Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568687/

  Myocardial infarction (MI), colloquially known as heart attack, is caused by decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium. […] List the nursing management roles of a patient with an acute MI. […] Nursing Management: Monitor vital signs, Administer nitroglycerin as ordered, Obtain ECG, Check labs for levels of troponin, Check chest x-ray report as congestive heart failure is not uncommon, Listen to the lungs for rales and crackles, Check for edema, Comfort patient, Provide a quiet room, Provide oxygen if saturations are less than 94%, Have two large-bore IVs, Quantify type, characteristic and intensity of pain, Administer beta-blockers, aspirin, morphine as prescribed, Weigh the patient to ensure they are not fluid overloaded, Provide adequate bed rest. […] The key to the management of MI is time until treatment. Thus, healthcare professionals, including nurses who work in the emergency department, must be familiar with the symptoms of MI and the importance of rapid triage. […] The diagnosis and management of patients with ischemic heart disease are best done with an interprofessional team. […] Only through such a team approach can the morbidity and mortality of myocardial infarction be lowered.

• #2 Heart Attack: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16818-heart-attack-myocardial-infarction

  A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is a medical emergency where your heart muscle begins to die because it isnt getting enough blood flow. A blockage in the arteries that supply blood to your heart usually causes this. If a healthcare provider doesnt restore blood flow quickly, a heart attack can cause permanent heart damage and death. […] A heart attack is a life-threatening emergency. If you think you or someone youre with is having a heart attack, call 911 (or your local emergency services phone number). Time is critical in treating a heart attack. A delay of even a few minutes can result in permanent heart damage or death. […] Treating a heart attack means restoring blood flow to the affected heart muscle as soon as possible. This can happen in a variety of ways, ranging from medication to surgery. Treatment will likely include several of the following methods.

• #2 Heart Attack: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16818-heart-attack-myocardial-infarction

  After a heart attack, youll continue to take medicines some of which you received for immediate treatment of your heart attack long term. These include: Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, Aspirin and other blood-thinning agents, Statins. […] After youve had a heart attack, youre at a higher risk of a similar occurrence. Your healthcare provider will likely recommend follow-up monitoring, testing and care to avoid future heart attacks.

• #3 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with myocardial infarction in this nursing study guide. […] The nursing management involved in MI is critical and systematic, and efficiency is needed to implement the care for a patient with MI. […] One of the most important aspects of care of the patient with MI is the assessment. […] Based on the clinical manifestations, history, and diagnostic assessment data, major nursing diagnoses may include. […] To establish a plan of care, the focus should be on the following: […] Nursing interventions should be anchored on the goals in the nursing care plan. […] After the implementation of the interventions within the time specified, the nurse should check if: […] The most effective way to increase the probability that the patient will implement a self-care regimen after discharge is to identify the patients priorities. […] To ensure that every action documented is an action done, documentation must be secured.

• #4 Myocardial infarction: nursing assessment and care

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-assessment-and-care/

  Rapid nurse identification of myocardial infarction in medical surgical patients is key to achieving lifesaving treatment in the heart catheterization lab. […] Focused chest pain assessment, 12-lead ECG performance, emergent administration of loading medications such as aspirin, and an anti-platelet agent are imperative to the survival of heart muscle and patient lives. […] Every nurse should have a working knowledge of key MI assessments. […] Nurses should anticipate and advocate with their medical colleagues for definitive tests (serial troponin tests, 12-lead ECG, and cardiac catheterization). […] The most significant sign for definitive diagnosis of an MI is a positive troponin test with ST changes in at least two contiguous leads. […] When a patient arrives in the ED and reports chest pain, the nurse should perform an immediate assessment.

