https://www.medicaltourismitaly.com/rsd-crps/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-symptoms/

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome symptoms also include mental health related issues. These result from the severity of the Complex Regional Pain Syndrome pain. This pain makes the patient experience anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and emotional stress. The emotional stress caused by the persistent pain can lead to flare ups. Headaches can also result from Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and insomnia—the lack of sleep can affect Complex Regional Pain Syndrome patients.

• #165 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Information about CRPS

  https://patient.info/brain-nerves/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-leaflet

  Complex regional pain syndrome is a debilitating, painful condition in a limb, associated with nerve, skin and bone abnormalities. The symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome vary in severity and how long they last. The main symptom is pain in an arm or leg, which is often burning, sharp, stabbing or stinging. The symptoms of CRPS vary in severity and how long they last. Symptoms usually begin within one month after an injury or after having to stay in bed for a long time. The main symptom is pain in the arm or leg, which is often burning, sharp, stabbing or stinging. There may also be tingling and numbness. The symptoms are usually much worse than you would expect from the injury. CRPS pain continues after the original injury has healed. The symptoms are often severe and have a big effect on day-to-day activities. The pain may spread to other limbs. The pain is constant and can become worse rather than better with time. Staying in bed and not moving around is thought to make the pain and stiffness worse.

• #166 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Yes, symptoms can resolve and remain in remission indefinitely. However, there is no treatment that rapidly resolves CRPS, and limb function typically improves before pain. Some children may have CRPS for several months, undergo treatment, become fully functional and never experience issues again. Others may see their CRPS disappear suddenly, without treatment. And there are some children who manage fluctuating pain and symptoms for years. Children who experience CRPS may be susceptible to recurrence of the condition, which means CRPS could return following an injury years later. This is why it’s important for your child to learn pain management coping skills, which may be useful again later in life. […] It is more effective to treat CRPS when it is diagnosed early. Physical therapy, physical activity and active coping skills are key to healing from CRPS. Treatment of CRPS typically involves a combination of therapies to maximize your child’s ability to have a good quality of life and function.

• #167 Exploring the Stages of CRPS – Southeast Pain & Spine Care

  https://www.sepainandspinecare.com/exploring-the-stages-of-crps/

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating condition that affects the nervous system, causing chronic pain and other distressing symptoms. It often occurs after an injury or trauma, but the exact cause is still not fully understood. CRPS can significantly impact a persons quality of life, making it crucial to understand its stages and seek early intervention for effective management. […] CRPS is generally categorized into three stages: acute CRPS, dystrophic CRPS, and atrophic CRPS. Each stage represents a progression in the severity of symptoms and the potential for complications. It is important to note that not all individuals with CRPS will experience the same progression or symptoms, as the condition can vary from person to person. […] The first stage of CRPS, known as acute CRPS, typically begins shortly after an injury or trauma. It is characterized by intense pain, swelling, and changes in skin temperature and color. The affected area may feel excessively sensitive to touch, and even the slightest stimulation can trigger excruciating pain. Muscle stiffness and weakness are also common symptoms in this stage. […] As acute CRPS progresses, the pain may spread beyond the initial injury site and affect larger areas of the body. The affected limb may become immobilized, making it difficult to perform daily tasks. Other symptoms that may manifest during this stage include changes in hair and nail growth patterns, excessive sweating, and joint stiffness.

• #168 Symptoms of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Los Angeles, CA

  https://www.fullrangeortho.com/blog/symptoms-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  CRPS can cause stiffness and limited range of motion in the affected limb, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks and activities. Joint stiffness may worsen over time, leading to contractures and deformities if left untreated. Physical therapy, stretching exercises and gentle mobilization techniques can help improve flexibility and joint function, but progress may be slow and challenging. […] Living with chronic pain can take a toll on a persons emotional and psychological well-being. Individuals with CRPS may experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, frustration, and social isolation due to their condition. Coping with the physical and emotional challenges of CRPS may require support from healthcare professionals, family members and mental health providers. […] CRPS can affect the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms such as excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), changes in skin color and temperature and abnormal hair and nail growth in the affected limb. These autonomic dysregulation symptoms are often present alongside other signs of CRPS and may contribute to the overall complexity of the condition.

