Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #1 Complex Regional Pain Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1145318-overview

  A population-based study by Sandroni et al showed an incidence of approximately 5.5 per 100,000 person-years at risk and a prevalence of about 21 per 100,000 for CRPS type I. […] The same study showed an incidence of 0.8 per 100,000 and a prevalence of about 4 per 100,000 for CRPS type II. […] Therefore, the incidence of CRPS type I is higher than that of CRPS type II. […] The reported incidence of CRPS type I is 1-2% after various fractures, while that of CRPS type II approximates 1-5% after peripheral nerve injury. […] The incidence of CRPS is 12% after a brain injury and 5% after a myocardial infarction. […] A study from the Netherlands showed a total incidence of CRPS of approximately four times higher than the incidence rate observed in the Sandroni study, which was performed in Olmsted County, Minn.

• #2 Complex Regional Pain Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1145318-overview

  A population-based study by Sandroni et al showed an incidence of approximately 5.5 per 100,000 person-years at risk and a prevalence of about 21 per 100,000 for CRPS type I. […] The same study showed an incidence of 0.8 per 100,000 and a prevalence of about 4 per 100,000 for CRPS type II. […] Therefore, the incidence of CRPS type I is higher than that of CRPS type II. […] The reported incidence of CRPS type I is 1-2% after various fractures, while that of CRPS type II approximates 1-5% after peripheral nerve injury. […] The incidence of CRPS is 12% after a brain injury and 5% after a myocardial infarction. […] A study from the Netherlands showed a total incidence of CRPS of approximately four times higher than the incidence rate observed in the Sandroni study, which was performed in Olmsted County, Minn.

• #2 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | Grünenthal

  https://www.grunenthal.com/en/world-free-of-pain/pain-insights/key-pain-conditions/complex-regional-pain

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition characterised by continuing (spontaneous and/or evoked) regional pain, usually beginning in a distal extremity, that is disproportionate in time or degree to the usual course of pain after trauma or other lesion. […] The precise prevalence of CRPS is difficult to determine; recent results from major epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence is between 5.5 and 26.2 cases per 100,000 people per year. […] CRPS appears to occur more frequently in women aged between 40 and 60 years and the majority of patients present with CRPS type 1. […] The reported incidence of CRPS was 26.2 per 100,000 persons in a 2007 study in the Netherlands.

• #3 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #4 Complex Regional Pain Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1145318-overview

  The estimated overall incidence rate of CRPS was 26.2 per 100,000 person years, with females affected at least three times more often than males. […] The highest incidence occurred in females aged 61-70 years. […] The upper extremity was affected more frequently than the lower extremity, and a fracture was the most common precipitating event (44%). […] Despite treatment, many patients are left with varying degrees of chronic pain, trophic changes, and disability. […] Pain is the most important factor leading to disability. […] Some have suggested that the aggressive treatment of pain in an acute setting could reduce the incidence of CRPS type I; however, further studies are needed to support this contention. […] The frequency of human leukocyte antigen DQ1 (HLA-DQ1) appears to be higher in patients with CRPS than in controls, and HLA-DR13 is associated with progression towards multifocal or generalized dystonia.

• #5 Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome in Korea: An electronic population health data study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0198147

  Epidemiology study of CRPS in the general population in Korea has not yet been conducted. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and other epidemiological features of CRPS in the general population in Korea. […] The findings indicated that the incidence of CRPS in Korea was 29.0 per 100,000 person-years in 2015 and was correlated with patient age and sex. […] The incidence rate of CRPS in Korea was 29.0 per 100,000 person-years with an increasing trend, which was correlated with patient age in the 70s and female sex. […] The incidence of CRPS was correlated with the patients age. […] The incidence rate of patients in the 70s age group (65.9 per 100,000 person-years) was higher than that in any of the other age groups, although the number of patients with CRPS was the highest in the 50s age group.

• #6 A Korean nationwide investigation of the national trend of complex regional pain syndrome vis-à-vis age-structural transformations

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?volume=34&number=3&spage=322

  A form of chronic neuropathic pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) presents some defining features, such as severe, radiating, and non-dermatomal pain accompanied by pain triggered by stimuli that are not painful (allodynia) and abnormally increased sensitivity to pain (hyperalgesia). […] The present study employed National Health Insurance Data to explore complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) updated epidemiology in a Korean context. […] The general CRPS incidence rate was 15.83 per 100,000, with 19.5 for type 1 and 12.1 for type 2. […] CRPS displayed an overall incidence of 15.83 per 100,000 in Korea and a declining trend for every age group which showed a negative association with the aging shift phenomenon. […] The knowledge of CRPS epidemiology in Korea has so far been suboptimal.

• #7 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  CRPS type I was previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and type II was known as causalgia. Both types occur most often in young adults and are 2 or 3 times more common among women (1). […] CRPS is divided into 2 types. CRPS type I accounts for a majority of cases and is defined as CRPS without known nerve injury. […] CRPS type II is similar to type I but involves overt damage to a peripheral nerve. […] The distinction between CRPS subtypes I and II is based on changes in skin temperature and is characterized as either warm or cold, respectively. However, the distinction of subtypes based on skin temperature and the concept that CRPS is „sympathetically maintained pain” remain unproven. Some experts describe central, peripheral, and mixed phenotypes based on symptom patterns, but the clinical relevance of these classifications remain unclear (1).

• #8 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210128005573/en/Complex-Regional-Pain-Syndrome-CRPS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In the United States, the total number of prevalent cases of CRPS was 219,317 cases in the year 2017 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In the year 2017, the total prevalent cases of CRPS were 84,850 cases in EU-5 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In Japan, the total number of prevalent cases of CRPS was 6,323 cases in the year 2017 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In the 7MM, the total gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of CRPS were 47,699 for males and 102,987 for females in the year 2017. […] In 7MM, the highest number (~87% of CRPS cases) of type-specific diagnosed prevalent cases recorded in 2017 for CRPS I, i.e., 131,278 cases. […] This condition affects people of all ages. Around 3/4th cases of CRPS are reported in the people age group of 20-60 years of age. In the 7MM, the age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases for age-group 40-59 years were 72,247 in 2017.

• #9 Understanding Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

  https://keck.usc.edu/news/understanding-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps/

  Complex Regional Pain Syndrome is a painful condition of nerve malfunction that usually follows an injury to an extremity. The pain exceeds in both magnitude and duration the expected clinical course of the original injury, often resulting in significant impairment of function, and showing variable progression over time. […] […] Epidemiology: […] CRPS I: 21 per 100,000 […] CRPS II: 4 per 100,000 […] Female-to-Male ratio: 3:1 […] Any age, but middle age predominates with a median of 42 years […] Onset 9–85 years of age […] CRPS occurs in about 1-2% of patients who have had fractures and in approximately 2-5% of patients after peripheral nerve injuries.