• #4 Myocardial infarction: nursing assessment and care

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-assessment-and-care/

  Initial interventions when STEMI is suspected include the following (nurses should follow their organizations protocol and provider orders): Start an I.V. and place the patient on a heart monitor and pulse oximeter. […] Administer medications to correct hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. […] Administer a lipid-lowering agent (such as 80 mg of atorvastatin) before PCI if the patient isn’t on a statin. […] Mr. Low is taken to the heart catheterization lab where one stent is placed in the right coronary artery, which has a 90% blockage. […] Sam meets with Mr. Low to discuss discharge instructions and provide patient education, which includes following a low-fat diet, taking nitroglycerin for chest pain, exercising, managing medication, making lifestyle changes (such as smoking cessation, blood pressure control, and stress management), and scheduling regular medical checkups.

• #5 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Nursing Management […] – Obtain ECG daily […] – Always make sure the patient has 2 large-bore IVs […] – Monitor cardiac enzymes […] – Initiate treatment for acute MI […] – Administer morphine for pain […] – Start aspirin and nitroglycerin (0.4 mg sublingual) […] – Provide oxygen if pulse oximetry is less than 94% at room air […] – Ensure patient seen by a cardiologist […] – Monitor vitals, daily weight, and urine output […] – Administer heparin as ordered for STEMI […] – If the patient has cardiac catheterization, check groin for hematoma and feel distal leg pulses […] […] […] Outcome Identification […] – Improve breathing […] – Chest pain relief […] – Improved tissue perfusion […] – Able to regain function as before […] […] […] Coordination of Care

• #5 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Acute myocardial infarction is managed by an interprofessional team that is solely dedicated to heart disease. Besides the cardiologist, the team usually consists of a cardiac surgeon, an interventional cardiologist, intensivist, cardiac rehabilitation specialist, critical care or cardiology nurses, and physical therapists. Because many patients die before even reaching the hospital, the key is to educate the patient on symptoms and early arrival to the emergency department. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion […] – Eat health, low salt diet […] – Medication compliance […] – Maintain healthy body weight […] – Become physically active, enrol in cardiac rehabilitation […] – Control blood pressure, blood sugars and lipids […] – Do not smoke […] – Follow up with clinician

• #5 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  […] […] Risk Management […] – Do not disregard chest pain- call clinician […] – If vital signs abnormal, refer patient ASAP to cardiologist […] – If laboratory parameters abnormal, consult with physician right away […] […] […] Discharge Planning […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate and become physically active […] – Take medications as prescribed […] – Follow up in clinic as scheduled […] – Do not smoke […] […] […] The earlier an MI is treated, the better the prognosis. Hence, nurses should be vigilant about MI symptoms and signs.

• #6 8 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack-nursing-care-plans/

  Nurses play a critical role in assessing, monitoring, and caring for patients who are experiencing a heart attack. This comprehensive care plan guide focuses on the essential nursing assessment, interventions, nursing care plans and nursing diagnoses for effectively managing patients with myocardial infarction. […] The primary goals of managing acute myocardial infarction (MI) are to limit myocardial damage, preserve cardiac function, and prevent complications. This is achieved by interventions that restore blood flow in the coronary arteries. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with myocardial infarction: Managing pain and ischemia. Monitoring for potential complications. Promoting adequate tissue perfusion. Reducing anxiety. […] Patients with MI commonly present with acute and continuous chest pain, often accompanied by symptoms like shortness of breath, indigestion, nausea, and anxiety.

• #6 8 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack-nursing-care-plans/

  Following a thorough assessment, it is essential to formulate a nursing diagnosis that specifically addresses the problems associated with myocardial infarction (heart attack). […] The main goals for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include pain relief, prevention of myocardial damage, respiratory function maintenance, adequate tissue perfusion, anxiety reduction, adherence to self-care, and early recognition of complications. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with myocardial infarction may include: Initiating Pain Relief and Ischemia Improving Respiratory Function, Monitor Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, Administering Medication and Pharmacologic Support, Improving Cardiac Output Monitoring Potential Complications, Improving Tissue Perfusion Initiating Cardiac Rehabilitation, Reducing Anxiety and Fear, Improving Tolerance to Activity, Initiating Health Education Teaching.

