Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, taking an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. […] More than four out of five CVD deaths are due to heart attacks and strokes, and one third of these deaths occur prematurely in people under 70 years of age. […] These intermediate risks factors can be measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Identifying those at highest risk of CVDs and ensuring they receive appropriate treatment can prevent premature deaths.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. […] Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the heart or brain. […] These intermediate risks factors can be measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications. […] In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions. […] An acute event such as a heart attack or stroke should be promptly managed. […] Target 8: At least 50% of eligible people should receive drug therapy and counselling (including glycaemic control) to prevent heart attacks and strokes by 2025.

• #1 Coronary heart disease | Health Knowledge

  https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2b-epidemiology-diseases-phs/chronic-diseases/coronary-heart-disease

  Coronary heart disease is now the leading cause of death worldwide. An estimated 3.8 million men and 3.4 million women die each year from CHD. […] In developed countries heart disease is the leading cause of death in men and women. In Europe CHD accounts for an estimated 1.95 million deaths each year. […] CHD is responsible for 110,000 deaths in England each year. More than 1.4 million suffer from angina and 275,000 people have a heart attack annually. […] Death rates from CHD have been falling in the UK since the late 1970s. For people 65 years, they have fallen by 44% in the last ten years. […] However despite recent declines the UK has a relatively high death rate from CHD. Among more developed countries only Ireland and Finland have a higher rate than the UK. […] Death rates from CHD are highest in Scotland and Northern England. The premature death rate for men living in Scotland is 67% higher than in the South West of England and 84% higher for women.

• #1 ESC Prevention of CVD Programme: Epidemiology of IHD

  https://www.escardio.org/Education/ESC-Prevention-of-CVD-Programme/Epidemiology-of-IHD

  In 54 ESC member countries there were 19.9 million new cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 108.6 million people living with CVD in 2017. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was the most common manifestation of CVD with 3.6 million new cases and 34.9 million people living with IHD. CVD is the most common cause of death in Europe accounting for 4.1 million deaths (2.2 mio in females, 1,9 mio in males) each year; corresponding to 47% of all deaths among women and 39% among men. […] IHD and cerebrovascular disease are the most common causes of cardiovascular death and IHD accounts for 1.67 million deaths corresponding to 17% and 18% of all deaths in men and women, respectively. […] The age-adjusted CVD incidence has declined rapidly in almost all Western European countries with up to 30-50% reduction in the last 10-15 years in some countries.

• #1 Heart Disease Facts | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups. […] In the United States, someone has a heart attack every 40 seconds. […] Every year, about 805,000 people in the United States have a heart attack. […] About 1 in 5 heart attacks are silent—the damage is done, but the person is not aware of it. […] Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people of most racial and ethnic groups in the United States. […] High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking are key risk factors for heart disease.

• #1 More than half of U.S. adults don’t know heart disease is leading cause of death, despite 100-year reign | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/more-than-half-of-u-s-adults-dont-know-heart-disease-is-leading-cause-of-death-despite-100-year-reign

  Cardiovascular deaths include deaths from coronary heart disease (40.3%), stroke (17.5%), other minor CVD causes combined (17.1%), high blood pressure (13.4%), heart failure (9.1%) and diseases of the arteries (2.6%). […] The overall number of cardiovascular related deaths was 931,578, an increase of less than 3,000 from the 928,741 deaths reported last year. […] Each year in the U.S., there are about 605,000 new heart attacks and 200,000 recurrent attacks. […] Approximately every 40 seconds, someone in the U.S. will have a heart attack. […] In 2021, sudden cardiac arrest attributed to 20,114 deaths in the U.S. […] Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death not only in the U.S., but worldwide.

• #1 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2023 Update – Professional Heart Daily | American Heart Association

  https://professional.heart.org/en/science-news/heart-disease-and-stroke-statistics-2023-update

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains as the leading cause of death in the United States, accounted for 928,741 deaths in the year 2020. […] In 2020 in the United States, coronary heart disease (CHD) was the leading cause (41.2%) of deaths attributable to CVD in the United States, followed by stroke (17.3%), other CVD (16.8%), high blood pressure (12.9%), heart failure (9.2%), diseases of the arteries (2.6%). […] Cardiovascular disease produces immense health and economic burdens in the United States and globally.

• #1 Cardiovascular Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases

  Death rates from cardiovascular diseases have declined in many countries. […] There are large disparities in death rates from cardiovascular diseases worldwide. […] A range of factors heighten the risk of cardiovascular diseases. […] High blood pressure, or hypertension, is the number one risk factor. Its estimated that it causes almost 10 million deaths from cardiovascular diseases annually.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases

  Access to noncommunicable disease medicines and basic health technologies in all primary health care facilities is essential to ensure that those in need receive treatment and counselling. […] WHO supports governments to prevent, manage and monitor CVDs by developing global strategies to reduce the incidence, morbidity and mortality of these diseases. […] The risk factors for CVD include behaviours such as tobacco use, an unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol and inadequate physical activity.