• #10 Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome in Korea: An electronic population health data study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0198147

  The incidence of CRPS type I was increased while that of CRPS type II was decreased each year. […] The incidence of CRPS type I and type II among the provinces was highly variable by the province in 2015. […] The prevalence of CRPS type I was almost two-fold higher than that of CRPS type II. […] The results indicated that the lower limb was affected more often than the upper limb. […] The occurrence of CRPS did not show significant variation by season. […] The diagnostic criteria for patients with CRPS is still not standardized among Korean doctors. […] The critical pitfall of these CRPS diagnostic criteria is that the focus is on objective and physical findings rather than the patients subjective symptoms. […] The incidence rate of CRPS in Korea was 29.0 per 100,000 person-years, which showed correlation with age. […] Further research is required to address physicians consensus on the definite diagnosis, and the cost-effectiveness of the therapeutic modality, in order to obtain more accurate epidemiological data on CRPS.

• #11 A Korean nationwide investigation of the national trend of complex regional pain syndrome vis-à-vis age-structural transformations

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?volume=34&number=3&spage=322

  As far as the author is aware, the present work is the first to employ a purified dataset to understand CRPS epidemiology in Korea, which showed an overall incidence of CRPS as 15.83 per 100,000 in Korea and a declining trend for every age group. […] This study corroborates the fact that CRPS type 1 is predominant, as reported by the majority of earlier studies, but the proportion discrepancies found by this study were not as pronounced as those from studies conducted in other countries. […] To summarize, the CRPS incidence rate in Korea was investigated in this study over a period of eight years based on data from a national registry, taking into account population structure transformations.

• #12 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #13 Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=618

  There are obviously variations among practitioners because CRPS is diagnosed clinically based on the medical history, and physical and neurological examinations. This has resulted in the estimated annual incidence varying significantly between studies, from 5 to 26 per 100,000. […] The largest CRPS population-based study to date in the USA was reported on in 2016. Among the 33,406,123 patients included in that study from a sample database spanning from 2007 to 2011 revealed, 22,533 patients (i.e., 0.07%) were discharged with a diagnosis of CRPS. […] The reported female-to-male ratio of patients with CRPS has ranged from 2:1 to 4:1. […] The incidence appears to be highest in females who are postmenopausal. […] The prevalence of CRPS varies with age, with the mean age at diagnosis peaking at 40-50 years and the incidence peaking at 61-70 years, and CRPS being very uncommon in childhood and adolescence.

• #14 Complex regional pain syndrome – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/complex-regional-pain-syndrome.html

  Complex regional pain syndrome accounts for approximately 25% of adult and up to 20% of paediatric pain clinic patients. The prevalence in Australia is unknown. It affects females more, in a 3.5:1 ratio in adults and 9:1 in children. The prevalence is highest in Caucasians. […] Complex regional pain syndrome can be difficult to treat, so there is interest in preventing it or recognising it early in its clinical course. Earlier multimodal intervention may positively influence outcome. While there is limited evidence about prevention, providing good analgesia after trauma or surgery seems appropriate. […] There is some evidence that vitamin C 5001000 mg daily for 50 days reduces complex regional pain syndrome after wrist fracture and limb surgery (4 studies, 1065 patients).

• #15 Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=618

  There are obviously variations among practitioners because CRPS is diagnosed clinically based on the medical history, and physical and neurological examinations. This has resulted in the estimated annual incidence varying significantly between studies, from 5 to 26 per 100,000. […] The largest CRPS population-based study to date in the USA was reported on in 2016. Among the 33,406,123 patients included in that study from a sample database spanning from 2007 to 2011 revealed, 22,533 patients (i.e., 0.07%) were discharged with a diagnosis of CRPS. […] The reported female-to-male ratio of patients with CRPS has ranged from 2:1 to 4:1. […] The incidence appears to be highest in females who are postmenopausal. […] The prevalence of CRPS varies with age, with the mean age at diagnosis peaking at 40-50 years and the incidence peaking at 61-70 years, and CRPS being very uncommon in childhood and adolescence.

• #16 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116940/all/Complex_Regional_Pain_Syndrome?q=Erythromelalgia

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a pain syndrome that can be chronic and debilitating. It is divided into two subtypes and can result in significant physical and psychosocial short and long-term disability. Most cases are a result of a physical insult to an extremity such as trauma or surgery. The lack of a dermatomal distribution (i.e., the pain is regional) distinguishes CPRS from other pain syndromes. […] Peak age: 50 to 70 years. Predominant gender: female male (3:1, 6081%), with postmenopausal women affected disproportionally. Rarely seen in pediatrics; cases in this age group predominantly involve lower extremities in females. Recent studies found 3.8% occurrence after wrist fracture and 7% occurrence after intra-articular ankle fracture; both independent strong risk for CRPS. Fractures and sprains are associated in ~60% of cases, the remaining 40% have less precise or no recognized inciting event. Upper extremities are more commonly involved.

• #17 Complex Regional Pain Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1145318-overview

  An HLA I locus was subsequently detected that may predict the spontaneous onset of CRPS. […] CRPS affects all races; no differences in incidence or prevalence have been observed. […] Females experience CRPS more commonly than males do by a ratio that varies from 2:1 to 4:1. […] CRPS is distributed across age groups but reaches its peak incidence between 37 and 50 years. […] CRPS has an increased incidence in adolescents compared with children, with females affected more frequently at a ratio of 4:1, and increased occurrence in the lower extremities rather than the upper by a ratio of 5.3:1. […] The mean age of onset was 12.5 years in a cohort of 396 children. […] The highest incidence of the disease appears to be in adults aged 40-49 years. […] CRPS appears frequently in almost every age group except children. […] CRPS type I has been seen in children, but the incidence is much lower than in adults.

• #18 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p49.html

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is three or four times more common in women than in men, and the peak age of onset is between 50 and 70 years. Few studies have looked closely at the incidence of the disease, and most data are from retrospective reviews of medical databases. These reviews estimate that the incidence of CRPS is five to 26 per 100,000 people per year. Because diagnostic criteria have been revised over time across multiple specialties, the reported incidence may be underestimated. Research has shown that among patients with fracture, the incidence of CRPS is anywhere from 0.05% to 0.2% in older studies and 3% to 7% in more recent studies, although the diagnostic criteria varied. […] Because of the variety of symptoms and fluctuation of symptom severity over time, symptoms of CRPS may be attributed to malingering or somatization. However, no psychological or personality traits have been shown to predispose an individual to CRPS. Although comorbid Axis I disorders, especially major depression, are present in up to 49% of patients with CRPS, there is no evidence that comorbid psychiatric disorders are more common in those with CRPS compared with other patients who have chronic pain.

