Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3993-bronchitis

  Bronchitis is when the airways leading to your lungs (trachea and bronchi) get inflamed and fill with mucus. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus and goes away on its own. […] Viruses are the most common cause of acute bronchitis. Smoke and other irritants can cause acute and chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection and goes away on its own in a few weeks. […] You almost always get bronchitis from a virus. However, nearly anything that irritates your airways can cause it. Infectious and noninfectious causes of bronchitis include: […] Viruses that cause bronchitis include influenza (the flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, rhinovirus (the common cold) and coronavirus. […] Bacteria that cause bronchitis include Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumonia.

• #2 Bronchitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/bronchitis

  Bronchitis refers to inflammation of the large airways in the lower respiratory system. […] It has many causes including viral or bacterial infections and environmental exposures such as smoking cigarettes or air pollution. […] Acute bronchitis is most frequently caused by viruses, including: Influenza (flu) viruses A and B, Parainfluenza virus, Certain coronaviruses, Rhinoviruses, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), Human metapneumovirus. […] In some cases, acute bronchitis may be caused by bacteria, including: Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae. […] Chronic bronchitis can be caused by: Smoking or vaping (i.e., smoking e-cigarettes), Secondhand smoke exposure, Exposure to air pollution, Exposure to forest fires, campfires, cooking fires, or other indoor or outdoor fires, Exposure to chemical fumes, Inhalation of dust, A history of frequent lung infections.

• #3 Acute Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bronchitis

  There are several potential causes of acute bronchitis, as well as factors that increase your risk of getting it. […] Causes of acute bronchitis include viral and bacterial infections, environmental factors, and other lung conditions. […] Viruses cause 85 to 95 percent of acute bronchitis cases in adults. The same viruses that cause the common cold or flu can cause acute bronchitis. […] In rare cases, bacterial bronchitis can develop after a viral infection of bronchitis. This can result from infections by bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis (which causes whooping cough). […] Breathing in irritants such as smoke, smog, or chemical fumes can cause inflammation in your trachea and bronchial tubes. This can lead to acute bronchitis. […] People with chronic bronchitis or asthma sometimes develop acute bronchitis. In these cases, acute bronchitis isn’t likely to be contagious because it’s not caused by an infection.

• #4 Acute Bronchitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1001/p560.html

  Acute bronchitis is most often caused by a viral infection. The most commonly identified viruses are rhinovirus, enterovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Bacteria are detected in 1% to 10% of cases of acute bronchitis. Atypical bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis, are rare causes of acute bronchitis. […] Approximately 10% of patients presenting with a cough lasting at least two weeks have evidence of B. pertussis infection. During outbreaks, pertussis detection is more likely in children and those with prolonged coughs. Antibiotics can eradicate B. pertussis from the nasopharynx. They do not seem to shorten the course of illness unless given in the first one to two weeks.

• #5 Bronchitis – acute Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/bronchitis-acute

  Acute bronchitis is swelling and inflamed tissue in the bronchi, the main passages that carry air to the lungs. This swelling narrows the airways, which makes it harder to breathe. […] When acute bronchitis occurs, it almost always comes after having a cold or flu-like illness. The bronchitis infection is usually caused by a virus. At first, it affects your nose, sinuses, and throat. Then it spreads to the airways that lead to your lungs. […] Sometimes, bacteria also infect your airways. This is more common in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• #6 Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3993-bronchitis

  Bronchitis is when the airways leading to your lungs (trachea and bronchi) get inflamed and fill with mucus. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus and goes away on its own. […] Viruses are the most common cause of acute bronchitis. Smoke and other irritants can cause acute and chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection and goes away on its own in a few weeks. […] You almost always get bronchitis from a virus. However, nearly anything that irritates your airways can cause it. Infectious and noninfectious causes of bronchitis include: […] Viruses that cause bronchitis include influenza (the flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, rhinovirus (the common cold) and coronavirus. […] Bacteria that cause bronchitis include Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumonia.

• #7 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of acute bronchitis, and cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infections, such as those caused by Mycoplasma species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, and by viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Exposure to irritants, such as pollution, chemicals, and tobacco smoke, may also cause acute bronchial irritation. […] Cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. Common risk factors for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are advanced age and low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). […] Estimates suggest that cigarette smoking accounts for 85-90% of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies indicate that smoking pipes, cigars, and marijuana causes similar damage. Smoking impairs ciliary movement, inhibits the function of alveolar macrophages, and leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands. […] Air pollution levels have been associated with increased respiratory health problems among people living in affected areas. […] A growing body of literature has demonstrated that specific occupational exposures are associated with the symptoms of chronic bronchitis.

• #8 Bronchitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/bronchitis

  Bronchitis refers to inflammation of the large airways in the lower respiratory system. […] It has many causes including viral or bacterial infections and environmental exposures such as smoking cigarettes or air pollution. […] Acute bronchitis is most frequently caused by viruses, including: Influenza (flu) viruses A and B, Parainfluenza virus, Certain coronaviruses, Rhinoviruses, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), Human metapneumovirus. […] In some cases, acute bronchitis may be caused by bacteria, including: Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae. […] Chronic bronchitis can be caused by: Smoking or vaping (i.e., smoking e-cigarettes), Secondhand smoke exposure, Exposure to air pollution, Exposure to forest fires, campfires, cooking fires, or other indoor or outdoor fires, Exposure to chemical fumes, Inhalation of dust, A history of frequent lung infections.

• #9 Acute Bronchitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1001/p560.html

  Acute bronchitis is most often caused by a viral infection. The most commonly identified viruses are rhinovirus, enterovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Bacteria are detected in 1% to 10% of cases of acute bronchitis. Atypical bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis, are rare causes of acute bronchitis. […] Approximately 10% of patients presenting with a cough lasting at least two weeks have evidence of B. pertussis infection. During outbreaks, pertussis detection is more likely in children and those with prolonged coughs. Antibiotics can eradicate B. pertussis from the nasopharynx. They do not seem to shorten the course of illness unless given in the first one to two weeks.