• #1 The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK 2014 | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/101/15/1182

  Age-standardised CVD mortality rates by local authority showed a clear trend for higher CVD rates in Scotland and the North of England and lower CVD rates in the South of England. […] Throughout the UK, prevalence of MI in men was almost three times greater than for women in 2013. […] Estimates of the number of people in the UK who have CVD, derived from the CPRD GOLD database, are broadly supported by results from the QOF. […] Comparing between regions in England, those in the North had a higher prevalence for CVD than the those in the South, with the highest prevalence reported in the North East for all diseases described here (4.5% for CHD, 2.1% for stroke). […] In the UK, there were 1.6 million episodes related to CVD in NHS hospitals, accounting for 10.1% of all inpatient episodes among men and 6.3% among women.

• #1 Heart Disease in Canada – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/heart-disease-canada.html

  Heart disease is the 2nd leading cause of death in Canada. […] According to 20172018 data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS): about 1 in 12 (or 2.6 million) Canadian adults age 20 and over live with diagnosed heart disease. […] every hour, about 14 Canadian adults age 20 and over with diagnosed heart disease die. […] The death rate is: 2.9 times higher among adults age 20 and over with diagnosed heart disease versus those without. […] 4.6 times higher among adults age 20 and over who have had a heart attack versus those who have not. […] 6.3 times higher among adults age 40 and over with diagnosed heart failure versus those without. […] Men are 2 times more likely to suffer a heart attack than women. […] The good news is that from 20002001 to 20172018: the number of Canadian adults newly diagnosed with heart disease declined from 217,600 to 162,730. […] the death rate, or the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals with a known heart disease, has decreased by 21%. […] The early detection and management of medical conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol can help you reduce your risk of heart disease.

• #1 The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-the-epidemiology-coronary-heart-disease-articulo-S1885585713003381

  Although the prevalence of CHD increases with age in both men and women, another survey-based American study showed some variation in recent decades in the male:female prevalence ratio in middle-aged persons (35-54 years). […] The overall incidence of CHD at between 65 and 95 years of age is double for men and triple for women with respect to the rates of those between 35 and 64 years. […] In general, the incidence of CHD has decreased in recent decades in the United States by between 114 and 133 cases for every 100,000 person-years of follow-up. […] This temporal trend also largely applies to other developed countries but not to developing countries. […] In Spain, a recent methodical analysis of previously published records and official population statistics estimated the following expected distribution of ACS in 2013: 38.2% STEACS, 55.8% NSTEACS, and 6% unclassified ACS. […] Although the incidence of CHD continues to decrease in developed countries, immigration and progressive population aging suggest that the absolute number of coronary events and, consequently, the prevalence of CHD will not decrease and may even increase in the near future.

• #1 Heart Disease in Minnesota – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cardiovascular/data/heartdisease.html

  In 2023, 4% of adults in Minnesota reported ever having had a heart attack in their lifetime almost 180,000 people. […] Approximately 17% of all deaths in Minnesota are due to heart disease (8,972 deaths in 2022), making it the second-leading cause of death in the state behind cancer. […] In 2022, Minnesotans experienced more than 45,000 acute heart disease hospitalizations. […] Every year from 2000 through 2022, Minnesota had the lowest overall heart disease death rate in the United States. […] From 2018-2022, the heart disease death rate was 43% higher in people who are American Indian/Alaskan Native compared to Minnesotans overall. […] In the middle-aged adult group ages 45-64, Black or African American adults die from heart disease at nearly two times the rate of all Minnesotans of the same age.

• #1 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Cardiovascular disease surveillance involves quantifying the evolving population-level burden of cardiovascular outcomes and risk factors as a data-driven initial step followed by the implementation of interventional strategies designed to alleviate this burden in the target population. […] Despite multiple exhortations for a dedicated national CVD surveillance system over the past 15 years, such a system does not currently exist. […] Continuous surveillance efforts allow assessing the collective impact of applied interventions on the metrics they are designed to improve. […] The ideal national CVD surveillance system would cost-efficiently follow a large, representative set of US residents over extended periods while tracking a broad range of metrics such that a comprehensive picture of the nation’s cardiovascular health emerges.

• #1 Cardiovascular Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases

  Cardiovascular diseases cover all diseases of the heart and blood vessels including heart attacks and strokes, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive diseases, cardiomyopathy, and others. […] Together, cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death globally. […] In 2000, around 14 million people died from cardiovascular diseases globally, while in 2019, close to 18 million died. […] The rising death toll is largely due to a growing and aging global population. […] Death rates from cardiovascular diseases have actually fallen in many countries as our ability to prevent and treat them has improved. […] Yet large disparities remain globally. […] Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death worldwide. […] The global death toll from cardiovascular diseases has grown.