• #19 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #20 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #21 Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome in Korea: An electronic population health data study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0198147

  Epidemiology study of CRPS in the general population in Korea has not yet been conducted. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and other epidemiological features of CRPS in the general population in Korea. […] The findings indicated that the incidence of CRPS in Korea was 29.0 per 100,000 person-years in 2015 and was correlated with patient age and sex. […] The incidence rate of CRPS in Korea was 29.0 per 100,000 person-years with an increasing trend, which was correlated with patient age in the 70s and female sex. […] The incidence of CRPS was correlated with the patients age. […] The incidence rate of patients in the 70s age group (65.9 per 100,000 person-years) was higher than that in any of the other age groups, although the number of patients with CRPS was the highest in the 50s age group.

• #22

  https://journals.lww.com/pain/fulltext/2022/06000/canadian_surveillance_study_of_complex_regional.11.aspx

  This study describes the minimum incidence of pediatric complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), clinical features, and treatments recommended by pediatricians and pain clinics in Canada. […] A total of 198 cases were reported to the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program, and 168 (84.8%) met the case definition. The minimum Canadian incidence of CRPS is estimated at 1.14/100,000 (95% confidence interval 0.93-1.35/100,000) children per year. […] Incidence was highest among girls 12 years and older (3.10, 95% confidence interval 2.76-3.44/100,000). […] The primary objective of this surveillance study was to determine the minimum incidence of CRPS in Canadian children and youth. […] The Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP), established in 1996, is a joint project of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Paediatric Society.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/pain/fulltext/2022/06000/canadian_surveillance_study_of_complex_regional.11.aspx

  This study describes the minimum incidence of pediatric complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), clinical features, and treatments recommended by pediatricians and pain clinics in Canada. […] A total of 198 cases were reported to the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program, and 168 (84.8%) met the case definition. The minimum Canadian incidence of CRPS is estimated at 1.14/100,000 (95% confidence interval 0.93-1.35/100,000) children per year. […] Incidence was highest among girls 12 years and older (3.10, 95% confidence interval 2.76-3.44/100,000). […] The primary objective of this surveillance study was to determine the minimum incidence of CRPS in Canadian children and youth. […] The Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP), established in 1996, is a joint project of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Paediatric Society.

• #24 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793370-overview

  In the United States, an estimated 5% of patients who experience trauma to the upper extremity develop CRPS 1, although this figure is not known with certainty because of confusion over the diagnosis. Extremity immobilization can trigger CRPS 1. Without prophylactic measures (active physical therapy), CRPS 1 can develop in 12-20% of people who experience a hemiplegic stroke. […] No racial predilection exists for CRPS 1. Sexual distribution is equal. Although CRPS 1 can occur in children, the age of onset in most patients CRPS 1 is 30-60 years, and the mean age is 49 years. […] A Scottish study estimated that the incidence of CRPS in children 5-15 years of age is 1.2 per 100,000. Girls constituted 73% of patients. Most cases involved a single site, with legs often affected than arms and the right side more often affected than the left. Clear trauma had occurred at the onset of the illness in most cases. Diagnosis was made a median of 2 months (range, 1-12) after the onset of symptoms.

• #25 Complex regional pain syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome

  CRPS can occur at any age, with the average age at diagnosis being 42. It affects both men and women; however, CRPS is three times more frequent in females than males. […] CRPS affects both adults and children, and the number of reported CRPS cases among adolescents and young adults has been increasing, with a recent observational study finding an incidence of 1.16/100,000 among children in Scotland.

• #26 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – CRPS – almostadoctor

  https://almostadoctor.co.uk/encyclopedia/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-cprs

  Incidence of 25 per 100 000 per year […] Incidence increases with age […] 4x more common in women […] Arm: 60% of cases […] Leg: 40% of cases […] In children […] Very rare before the age of 6 […] Tends to affect the lower limb […] Even more common in females than in adults.

• #27 Complex regional pain syndrome – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/complex-regional-pain-syndrome.html

  Complex regional pain syndrome accounts for approximately 25% of adult and up to 20% of paediatric pain clinic patients. The prevalence in Australia is unknown. It affects females more, in a 3.5:1 ratio in adults and 9:1 in children. The prevalence is highest in Caucasians. […] Complex regional pain syndrome can be difficult to treat, so there is interest in preventing it or recognising it early in its clinical course. Earlier multimodal intervention may positively influence outcome. While there is limited evidence about prevention, providing good analgesia after trauma or surgery seems appropriate. […] There is some evidence that vitamin C 5001000 mg daily for 50 days reduces complex regional pain syndrome after wrist fracture and limb surgery (4 studies, 1065 patients).

• #28 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #29

  https://www.orthobullets.com/basic-science/6095/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  US incidence is 5.5 per 100,000 person-years. […] females more commonly affected (4:1). […] incidence increases with age up until 70 years old. […] 60% occurs in the upper extremities. […] 40% occurs in the lower extremities. […] trauma with an exaggerated response to injury is the most common reason for a poor outcome following a crush injury to the foot. […] history of migraines or asthma is a risk factor.

• #30 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #31 Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome in Korea: An electronic population health data study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0198147

  The incidence of CRPS type I was increased while that of CRPS type II was decreased each year. […] The incidence of CRPS type I and type II among the provinces was highly variable by the province in 2015. […] The prevalence of CRPS type I was almost two-fold higher than that of CRPS type II. […] The results indicated that the lower limb was affected more often than the upper limb. […] The occurrence of CRPS did not show significant variation by season. […] The diagnostic criteria for patients with CRPS is still not standardized among Korean doctors. […] The critical pitfall of these CRPS diagnostic criteria is that the focus is on objective and physical findings rather than the patients subjective symptoms. […] The incidence rate of CRPS in Korea was 29.0 per 100,000 person-years, which showed correlation with age. […] Further research is required to address physicians consensus on the definite diagnosis, and the cost-effectiveness of the therapeutic modality, in order to obtain more accurate epidemiological data on CRPS.