• #10 Bronchitis Breakdown: Understanding the Types, Causes, and Symptoms | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/bronchitis-breakdown-understanding-the-types-causes-and-symptoms

  Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, causing an overproduction of mucus and a narrowing of the airways. In this condition, individuals experience difficulty in breathing. Bronchitis disease can be classified into two main types. […] Acute bronchitis is the most common type of bronchitis. It often develops after a viral respiratory infection. Viruses like rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and coronaviruses are responsible for acute bronchitis. In certain cases, bacterial infections may also contribute to the condition. Examples include Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Bordetella pertussis. […] Chronic bronchitis is a progressive condition. It develops over time as the airways suffer continual irritation and damage. Tobacco smoking is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis. It introduces harmful substances and toxins into the lungs. In addition, long-term exposure to air pollution, dust, and fumes in certain occupational settings can also contribute to chronic bronchitis development.

• #11 Acute Bronchitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1001/p560.html

  Acute bronchitis is most often caused by a viral infection. The most commonly identified viruses are rhinovirus, enterovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Bacteria are detected in 1% to 10% of cases of acute bronchitis. Atypical bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis, are rare causes of acute bronchitis. […] Approximately 10% of patients presenting with a cough lasting at least two weeks have evidence of B. pertussis infection. During outbreaks, pertussis detection is more likely in children and those with prolonged coughs. Antibiotics can eradicate B. pertussis from the nasopharynx. They do not seem to shorten the course of illness unless given in the first one to two weeks.

• #12 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of acute bronchitis, and cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infections, such as those caused by Mycoplasma species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, and by viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Exposure to irritants, such as pollution, chemicals, and tobacco smoke, may also cause acute bronchial irritation. […] Cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. Common risk factors for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are advanced age and low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). […] Estimates suggest that cigarette smoking accounts for 85-90% of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies indicate that smoking pipes, cigars, and marijuana causes similar damage. Smoking impairs ciliary movement, inhibits the function of alveolar macrophages, and leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands. […] Air pollution levels have been associated with increased respiratory health problems among people living in affected areas. […] A growing body of literature has demonstrated that specific occupational exposures are associated with the symptoms of chronic bronchitis.

• #13 Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3993-bronchitis

  Bronchitis is when the airways leading to your lungs (trachea and bronchi) get inflamed and fill with mucus. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus and goes away on its own. […] Viruses are the most common cause of acute bronchitis. Smoke and other irritants can cause acute and chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection and goes away on its own in a few weeks. […] You almost always get bronchitis from a virus. However, nearly anything that irritates your airways can cause it. Infectious and noninfectious causes of bronchitis include: […] Viruses that cause bronchitis include influenza (the flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, rhinovirus (the common cold) and coronavirus. […] Bacteria that cause bronchitis include Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumonia.

• #14 Bronchitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/bronchitis

  Bronchitis refers to inflammation of the large airways in the lower respiratory system. […] It has many causes including viral or bacterial infections and environmental exposures such as smoking cigarettes or air pollution. […] Acute bronchitis is most frequently caused by viruses, including: Influenza (flu) viruses A and B, Parainfluenza virus, Certain coronaviruses, Rhinoviruses, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), Human metapneumovirus. […] In some cases, acute bronchitis may be caused by bacteria, including: Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae. […] Chronic bronchitis can be caused by: Smoking or vaping (i.e., smoking e-cigarettes), Secondhand smoke exposure, Exposure to air pollution, Exposure to forest fires, campfires, cooking fires, or other indoor or outdoor fires, Exposure to chemical fumes, Inhalation of dust, A history of frequent lung infections.

• #15 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of acute bronchitis, and cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infections, such as those caused by Mycoplasma species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, and by viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Exposure to irritants, such as pollution, chemicals, and tobacco smoke, may also cause acute bronchial irritation. […] Cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. Common risk factors for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are advanced age and low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). […] Estimates suggest that cigarette smoking accounts for 85-90% of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies indicate that smoking pipes, cigars, and marijuana causes similar damage. Smoking impairs ciliary movement, inhibits the function of alveolar macrophages, and leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands. […] Air pollution levels have been associated with increased respiratory health problems among people living in affected areas. […] A growing body of literature has demonstrated that specific occupational exposures are associated with the symptoms of chronic bronchitis.

• #16 Acute bronchitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_bronchitis

  In more than 90% of cases, the cause is a viral infection. […] A small number of cases are due to high levels of air pollution or bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Bordetella pertussis. […] Acute bronchitis can be caused by contagious pathogens, most commonly viruses. Typical viruses include respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza, and others. Bacteria are uncommon pathogens but may include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. […] Damage caused by irritation of the airways leads to inflammation and leads to neutrophils infiltrating the lung tissue. […] Although infection is not the reason or cause of chronic bronchitis, it is seen to aid in sustaining the bronchitis.

• #17 Acute Bronchitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1001/p560.html

  Acute bronchitis is most often caused by a viral infection. The most commonly identified viruses are rhinovirus, enterovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Bacteria are detected in 1% to 10% of cases of acute bronchitis. Atypical bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis, are rare causes of acute bronchitis. […] Approximately 10% of patients presenting with a cough lasting at least two weeks have evidence of B. pertussis infection. During outbreaks, pertussis detection is more likely in children and those with prolonged coughs. Antibiotics can eradicate B. pertussis from the nasopharynx. They do not seem to shorten the course of illness unless given in the first one to two weeks.

• #18 Bronchitis: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8888

  Bronchitis happens when a virus, bacteria, or irritant particles trigger an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Smoking is a key risk factor, but nonsmokers can also develop bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis can result from: a virus, for example, a cold or flu virus; a bacterial infection; exposure to substances that irritate the lungs, such as tobacco smoke, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution. […] Chronic bronchitis results from repeated irritation and damage to the lung and airway tissues. The most common cause is smoking, but not everyone with bronchitis is a smoker. Other possible causes include long term exposure to air pollution, dust, and fumes from the environment; genetic factors; repeated episodes of acute bronchitis; a history of respiratory disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] People with asthma or allergies have a higher risk of both types of the disease. The best way to avoid chronic bronchitis is to avoid smoking.