• #1 More than half of U.S. adults don’t know heart disease is leading cause of death, despite 100-year reign | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/more-than-half-of-u-s-adults-dont-know-heart-disease-is-leading-cause-of-death-despite-100-year-reign

  This lack of knowledge and awareness is potentially deadly, as this year’s statistical update reports that nearly half of all people in the U.S. (48.6%) have some type of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke and, most notably, high blood pressure. […] According to the 2024 statistical update, 46.7% of U.S. adults have high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure is a leading risk factor for heart disease and stroke, and yet with proper treatment and management it can be controlled and your risk for cardiovascular disease can be greatly reduced. […] Since 1950, death rates from CVD have declined 60%; the rates have fluctuated over the years and have recently trended upward. […] The number of people in the United States dying of a heart attack each year has dropped from 1 in 2 in the 1950s to now 1 in 8.5.

• #1 Epidemiology of heart failure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-heart-failure

  Aging of the population and prolongation of the lives of cardiac patients by modern therapeutic innovations has led to an increasing prevalence of heart failure (HF). […] The magnitude of the problem of HF cannot be assessed with precision since reliable, population-based estimates of its prevalence, incidence, and prognosis are limited. […] There are an estimated 56 million people with HF worldwide. The prevalence of HF varies geographically, with the highest prevalence rates of HF being reported from North America, Central Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, whereas lower rates are reported in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. […] The American Heart Association (AHA) estimated that there were 6.7 million people (2.3 percent) living with HF in the United States between 2017 and 2020. […] Estimates from population-based studies, such as the Framingham Study estimates, are primarily based upon symptomatic HF. […] When echocardiographic screening is used, the prevalence of HF may be as high as 12 percent.

• #1 Myocardial infarction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction

  In contrast, IHD is becoming a more common cause of death in the developing world. For example, in India, IHD had become the leading cause of death by 2004, accounting for 1.46 million deaths (14% of total deaths) and deaths due to IHD were expected to double during 1985-2015. Globally, disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to ischemic heart disease are predicted to account for 5.5% of total DALYs in 2030, making it the second-most-important cause of disability (after unipolar depressive disorder), as well as the leading cause of death by this date.

• #1 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and in all regions except Africa. In 2008, 30% of all global death was attributed to cardiovascular diseases. Death caused by cardiovascular diseases are also higher in low- and middle-income countries as over 80% of all global deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases occurred in those countries. It is also estimated that by 2030, over 23 million people will die from cardiovascular diseases each year. […] It is estimated that 60% of the world’s cardiovascular disease burden will occur in the South Asian subcontinent despite only accounting for 20% of the world’s population. This may be secondary to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Organizations such as the Indian Heart Association are working with the World Heart Federation to raise awareness about this issue.

• #1 New Study Reveals Dramatic Regional Changes in Ischemic Heart Disease

  https://bioengineer.org/new-study-reveals-dramatic-regional-changes-in-ischemic-heart-disease-burden-a-global-health-alert/

  A groundbreaking new study has cast a revealing light on the escalating crisis of ischemic heart disease (IHD) permeating Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania, regions collectively home to over two billion inhabitants. […] The study meticulously delineates varying, region-specific modifiable risk factors driving the rise of IHD, with toxic air pollution identified as a critical contributor in East Asia, while the dependence on ultra-processed foods stands out as the principal catalyst in Oceania. […] Dr. Desai emphasized a paradigm shift is imperative in the global cardiovascular agenda to incorporate better surveillance, prevention, and management frameworks attuned to these distinct epidemiological dynamics. […] Employing the robust Global Burden of Disease 2021 methodology, the research team conducted an exhaustive longitudinal analysis spanning from 1990 to 2021.

• #1 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  The HF Stats 2024: Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics provides an update to the inaugural 2023 HF Stats report and highlights several key findings that that the problem of heart failure is growing even more severe, particularly in younger populations, racial and ethnic minority groups, and those with multiple health conditions. […] Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have heart failure (HF), and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.7 million in 2030, 10.3 million in 2040, and 11.4 million by 2050. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012 with a more pronounced acceleration in 2020-2021. The age-adjusted HF mortality rates were higher in 2021 than in 1999. HF was a contributing cause in approximately 425,147 deaths and accounted for 45% of cardiovascular deaths in the US in 2021.