• #32 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #33 Complex Regional Pain Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1145318-overview

  The estimated overall incidence rate of CRPS was 26.2 per 100,000 person years, with females affected at least three times more often than males. […] The highest incidence occurred in females aged 61-70 years. […] The upper extremity was affected more frequently than the lower extremity, and a fracture was the most common precipitating event (44%). […] Despite treatment, many patients are left with varying degrees of chronic pain, trophic changes, and disability. […] Pain is the most important factor leading to disability. […] Some have suggested that the aggressive treatment of pain in an acute setting could reduce the incidence of CRPS type I; however, further studies are needed to support this contention. […] The frequency of human leukocyte antigen DQ1 (HLA-DQ1) appears to be higher in patients with CRPS than in controls, and HLA-DR13 is associated with progression towards multifocal or generalized dystonia.

• #34 Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=618

  Polytrauma, fractures, crush injuries, and surgery are the most commonly recognized risk factors for CRPS. […] However, in up to 10% of patients there are no known triggering factors. […] The most frequent primary causes of CRPS in a recent review of 1,043 patients were fractures (42%), blunt traumatic injuries excluding fractures (e.g., sprains), surgery (12%), and carpal tunnel syndrome (7%). […] CRPS-I was found significantly more often in patients with ankle fractures than in those with hand, wrist, or foot fractures. […] Significantly higher incidence rates of CRPS-I were also related to intra-articular fractures and dislocated fractures. […] Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of CRPS associated with these triggering events is quite low. […] A diagnosis of CRPS is strongly and independently correlated with fibromyalgia, which increases the risk up to 2.5-fold compared with controls. […] The risk may also be increased by other musculoskeletal diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. […] An unexpectedly finding is that lower rates of CRPS-1 were related to diabetes, obesity, and hypothyroidism.

• #35 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-pro

  Incidence rates of 26 per 100,000 patient years are reported in Europe. Complex regional pain syndrome can affect any age but it is more common with increasing age up to age 70. It is 3-4 times more common in women, in whom it is also more likely to be of a severe type, than in men. In about 60% of the cases it is the arm that is affected, with the leg being affected in 40%. The most frequently reported triggering events are fractures (45%), sprain (18%) and elective surgery (12%). CRPS occurring spontaneously is uncommon (10%). […] In children complex regional pain syndrome typically peaks in early adolescence and is rare before the age of 6 years. It is much more likely to affect the lower limb in children and has an even greater female-to-male preponderance.

• #36 Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=618

  Polytrauma, fractures, crush injuries, and surgery are the most commonly recognized risk factors for CRPS. […] However, in up to 10% of patients there are no known triggering factors. […] The most frequent primary causes of CRPS in a recent review of 1,043 patients were fractures (42%), blunt traumatic injuries excluding fractures (e.g., sprains), surgery (12%), and carpal tunnel syndrome (7%). […] CRPS-I was found significantly more often in patients with ankle fractures than in those with hand, wrist, or foot fractures. […] Significantly higher incidence rates of CRPS-I were also related to intra-articular fractures and dislocated fractures. […] Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of CRPS associated with these triggering events is quite low. […] A diagnosis of CRPS is strongly and independently correlated with fibromyalgia, which increases the risk up to 2.5-fold compared with controls. […] The risk may also be increased by other musculoskeletal diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. […] An unexpectedly finding is that lower rates of CRPS-1 were related to diabetes, obesity, and hypothyroidism.

• #37 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-33472011000100006&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

  In about 10 % of the cases there is no triggering event. […] Psychological factors like stress are potential risk factors that can worsen the severity of symptoms. […] These findings are different from those described in Valle del Cauca, Colombia where the incidence of upper limb CRPS was found to be 1.1 per hundred thousand persons per year, with a male to female ratio of 1:1.1, an average age of 44 years old, bilateral affection in 5 % of the cases, right side compromise in 56 %, and among the symptoms reported, changes in sweating occurred in 96 % of the cases, changes in temperature in 92 %, and changes in skin coloring in 90 %.

• #38 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116940/all/Complex_Regional_Pain_Syndrome?q=Erythromelalgia

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a pain syndrome that can be chronic and debilitating. It is divided into two subtypes and can result in significant physical and psychosocial short and long-term disability. Most cases are a result of a physical insult to an extremity such as trauma or surgery. The lack of a dermatomal distribution (i.e., the pain is regional) distinguishes CPRS from other pain syndromes. […] Peak age: 50 to 70 years. Predominant gender: female male (3:1, 6081%), with postmenopausal women affected disproportionally. Rarely seen in pediatrics; cases in this age group predominantly involve lower extremities in females. Recent studies found 3.8% occurrence after wrist fracture and 7% occurrence after intra-articular ankle fracture; both independent strong risk for CRPS. Fractures and sprains are associated in ~60% of cases, the remaining 40% have less precise or no recognized inciting event. Upper extremities are more commonly involved.

• #39 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Part 1: Essentials of Assessment and Diagnosis | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-part-1-essentials-of-assessment-and-diagnosis/

  Literature reports a frequency of 26.2 per 100,000 persons per year for CRPS type I and 5.5 per 100,000 persons per year for CRPS type II. Females have a higher propensity compared to males at a 4:1 ratio, and there is an increased incidence in the fourth decade and from 61 to 70 years old. No racial differences have been noted. Fractures are the most common precipitating event, particularly in the upper extremity. […] The development of CRPS following surgery is a major cause of concern as this complicates post-operative management and has significant clinical ramifications. Operative procedures of the shoulder (incidence 0.9-11%), distal radius (22-39%), carpal tunnel (2-5%) Dupuytrens contracture (4.5-40%), foot and ankle surgery (4.36%) have been associated with the manifestation of CRPS. In a prospective study of patients with tibial fractures, the incidence of CRPS following surgical repair was documented at 31%; 33.3% of patients treated with intramedullary nailing, 28.6% of patients treated with nails and screws and 28.6% of patients treated with external fixation.

• #40 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #41

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-023-01124-3

  The two most cited, population-based studies place the incidence of CRPS between 5.5 and 26.2 per 100.000 person years. […] Women were about four times more likely to be affected (with a female-to-male ratio of 3.44 to 1) with a mean age at onset of 46.9 to 52.7 years, where another study places the highest peaks between 45 and 55 years. […] Trauma is a common trigger with reported incidences of 4.36% for foot or ankle fractures with surgery or even 8.8% for distal radius fractures, reflecting the observation that the upper extremities are more often affected. […] Risk factors are female sex, immobilization, nerve damage, (open) fractures, asthma, migraine, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, ACE inhibitors, and a tight cast after fracture. […] The likelihood of somatic or psychological comorbidities increases with the duration of untreated CRPS.