• #19 Bronchitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/bronchitis.html

  The inflammation causes more mucus to be produced, which narrows the airway and makes breathing more difficult. […] Infectious bronchitis usually occurs in the winter due to viruses, including the influenza virus. […] Infectious bronchitis can also be due to bacteria, especially if it follows an upper respiratory viral infection. […] Irritative bronchitis (or industrial or environmental bronchitis) is caused by exposure to mineral or vegetable dusts or fumes from strong acids, ammonia, some organic solvents, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and bromine. […] An infection or irritating substances, gases or particles in the air can cause acute bronchitis. […] Smokers and people with chronic lung disease are more prone to repeated attacks of acute bronchitis. […] Others at risk of getting acute bronchitis repeatedly are people with chronic sinus infections or allergies; children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids; and people who don’t eat properly.

• #20 Bronchitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/bronchitis.html

  The inflammation causes more mucus to be produced, which narrows the airway and makes breathing more difficult. […] Infectious bronchitis usually occurs in the winter due to viruses, including the influenza virus. […] Infectious bronchitis can also be due to bacteria, especially if it follows an upper respiratory viral infection. […] Irritative bronchitis (or industrial or environmental bronchitis) is caused by exposure to mineral or vegetable dusts or fumes from strong acids, ammonia, some organic solvents, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and bromine. […] An infection or irritating substances, gases or particles in the air can cause acute bronchitis. […] Smokers and people with chronic lung disease are more prone to repeated attacks of acute bronchitis. […] Others at risk of getting acute bronchitis repeatedly are people with chronic sinus infections or allergies; children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids; and people who don’t eat properly.

• #21 Acute Bronchitis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/acute-bronchitis/acute-bronchitis

  Acute bronchitis is inflammation of the windpipe (trachea) and the airways that branch off the trachea (bronchi) caused by infection. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral upper respiratory tract infection. […] Acute bronchitis is caused by infection due to: Viruses (most common), Bacteria. […] Viral bronchitis may be caused by a number of common viruses, including the influenza virus and the viruses that cause the common cold, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] Bacteria cause less than one in 20 cases of bronchitis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis infection (which causes whooping cough) are among the bacteria that cause acute bronchitis. […] Sometimes excessive levels of air pollution or breathing in toxic fumes can also inflame the airways and cause bronchitis.

• #22 Acute Bronchitis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/acute-bronchitis/acute-bronchitis

  Acute bronchitis is inflammation of the windpipe (trachea) and the airways that branch off the trachea (bronchi) caused by infection. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral upper respiratory tract infection. […] Acute bronchitis is caused by infection due to: Viruses (most common), Bacteria. […] Viral bronchitis may be caused by a number of common viruses, including the influenza virus and the viruses that cause the common cold, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] Bacteria cause less than one in 20 cases of bronchitis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis infection (which causes whooping cough) are among the bacteria that cause acute bronchitis. […] Sometimes excessive levels of air pollution or breathing in toxic fumes can also inflame the airways and cause bronchitis.

• #23 Chronic Bronchitis | Symptoms of Bronchitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chronicbronchitis.html

  Chronic bronchitis is a type of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). […] The cause of chronic bronchitis is usually long-term exposure to irritants that damage your lungs and airways. In the United States, cigarette smoke is the main cause. […] Exposure to other inhaled irritants can contribute to chronic bronchitis. These include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes or dusts from the environment or workplace. […] Rarely, a genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can play a role in causing chronic bronchitis.

• #24 Chronic Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24645-chronic-bronchitis

  Chronic bronchitis is almost always caused by smoking. […] Smoking is the leading cause of chronic bronchitis/COPD. Pollutants in the air or other lung conditions, like asthma, can also increase your risk. In some cases, you won’t know the cause.

• #25 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of acute bronchitis, and cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infections, such as those caused by Mycoplasma species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, and by viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Exposure to irritants, such as pollution, chemicals, and tobacco smoke, may also cause acute bronchial irritation. […] Cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. Common risk factors for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are advanced age and low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). […] Estimates suggest that cigarette smoking accounts for 85-90% of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies indicate that smoking pipes, cigars, and marijuana causes similar damage. Smoking impairs ciliary movement, inhibits the function of alveolar macrophages, and leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands. […] Air pollution levels have been associated with increased respiratory health problems among people living in affected areas. […] A growing body of literature has demonstrated that specific occupational exposures are associated with the symptoms of chronic bronchitis.

• #26 Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/copd-chronic-bronchitis

  Cigarette smoking is by far the leading cause of chronic bronchitis. More than 90% of people with the disease smoke or used to smoke. Other things that raise your chances for it include: […] Chronic bronchitis may make it easier for you to catch respiratory infections like colds, the flu, and pneumonia. […] Most people get this disease from lung damage caused by smoking. It cant spread from person to person.

• #27 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of acute bronchitis, and cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infections, such as those caused by Mycoplasma species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, and by viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Exposure to irritants, such as pollution, chemicals, and tobacco smoke, may also cause acute bronchial irritation. […] Cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. Common risk factors for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are advanced age and low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). […] Estimates suggest that cigarette smoking accounts for 85-90% of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies indicate that smoking pipes, cigars, and marijuana causes similar damage. Smoking impairs ciliary movement, inhibits the function of alveolar macrophages, and leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands. […] Air pollution levels have been associated with increased respiratory health problems among people living in affected areas. […] A growing body of literature has demonstrated that specific occupational exposures are associated with the symptoms of chronic bronchitis.