• #6 8 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack-nursing-care-plans/

  The classic symptom a client experience during a cardiac event is pain. […] Monitor and document characteristics of pain, noting verbal reports, and nonverbal cues (moaning, crying, grimacing, restlessness, diaphoresis, and clutching of the chest). […] Administer supplemental oxygen by means of a nasal cannula or face mask, as indicated. […] Administer medications for pain relief as indicated. […] Myocardial infarction occurs when there is a loss of blood supply to part of the heart muscle, causing damage or death to the heart cells. […] Decreased systolic ventricular performance may lead to impaired perfusion of vital organs and reflex-mediated compensatory responses, such as restlessness, impaired mentation, pallor, peripheral vasoconstriction and sweating, tachycardia, and prerenal failure.

• #6 8 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack-nursing-care-plans/

  Alleviating anxiety and fear is an important nursing function to reduce the sympathetic stress response. […] Encourage the client and caregiver to communicate with one another, share questions and concerns, and provide privacy. […] To enhance patient adherence to a self-care regimen post-discharge, it is crucial to identify their priorities, provide comprehensive education on heart-healthy living, and support their engagement in a cardiac rehabilitation program.

• #7

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/static?pageid=967867

  About 267,000 women die annually from a myocardial infarction (MI), and each year, as many as 9,000 women who have an MI are younger than 45 years.1 […] Because many cardiac symptoms experienced by women are atypical, many women are unable to link their symptoms to heart disease, which often leads them to delay seeking treatment.1 […] With cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death for women, your role in identifying MI in women is crucial.2 In this article, we’ll highlight atypical presentations among women, so you can help patients with earlier diagnosis and improved risk assessment. […] Only about half of women with an MI present with chest pain.16 In fact, women are more likely to present with atypical symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disturbance, shortness of breath, back pain, upper abdominal or epigastric pain, and nausea with or without vomiting rather than simply present with chest pain.16

• #8 Myocardial Infarction Nursing Care Plan: Diagnosis, Interventions & Patient Care for Heart Attacks

  https://simplenursing.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-care-plan/

  Rapid assessment. When symptoms point to a possible myocardial infarction (MI), every second matters. A well-structured nursing care plan of MI interventions is the cornerstone of lifesaving, patient-centered care. […] When creating a nursing care plan for myocardial infarction, it’s critical to recognize the hallmark signs and symptoms early. […] Creating an effective nursing care plan for a patient with myocardial infarction starts with understanding the risk factors that led to the heart attack in the first place. […] Early assessment can make the difference between recovery and rapid decline in patients with suspected MI. […] Identifying the right nursing diagnoses for myocardial infarction early helps guide critical interventions and improve outcomes. […] These nursing interventions help stabilize the heart, ease symptoms, and steer patients toward recovery. […] Preventing complications starts with consistent follow-through. […] Managing an MI requires quick thinking and a clear plan.

• #9 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/myocardial-infarction/?srsltid=AfmBOopdUNun17EfEkdvSTxNJ3jt7O9rjInmKU57E9cYvg-UlK0jDM8t

  Myocardial infarction, also referred to as acute coronary syndrome, happens when the blood flow to the heart muscle is interrupted. The decreased blood flow causes ischemia and necrosis of the myocardium. […] Treatment for suspected myocardial infarction should start early with care in a hospital. Initial treatment begins with medications that reduce myocardial ischemia such as antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Medical therapy should include: Aspirin, non-enteric coated chewable (Bayer Chewable), 162 mg to 325 mg as soon as possible. Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat), 0.3 to 4.0 mg sublingually every 5 minutes up to a maximum of three doses. Morphine IV (Duramorph), 4 to 8 mg as needed to relieve pain, anxiety, or pulmonary edema. Maintain complete bed rest until the individual is stable. Clear liquid diet if invasive treatment is ordered. Administer low flow oxygen (1 to 3 liters per minute) via nasal cannula. The rate may be increased if oxygen levels drop below 90%. Beta Blockers such as diltiazem (diltiazem (Cardizem) or metoprolol (Toprol, Lopressor) should be started in the first 24 hours of suspected myocardial infarction. For individuals with hypertension, low left ventricular function, or chronic kidney disease, an ACE-Inhibitor should be initiated such as enalapril (Vasotec) or lisinopril (Zestril). IV nitroglycerin should be started if ischemia persists or if the individual is in heart failure. Avoid the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) except for aspirin. NSAIDS can lead to increased ischemia.