• #42 Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=618

  There are obviously variations among practitioners because CRPS is diagnosed clinically based on the medical history, and physical and neurological examinations. This has resulted in the estimated annual incidence varying significantly between studies, from 5 to 26 per 100,000. […] The largest CRPS population-based study to date in the USA was reported on in 2016. Among the 33,406,123 patients included in that study from a sample database spanning from 2007 to 2011 revealed, 22,533 patients (i.e., 0.07%) were discharged with a diagnosis of CRPS. […] The reported female-to-male ratio of patients with CRPS has ranged from 2:1 to 4:1. […] The incidence appears to be highest in females who are postmenopausal. […] The prevalence of CRPS varies with age, with the mean age at diagnosis peaking at 40-50 years and the incidence peaking at 61-70 years, and CRPS being very uncommon in childhood and adolescence.

• #43

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-023-01124-3

  The two most cited, population-based studies place the incidence of CRPS between 5.5 and 26.2 per 100.000 person years. […] Women were about four times more likely to be affected (with a female-to-male ratio of 3.44 to 1) with a mean age at onset of 46.9 to 52.7 years, where another study places the highest peaks between 45 and 55 years. […] Trauma is a common trigger with reported incidences of 4.36% for foot or ankle fractures with surgery or even 8.8% for distal radius fractures, reflecting the observation that the upper extremities are more often affected. […] Risk factors are female sex, immobilization, nerve damage, (open) fractures, asthma, migraine, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, ACE inhibitors, and a tight cast after fracture. […] The likelihood of somatic or psychological comorbidities increases with the duration of untreated CRPS.

• #44 Comparison of Epidemiological Data of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Patients in Relation to Disease Severity—A Retrospective Single-Center Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/2/946

  A retrospective data analysis of 159 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients (n = 116 women, 73.0%, mean age 60.9 ± 14.4 years; n = 43 men, 27.0%, mean age 52.3 ± 16.7 years) was performed from 2009 to 2020. […] The estimated overall incidence of CRPS, according to the literature, is 26.2 per 100,000 person years. Of these, approximately 2 in 1000 patients who recover from a distal radius fracture develop CRPS. […] CRPS mainly manifests in elderly females who experience a fracture of an upper extremity (UE). […] Prolonged immobilization, the number of reduction maneuvers, and excessively tight casts also increase the rate of CRPS. […] The pathophysiology underlying the development of CRPS is still being explored, but the disorder is believed to result from central and peripheral nervous system dysfunction.

• #45 Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=618

  Polytrauma, fractures, crush injuries, and surgery are the most commonly recognized risk factors for CRPS. […] However, in up to 10% of patients there are no known triggering factors. […] The most frequent primary causes of CRPS in a recent review of 1,043 patients were fractures (42%), blunt traumatic injuries excluding fractures (e.g., sprains), surgery (12%), and carpal tunnel syndrome (7%). […] CRPS-I was found significantly more often in patients with ankle fractures than in those with hand, wrist, or foot fractures. […] Significantly higher incidence rates of CRPS-I were also related to intra-articular fractures and dislocated fractures. […] Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of CRPS associated with these triggering events is quite low. […] A diagnosis of CRPS is strongly and independently correlated with fibromyalgia, which increases the risk up to 2.5-fold compared with controls. […] The risk may also be increased by other musculoskeletal diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. […] An unexpectedly finding is that lower rates of CRPS-1 were related to diabetes, obesity, and hypothyroidism.

• #46 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #47 Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=618

  Polytrauma, fractures, crush injuries, and surgery are the most commonly recognized risk factors for CRPS. […] However, in up to 10% of patients there are no known triggering factors. […] The most frequent primary causes of CRPS in a recent review of 1,043 patients were fractures (42%), blunt traumatic injuries excluding fractures (e.g., sprains), surgery (12%), and carpal tunnel syndrome (7%). […] CRPS-I was found significantly more often in patients with ankle fractures than in those with hand, wrist, or foot fractures. […] Significantly higher incidence rates of CRPS-I were also related to intra-articular fractures and dislocated fractures. […] Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of CRPS associated with these triggering events is quite low. […] A diagnosis of CRPS is strongly and independently correlated with fibromyalgia, which increases the risk up to 2.5-fold compared with controls. […] The risk may also be increased by other musculoskeletal diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. […] An unexpectedly finding is that lower rates of CRPS-1 were related to diabetes, obesity, and hypothyroidism.

• #48 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a review | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps–S1665579615000320

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic and painful condition that affects the quality of life of patients. […] Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of CRPS is unknown. Some studies have reported an incidence rate that ranges from 5.46 to 26.2 per 100,000 persons year. […] In addition, the prevalence subsequent to trauma ranges from 0.03 to 37%, based on retrospective studies. […] It was found that it more frequently affects women (23:1) with a peak between 50 and 70 years of age, with a predominance in the arms. […] It is noteworthy that the severity of the original injury is not correlated with the severity of the symptoms of CRPS, although psychological factors such as stress are risk factors that worsen symptomatology. […] CRPS is also associated with other diseases and conditions such as stroke, mastectomy, pregnancy, and the use of drugs such as phenobarbital and isoniazid.

• #49 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a review | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps–S1665579615000320

  CRPS is also associated with other diseases and conditions such as stroke, mastectomy, pregnancy, and the use of drugs such as phenobarbital and isoniazid. There are predisposing factors for the development of this syndrome in addition to trauma and diabetes mellitus. […] The main feature of the history is a fracture, and immobilization has been proposed as a possible predisposing factor for CRPS. […] It is believed that psychogenic or hysterical factors, mainly associated with depressive symptoms, may contribute to CRPS. […] CRPS often occurs in several family members and at younger ages, which may indicate a genetic predisposition. […] Studies have shown that the use of ACE inhibitors at the time when the causal trauma is suffered, as well as a medical history of asthma or migraines, is associated with an increased risk of developing CRPS.

• #50 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a review | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps–S1665579615000320

  The main feature of the history is a fracture, and immobilization has been proposed as a possible predisposing factor for CRPS. […] Studies have shown that the use of ACE inhibitors at the time when the causal trauma is suffered, as well as a medical history of asthma or migraines, is associated with an increased risk of developing CRPS.