• #169

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/symptoms/

  alternating changes to your skin sometimes your skin in the affected limb may be hot, red and dry, whereas other times it may be cold, blue and sweaty changes to skin colour may be harder to see on brown and black skin […] joint stiffness and swelling in the affected limb (oedema) […] difficulty moving the affected body part […] difficulty sleeping (insomnia) […] Very rarely, CRPS can also lead to further physical complications, such as: muscle atrophy, where the muscles begin to waste away […] Some of these problems can make it very difficult for people with CRPS to move around.

• #170 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – Wisconsin Spine and Pain

  https://www.wispineandpain.com/complex-regional-pain

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is characterized by prolonged or excessive pain and changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling in the affected area. […] CRPS symptoms vary in severity and duration, although some cases are mild and eventually go away. In more severe cases, individuals may not recover and may have long-term disability. […] Signs and symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome include: Continuous burning or throbbing pain, usually in your arm, leg, hand or foot; Sensitivity to touch or cold; Swelling of the painful area; Changes in skin temperature alternating between sweaty and cold; Changes in skin color, ranging from white and mottled to red or blue; Changes in skin texture, which may become tender, thin or shiny in the affected area; Changes in hair and nail growth; Joint stiffness, swelling and damage; Muscle spasms, tremors, weakness and loss (atrophy); Decreased ability to move the affected body part.

• #171 Exploring the Stages of CRPS – Southeast Pain & Spine Care

  https://www.sepainandspinecare.com/exploring-the-stages-of-crps/

  If left untreated, acute CRPS can progress to the second stage, dystrophic CRPS. In this stage, the symptoms become more severe and long-lasting. The affected limb may exhibit visible changes in bone density, leading to osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. The skin may appear shiny and tight, and the affected area may become more prone to infections. […] Pain in dystrophic CRPS is typically constant and may be accompanied by burning or throbbing sensations. The affected limb may also undergo involuntary movements and muscle spasms. Individuals with dystrophic CRPS often experience significant functional impairment, as the pain and physical limitations can make it challenging to perform everyday activities. […] Atrophic CRPS represents the chronic stage of the condition, where the symptoms become more long-term and may persist indefinitely. The affected limb may become visibly wasted or atrophied, with a loss of muscle mass and strength. The pain experienced in this stage may vary in intensity but is generally constant and may be accompanied by severe stiffness. […] In addition to the physical symptoms, individuals with atrophic CRPS often face psychological and emotional challenges. The chronic pain and physical limitations can lead to feelings of frustration, depression, and anxiety. The impact on quality of life can be profound, affecting relationships, work, and overall well-being.

• #172 Symptoms of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Los Angeles, CA

  https://www.fullrangeortho.com/blog/symptoms-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  CRPS can cause stiffness and limited range of motion in the affected limb, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks and activities. Joint stiffness may worsen over time, leading to contractures and deformities if left untreated. Physical therapy, stretching exercises and gentle mobilization techniques can help improve flexibility and joint function, but progress may be slow and challenging. […] Living with chronic pain can take a toll on a persons emotional and psychological well-being. Individuals with CRPS may experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, frustration, and social isolation due to their condition. Coping with the physical and emotional challenges of CRPS may require support from healthcare professionals, family members and mental health providers. […] CRPS can affect the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms such as excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), changes in skin color and temperature and abnormal hair and nail growth in the affected limb. These autonomic dysregulation symptoms are often present alongside other signs of CRPS and may contribute to the overall complexity of the condition.