• #9 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/myocardial-infarction/?srsltid=AfmBOopdUNun17EfEkdvSTxNJ3jt7O9rjInmKU57E9cYvg-UlK0jDM8t

  Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. The nursing assessment (with common findings listed), diagnoses, interventions, expected outcomes, and education for myocardial infarction are listed below. […] Administer IV and PO medications as ordered. Provide emotional support for the individual and the family by allowing them to express their concerns. Teach the individual relaxation techniques such as box breathing, music therapy, and aromatherapy. Insert and maintain a patent IV site. Monitor for hemodynamic changes. These changes may indicate decreased altered cardiac perfusion, such as blood pressure, heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. Monitor vital signs, including orthostatic vital signs, at routine intervals. Provide continuous cardiac monitoring. Monitor intake and output. Administer oxygen therapy as ordered. Provide the individual with education regarding modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction. Encourage individuals and their families to ask questions to help reduce anxiety. Assist with preparation and recovery of diagnostic testing and invasive procedures. Provide the individual with education regarding testing and invasive procedures, including a recovery plan.

• #9 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/myocardial-infarction/?srsltid=AfmBOopdUNun17EfEkdvSTxNJ3jt7O9rjInmKU57E9cYvg-UlK0jDM8t

  Remains hemodynamically stable. Remains free from symptoms of decreased cardiac tissue perfusion such as chest pain, shortness of breath, tachycardia, or hypotension. Identifies reportable symptoms of possible decreased cardiac perfusion. Verbalizes modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction. Demonstrates effective coping with the current medical situation. Verbalizes fears and anxieties. […] Condition, treatment, and expected outcomes. Modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction. Techniques to reduce stress and anxiety. Prescribed medication and diet. Procedures to be performed and aftercare. Recommended follow-up with cardiologist/healthcare provider. Notify healthcare providers or seek immediate medical care for: Chest pain or tightness, Shortness of breath, Cold sweat, Pain in arms, back, neck, jaw, Sudden nausea or vomiting, Sudden unexplained fatigue, Light-headedness or dizziness.

• #10 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Myocardial infarction (MI) is commonly referred to as a heart attack. […] The nurse should immediately assess the patient to identify whether the symptoms are chest pain (angina) or myocardial infarction (MI). MIs require immediate intervention to save cardiac tissue. […] As soon as an acute MI patient is brought to the emergency room, steps are taken to reduce ischemia, relieve pain, and stop progressive circulatory collapse and shock. […] The nurse encourages and educates the patient on medication adherence, diet and weight management, and risk factor modification after MI. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. […] Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and fibrinolytic therapy are reperfusion therapies that rapidly restore blood flow to the ischemic myocardium and reduce infarct size.

• #10 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  The analgesics most frequently used for pain treatment are intravenous opioids, such as morphine. […] Cardiac rehabilitation aids the patients recovery. Their likelihood of experiencing complications and being readmitted to the hospital is reduced. […] The majority of MI risk factors are controllable. When the patient maintains a healthy lifestyle, MI recurrence can be avoided. […] Cardiac rehabilitation teaches the patient about diet modifications, exercise, and recovery following MI to improve outcomes and prevent further cardiac complications.

• #11 Heart attack – discharge Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/discharge-instructions/heart-attack-discharge

  A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of your heart is blocked long enough that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies. This article discusses what you need to do to take care of yourself after you leave the hospital. […] You were in the hospital because you had a heart attack. A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of your heart is blocked long enough that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies. […] You should know the signs and symptoms of angina. […] Know how to treat your chest pain when it happens. Talk with your health care provider about what to do. […] Take it easy for the first 4 to 6 weeks after your heart attack. […] Your provider may refer you to cardiac rehabilitation program. There, you will learn how to slowly increase your exercise and how to take care of your heart disease.