• #28 Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/copd/understanding-chronic-bronchitis

  Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. Chronic bronchitis is usually related to smoking or exposure to pollution. It is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Chronic bronchitis occurs when the lining of the bronchial tubes repeatedly becomes irritated and inflamed. […] The continuous irritation and swelling can damage the airways and cause a buildup of sticky mucus, making it difficult for air to move through the lungs. This leads to breathing difficulties that gradually get worse. […] Causes of chronic bronchitis include: […] Smoking tobacco. Smoking is the leading risk factor for developing chronic bronchitis. Over 90 percent of those with the disease have a history of smoking. […] Secondhand smoke. Exposure to secondhand smoke can also increase a person’s risk of developing chronic bronchitis. […] Air pollution. Exposure to air pollution, chemical or industrial fumes, dust, and toxic gases can increase the risk for chronic bronchitis.

• #29 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of acute bronchitis, and cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infections, such as those caused by Mycoplasma species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, and by viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Exposure to irritants, such as pollution, chemicals, and tobacco smoke, may also cause acute bronchial irritation. […] Cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. Common risk factors for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are advanced age and low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). […] Estimates suggest that cigarette smoking accounts for 85-90% of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies indicate that smoking pipes, cigars, and marijuana causes similar damage. Smoking impairs ciliary movement, inhibits the function of alveolar macrophages, and leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands. […] Air pollution levels have been associated with increased respiratory health problems among people living in affected areas. […] A growing body of literature has demonstrated that specific occupational exposures are associated with the symptoms of chronic bronchitis.

• #30 Chronic Bronchitis – Pulmonary Practice

  https://pulmonarypracticeassociates.com/chronic-bronchitis/

  Chronic bronchitis occurs when the lining of the bronchial tubes repeatedly becomes irritated and inflamed. […] The continuous irritation and swelling can damage the airways and cause a buildup of sticky mucus, making it difficult for air to move through the lungs. […] This leads to breathing difficulties that gradually get worse. The inflammation can also damage the cilia, which are the hair-like structures that help to keep the air passages free of germs and other irritants. […] Infections typically trigger the initial irritation and swelling that lead to acute bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis, however, is most commonly caused by cigarette smoking. […] In fact, over 90 percent of those with the disease have a history of smoking. […] Inhaling cigarette smoke temporarily paralyzes the cilia, so frequent smoking over an extended period can severely damage the cilia.

• #31 Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/copd/understanding-chronic-bronchitis

  Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. Chronic bronchitis is usually related to smoking or exposure to pollution. It is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Chronic bronchitis occurs when the lining of the bronchial tubes repeatedly becomes irritated and inflamed. […] The continuous irritation and swelling can damage the airways and cause a buildup of sticky mucus, making it difficult for air to move through the lungs. This leads to breathing difficulties that gradually get worse. […] Causes of chronic bronchitis include: […] Smoking tobacco. Smoking is the leading risk factor for developing chronic bronchitis. Over 90 percent of those with the disease have a history of smoking. […] Secondhand smoke. Exposure to secondhand smoke can also increase a person’s risk of developing chronic bronchitis. […] Air pollution. Exposure to air pollution, chemical or industrial fumes, dust, and toxic gases can increase the risk for chronic bronchitis.

• #32 Chronic Bronchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/

  Chronic bronchitis results from prolonged exposure to irritants that damage the lungs, with smoking being the primary cause. Among current smokers, the cumulative 30-year incidence is 42%. However, between 4% and 22% of individuals with chronic bronchitis have never smoked, indicating additional contributing factors. […] Studies show that exposure to gases, mineral dust, fumes, and solvents can lead to chronic bronchitis, even in individuals without COPD. […] Using biomass fuels such as wood, dung, and crop residues commonly employed for cooking in rural areas, particularly by women, increases the risk of COPD and chronic bronchitis. […] Additionally, genetic factors play a role, as evidenced by research linking chronic mucus hypersecretion to a single nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 3 and identifying a significant genetic locus on chromosome 11p15.5 associated with COPD and chronic bronchitis.

• #33 Chronic Bronchitis | Symptoms of Bronchitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chronicbronchitis.html

  Chronic bronchitis is a type of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). […] The cause of chronic bronchitis is usually long-term exposure to irritants that damage your lungs and airways. In the United States, cigarette smoke is the main cause. […] Exposure to other inhaled irritants can contribute to chronic bronchitis. These include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes or dusts from the environment or workplace. […] Rarely, a genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can play a role in causing chronic bronchitis.

• #34 Chronic Bronchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/

  Chronic bronchitis results from prolonged exposure to irritants that damage the lungs, with smoking being the primary cause. Among current smokers, the cumulative 30-year incidence is 42%. However, between 4% and 22% of individuals with chronic bronchitis have never smoked, indicating additional contributing factors. […] Studies show that exposure to gases, mineral dust, fumes, and solvents can lead to chronic bronchitis, even in individuals without COPD. […] Using biomass fuels such as wood, dung, and crop residues commonly employed for cooking in rural areas, particularly by women, increases the risk of COPD and chronic bronchitis. […] Additionally, genetic factors play a role, as evidenced by research linking chronic mucus hypersecretion to a single nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 3 and identifying a significant genetic locus on chromosome 11p15.5 associated with COPD and chronic bronchitis.

• #35 Bronchitis Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/pulmonary/bronchitis/causes-and-diagnoses

  Viral and bacterial infections usually cause acute bronchitis, while smoking and exposure to pollution are related to chronic bronchitis. […] People suffering from allergies or exposure to cigarette smoke and chemicals are also more likely to develop acute bronchitis. […] Chronic bronchitis can also be linked to other conditions, including: Asthma, Emphysema, Pulmonary fibrosis, Tuberculosis, Sinusitis, Upper respiratory infections. […] Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the breathing tubes thats caused by a viral or bacterial infection or allergen.

• #36 Chronic Bronchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/

  Chronic bronchitis results from prolonged exposure to irritants that damage the lungs, with smoking being the primary cause. Among current smokers, the cumulative 30-year incidence is 42%. However, between 4% and 22% of individuals with chronic bronchitis have never smoked, indicating additional contributing factors. […] Studies show that exposure to gases, mineral dust, fumes, and solvents can lead to chronic bronchitis, even in individuals without COPD. […] Using biomass fuels such as wood, dung, and crop residues commonly employed for cooking in rural areas, particularly by women, increases the risk of COPD and chronic bronchitis. […] Additionally, genetic factors play a role, as evidenced by research linking chronic mucus hypersecretion to a single nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 3 and identifying a significant genetic locus on chromosome 11p15.5 associated with COPD and chronic bronchitis.