• #1 Surveillance and Evaluation Data Resource Guide | Cardiovascular Disease Data, Tools, and Evaluation Resources | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cardiovascular-resources/php/data-research/surveillance-evaluation-data-resource-guide.html

  Provide federal agencies, state and local health departments, nonprofit organizations, academic institutions, and the public with information to enhance CVD prevention and treatment activities, plan services, allocate resources, and develop policies. […] Estimates of annual CVD (i.e., all diseases of the heart, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke) death rates from 1999 to 2019 and trends from 1999 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2019 by age group, sex, and race or ethnicity. […] Monitor trends and assess health issues specific to communities. […] Provide information about health effects due to heart disease and stroke systems of care that inform prevention, evaluation, program planning efforts, and policy interventions.

• #1 Surveillance and Evaluation Data Resource Guide | Cardiovascular Disease Data, Tools, and Evaluation Resources | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cardiovascular-resources/php/data-research/surveillance-evaluation-data-resource-guide.html

  The Surveillance and Evaluation Data Resource Guide for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Programs is an at-a-glance compilation of data sources useful for heart disease and stroke prevention programs conducting policy or data surveillance and/or evaluation. […] The guide can be used by program managers and evaluators in the planning and evaluation stages of heart disease and stroke prevention programs. […] Data from the guide can be used to compare program impact and outcomes with those of other states and the nation. […] The sample frame will vary by data source. Topic areas include Census and Surveys of Population, Classifications and Codes, Mortality Morbidity, Registries, Health Surveys, and General Datasets. […] Provide access to county (or equivalent) estimates of annual CVD death.

• #1 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Epidemiological data on heart disease, stroke, and associated risk factors are compiled and published annually in the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. This publication is a collaborative effort of the American Heart Association (AHA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies. This chapter draws from the most recent edition of the report, the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2011 Update, in addition to other resources to provide an overview of the burden of cardiovascular diseases in the United States. […] The AHA reports that approximately 82.6 million people in the United States currently have one or more forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it a leading cause of death for both men and women (Roger et al., 2010).

• #1 Surveillance of heart diseases and conditions – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/heart-health/heart-diseases-conditions/surveillance-heart-diseases-conditions.html

  Heart disease is the second leading cause of death in Canada, claiming more than 50,000 lives each year. […] According to 20172018 data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), about 8.5% of Canadian adults were living with diagnosed ischemic heart disease. This is the most common type of heart disease, and the figure comprises about: […] About 25% of Canadian adults aged 20 years and older were living with diagnosed hypertension (20172018 CCDSS). Men and women were equally affected. […] The Public Health Agency of Canada uses provincial and territorial health data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System. This system helps the federal government better understand chronic conditions by estimating: […] The system aims to make the collection of surveillance data consistent and comparable across jurisdictions. Since the provinces and territories share population-level summaries only, patient privacy is protected. Pan-Canadian data can be found on the system’s website. […] Information is reported to support the planning and evaluation of policies and programs.

• #1 It’s Surveillance, Surveillance, Surveillance « Heart Attack Prevention

  http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/essay/its-surveillance-surveillance-surveillance/

  Systematic surveillance of heart attack trends came to the fore in the U.S. in the mid-70s, just before and after the bombshell of Weldon Walkers New England Journal editorial: Changing United States lifestyle and declining vascular mortality: cause or coincidence? […] Once alerted, the science bureaucrats at NIH mobilized vigorously and called a major Decline Conference in Bethesda in 1978, inviting researchers and health authorities from around the world to document the epidemic and its trends and inspiring national and international surveillance in search of explanations. […] Minnesota had the community experience in various components of such surveillance to launch a program not only as surveillance but as research on surveillance methods. […] MHS is ongoing, with added components of research among ethnic minorities, youth, and older ages, and monitoring for stroke and heart failure as well as for coronary events. […] The Decline Conference also led to the appointment of Manning Feinlieb as director of the National Center for Health Statistics and strengthening of its research components and staffing.

• #1 Surveillance Description and Overall Findings | ARIC

  https://aric.cscc.unc.edu/aric9/event_surveillance/surveillance_description_and_overall_findings

  In the community surveillance component of ARIC, the same four communities of the cohort study were investigated to determine the long-term trends in hospitalized myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, and heart failure deaths. […] The target population of men and women aged 35-84 years (55 years for heart failure) was approximately 446,000 at the end of surveillance in 2014. […] The following articles summarize key findings and incidence rates regarding cardiovascular health events (myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, etc.) at the community level during the years of ARIC’s community surveillance.

• #1 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Several ongoing efforts provide valuable surveillance metrics related to CVD, many of which have been recently summarized. […] Although the expected value of a national CVD surveillance system has not been questioned, financial and logistical challenges have likely been impediments to implementing such a system prospectively. […] The recent proliferation of EHRs in the United States has generated enthusiasm for using EHR data for research, assessing quality improvement initiatives, and monitoring public health, including establishment of a national CVD surveillance system. […] EHR data also tend to represent broader patient populations than isolated claims data sources and are more available in real time. […] The promise of a national CVD surveillance system built around EHR data lies in the ubiquity of EHRs in the United States, the large number of US residents with available EHR data, wide geographic reach, and cost-efficiency relative to prospective alternatives.