• #12 Chest Pain (Angina): Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/chest-pain-angina-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Acute Pain […] Expected outcomes: Patient will demonstrate the resolution of chest pain. Patient will identify potential causes of chest pain. […] Administer pain medications as indicated. Drug therapy for chest pain aims to promote pain relief and reduce the risks of myocardial infarction and death. […] Provide oxygen supplementation if necessary. Supplemental oxygen is provided to increase oxygenation to the myocardium. […] Provide patient education. Ensure the patient understands how to recognize and treat stable angina. […] The feeling of chest pain and its related symptoms can cause fear and anxiety. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Anxiety […] Expected outcomes: Patient will verbalize strategies to cope with fear and anxiety related to chest pain. Patient will verbalize a sense of safety and feelings of decreased fear.

• #13 Heart Attack Recovery: How Long It Takes & What to Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17055-heart-attack-recovery–cardiac-rehabilitation

  Exercise is an important part of your recovery. The best way to get moving after your heart attack is to join a cardiac rehabilitation program. Cardiac rehab offers a medically supervised setting for exercise and provides you with an individualized plan for safe movement. It also helps you make lifestyle changes to support long-term health. […] Eating a heart-healthy diet is important to prevent future complications of cardiovascular disease. […] You may feel depressed, angry or afraid after your heart attack. These are normal responses that usually go away with time as you return to your regular activities. […] After having a heart attack, its important to do whatever you can to prevent future damage to your heart. […] Your provider will prescribe medications for you after your heart attack to prevent future blood clots, ease the workload on your heart and improve your hearts performance and recovery, and lower your cholesterol.

• #13 Heart Attack Recovery: How Long It Takes & What to Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17055-heart-attack-recovery–cardiac-rehabilitation

  Many people fully recover and live a long life after a heart attack. However, you should be aware of your risk. […] Your healthcare provider will give you advice tailored to you and your individual circumstances. Below are some general tips to help you keep your heart healthy. […] Youll have a follow-up appointment four to six weeks after you leave the hospital. Your provider will check the progress of your recovery. […] Recovering from a heart attack takes time, patience and a renewed dedication to your well-being. It can be hard to find time to put your health first when you have countless other responsibilities every day. But a heart attack is a warning sign that your body needs some extra care.

• #14 Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) Treatment Options | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/heart-attack-myocardial-infarction/treatment-options

  There are clearly defined treatment steps that most hospitals follow when treating heart attack. These steps have been proven to provide people suffering from this condition with the best chance at survival and preservation of heart muscle when performed within an appropriate time frame. Typically, these steps begin with some form of emergency medical treatment to alleviate symptoms and distress, and may be followed by a procedure to address the underlying cause of the heart attack. […] After you leave the hospital, you may feel weak or a little depressed or anxious. This is common and your medical team will work with you to help overcome these problems. Often, this involves lifestyle changes and medications aimed at reducing your risk of another heart attack. […] Changes in lifestyle, such as dieting, quitting smoking and losing weight, can help you reduce the risk of a repeat heart attack. You should talk with your doctor about an exercise plan that is safe for you. In some cases, your doctor may recommend that you take part in a formal cardiac rehabilitation program which provides exercise training and counseling. […] After a heart attack, your doctor may recommend that you start taking medication to help reduce your risk of heart attack and improve cardiovascular function.

• #15

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-attack/recovery/

  Cardiac rehabilitation, or cardiac rehab, is a programme to help you recover and get back to living your life after a recent heart attack or heart failure. It’s an important part of your recovery. […] Research has found that people who attend cardiac rehab have a lower risk of having another heart attack and being admitted to hospital. It also had a positive impact on their wellbeing and quality of life. […] Your cardiac rehab team will tailor the programme to suit your age, fitness level and any other medical issues. […] Your care team can provide more detailed advice about a plan to increase your activity levels. […] Most of the exercises will be aerobic. These are designed to strengthen your heart, improve circulation and lower blood pressure. […] It’s usually recommended that you begin treatment with beta blockers as soon as your condition stabilises, and continue taking them indefinitely.