• #51 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/

  The incidence of CRPS varies geographically. A 2003 study by Sandroni et al in Olmsted County, Minnesota, reported an incidence of 5.46 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 CRPS and 0.82 per 100,000 person-years for type 2 CRPS. In contrast, a 2006 study by Mos et al in the Netherlands found a significantly higher incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years. Both studies reported a higher prevalence in females. The Minnesota study indicated a 4 times increased risk in females compared to males, whereas the Netherlands study estimated a 3 times difference. […] Age and extremity involvement also differed between studies. The Netherlands research reported peak incidence between ages 61 and 70, whereas the American study found a median age of onset at 46 years. Both studies noted that the upper extremities were more frequently affected. Diagnosis in both studies relied on the IASP criteria for CRPS. Fracture was the most common precipitating event in 44% to 46% of cases. The most frequent clinical features included vasomotor symptoms, such as swelling, temperature fluctuations, and skin discoloration. […] Identified risk factors for CRPS include asthma, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, menopause, osteoporosis, migraine, and cigarette smoking.

• #52 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome : Virtual Library

  https://resources.wfsahq.org/atotw/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/

  Though the first diagnostic criteria were put forward in 1994, the first extensive population-based study was done in 2003 by Sandroni et al. with very limited data available before 2000. This study revealed an incidence of 5.46 per 10 000 for type I and 0.82 per 10 000 for type II. […] The incidence was higher in age groups 61 to 70 years, with higher female predilection (3:1). Increased upper limb incidence (3:2) was also found. Risk factors include menopause, osteoporosis, asthma, smoking, and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor treatment.

• #53 Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome

  https://www.e-acn.org/journal/view.php?number=618

  Polytrauma, fractures, crush injuries, and surgery are the most commonly recognized risk factors for CRPS. […] However, in up to 10% of patients there are no known triggering factors. […] The most frequent primary causes of CRPS in a recent review of 1,043 patients were fractures (42%), blunt traumatic injuries excluding fractures (e.g., sprains), surgery (12%), and carpal tunnel syndrome (7%). […] CRPS-I was found significantly more often in patients with ankle fractures than in those with hand, wrist, or foot fractures. […] Significantly higher incidence rates of CRPS-I were also related to intra-articular fractures and dislocated fractures. […] Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of CRPS associated with these triggering events is quite low. […] A diagnosis of CRPS is strongly and independently correlated with fibromyalgia, which increases the risk up to 2.5-fold compared with controls. […] The risk may also be increased by other musculoskeletal diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. […] An unexpectedly finding is that lower rates of CRPS-1 were related to diabetes, obesity, and hypothyroidism.

• #54 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793370-overview

  In the United States, an estimated 5% of patients who experience trauma to the upper extremity develop CRPS 1, although this figure is not known with certainty because of confusion over the diagnosis. Extremity immobilization can trigger CRPS 1. Without prophylactic measures (active physical therapy), CRPS 1 can develop in 12-20% of people who experience a hemiplegic stroke. […] No racial predilection exists for CRPS 1. Sexual distribution is equal. Although CRPS 1 can occur in children, the age of onset in most patients CRPS 1 is 30-60 years, and the mean age is 49 years. […] A Scottish study estimated that the incidence of CRPS in children 5-15 years of age is 1.2 per 100,000. Girls constituted 73% of patients. Most cases involved a single site, with legs often affected than arms and the right side more often affected than the left. Clear trauma had occurred at the onset of the illness in most cases. Diagnosis was made a median of 2 months (range, 1-12) after the onset of symptoms.

• #55

  https://journals.lww.com/pain/fulltext/2022/06000/canadian_surveillance_study_of_complex_regional.11.aspx

  This study describes the minimum incidence of pediatric complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), clinical features, and treatments recommended by pediatricians and pain clinics in Canada. […] A total of 198 cases were reported to the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program, and 168 (84.8%) met the case definition. The minimum Canadian incidence of CRPS is estimated at 1.14/100,000 (95% confidence interval 0.93-1.35/100,000) children per year. […] Incidence was highest among girls 12 years and older (3.10, 95% confidence interval 2.76-3.44/100,000). […] The primary objective of this surveillance study was to determine the minimum incidence of CRPS in Canadian children and youth. […] The Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP), established in 1996, is a joint project of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Paediatric Society.

• #56 A Korean nationwide investigation of the national trend of complex regional pain syndrome vis-à-vis age-structural transformations

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?volume=34&number=3&spage=322

  A form of chronic neuropathic pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) presents some defining features, such as severe, radiating, and non-dermatomal pain accompanied by pain triggered by stimuli that are not painful (allodynia) and abnormally increased sensitivity to pain (hyperalgesia). […] The present study employed National Health Insurance Data to explore complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) updated epidemiology in a Korean context. […] The general CRPS incidence rate was 15.83 per 100,000, with 19.5 for type 1 and 12.1 for type 2. […] CRPS displayed an overall incidence of 15.83 per 100,000 in Korea and a declining trend for every age group which showed a negative association with the aging shift phenomenon. […] The knowledge of CRPS epidemiology in Korea has so far been suboptimal.

• #57

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-023-01124-3

  According to one prospective study, no significant improvements in the disability or work status were recorded after 6 months and in another investigation 31% of patients with persistent CRPS were unable to work. […] These high morbidity rates result in a high impact with one publication placing the average insurance costs within 5 years at~$87.000 and treatment costs at~$23.000. […] In clinical reality, however, much longer latencies between injury and diagnosis are observed, depending on the study. […] For example, a prospective analysis found that after removal of the cast (i.e., 6 weeks after fracture), it took an additional 21.7-23.7 days (corresponding to an overall mean time of nine weeks after tissue damage) for the diagnosis of CRPS in conservatively treated radius fractures. […] Another Scandinavian study of 52 patients found a mean delay of 33.5 months (2.8 years) between injury and diagnosis. […] Overall, these findings indicate a lack of awareness of the risk of CRPS after tissue injury of the extremities.

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-023-01124-3

  According to one prospective study, no significant improvements in the disability or work status were recorded after 6 months and in another investigation 31% of patients with persistent CRPS were unable to work. […] These high morbidity rates result in a high impact with one publication placing the average insurance costs within 5 years at~$87.000 and treatment costs at~$23.000. […] In clinical reality, however, much longer latencies between injury and diagnosis are observed, depending on the study. […] For example, a prospective analysis found that after removal of the cast (i.e., 6 weeks after fracture), it took an additional 21.7-23.7 days (corresponding to an overall mean time of nine weeks after tissue damage) for the diagnosis of CRPS in conservatively treated radius fractures. […] Another Scandinavian study of 52 patients found a mean delay of 33.5 months (2.8 years) between injury and diagnosis. […] Overall, these findings indicate a lack of awareness of the risk of CRPS after tissue injury of the extremities.