• #37 Chronic Bronchitis | Symptoms of Bronchitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chronicbronchitis.html

  Chronic bronchitis is a type of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). […] The cause of chronic bronchitis is usually long-term exposure to irritants that damage your lungs and airways. In the United States, cigarette smoke is the main cause. […] Exposure to other inhaled irritants can contribute to chronic bronchitis. These include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes or dusts from the environment or workplace. […] Rarely, a genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can play a role in causing chronic bronchitis.

• #38 Bronchitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis

  Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the lungs that causes coughing. Bronchitis usually begins as an infection in the nose, ears, throat, or sinuses. The infection then makes its way down to the bronchi. Symptoms include coughing up sputum, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Bronchitis can be acute or chronic. […] In more than 90% of cases, the cause is a viral infection. These viruses may spread through the air when people cough or by direct contact. Risk factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, dust, and other air pollutants. A small number of cases are due to bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Bordetella pertussis. […] Most cases of chronic bronchitis are caused by tobacco smoking. Chronic bronchitis in young adults who smoke is associated with a greater chance of developing COPD. There is an association between smoking cannabis and chronic bronchitis. In addition, chronic inhalation of air pollution, or irritating fumes or dust from hazardous exposures in occupations such as coal mining, grain handling, textile manufacturing, livestock farming, and metal moulding may also be a risk factor for the development of chronic bronchitis. Bronchitis caused in this way is often referred to as industrial bronchitis, or occupational bronchitis. Rarely genetic factors also play a role.

• #39 Bronchitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/bronchitis.html

  The inflammation causes more mucus to be produced, which narrows the airway and makes breathing more difficult. […] Infectious bronchitis usually occurs in the winter due to viruses, including the influenza virus. […] Infectious bronchitis can also be due to bacteria, especially if it follows an upper respiratory viral infection. […] Irritative bronchitis (or industrial or environmental bronchitis) is caused by exposure to mineral or vegetable dusts or fumes from strong acids, ammonia, some organic solvents, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and bromine. […] An infection or irritating substances, gases or particles in the air can cause acute bronchitis. […] Smokers and people with chronic lung disease are more prone to repeated attacks of acute bronchitis. […] Others at risk of getting acute bronchitis repeatedly are people with chronic sinus infections or allergies; children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids; and people who don’t eat properly.

• #40 Learn About Bronchitis (Acute) | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/bronchitis/learn-about-bronchitis

  Bronchitis is the sudden development of inflammation in bronchial tubes the major airways into your lungs. It usually happens because of a virus or breathing in something that irritates the lungs such as tobacco smoke, fumes, dust and air pollution. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus, such as a cold or the flu, and occasionally by bacterial infection. […] You are more vulnerable to developing bronchitis if: You have close contact with someone who has a cold or acute bronchitis, You have not been immunized against the flu, You are exposed to lung irritants like tobacco smoke, fumes, dust and air pollution.

• #41 Bronchitis – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bronchitis

  Bronchitis is inflammation of the large airways in your lungs this can be acute or chronic. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection and goes away by itself. […] Chronic bronchitis is a long-term lung disease usually related to smoking. […] Bronchitis is usually caused by viruses, such as cold viruses or influenza virus. […] Sometimes bronchitis may be caused by a bacterial infection. […] People at higher risk of acute bronchitis include: older people or young children those breathing in irritating chemicals, people that smoke, people with a lung condition, such as asthma, people with poor immunity, people who haven’t been vaccinated against influenza, pneumococcal disease or whooping cough. […] Pneumonia is a possible complication of bronchitis.

• #42 Pediatric bronchitis – Children’s Health Pulmonology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/bronchitis

  Bronchitis can be caused by a virus or bacteria. In 90 percent of cases, bronchitis is viral. […] Bronchitis can also be triggered by: […] Allergies […] Asthma […] Enlarged tonsils and adenoids (glands in the roof of the mouth) […] Irritants such as dust, fumes, vapors and air pollution […] Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke (for chronic bronchitis) […] Chronic sinusitis (sinus infection).

• #43 Bronchitis – Bronchitis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bronchitis

  Acute bronchitis is usually caused by airway inflammation from viral infections, such as the cold, influenza (flu), respiratory syncytial virus RSV, or COVID-19 viruses. […] Occasionally, a bacterial infection can cause acute bronchitis. […] Chronic bronchitis is a frequent symptom, along with emphysema and asthma, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] There are a number of risk factors for chronic bronchitis: Cigarette smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke (cigarette smoke from someone else), Older age, Exposure to fumes or certain kinds of dust, A family history of COPD, A history of respiratory diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, or bronchiectasis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Chronic bronchitis does not increase the risk of COVID-19; however, it does increase the risk of complications after getting COVID-19.

• #44 Bronchitis – Bronchitis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bronchitis

  Acute bronchitis is usually caused by airway inflammation from viral infections, such as the cold, influenza (flu), respiratory syncytial virus RSV, or COVID-19 viruses. […] Occasionally, a bacterial infection can cause acute bronchitis. […] Chronic bronchitis is a frequent symptom, along with emphysema and asthma, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] There are a number of risk factors for chronic bronchitis: Cigarette smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke (cigarette smoke from someone else), Older age, Exposure to fumes or certain kinds of dust, A family history of COPD, A history of respiratory diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, or bronchiectasis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Chronic bronchitis does not increase the risk of COVID-19; however, it does increase the risk of complications after getting COVID-19.