• #15

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-attack/recovery/

  Recovering from a heart attack can take several months, and it’s very important not to rush your rehabilitation. […] During your recovery period, you’ll receive help and support from a range of healthcare professionals, which may include: nurses, physiotherapists, dietitians, pharmacists, exercise specialists. […] These healthcare professionals will support you physically and mentally to ensure your recovery is conducted safely and appropriately. […] The recovery process usually happens in stages, starting in hospital, where your condition can be closely monitored and your individual needs for the future can be assessed. […] After being discharged from hospital, you can continue your recovery at home. […] The 2 most important aims of the recovery process are: to gradually restore your physical fitness so you can resume normal activities (known as cardiac rehabilitation) and to reduce your risk of another heart attack.

• #16 Patient education: Heart attack recovery (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/heart-attack-recovery-beyond-the-basics

  Most people who have had a heart attack are sent home with prescriptions for several medications. […] People who have had a heart attack are encouraged to participate in a structured cardiac rehabilitation (cardiac rehab) program. The program can improve your heart’s ability to function, lower your heart rate, and reduce your risk of dying or developing complications from heart disease. […] Following your healthcare provider’s advice and participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program are the best ways to recover from a heart attack. In addition, it is important to schedule and attend periodic visits with your main healthcare provider or cardiologist. […] Follow-up care is very important; people who have had one heart attack have a significantly increased risk of more cardiac events, including chest pain, another heart attack, heart failure, and an increased risk of dying.

• #17 Discharge Instructions for Heart Attack | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-heart-attack

  Your health care provider may tell you to get more exercise if you haven’t been physically active. Depending on your case, your provider may recommend an exercise program that is best for you. […] Ask your health care provider about a cardiac rehab program. Cardiac rehabilitation is a medically supervised program to help people who have heart disease. It’s designed to improve heart recovery and your ability to function. […] The goal of cardiac rehab is to help ease your symptoms and make your heart as healthy as possible. […] If you are overweight or obese, your provider will work with you to lose extra pounds. Making diet changes and getting more exercise can help. […] Stop smoking. Sign up for a stop-smoking program to make it more likely for you to quit for good. […] Learn to manage stress. Stress management methods help you deal with stress in your home and work life. This will help you feel better emotionally and ease the strain on your heart. […] Contact your health care provider right away if you have: Lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting.

• #18 Heart attack – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373112

  A heart attack is often diagnosed in an emergency setting. If you’ve had or are having a heart attack, care providers will take immediate steps to treat your condition. […] Each minute after a heart attack, more heart tissue is damaged or dies. Urgent treatment is needed to fix blood flow and restore oxygen levels. […] Medications to treat a heart attack might include: Aspirin reduces blood clotting. It helps keep blood moving through a narrowed artery. […] If you’ve had a heart attack, a surgery or procedure may be done to open a blocked artery. […] Cardiac rehabilitation is a personalized exercise and education program that teaches ways to improve heart health after heart surgery. […] Having a heart attack is scary. Talking about your feelings with your care provider, a family member or a friend might help. […] It’s never too early to make healthy lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, eating healthy foods and becoming more active. These are important steps in preventing heart attacks and improving overall health.

• #19 Heart Attack – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/heart-attack.html

  Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is also known as heart bypass surgery or open heart surgery. CABG can improve blood flow to the heart by sending blood around a blocked part of an artery. This surgery may also decrease your risk for a heart attack in the future. […] If you have chest pain for 2 to 3 minutes, stop what you are doing. Call 911 if your chest pain does not go away or gets worse within 5 minutes. Sit or lie down while you wait for the ambulance. […] Do not smoke. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and cigars can cause lung and heart damage. Ask your healthcare provider for information if you currently smoke and need help to quit. E-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco still contain nicotine. Talk to your healthcare provider before you use these products. […] Follow a heart-healthy diet. A heart-healthy diet is an eating plan low in total fat, unhealthy fats, and sodium (salt). A heart-healthy diet helps decrease your risk for heart disease and stroke. Limit the amount of fat you eat to 25% to 35% of your total daily calories. Your healthcare provider may recommend the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Eating Plan to help lower high blood pressure and LDL (bad) cholesterol. The plan is low in sodium, sugar, unhealthy fats, and total fat. It is high in potassium, calcium, magnesium, and fiber. Ask for more information about this plan.