• #173 Exploring the Stages of CRPS – Southeast Pain & Spine Care

  https://www.sepainandspinecare.com/exploring-the-stages-of-crps/

  If left untreated, acute CRPS can progress to the second stage, dystrophic CRPS. In this stage, the symptoms become more severe and long-lasting. The affected limb may exhibit visible changes in bone density, leading to osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. The skin may appear shiny and tight, and the affected area may become more prone to infections. […] Pain in dystrophic CRPS is typically constant and may be accompanied by burning or throbbing sensations. The affected limb may also undergo involuntary movements and muscle spasms. Individuals with dystrophic CRPS often experience significant functional impairment, as the pain and physical limitations can make it challenging to perform everyday activities. […] Atrophic CRPS represents the chronic stage of the condition, where the symptoms become more long-term and may persist indefinitely. The affected limb may become visibly wasted or atrophied, with a loss of muscle mass and strength. The pain experienced in this stage may vary in intensity but is generally constant and may be accompanied by severe stiffness. […] In addition to the physical symptoms, individuals with atrophic CRPS often face psychological and emotional challenges. The chronic pain and physical limitations can lead to feelings of frustration, depression, and anxiety. The impact on quality of life can be profound, affecting relationships, work, and overall well-being.

• #174 Complex regional pain syndrome | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/c/complex-regional-pain-syndrome

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a medical condition that usually affects an arm or leg. It presents with severe pain and other symptoms, which may become chronic. […] Pain is the main symptom but others can include changes related to sensation, temperature, sweating, swelling, movement, and hair/nails/skin. […] Symptoms generally start within a month of the trauma and continue for longer than would be expected after an injury or event. […] The pain can feel like stabbing, stinging, burning, aching, or a combination of those. It may be constant or variable, and you may experience flare-ups (or exacerbations) of pain. […] Other symptoms include changes related to sensations, temperature, sweating, swelling, movement and hair/nails/skin. These can include: tingling, numb or sensitive skin on the affected area, pain that feels more intense than it should in response to pressure or hot and cold, swelling, sweating or dry skin, joint stiffness and swelling, change in skin colour (white and blotchy, red, or blue), hair and nail growth changes, muscle spasms, shaking, or weakness, problems with movement, feeling like your arm or leg doesn’t belong to you, sleep problems.

• #175

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abn2964

  Pain is the main symptom of CRPS. Most people have severe pain in an arm or a leg. Usually the pain is in a part of your body where you had surgery or an injury. The pain is usually constant and either shooting, sharp, or burning. The pain is much worse and it lasts much longer than you would expect for the kind of injury you had. Some people may not have had an injury or surgery before the pain started, but most people have. […] Symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) are usually only in one arm or leg and include: Pain that’s much more severe and lasts much longer than what you would expect for the kind of injury you may have had. […] Like other conditions that cause chronic pain, CRPS can also cause sleeping problems, anxiety, mood swings, sadness, and depression. […] CRPS isn’t the same for all people. Many have mild symptoms and slowly get better over time. But some people may not recover. They may be left with long-lasting pain and disability.

• #176 Exploring the Stages of CRPS – Southeast Pain & Spine Care

  https://www.sepainandspinecare.com/exploring-the-stages-of-crps/

  If left untreated, acute CRPS can progress to the second stage, dystrophic CRPS. In this stage, the symptoms become more severe and long-lasting. The affected limb may exhibit visible changes in bone density, leading to osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures. The skin may appear shiny and tight, and the affected area may become more prone to infections. […] Pain in dystrophic CRPS is typically constant and may be accompanied by burning or throbbing sensations. The affected limb may also undergo involuntary movements and muscle spasms. Individuals with dystrophic CRPS often experience significant functional impairment, as the pain and physical limitations can make it challenging to perform everyday activities. […] Atrophic CRPS represents the chronic stage of the condition, where the symptoms become more long-term and may persist indefinitely. The affected limb may become visibly wasted or atrophied, with a loss of muscle mass and strength. The pain experienced in this stage may vary in intensity but is generally constant and may be accompanied by severe stiffness. […] In addition to the physical symptoms, individuals with atrophic CRPS often face psychological and emotional challenges. The chronic pain and physical limitations can lead to feelings of frustration, depression, and anxiety. The impact on quality of life can be profound, affecting relationships, work, and overall well-being.