• #45 Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3993-bronchitis

  Bronchitis is when the airways leading to your lungs (trachea and bronchi) get inflamed and fill with mucus. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus and goes away on its own. […] Viruses are the most common cause of acute bronchitis. Smoke and other irritants can cause acute and chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection and goes away on its own in a few weeks. […] You almost always get bronchitis from a virus. However, nearly anything that irritates your airways can cause it. Infectious and noninfectious causes of bronchitis include: […] Viruses that cause bronchitis include influenza (the flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, rhinovirus (the common cold) and coronavirus. […] Bacteria that cause bronchitis include Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumonia.

• #46 Bronchitis – Bronchitis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bronchitis

  Acute bronchitis is usually caused by airway inflammation from viral infections, such as the cold, influenza (flu), respiratory syncytial virus RSV, or COVID-19 viruses. […] Occasionally, a bacterial infection can cause acute bronchitis. […] Chronic bronchitis is a frequent symptom, along with emphysema and asthma, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] There are a number of risk factors for chronic bronchitis: Cigarette smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke (cigarette smoke from someone else), Older age, Exposure to fumes or certain kinds of dust, A family history of COPD, A history of respiratory diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, or bronchiectasis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Chronic bronchitis does not increase the risk of COVID-19; however, it does increase the risk of complications after getting COVID-19.

• #47 Causes of bronchitis

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/immune-system/bronchitis/causes/

  Occupational bronchitis, also known as industrial bronchitis, can affect people who, due to their work, are continually exposed to material in the air that can irritate and cause damage to the lungs, such as dust, fumes, chemicals, smoke and other harmful substances. […] Exposure to substances that can irritate your bronchial tubes can also increase your risk of developing acute bronchitis, as well as worsening the symptoms of both acute and chronic bronchitis.

• #48 Chronic Bronchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/

  Chronic bronchitis results from prolonged exposure to irritants that damage the lungs, with smoking being the primary cause. Among current smokers, the cumulative 30-year incidence is 42%. However, between 4% and 22% of individuals with chronic bronchitis have never smoked, indicating additional contributing factors. […] Studies show that exposure to gases, mineral dust, fumes, and solvents can lead to chronic bronchitis, even in individuals without COPD. […] Using biomass fuels such as wood, dung, and crop residues commonly employed for cooking in rural areas, particularly by women, increases the risk of COPD and chronic bronchitis. […] Additionally, genetic factors play a role, as evidenced by research linking chronic mucus hypersecretion to a single nucleotide polymorphism on chromosome 3 and identifying a significant genetic locus on chromosome 11p15.5 associated with COPD and chronic bronchitis.

• #49 Bronchitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis

  Air quality can also affect the respiratory system with higher levels of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide contributing to bronchial symptoms. Sulfur dioxide can cause inflammation which can aggravate chronic bronchitis and make infections more likely. […] Air pollution in the workplace is the cause of several non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including chronic bronchitis.

• #50 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of acute bronchitis, and cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infections, such as those caused by Mycoplasma species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, and by viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Exposure to irritants, such as pollution, chemicals, and tobacco smoke, may also cause acute bronchial irritation. […] Cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. Common risk factors for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are advanced age and low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). […] Estimates suggest that cigarette smoking accounts for 85-90% of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies indicate that smoking pipes, cigars, and marijuana causes similar damage. Smoking impairs ciliary movement, inhibits the function of alveolar macrophages, and leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands. […] Air pollution levels have been associated with increased respiratory health problems among people living in affected areas. […] A growing body of literature has demonstrated that specific occupational exposures are associated with the symptoms of chronic bronchitis.

• #51 Chronic Bronchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/

  Other risk factors include air pollution, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux, recurrent respiratory infections, chronic aspiration, and allergies. […] In contrast, chronic infection with nontypeable Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis due to impaired mucociliary clearance and airway malacia underlies PBB in children.

• #52 Chronic Bronchitis – Pulmonary Practice

  https://pulmonarypracticeassociates.com/chronic-bronchitis/

  Chronic bronchitis may develop over time due to this damage. […] Secondhand smoke can also contribute to the development of chronic bronchitis. […] Other possible causes include extended exposure to air pollution, industrial or chemical fumes, and toxic gases. […] Repeated lung infections may also cause further damage to the lungs and make chronic bronchitis symptoms worse.

• #53 Bronchitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bronchitis-causes-and-risk-factors-4164112

  Bronchitis is caused by inflammation of the bronchi, which are the passages that air travels through when you breathe in and out. […] Short-term inflammation of the bronchi, which is defined as acute bronchitis, is usually triggered by an infection. Long-term inflammation of the bronchi, which is defined as chronic bronchitis, is caused by recurrent inflammation of the bronchi, usually as a result of smoking or other inhaled irritants. […] Acute bronchitis is normally caused by an infection that involves the bronchi. The most common ones are viral infections. Bacterial infections are a relatively uncommon cause of acute bronchitis and fungal infections of the respiratory system are a rare cause of acute bronchitis. […] Chronic bronchitis develops over time. Often, bronchi become damaged when exposed to inhaled chemicals because the chemicals require passage through the bronchi. This produces an inflammatory reaction of the bronchi. Inflammation continues and builds up over time, resulting in the persistent presence of mucus, inflammatory cells, and possibly narrowing or stiffening.

• #54 Bronchitis – acute Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/bronchitis-acute

  Acute bronchitis is swelling and inflamed tissue in the bronchi, the main passages that carry air to the lungs. This swelling narrows the airways, which makes it harder to breathe. […] When acute bronchitis occurs, it almost always comes after having a cold or flu-like illness. The bronchitis infection is usually caused by a virus. At first, it affects your nose, sinuses, and throat. Then it spreads to the airways that lead to your lungs. […] Sometimes, bacteria also infect your airways. This is more common in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• #55 Acute bronchitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_bronchitis

  In more than 90% of cases, the cause is a viral infection. […] A small number of cases are due to high levels of air pollution or bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Bordetella pertussis. […] Acute bronchitis can be caused by contagious pathogens, most commonly viruses. Typical viruses include respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza, and others. Bacteria are uncommon pathogens but may include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. […] Damage caused by irritation of the airways leads to inflammation and leads to neutrophils infiltrating the lung tissue. […] Although infection is not the reason or cause of chronic bronchitis, it is seen to aid in sustaining the bronchitis.