• #1 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular diseases and stroke in the United States are estimated at more than $286 billion. This includes $167 billion in direct costs associated with physicians and other health professionals, hospital and nursing home services, medications, home health care, and medical durables as well as $119 billion in indirect costs resulting from lost productivity, illness, and death. […] Cardiovascular disease is multifactorial; some risk factors are modifiable, and some (age, heredity, and male sex) cannot be modified. […] The prevalence of hypertension increased among blacks and whites in the United States between 1999 and 2002, rising from 35.8 to 41.4 percent among blacks and from 24.3 to 28.1 percent among whites (Roger et al., 2010). […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that by 2015 the global burden of overweight will increase to 2.3 billion individuals, and obesity will increase to more than 700 million individuals. Obesity increases the risk of ischemic stroke in all racial and ethnic groups, and it was associated with 13 percent of all cardiovascular disease deaths in 2004.

• #1 Heart Disease in Minnesota – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cardiovascular/data/heartdisease.html

  The lowest heart disease death rates in Minnesota are in people who are Asian and people who are Hispanic, with death rates 41% and 50% lower than the overall population, respectively. […] In the United States, there were over $120 billion in annual heart disease-related medical costs, including procedures, hospitalizations, rehabilitation, and an additional $132 billion from lost productivity due to premature deaths during 2019 and 2020.

• #1 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  Healthcare costs relating to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are estimated at 9 billion each year. CVD’s cost to the UK economy (including premature death, disability and informal costs) is estimated to be 19 billion each year. […] There are 2.3 million people in the UK living with CHD (about 1.5 million men and 830,000 women). […] It is estimated that around 1.4 million people alive in the UK today have survived a myocardial infarction (about 1 million men and 380,000 women). […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death (and premature death) in the UK. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of the UKs leading causes of death and the most common cause of premature death. CHD is responsible for about 66,000 deaths in the UK each year. […] In 2019, CHD caused 13% of male and 8% of female deaths. It was the leading cause of death worldwide in 2019. In the UK, one in eight men and one in 14 women die from coronary heart disease.

• #1 Heart attack, stroke and cardiovascular disease in Australia: Statistics and facts

  https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/heart-attack-stroke-and-cardiovascular-disease-in-australia-statistics-and-facts

  CVD is Australia’s and the world’s number 1 killer. In 2021, the leading cause of death in Australia was ischaemic heart disease (17,331 deaths), accounting for 10.1% of all deaths. […] CVD kills one in every four Australians. In 2021, it was the underlying cause of death in 42,700 deaths (25% of all deaths). […] Heart attack is a leading cause of hospitalisation and death in Australia, claiming on average 19 lives every day. That’s one person every 74 minutes. […] An estimated 430,000 Australians have had a heart attack at some point in their lives, and every year, 57,000 Australians suffer a heart attack. […] CVD is responsible for 1.2 million hospitalisations every year. […] Someone is hospitalised for heart disease every 80 seconds. […] CVD costs the Australian health system $12.7 billion every year. […] CVD is a leading cause of illness and death in Australian women.

• #1 Cardiovascular diseases statistics – Statistics Explained – Eurostat

  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Cardiovascular_diseases_statistics

  The EUs standardised death rate for diseases of the circulatory system was 343.4 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants in 2021, with the rate for males some 1.4 times as high as that for females. […] Standardised death rates for diseases of the circulatory system were systematically higher for males than for females in 2021 across all of the EU countries. […] The standardised death rate for cerebrovascular diseases in Bulgaria was 9.1 times as high as the rate in France. […] The number of in-patients with diseases of the circulatory system discharged from hospitals across the EU was 8.6 million in 2021. […] Hospital discharges of in-patients treated for diseases of the circulatory system show a very large variation across the EU countries. […] In 2021, across the EU, in-patients with diseases of the circulatory system spent a total of 69 million days in hospital.

• #1 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  About 25,000 people under the age of 75 in the UK die from CHD each year. […] CHD death rates are highest in Scotland and the north of England. […] In the UK as many as 100,000 hospital admissions each year are due to myocardial infarctions. […] Although mortality from CHD is falling, morbidity appears to be rising. […] Despite the decline in death rates from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the UK, rates are still relatively high compared to other Western European countries.

• #1 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Percentage of adults who reported ever being told by a health professional that they had angina or coronary heart disease, a heart attack or myocardial infarction, or a stroke […] Heart disease and stroke were the first- and fifth-leading causes of death in the United States in 2022, respectively. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular disease for the 2019-2020 fiscal year totaled approximately $422.3 billion. […] Most deaths resulting from heart disease and stroke are preventable. […] The American Heart Association created Lifes Essential 8, a tool to help individuals measure and manage their heart health. […] Healthy People 2030 provides several objectives related to improving cardiac health, including: Improving cardiovascular health among adults. […] Additionally, the Million Hearts 2027 initiative is a national effort to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes in five years by promoting community and clinical prevention programs.