• #177 Symptoms of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) | Los Angeles, CA

  https://www.fullrangeortho.com/blog/symptoms-of-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  CRPS can cause stiffness and limited range of motion in the affected limb, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks and activities. Joint stiffness may worsen over time, leading to contractures and deformities if left untreated. Physical therapy, stretching exercises and gentle mobilization techniques can help improve flexibility and joint function, but progress may be slow and challenging. […] Living with chronic pain can take a toll on a persons emotional and psychological well-being. Individuals with CRPS may experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, frustration, and social isolation due to their condition. Coping with the physical and emotional challenges of CRPS may require support from healthcare professionals, family members and mental health providers. […] CRPS can affect the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms such as excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), changes in skin color and temperature and abnormal hair and nail growth in the affected limb. These autonomic dysregulation symptoms are often present alongside other signs of CRPS and may contribute to the overall complexity of the condition.

• #178 Exploring the Stages of CRPS – Southeast Pain & Spine Care

  https://www.sepainandspinecare.com/exploring-the-stages-of-crps/

  Early intervention is crucial in managing CRPS effectively and preventing further progression. If you suspect you may have CRPS, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A timely diagnosis can help establish a treatment plan tailored to your specific needs and minimize the impact of the condition on your daily life. […] The treatment approach for CRPS varies depending on the stage and severity of the condition. In the acute stage, early intervention is focused on pain management and preventing further progression. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physical therapy may be recommended to alleviate pain and improve mobility. […] As CRPS progresses to the dystrophic stage, more aggressive interventions may be necessary. This can include medications such as corticosteroids or nerve blocks to target the pain, as well as occupational therapy and assistive devices to maintain functionality. […] In the chronic atrophic stage, the focus shifts towards pain management, physical rehabilitation, and psychological support. Medications such as opioids or antidepressants may be prescribed to manage pain and improve mood. Physical therapy and alternative therapies, such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), may also be beneficial in improving mobility and reducing pain.

• #179 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) Syndrome

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/reflex_sympathetic/

  RSD is an older term used to describe one form of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). Both RSD and CRPS are chronic conditions characterized by severe burning pain, most often affecting one of the extremities (arms, legs, hands, or feet). There are often pathological changes in bone and skin, excessive sweating, tissue swelling and extreme sensitivity to touch, known as allodynia. […] The key symptom is, chronic, intense pain that is out of proportion to the severity of the injury (if an injury occurred) and which gets worse over time rather than better. It most often affects the arms, legs, hands or feet and is accompanied by: burning pain, increased skin sensitivity to touch, changes in skin temperature: warmer or cooler compared to the opposite extremity, changes in skin color: often blotchy, purple, pale or red, changes in skin texture: shiny and thin, sometimes excessively sweaty, changes in nail and hair growth patterns, swelling and stiffness in affected joint, motor disability, with decreased ability to move affected body part. […] Early diagnosis is thought to be important in preventing progression of the syndrome.

• #180 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  CRPS recurs (happens again) in about 10% to 30% of people. Most recurrences are due to unknown reasons. […] The most important goals are to relieve pain and restore movement and strength in the affected limb. By achieving pain relief, you increase the odds of improving its function and your quality of life.

• #181 The complex regional pain syndrome: Diagnosis and management strategies | Neurosciences Journal

  https://nsj.org.sa/content/28/4/211

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic disease that affects a limb following an injury or trauma. The CRPS associated with symptoms, including severe pain, swelling, as well as changes in skin color and temperature. […] Pain that is unrelated to any known injury is a characteristic feature of the condition, along with swelling, stiffness, changes in skin color and temperature, and reduced mobility. Other body parts can be affected by CRPS, causing significant disability. […] The goal of CRPS treatment is to reduce pain and improve function. Therefore, it can be challenging to achieve these outcomes, and many patients continue to experience chronic pain and disability despite treatment. […] Diagnosing CRPS can be challenging as no single test can confirm or rule out the condition. Therefore, the diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical criteria, imaging, and laboratory tests, ruling out other conditions with similar symptoms.