• #56 Bronchitis Causes and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lung-and-respiratory/bronchitis/understanding-what-causes-bronchitis-how-prevent-it/

  Exposure to irritants, like tobacco smoke, pollution, dust, and fumes, can cause or exacerbate acute bronchitis, too. And in less common cases, bacteria can lead to acute bronchitis. […] Yes, acute bronchitis is usually caused by the same viruses that cause colds and the flu. The infection typically begins in the nose, the sinuses, or the throat and spreads to the bronchial tubes, where it causes inflammation when the body tries to fight the infection, Dr. Holguin explains. […] Viruses can be spread through physical contact, for instance if an infected person touches an object, like a light switch or an office coffee pot, and then an uninfected person touches that same object and then touches her eyes, mouth, or nose. They can also be spread via germ-laden droplets of moisture that spread through the air as much as six feet away when an infected person sneezes or coughs, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] According to a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the flu virus can even be more easily spread than previously thought just by breathing, without coughing or sneezing, especially during the first days of illness.

• #57 Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/copd/understanding-chronic-bronchitis

  Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. Chronic bronchitis is usually related to smoking or exposure to pollution. It is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Chronic bronchitis occurs when the lining of the bronchial tubes repeatedly becomes irritated and inflamed. […] The continuous irritation and swelling can damage the airways and cause a buildup of sticky mucus, making it difficult for air to move through the lungs. This leads to breathing difficulties that gradually get worse. […] Causes of chronic bronchitis include: […] Smoking tobacco. Smoking is the leading risk factor for developing chronic bronchitis. Over 90 percent of those with the disease have a history of smoking. […] Secondhand smoke. Exposure to secondhand smoke can also increase a person’s risk of developing chronic bronchitis. […] Air pollution. Exposure to air pollution, chemical or industrial fumes, dust, and toxic gases can increase the risk for chronic bronchitis.

• #58 Chronic Bronchitis – Pulmonary Practice

  https://pulmonarypracticeassociates.com/chronic-bronchitis/

  Chronic bronchitis occurs when the lining of the bronchial tubes repeatedly becomes irritated and inflamed. […] The continuous irritation and swelling can damage the airways and cause a buildup of sticky mucus, making it difficult for air to move through the lungs. […] This leads to breathing difficulties that gradually get worse. The inflammation can also damage the cilia, which are the hair-like structures that help to keep the air passages free of germs and other irritants. […] Infections typically trigger the initial irritation and swelling that lead to acute bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis, however, is most commonly caused by cigarette smoking. […] In fact, over 90 percent of those with the disease have a history of smoking. […] Inhaling cigarette smoke temporarily paralyzes the cilia, so frequent smoking over an extended period can severely damage the cilia.

• #59 Chronic Bronchitis – Pulmonary Practice

  https://pulmonarypracticeassociates.com/chronic-bronchitis/

  Chronic bronchitis occurs when the lining of the bronchial tubes repeatedly becomes irritated and inflamed. […] The continuous irritation and swelling can damage the airways and cause a buildup of sticky mucus, making it difficult for air to move through the lungs. […] This leads to breathing difficulties that gradually get worse. The inflammation can also damage the cilia, which are the hair-like structures that help to keep the air passages free of germs and other irritants. […] Infections typically trigger the initial irritation and swelling that lead to acute bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis, however, is most commonly caused by cigarette smoking. […] In fact, over 90 percent of those with the disease have a history of smoking. […] Inhaling cigarette smoke temporarily paralyzes the cilia, so frequent smoking over an extended period can severely damage the cilia.

• #60 Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3993-bronchitis

  Bronchitis itself inflammation of your airways isnt contagious, but the viruses and bacteria that can cause it are. […] You can get bronchitis with almost any virus, including SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The symptoms of bronchitis can be similar to COVID-19, so make sure you get tested to know which one you have. […] Since bronchitis is almost never caused by bacteria, antibiotics wont help you get better and might even make you feel worse. […] No, taking antibiotics wont help you get over bronchitis in most cases. Antibiotics are used to destroy bacteria that make you sick. Bronchitis is caused by a virus 95% of the time. Antibiotics dont help you get rid of a virus.

• #61 Bronchitis Causes and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lung-and-respiratory/bronchitis/understanding-what-causes-bronchitis-how-prevent-it/

  Exposure to irritants, like tobacco smoke, pollution, dust, and fumes, can cause or exacerbate acute bronchitis, too. And in less common cases, bacteria can lead to acute bronchitis. […] Yes, acute bronchitis is usually caused by the same viruses that cause colds and the flu. The infection typically begins in the nose, the sinuses, or the throat and spreads to the bronchial tubes, where it causes inflammation when the body tries to fight the infection, Dr. Holguin explains. […] Viruses can be spread through physical contact, for instance if an infected person touches an object, like a light switch or an office coffee pot, and then an uninfected person touches that same object and then touches her eyes, mouth, or nose. They can also be spread via germ-laden droplets of moisture that spread through the air as much as six feet away when an infected person sneezes or coughs, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] According to a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the flu virus can even be more easily spread than previously thought just by breathing, without coughing or sneezing, especially during the first days of illness.

• #62 Bronchitis Causes and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lung-and-respiratory/bronchitis/understanding-what-causes-bronchitis-how-prevent-it/

  Exposure to irritants, like tobacco smoke, pollution, dust, and fumes, can cause or exacerbate acute bronchitis, too. And in less common cases, bacteria can lead to acute bronchitis. […] Yes, acute bronchitis is usually caused by the same viruses that cause colds and the flu. The infection typically begins in the nose, the sinuses, or the throat and spreads to the bronchial tubes, where it causes inflammation when the body tries to fight the infection, Dr. Holguin explains. […] Viruses can be spread through physical contact, for instance if an infected person touches an object, like a light switch or an office coffee pot, and then an uninfected person touches that same object and then touches her eyes, mouth, or nose. They can also be spread via germ-laden droplets of moisture that spread through the air as much as six feet away when an infected person sneezes or coughs, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] According to a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the flu virus can even be more easily spread than previously thought just by breathing, without coughing or sneezing, especially during the first days of illness.