• #59 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210128005573/en/Complex-Regional-Pain-Syndrome-CRPS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  The CRPS epidemiology division provides the insights about historical and current CRPS patient pool and forecasted trend for each seven major countries. […] In the year 2017, the total prevalent case of CRPS was 310,489 cases in the 7MM which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted CRPS epidemiology segmented as Total prevalent cases of CRPS, Total diagnosed prevalent cases of CRPS, Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of CRPS, Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of CRPS, Type-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of CRPS, Severity-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of CRPS, and Total Treated Cases of CRPS scenario of CRPS in the 7MM covering United States, EU5 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and United Kingdom), and Japan from 2017 to 2030.

• #60 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210128005573/en/Complex-Regional-Pain-Syndrome-CRPS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In the United States, the total number of prevalent cases of CRPS was 219,317 cases in the year 2017 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In the year 2017, the total prevalent cases of CRPS were 84,850 cases in EU-5 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In Japan, the total number of prevalent cases of CRPS was 6,323 cases in the year 2017 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In the 7MM, the total gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of CRPS were 47,699 for males and 102,987 for females in the year 2017. […] In 7MM, the highest number (~87% of CRPS cases) of type-specific diagnosed prevalent cases recorded in 2017 for CRPS I, i.e., 131,278 cases. […] This condition affects people of all ages. Around 3/4th cases of CRPS are reported in the people age group of 20-60 years of age. In the 7MM, the age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases for age-group 40-59 years were 72,247 in 2017.

• #61 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210128005573/en/Complex-Regional-Pain-Syndrome-CRPS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In the United States, the total number of prevalent cases of CRPS was 219,317 cases in the year 2017 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In the year 2017, the total prevalent cases of CRPS were 84,850 cases in EU-5 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In Japan, the total number of prevalent cases of CRPS was 6,323 cases in the year 2017 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In the 7MM, the total gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of CRPS were 47,699 for males and 102,987 for females in the year 2017. […] In 7MM, the highest number (~87% of CRPS cases) of type-specific diagnosed prevalent cases recorded in 2017 for CRPS I, i.e., 131,278 cases. […] This condition affects people of all ages. Around 3/4th cases of CRPS are reported in the people age group of 20-60 years of age. In the 7MM, the age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases for age-group 40-59 years were 72,247 in 2017.

• #62 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210128005573/en/Complex-Regional-Pain-Syndrome-CRPS-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In the United States, the total number of prevalent cases of CRPS was 219,317 cases in the year 2017 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In the year 2017, the total prevalent cases of CRPS were 84,850 cases in EU-5 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In Japan, the total number of prevalent cases of CRPS was 6,323 cases in the year 2017 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2017-2030. […] In the 7MM, the total gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of CRPS were 47,699 for males and 102,987 for females in the year 2017. […] In 7MM, the highest number (~87% of CRPS cases) of type-specific diagnosed prevalent cases recorded in 2017 for CRPS I, i.e., 131,278 cases. […] This condition affects people of all ages. Around 3/4th cases of CRPS are reported in the people age group of 20-60 years of age. In the 7MM, the age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases for age-group 40-59 years were 72,247 in 2017.

• #63 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)| Primary Research (KOL’s Insight) | Market Intelligence | Epidemiology & Market Forecast-2032 – Mellalta Meets

  https://mellalta.com/product/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps-primary-research-kols-insight-market-intelligence-epidemiology-market-forecast-2032/

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS; formerly known as RSD or reflex sympathetic dystrophy) is defined as a debilitating chronic pain condition characterized by severe pain along with sensory, autonomic, motor and trophic impairment often involving hyperalgesia and allodynia of the extremities. […] The diagnosis of CRPS is mainly based on clinical features, internationally recognized diagnostic and research criteria, the Budapest criteria, which were previously developed by a group of experts to improve the recognition of this syndrome. Despite the availability of the Budapest diagnostic criteria, the CRPS diagnosis process is frustrating and tedious for both healthcare professionals and patients. In multiple scenarios, diagnoses took months to years due to the frequent occurrence of misdiagnoses. There is limited awareness among healthcare professionals of a specific diagnostic algorithm or tool to confirm the condition and hence there is a great unmet need for advancement of diagnostic criteria and diagnosis. […] The total prevalent cases in the G7 countries are anticipated to rise from 253,603 in 2018 to XXX by 2032 at a CAGR of XX% for the study period (2018–2032). The United States was estimated to have the highest prevalence of Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) cases in 2022.

• #64 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116940/all/Complex_Regional_Pain_Syndrome?q=Erythromelalgia

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a pain syndrome that can be chronic and debilitating. It is divided into two subtypes and can result in significant physical and psychosocial short and long-term disability. Most cases are a result of a physical insult to an extremity such as trauma or surgery. The lack of a dermatomal distribution (i.e., the pain is regional) distinguishes CPRS from other pain syndromes. […] Peak age: 50 to 70 years. Predominant gender: female male (3:1, 6081%), with postmenopausal women affected disproportionally. Rarely seen in pediatrics; cases in this age group predominantly involve lower extremities in females. Recent studies found 3.8% occurrence after wrist fracture and 7% occurrence after intra-articular ankle fracture; both independent strong risk for CRPS. Fractures and sprains are associated in ~60% of cases, the remaining 40% have less precise or no recognized inciting event. Upper extremities are more commonly involved.

• #65 Complex regional pain syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/complex-regional-pain-syndrome?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2525252f%25252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%2525252fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icofavicon.ico

  Complex regional pain syndrome is principally a clinical diagnosis seen more commonly in females than males, with a mean age of presentation of 50 to 70 years. […] Complex regional pain syndrome occurs in hands and feet distal to the injury. Intermediate and large joints, like the knee and hip, are thought to be occasionally involved.

• #66 Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome in Korea: An electronic population health data study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0198147

  The incidence of CRPS type I was increased while that of CRPS type II was decreased each year. […] The incidence of CRPS type I and type II among the provinces was highly variable by the province in 2015. […] The prevalence of CRPS type I was almost two-fold higher than that of CRPS type II. […] The results indicated that the lower limb was affected more often than the upper limb. […] The occurrence of CRPS did not show significant variation by season. […] The diagnostic criteria for patients with CRPS is still not standardized among Korean doctors. […] The critical pitfall of these CRPS diagnostic criteria is that the focus is on objective and physical findings rather than the patients subjective symptoms. […] The incidence rate of CRPS in Korea was 29.0 per 100,000 person-years, which showed correlation with age. […] Further research is required to address physicians consensus on the definite diagnosis, and the cost-effectiveness of the therapeutic modality, in order to obtain more accurate epidemiological data on CRPS.