• #182 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a painful condition of the arm, hand, leg or foot that occurs after an injury, such as a fracture. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, and may last months or years. […] Most people recover fully, but the condition can recur and for a small group of people with CRPS, symptoms may be severe and persist for years. […] The symptoms of CRPS may include: burning pain in the arm, hand, leg or foot, pain that changes in intensity, but often feels much worse than may be expected, loss of fine motor control, tremors or spasms, stiffness, changes to the skin, hair and nails on the affected limb, the affected limb is warmer or colder than the unaffected limb, the affected limb is sweatier or drier than the unaffected limb. […] Most people recover from CRPS, but for some there is a range of ongoing symptoms that vary from minor to severe. For a small group of people with CRPS, significant pain and disability persist for years.

• #183 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – Wisconsin Spine and Pain

  https://www.wispineandpain.com/complex-regional-pain

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is characterized by prolonged or excessive pain and changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling in the affected area. […] CRPS symptoms vary in severity and duration, although some cases are mild and eventually go away. In more severe cases, individuals may not recover and may have long-term disability. […] Signs and symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome include: Continuous burning or throbbing pain, usually in your arm, leg, hand or foot; Sensitivity to touch or cold; Swelling of the painful area; Changes in skin temperature alternating between sweaty and cold; Changes in skin color, ranging from white and mottled to red or blue; Changes in skin texture, which may become tender, thin or shiny in the affected area; Changes in hair and nail growth; Joint stiffness, swelling and damage; Muscle spasms, tremors, weakness and loss (atrophy); Decreased ability to move the affected body part.

• #184 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12085-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  CRPS recurs (happens again) in about 10% to 30% of people. Most recurrences are due to unknown reasons. […] The most important goals are to relieve pain and restore movement and strength in the affected limb. By achieving pain relief, you increase the odds of improving its function and your quality of life.

• #185 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-reflex-sympathetic-dystrophy/

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a condition resulting in intense burning pain, stiffness, swelling, and discoloration that most often affects the hand. Arms, legs, and feet can also be affected by CRPS. […] Burning pain and increased sensitivity to touch are the most common early symptoms of CRPS. This pain is different more constant and longer lasting than would be expected with a given injury. […] Swelling and joint stiffness usually follow, along with increased warmth and redness in the affected limb. […] Stage II can last 3 to 12 months. […] Pain is more widespread. […] The affected area becomes more sensitive to touch. […] Stage III occurs after 1 year. […] Pain may decrease. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent CRPS from progressing into the later stages. […] Outcomes in patients with CRPS vary widely and are nearly impossible to predict. While some patients regain near normal function, others are left with permanent impairments. Thus, early recognition and treatment of CRPS is crucial.

• #186 Understanding the Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) » GJEL Accident Attorneys

  https://www.gjel.com/stages-crps

  Stage 1: In this early stage, there is usually pain out of proportion to the initial injury and increased sensitivity in the affected area. Symptoms in the affected limb may include swelling, skin color changes, flushing, warmth or coolness, tenderness and occasional discoloration. […] Stage 2: Symptoms during this stage can become more severe, with an increase in edema (swelling), hypersensitivity of the skin and a burning sensation that generally persists. Loss of range of motion, joint stiffness, and changes in sweating are some other signs of this stage. […] Stage 3: At this point, muscle contractures or “frozen joints” start to appear as a result of excessive amounts of scar tissue around the affected joint. Numbness and tingling throughout the area may also occur. […] Stage 4: During the final and most serious stage, CRPS has reached its peak intensity. Atrophied muscles and diminished reflexes are hallmark signs of this painful condition as well as severe neurological pain that radiates through all extremities. In addition to these physical symptoms, patients may also experience hair loss, brittle nails and difficulty swallowing or speaking.

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