• #1 Heart & Stroke

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/heart-stroke.html

  Evidence links non-medical factors, including systemic racism and the lack of economic opportunities, with poor health outcomes and increased mortality rates, all of which are preventable. […] These social conditions contribute to the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the United States and in Illinois. […] IDPH aims to implement evidence-based strategies contributing to the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in populations disproportionately at risk. […] IDPH is working to develop and to implement the Better Together: Illinois Department of Public Health Cardiovascular Health Learning Collaborative. This learning collaborative will bring together public health systems, health care providers, and community leaders to implement evidence-based practices for cardiovascular disease prevention, detection, control, and management among priority populations.

• #1 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Assessing Global, Regional, and National Time Trends and Associated Risk Factors of the Mortality in Ischemic Heart Disease Through Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study: Population-Based Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e46821

  Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death among noncommunicable diseases worldwide, but data on current epidemiological patterns and associated risk factors are lacking. […] This study assessed the global, regional, and national trends in IHD mortality and attributable risks since 1990. […] IHD is the leading cause of death in noncommunicable disease-related mortality (118.1/598.8, 19.7%). However, the age-standardized mortality rate for IHD decreased by 30.8% (95% CI 34.83% to 27.17%) over the past 30 years, and its net drift ranged from 2.89% (95% CI 3.07% to 2.71%) in high sociodemographic index (SDI) region to 0.24% (95% CI 0.32% to 0.16%) in low-middle SDI region. […] Metabolic risks were the leading cause of mortality from IHD worldwide in 2019. Moreover, smoking, particulate matter pollution, and dietary risks were also important risk factors, increasingly occurring at a younger age.

• #1 Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-25879-4_6

  IHD is the leading cause of disability and premature deaths worldwide. […] Mortality rates rise with increasing age leading to a substantial number of deaths from 60 years of age onwards. […] Age-standardized rates have shown a decline in developed countries possibly due to improved awareness of heart health and decline in cigarette smoking. […] However, the total number and rates of IHD continue to rise placing tremendous burden on health systems. […] IHD could be considered a global health system emergency. […] Key messages for health promotion and IHD prevention include avoiding cigarette smoking and alcohol; control of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia; and healthful nutrition with an active lifestyle.

• #1 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-67316-0_2

  The epidemiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) is concerned with the description of the rates of occurrence of CHD in different population groups and with the investigation of the factors that determine its occurrence and natural history. […] Coronary heart disease (also referred to as ischemic heart disease in the International Classification of Diseases) is the leading cause of death in affluent countries. […] From being a medical rarity prior to the 1920s, it now accounts for a third of all deaths in the United States and for two-thirds of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. […] Although mortality rates for coronary heart disease in the United States have declined by about 20% since 1968, they are still increasing in most other countries. […] Why these trends have occurred, and why they are not occurring uniformly in all countries, has not been fully explained. […] Yet it has been strongly held by most observers that it is environmental factors, particularly characteristics of peoples’ lifestyles and habits, that account for these differences.

• #1 Heart Disease and Stroke Epidemiology | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/public-health-research-and-practice/department-research/chronic-disease-epidemiology/heart-disease-and-stroke/

  Heart Disease and Stroke are leading causes of death and disability in the United States and worldwide. Our research focuses on examining stroke and heart disease outcomes using large administrative databases and observational studies. We use rigorous epidemiologic methods to examine the role of traditional risk factors, genetics, biomarkers, receipt of health services, and community-based characteristics on disease rates and outcomes. […] Judith Lichtman, PhD, MPH, is a Co-director of the Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, with research interests in Epidemiology, Heart Diseases, and Stroke. […] Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center (PRC) works with community partners to develop and implement community-based approaches to prevent and control chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

• #1 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Developing and implementing effective disease prevention and control strategies requires surveillance that tracks the burden of disease in the population; leads to hypotheses about etiologic factors that cause CVD; and provides information about the levels of modifiable risk factors across the entire population of the United States and within its various subpopulations.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. […] Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the heart or brain. […] These intermediate risks factors can be measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications. […] In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions. […] An acute event such as a heart attack or stroke should be promptly managed. […] Target 8: At least 50% of eligible people should receive drug therapy and counselling (including glycaemic control) to prevent heart attacks and strokes by 2025.