• #20 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack

  Ongoing management, follow-up care and cardiac rehabilitation are essential to promote optimal recovery from a heart attack. Many patients benefit from participating in a structured program that includes education, counseling and monitored exercise. Support groups are also available to help patients and their families cope with the emotional and psychological aftereffects of a heart attack. […] Heart attack treatment may involve medication, lifestyle changes and/or procedural intervention. The aim is to restore blood flow to the heart, prevent further heart muscle damage and reduce the risk of future cardiac events. […] Several types of medication may be prescribed after a heart attack. […] A healthy lifestyle is a key component of a plan to achieve and maintain optimal heart health, especially after a myocardial infarction.

• #21

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-attack/

  The time it takes to recover from a heart attack will depend on the amount of damage to your heart muscle. […] Most people can return to work after having a heart attack. […] The recovery process aims to reduce your risk of another heart attack through a combination of lifestyle changes (such as eating a healthy diet), and medicines (such as statins), which help to lower blood cholesterol levels. […] Complications of a heart attack can be serious and possibly life threatening. […] These complications can happen quickly after a heart attack and are a leading cause of death. […] But with treatment many people survive a heart attack. […] Treatment for a heart attack should begin as soon as possible. […] There are some steps you can take to reduce your risk of having a heart attack (or having another heart attack): smokers should quit smoking, lose weight if you’re overweight or obese, do regular exercise, eat a low-fat, high-fibre diet, including wholegrains and at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day, moderate your alcohol consumption.

• #22

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2776

  A heart attack is an event that occurs when part of the heart muscle does not get enough blood and oxygen. This part of the heart starts to die. A heart attack is also called a myocardial infarction, or MI. […] After a heart attack, you may be worried about your future. Over the next several weeks, your heart will start to heal. Though it can be hard to break old habits, you can reduce your risk of having another heart attack. You can do this by making some lifestyle changes and by taking medicines. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] If your doctor has not set you up with a cardiac rehabilitation (rehab) program, talk to your doctor about whether that is right for you. Cardiac rehab includes supervised exercise. It also includes help with diet and lifestyle changes and emotional support. It may reduce your risk of future heart problems.

• #22

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2776

  Be safe with medicines. Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. You will get more details on the specific medicines your doctor prescribes. Do not stop taking your medicine unless your doctor tells you to. Not taking your medicine might raise your risk of having another heart attack. […] You may need several medicines to help lower your risk of another heart attack. These include: Blood pressure medicines such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers), and beta-blockers. Cholesterol medicines called statins. Aspirin and other blood thinners. These prevent blood clots that can cause a heart attack. […] Manage other health conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes.

• #23 Recovering from a heart attack | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/recovering-from-a-heart-attack

  Before you leave hospital, talk with your health professionals to make a plan for your care and recovery after your heart attack. […] Speak with your doctor about attending cardiac rehabilitation to help your recovery. […] Make sure you follow your recovery plan after you leave hospital. […] Take all your medicines exactly as prescribed by your doctor. […] Keep your appointments with doctors and other health professionals after leaving hospital. […] Ask your doctor when you can start everyday activities such as physical activity, travel, driving and work. […] Plan your recovery from a heart attack with your treating health professionals and heart specialists while you are in hospital. […] Treatment after your heart attack will usually include taking medicines regularly to lower the chance of having another heart attack and other heart problems in the future.