• #63 Bronchitis Basics: Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.cchwyo.org/news/2019/december/bronchitis-basics-causes-and-symptoms/

  Bronchitis can occur due to lung conditions, infection (viral or bacterial), or environmental factors. However, a viral infection is the most common cause in adults. The virus that leads to a cold or flu can also lead to bronchitis. […] Exposure to certain irritants can lead to an increase in inflammation, ultimately causing acute bronchitis. Exposure to cigarette smoke, a weakened immune system, and your age can all put you at risk for acute bronchitis. […] Caused by a short-term infection carried by mucus droplets discharged through a cough or sneeze, acute bronchitis is contagious. […] When inflammation becomes long-term, chronic bronchitis can occur. Since the initial source is an irritant, such as cigarette smoke, it is not contagious.

• #64 Bronchitis Causes and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lung-and-respiratory/bronchitis/understanding-what-causes-bronchitis-how-prevent-it/

  Exposure to irritants, like tobacco smoke, pollution, dust, and fumes, can cause or exacerbate acute bronchitis, too. And in less common cases, bacteria can lead to acute bronchitis. […] Yes, acute bronchitis is usually caused by the same viruses that cause colds and the flu. The infection typically begins in the nose, the sinuses, or the throat and spreads to the bronchial tubes, where it causes inflammation when the body tries to fight the infection, Dr. Holguin explains. […] Viruses can be spread through physical contact, for instance if an infected person touches an object, like a light switch or an office coffee pot, and then an uninfected person touches that same object and then touches her eyes, mouth, or nose. They can also be spread via germ-laden droplets of moisture that spread through the air as much as six feet away when an infected person sneezes or coughs, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] According to a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the flu virus can even be more easily spread than previously thought just by breathing, without coughing or sneezing, especially during the first days of illness.

• #65 Bronchitis Basics: Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.cchwyo.org/news/2019/december/bronchitis-basics-causes-and-symptoms/

  Bronchitis can occur due to lung conditions, infection (viral or bacterial), or environmental factors. However, a viral infection is the most common cause in adults. The virus that leads to a cold or flu can also lead to bronchitis. […] Exposure to certain irritants can lead to an increase in inflammation, ultimately causing acute bronchitis. Exposure to cigarette smoke, a weakened immune system, and your age can all put you at risk for acute bronchitis. […] Caused by a short-term infection carried by mucus droplets discharged through a cough or sneeze, acute bronchitis is contagious. […] When inflammation becomes long-term, chronic bronchitis can occur. Since the initial source is an irritant, such as cigarette smoke, it is not contagious.

• #66 Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/copd-chronic-bronchitis

  Cigarette smoking is by far the leading cause of chronic bronchitis. More than 90% of people with the disease smoke or used to smoke. Other things that raise your chances for it include: […] Chronic bronchitis may make it easier for you to catch respiratory infections like colds, the flu, and pneumonia. […] Most people get this disease from lung damage caused by smoking. It cant spread from person to person.

• #67 Bronchitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bronchitis-causes-and-risk-factors-4164112

  Smoking, which irritates the bronchi, is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis, but long-term exposure to other inhalants can cause it as well. […] Although cigarette smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis, studies have shown a definitive link between air pollution and the persistent cough and mucus production characteristic of chronic bronchitis. Types of air pollution associated with chronic bronchitis include automobile fumes, power plant fumes, and indoor wood smoke. […] The single underlying cause of both types of bronchitis is inflammation and swelling of the bronchi and accumulation of mucus in the lining of the bronchi, which together obstruct breathing. A viral or, less often, bacterial infection causes acute bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis results from repeated exposure to an irritant such as cigarette smoke.

• #68 Bronchitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bronchitis-causes-and-risk-factors-4164112

  Smoking, which irritates the bronchi, is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis, but long-term exposure to other inhalants can cause it as well. […] Although cigarette smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis, studies have shown a definitive link between air pollution and the persistent cough and mucus production characteristic of chronic bronchitis. Types of air pollution associated with chronic bronchitis include automobile fumes, power plant fumes, and indoor wood smoke. […] The single underlying cause of both types of bronchitis is inflammation and swelling of the bronchi and accumulation of mucus in the lining of the bronchi, which together obstruct breathing. A viral or, less often, bacterial infection causes acute bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis results from repeated exposure to an irritant such as cigarette smoke.

• #69 Bronchitis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bronchitis-causes-and-risk-factors-4164112

  Smoking, which irritates the bronchi, is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis, but long-term exposure to other inhalants can cause it as well. […] Although cigarette smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis, studies have shown a definitive link between air pollution and the persistent cough and mucus production characteristic of chronic bronchitis. Types of air pollution associated with chronic bronchitis include automobile fumes, power plant fumes, and indoor wood smoke. […] The single underlying cause of both types of bronchitis is inflammation and swelling of the bronchi and accumulation of mucus in the lining of the bronchi, which together obstruct breathing. A viral or, less often, bacterial infection causes acute bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis results from repeated exposure to an irritant such as cigarette smoke.

• #70 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Bronchitis-Causes.aspx

  Bronchitis is the result of an infection in the inner walls of the bronchi or airways in the lungs. This infection leads to inflammation, irritation and scarring of the inner mucosal membranes of the airways. […] Some of the causes and risk factors associated with bronchitis include:- […] Infection is more often than not caused by either a virus or bacteria, although viral bronchitis is much more common. In most cases acute bronchitis results from the same viruses that cause the common cold or influenza (flu). […] Bronchitis can be exacerbated and triggered by breathing in irritant substances that includes air pollutants, smoke, smog, chemicals, grain dust, fabric fibres, ammonia, strong acids or chlorine and dust etc. […] Smoking as well as passive exposure to cigarette smoke is one of the most important risk factor associated with bronchitis. Smoking is the main cause of chronic (long-term) bronchitis.

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