• #2 Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cardiovascular/heart_disease/

  Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States and in New York State. […] About 695,000 people die of heart disease in the United States every year that’s 1 in every 5 deaths. […] Every year about 805,000 Americans have a heart attack. Of these, 605,000 are a first heart attack and 200,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack. […] CVD accounted for 27% of all deaths statewide in 2021 (BRFSS 2023). […] An estimated 7.4% of adults in New York State reported they have had a heart attack, angina/coronary heart disease, or stroke in 2021. […] An estimated 17.7% of New Yorkers aged 65 and older reported having some type of CVD in 2021.

• #2 Cardiovascular Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases

  Death rates from cardiovascular diseases have declined in many countries. […] There are large disparities in death rates from cardiovascular diseases worldwide. […] A range of factors heighten the risk of cardiovascular diseases. […] High blood pressure, or hypertension, is the number one risk factor. Its estimated that it causes almost 10 million deaths from cardiovascular diseases annually.

• #2 Heart Disease in Minnesota – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cardiovascular/data/heartdisease.html

  In 2023, 4% of adults in Minnesota reported ever having had a heart attack in their lifetime almost 180,000 people. […] Approximately 17% of all deaths in Minnesota are due to heart disease (8,972 deaths in 2022), making it the second-leading cause of death in the state behind cancer. […] In 2022, Minnesotans experienced more than 45,000 acute heart disease hospitalizations. […] Every year from 2000 through 2022, Minnesota had the lowest overall heart disease death rate in the United States. […] From 2018-2022, the heart disease death rate was 43% higher in people who are American Indian/Alaskan Native compared to Minnesotans overall. […] In the middle-aged adult group ages 45-64, Black or African American adults die from heart disease at nearly two times the rate of all Minnesotans of the same age.

• #2 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  Black, American Indian, and Alaskan Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black individuals at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic group, particularly for individuals below the age of 65. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased since 2014. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients. Between 2020-2022, HF hospitalization rates were temporarily reduced during COVID-19 pandemic.

• #2 Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-25879-4_6

  IHD is the leading cause of disability and premature deaths worldwide. […] Mortality rates rise with increasing age leading to a substantial number of deaths from 60 years of age onwards. […] Age-standardized rates have shown a decline in developed countries possibly due to improved awareness of heart health and decline in cigarette smoking. […] However, the total number and rates of IHD continue to rise placing tremendous burden on health systems. […] IHD could be considered a global health system emergency. […] Key messages for health promotion and IHD prevention include avoiding cigarette smoking and alcohol; control of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia; and healthful nutrition with an active lifestyle.

• #2 Epidemiology of heart failure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-causes-of-heart-failure

  Aging of the population and prolongation of the lives of cardiac patients by modern therapeutic innovations has led to an increasing prevalence of heart failure (HF). […] The magnitude of the problem of HF cannot be assessed with precision since reliable, population-based estimates of its prevalence, incidence, and prognosis are limited. […] There are an estimated 56 million people with HF worldwide. The prevalence of HF varies geographically, with the highest prevalence rates of HF being reported from North America, Central Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, whereas lower rates are reported in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. […] The American Heart Association (AHA) estimated that there were 6.7 million people (2.3 percent) living with HF in the United States between 2017 and 2020. […] Estimates from population-based studies, such as the Framingham Study estimates, are primarily based upon symptomatic HF.

• #2 New Study Reveals Dramatic Regional Changes in Ischemic Heart Disease

  https://bioengineer.org/new-study-reveals-dramatic-regional-changes-in-ischemic-heart-disease-burden-a-global-health-alert/

  This stark disparity calls for regionally tailored health policies to address the complex interplay of behavioral, environmental, and systemic risk factors endemic to Oceanic societies. […] The examination of risk factor profiles elucidated critical biochemical and behavioral contributors shaping these trends. […] Dissecting the core drivers, the study identifies elevated blood pressure as the paramount common denominator across all regions, underscoring the necessity of bolstered hypertension detection and comprehensive management programs. […] Oceanias biggest health hazard stems from dietary risks, particularly ultra-processed food consumption, which in conjunction with hypertension and increasing environmental pollution, accelerates ischemic heart disease prevalence.

• #2 Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/chronic-disease-prevention/cardiovascular-disease-surveillance

  Cardiovascular disease surveillance is responsible for monitoring health outcomes, behaviors, and policies at regular intervals in worksite, community, and health care settings. […] To collect information on cardiovascular disease (CVD) for the State of Georgia. […] To provide cardiovascular disease morbidity, mortality and prevention policies and environments data to the cardiovascular health program to assist them in developing strategies and evaluating their effectiveness. […] Knowledge of heart attack signs. […] Ability to recognize a cardiovascular disease event and call 9-1-1. […] The report summarizes the results of the survey. […] The survey instrument was adapted from existing tools in Montana and New York. It included topics on policies and guidelines for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease; counseling and health education on physical activity, nutrition, and tobacco cessation; and assessment and counseling for high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] The survey consisted of 69 questions relating to worksite policies and environments affecting physical activity, nutrition, and smoking practices of Georgia workers.