• #24 Life After a Heart Attack | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/life-after-a-heart-attack

  It’s normal to feel scared, confused and overwhelmed after a heart attack. […] After your treatment, you likely received instructions and a lot of information from your health care team. […] Navigating the road to recovery can be challenging. […] To maintain your health — and avoid another heart attack — follow your treatment plan and focus on a heart-healthy lifestyle. […] Here are five things you can do to help prevent another heart attack: Take your medications as prescribed. […] Attend your follow-up appointments. […] Participate in cardiac rehabilitation. […] Manage your risk factors. […] Get support. […] The risk for another heart event is higher during the first 90 days after a heart attack. […] The first few months after a heart attack are also an important time to address rehab and recovery, to work with doctors, therapists and the health care team to reevaluate daily habits, and to focus on taking care of physical and mental health. […] Recovery from a heart condition becomes so much more manageable when you have the right kind of emotional support.

• #25 Heart Attack | University of Ottawa Heart Institute

  https://www.ottawaheart.ca/heart-condition/heart-attack

  Typically, five medications will be prescribed for you after your heart attack. You will probably be taking these medications for a long period of time. They include: ASA (Aspirin or other brands) to lower the risk of clots forming in your arteries, Anti-platelet medications to lower the risk of another heart attack and to prevent clots from building up on stents, Beta-blockers to reduce the workload of your heart and to improve heart function, ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers to lower the workload of your heart, Statins to lower cholesterol and the risk of another heart attack. […] These medications have been shown to lower the risk of another heart attack or of dying from a heart attack. Do not change or stop taking any of these medications without first discussing with your doctor.

• #26 Heart Attack | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.heart-attack.tx2300

  The goal of your health care team will be to prevent lasting heart muscle damage by restoring blood flow to your heart as quickly as possible. […] Your doctors will start you on medicines that lower your risk of having another heart attack. […] Cardiac rehabilitation (rehab) might be started in the hospital or soon after you go home. It can help you have a heart-healthy lifestyle which can lead to a stronger heart and better health. […] Heart-healthy lifestyle changes are part of treatment for anyone who has had a heart attack. […] Taking part in a cardiac rehabilitation (rehab) program can help lower your risk of having another heart attack. […] Taking medicine correctly can lower your risk of having a heart attack or dying from coronary artery disease. […] After a heart attack, medicines help lower your risk of having another one. These medicines include: Aspirin and other antiplatelets. These medicines prevent blood clots from forming in your blood vessels. This can help prevent a heart attack.

• #27 Heart Attack | Durham, Raleigh, North Carolina | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/heart/coronary-artery-disease/heart-attack

  Its common for people to experience anxiety, depression, and other types of emotional distress after a heart attack. Our psychologists, psychiatrists, and counselors offer a range of services to support your mental health. […] Dukes cardiac rehab program offers education and resources – like nutrition counseling, exercise instruction, stress management, smoking cessation programs, and more — to overcome the effects of a heart attack, establish long-term lifestyle changes, and boost your heart health. […] We closely monitor your vital signs during rehab sessions to ensure your activity is safe and effective. […] Duke helped develop and lead a statewide program that shortens the time between heart attack evaluation by emergency responders and receiving crucial treatment in a hospital.

• #28

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/heart-attack

  As a heart attack is serious and can be fatal, immediate medical attention should be sought when one experiences any sort of chest pain or discomfort which is not relieved by rest or medication. One should follow the following steps when encountering a heart attack episode: Recognise the warning signs of a heart attack. Call 995 for an ambulance. Do inform someone of the situation and have someone keep watch on the patient. Get the patient to stop all activity, sit or lie down, and wait for transport to the nearest hospital. The patient should not drive to the hospital. […] The doctor may recommend a cardiac rehabilitation programme, diet modification and medication to help the patient gradually resume a normal lifestyle and reduce the risk of another heart attack. Cardiac rehabilitation for heart attack patients is a structured programme aimed at helping heart attack patients gradually improve their cardiovascular fitness, and enhance their psychological well-being, thus enabling them to resume a normal lifestyle. It also aims to modify their risk factors and reduce the risk of another heart attack. A team of healthcare professionals including doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, psychologists, dieticians and pharmacists will work closely with the patient on their road to recovery. This programme begins in the hospital from the time of diagnosis and continues after discharge from the hospital. The ultimate goal is for the patient to do the following things independently.

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