• #67 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-33472011000100006&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is an entity that appears usually after a trauma. […] In a recent paper, Mos et al. estimated an incidence of CRPS to be 26.2 per hundred thousand people per year. This estimate is about 4 times higher than that previously reported by Sandoni, who found an incidence of 5.46 per hundred thousand persons per year. CRPS is 3 times more common in women than in men between 61 and 70 years old. […] In 65 % of the cases the cause is related with to a trauma. […] There is no correlation between the severity of the injury and the appearance of CRPS. […] Kiralp et at. reported that the upper limbs are affected in 61.3 % of the cases whereas the lower limbs are affected in 38.7 % of the cases. […] Both Veldman and Kiralp describe fractures as the most common triggering factor of CRPS.

• #68

  https://www.orthobullets.com/basic-science/6095/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  US incidence is 5.5 per 100,000 person-years. […] females more commonly affected (4:1). […] incidence increases with age up until 70 years old. […] 60% occurs in the upper extremities. […] 40% occurs in the lower extremities. […] trauma with an exaggerated response to injury is the most common reason for a poor outcome following a crush injury to the foot. […] history of migraines or asthma is a risk factor.

• #69 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome – CRPS – almostadoctor

  https://almostadoctor.co.uk/encyclopedia/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-cprs

  Incidence of 25 per 100 000 per year […] Incidence increases with age […] 4x more common in women […] Arm: 60% of cases […] Leg: 40% of cases […] In children […] Very rare before the age of 6 […] Tends to affect the lower limb […] Even more common in females than in adults.

• #70

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-023-01124-3

  According to one prospective study, no significant improvements in the disability or work status were recorded after 6 months and in another investigation 31% of patients with persistent CRPS were unable to work. […] These high morbidity rates result in a high impact with one publication placing the average insurance costs within 5 years at~$87.000 and treatment costs at~$23.000. […] In clinical reality, however, much longer latencies between injury and diagnosis are observed, depending on the study. […] For example, a prospective analysis found that after removal of the cast (i.e., 6 weeks after fracture), it took an additional 21.7-23.7 days (corresponding to an overall mean time of nine weeks after tissue damage) for the diagnosis of CRPS in conservatively treated radius fractures. […] Another Scandinavian study of 52 patients found a mean delay of 33.5 months (2.8 years) between injury and diagnosis. […] Overall, these findings indicate a lack of awareness of the risk of CRPS after tissue injury of the extremities.

• #71 Complex regional pain syndrome – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/complex-regional-pain-syndrome.html

  Complex regional pain syndrome accounts for approximately 25% of adult and up to 20% of paediatric pain clinic patients. The prevalence in Australia is unknown. It affects females more, in a 3.5:1 ratio in adults and 9:1 in children. The prevalence is highest in Caucasians. […] Complex regional pain syndrome can be difficult to treat, so there is interest in preventing it or recognising it early in its clinical course. Earlier multimodal intervention may positively influence outcome. While there is limited evidence about prevention, providing good analgesia after trauma or surgery seems appropriate. […] There is some evidence that vitamin C 5001000 mg daily for 50 days reduces complex regional pain syndrome after wrist fracture and limb surgery (4 studies, 1065 patients).

• #72 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome is diagnosed when the following are present (1): Patients have continuing pain beyond that explained by dysfunction of a single nerve and that is disproportionate to any original tissue damage. […] Certain clinical criteria (Budapest criteria) are met. […] The Budapest criteria have 4 categories. According to the criteria, the patient must report at least 1 symptom in 3 of the 4 categories listed below, and the clinician must detect at least 1 sign in 2 of the same 4 categories (symptoms and signs overlap) (1): […] Prognosis varies and is difficult to predict. CRPS may remit or remain stable for years; in a few patients, it progresses, spreading to other areas of the body. […] Vitamin C has been suggested as a low-risk preventive measure for CRPS, particularly in older patients with distal radius fractures. Its potential antioxidant effects may aid in fracture healing and reduce soft tissue injury, though evidence to support this claim is inconsistent (1, 2). Early mobilization and physical therapy have been shown to be important in preventing the progression of suspected cases of early CRPS (2).

• #73 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/pain/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-crps

  Complex regional pain syndrome is diagnosed when the following are present (1): Patients have continuing pain beyond that explained by dysfunction of a single nerve and that is disproportionate to any original tissue damage. […] Certain clinical criteria (Budapest criteria) are met. […] The Budapest criteria have 4 categories. According to the criteria, the patient must report at least 1 symptom in 3 of the 4 categories listed below, and the clinician must detect at least 1 sign in 2 of the same 4 categories (symptoms and signs overlap) (1): […] Prognosis varies and is difficult to predict. CRPS may remit or remain stable for years; in a few patients, it progresses, spreading to other areas of the body. […] Vitamin C has been suggested as a low-risk preventive measure for CRPS, particularly in older patients with distal radius fractures. Its potential antioxidant effects may aid in fracture healing and reduce soft tissue injury, though evidence to support this claim is inconsistent (1, 2). Early mobilization and physical therapy have been shown to be important in preventing the progression of suspected cases of early CRPS (2).

• #74 Complex regional pain syndrome: advances in epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. – International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)

  https://www.iasp-pain.org/publications/pain-research-forum/papers-of-the-week/paper/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-advances-in-epidemiology-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare pain disorder that usually occurs in a limb after trauma. […] Research from the past decade has offered new insights into CRPS epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. […] Early identification of individuals at high risk of CRPS is improving, with several risk factors established and some others identified in prospective studies during the past 5 years. […] Better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of CRPS has led to its classification as a chronic primary pain disorder, and subtypes of CRPS have been updated. […] Procedures for diagnosis have also been clarified. […] Further advances in diagnosis and treatment of CRPS will require coordinated, international multicentre initiatives.

• #75 Complex regional pain syndrome: advances in epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment – University of South Australia

  https://researchoutputs.unisa.edu.au/11541.2/38534

  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare pain disorder that usually occurs in a limb after trauma. The features of this disorder include severe pain and sensory, autonomic, motor, and trophic abnormalities. Research from the past decade has offered new insights into CRPS epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Early identification of individuals at high risk of CRPS is improving, with several risk factors established and some others identified in prospective studies during the past 5 years. Better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of CRPS has led to its classification as a chronic primary pain disorder, and subtypes of CRPS have been updated. Procedures for diagnosis have also been clarified. Although effective treatment of CRPS remains a challenge, evidence-based integrated management approaches provide new opportunities to improve patient care. Further advances in diagnosis and treatment of CRPS will require coordinated, international multicentre initiatives.

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