• #2 Surveillance of heart diseases and conditions – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/heart-health/heart-diseases-conditions/surveillance-heart-diseases-conditions.html

  Heart disease is the second leading cause of death in Canada, claiming more than 50,000 lives each year. […] According to 20172018 data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), about 8.5% of Canadian adults were living with diagnosed ischemic heart disease. This is the most common type of heart disease, and the figure comprises about: […] About 25% of Canadian adults aged 20 years and older were living with diagnosed hypertension (20172018 CCDSS). Men and women were equally affected. […] The Public Health Agency of Canada uses provincial and territorial health data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System. This system helps the federal government better understand chronic conditions by estimating: […] The system aims to make the collection of surveillance data consistent and comparable across jurisdictions. Since the provinces and territories share population-level summaries only, patient privacy is protected. Pan-Canadian data can be found on the system’s website. […] Information is reported to support the planning and evaluation of policies and programs.

• #2 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Several ongoing efforts provide valuable surveillance metrics related to CVD, many of which have been recently summarized. […] Although the expected value of a national CVD surveillance system has not been questioned, financial and logistical challenges have likely been impediments to implementing such a system prospectively. […] The recent proliferation of EHRs in the United States has generated enthusiasm for using EHR data for research, assessing quality improvement initiatives, and monitoring public health, including establishment of a national CVD surveillance system. […] EHR data also tend to represent broader patient populations than isolated claims data sources and are more available in real time. […] The promise of a national CVD surveillance system built around EHR data lies in the ubiquity of EHRs in the United States, the large number of US residents with available EHR data, wide geographic reach, and cost-efficiency relative to prospective alternatives.

• #2 Cardiovascular diseases statistics – Statistics Explained – Eurostat

  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Cardiovascular_diseases_statistics

  The EUs standardised death rate for diseases of the circulatory system was 343.4 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants in 2021, with the rate for males some 1.4 times as high as that for females. […] Standardised death rates for diseases of the circulatory system were systematically higher for males than for females in 2021 across all of the EU countries. […] The standardised death rate for cerebrovascular diseases in Bulgaria was 9.1 times as high as the rate in France. […] The number of in-patients with diseases of the circulatory system discharged from hospitals across the EU was 8.6 million in 2021. […] Hospital discharges of in-patients treated for diseases of the circulatory system show a very large variation across the EU countries. […] In 2021, across the EU, in-patients with diseases of the circulatory system spent a total of 69 million days in hospital.

• #2 Heart & Stroke

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/heart-stroke.html

  Evidence links non-medical factors, including systemic racism and the lack of economic opportunities, with poor health outcomes and increased mortality rates, all of which are preventable. […] These social conditions contribute to the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the United States and in Illinois. […] IDPH aims to implement evidence-based strategies contributing to the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in populations disproportionately at risk. […] IDPH is working to develop and to implement the Better Together: Illinois Department of Public Health Cardiovascular Health Learning Collaborative. This learning collaborative will bring together public health systems, health care providers, and community leaders to implement evidence-based practices for cardiovascular disease prevention, detection, control, and management among priority populations.

• #2 Heart Disease Stroke Surveillance System

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/Health-Information-Systems–Reporting/Hisrhome/Heart-Disease–Stroke-Surveillance-System

  Public health tracking of heart disease and stroke is an essential part of reducing the disease burden in Connecticut, identifying high-risk groups, formulating health care policy, and evaluating our states progress in preventing this disease. […] The objective of the Connecticut Heart Disease Stroke Surveillance System (CHDSS) is to provide timely and relevant information about heart disease, stroke and their complications in Connecticut, as well as related risk factor information. […] Please see the Mortality Statistics page heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease-related death counts; age-adjusted mortality and premature mortality rates; and mortality disparities by gender, race, and ethnicity.

• #2 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Assessing Global, Regional, and National Time Trends and Associated Risk Factors of the Mortality in Ischemic Heart Disease Through Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study: Population-Based Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e46821

  IHD, a major concern, needs focused health care attention, especially for older male individuals and those in low-SDI regions. Metabolic risks should be prioritized for prevention, and behavioral and environmental risks should attract more attention to decrease IHD mortality. […] The trends for mortality from IHD varied across different regions and countries and were not completely commensurate with SDI levels. Overall, high-SDI regions and countries had higher mortality rate for IHD, but with an impressive annual downward trend. […] The marked upsurge of IHD mortality in people aged 65 years or older shows that aging is an independent risk factor for mortality from IHD. […] Although metabolic risks were the leading factors for mortality from IHD worldwide in 2019, smoking, particulate matter pollution, and dietary risks were also important risk factors, increasingly occurring at a younger age.

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