Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3993-bronchitis

  Your healthcare provider can tell if you have bronchitis based on your health history and symptoms (clinical diagnosis). Theyll listen to your lungs for signs of congestion and to make sure youre breathing well. They might test you for viral infections, like the flu or COVID-19. […] There arent any specific tests to diagnose bronchitis, but you might be tested for other conditions. Possible tests include: […] Your provider may do blood tests, using a needle in your arm, to look for infections or check your overall health. […] If your provider thinks you have chronic bronchitis, they may use a machine to test how well your lungs work.

• #1 Bronchitis Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/bronchitis/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

  How Is Bronchitis Diagnosed? […] Healthcare providers diagnose bronchitis by asking patients questions about symptoms and doing a physical examination. […] if you have a fever, your physician may order a chest X-ray to rule out pneumonia.

• #1 Bronchitis: Diagnosis, Treatment, Antibiotics

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-bronchitis-treatment

  Diagnosis of Acute Bronchitis […] When you see your doctor, be ready to talk about your symptoms in detail. You should be able to answer: […] How long have you had your cough? […] Are you coughing up mucus? […] Is there blood in your sputum? […] Did you ever have a fever or other symptoms, such as chest tightness? […] Did you have a cold before the cough? […] Are you wheezing? […] Do you have trouble catching your breath? […] Have you been around other people who have the same kinds of symptoms? […] At the appointment, your doctor will go over your symptoms and give you a physical exam. Theyll listen to your chest with a stethoscope while you cough. This may be enough for them to make an acute bronchitis diagnosis. […] You may not need any tests. But in some cases, you might need one or more.

• #1 Bronchitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bronchitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355572

  A spirometer is a diagnostic device that measures the amount of air you can breathe in and out and the time it takes you to breathe out completely after you take a deep breath. […] During the physical exam, your doctor will use a stethoscope to listen closely to your lungs as you breathe. […] In some cases, your doctor may suggest the following tests: […] A chest X-ray can help determine if you have pneumonia or another condition that may explain your cough. […] Sputum is the mucus that you cough up from your lungs. It can be tested to see if you have illnesses that could be helped by antibiotics. […] During a pulmonary function test, you blow into a device called a spirometer, which measures how much air your lungs can hold and how quickly you can get air out of your lungs. This test checks for signs of asthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema. […] If you’ve ever seen another physician for your cough, tell your present doctor what tests were done. If possible, bring the reports with you, including results of a chest X-ray, sputum culture and pulmonary function test.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bronchitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1201/p1345.html

  Cough is the most common symptom bringing patients to the primary care physician’s office, and acute bronchitis is usually the diagnosis in these patients. […] Acute bronchitis is a self-limited infection with cough as the primary symptom. This infection can be difficult to distinguish from other illnesses that commonly cause cough. […] The presence or absence of colored (e.g., green) sputum does not reliably differentiate between bacterial and viral lower respiratory tract infections. […] The causative pathogen for bronchitis is rarely identified. In clinical studies, identification of the causative pathogen occurs in less than 30 percent of cases. […] Because the yield of viral cultures is typically low and results rarely affect clinical planning, routine serologic testing is not recommended for bronchitis.

• #1 Acute bronchitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/135

  Acute bronchitis is typically associated with a cough that is worse at night or with exercise; lasts 2 weeks in half of patients and 4 weeks in a quarter of patients; may be associated with bronchospasm and/or excessive mucus production. […] Diagnosis is primarily clinical. Other causes for acute cough such as pneumonia, asthma, or postnasal drip should be ruled out if suspected. […] Although there is no universally accepted definition for acute bronchitis, the criteria proposed by MacFarlane offer a practical approach: (a) an acute illness of 21 days; (b) cough as the predominant symptom; (c) at least 1 other lower respiratory tract symptom, such as sputum production, wheezing, chest pain; (d) no alternative explanation for the symptoms. […] Key diagnostic factors include duration of cough 30 days, productive cough, no history of chronic respiratory illness, and exclusion of other respiratory and cardiac illness as cause for symptoms. […] 1st tests to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Tests to consider include pulmonary function test, chest x-ray, and C-reactive protein. […] Emerging tests include procalcitonin.

• #1 Chronic Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24645-chronic-bronchitis

  Chronic bronchitis is a form of COPD where your lungs get inflamed and fill with mucus. Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation of the airways (trachea, bronchi or bronchioles) in your lungs. Chronic bronchitis is commonly used to refer to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Very few people have chronic bronchitis without the airway blockage (obstruction) of COPD. Chronic bronchitis is when you have a cough and shortness of breath frequently, caused by damage to your lungs. A healthcare provider will diagnose chronic bronchitis/COPD by determining how well your lungs are working. Tests for chronic bronchitis/COPD include pulmonary function tests. Spirometry is a common lung function test your provider may use if they think you have chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis/COPD treatment focuses on managing symptoms. If you smoke, quitting can help you breathe better and keep chronic bronchitis from getting worse. Chronic bronchitis/COPD usually can’t be cured, but your symptoms can improve with treatment. Talk to a healthcare provider if you think you have chronic bronchitis. Getting on a treatment plan as soon as possible can slow down its progression and improve your quality of life.

• #1 How Bronchitis Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-acute-bronchitis-is-diagnosed-5183661

  A complete blood count, or CBC, is a routine blood test that provides your healthcare provider with important information about the types and amounts of blood cells in your body. It can also help your healthcare provider determine if you have an infection, which is more likely with acute bronchitis, but can occur with chronic bronchitis as well. […] Imaging studies can be helpful for evaluating bronchitis because they allow a healthcare provider to see the changes that are happening in your lungs. Your healthcare provider can also assess whether the changes are occurring in the lungs, the bronchi, or in other areas of your respiratory tract. […] A chest X-ray is not a definitive tool for diagnosing acute or chronic bronchitis, but your X-ray may show signs of inflammation of the bronchi, which can help in the diagnosis of acute or chronic bronchitis. A chest X-ray may also detect signs of lung infections like pneumonia. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, can cause changes that may be visualized with a chest X-ray.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Bronchitis-Diagnosis.aspx

  Physical examination may not reveal any abnormality specifically. These patients however may have a history of previous episodes of flare ups and recurrent episodes of acute bronchitis. […] Chest X ray may be normal in mild chronic bronchitis. However, occasionally there may be appearance of thickening of bronchial walls and crowding of bronchial structures in the lower part of the lungs on X ray in severe cases. […] Routine blood examination is suggested. The white blood cell count is usually normal even during exacerbations or flare ups. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate may be raised. In advanced stages blood oxygen is lowered. […] Bronchial secretions may be examined in the laboratory using bronchial lavage. The cells can be evaluated by simple examination of a wet preparation or a Papanicalaou stained smear. In stable patients there is a typical cellular pattern.

• #1 How Bronchitis Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-acute-bronchitis-is-diagnosed-5183661

  A chest CT provides a visual assessment of the lungs that can help identify bronchitis and other conditions such as lung infections, pulmonary embolus, or lung cancer. […] The symptoms are often similar, and a chest X-ray can help your healthcare provider determine whether you have pneumonia or bronchitis. […] X-rays are not especially helpful for diagnosing bronchitis but can identify or rule out other conditions, such as pneumonia. An X-ray may show thickening of the walls of the bronchi (airways) but this is not a definitive sign of bronchitis.

• #1 How do X-rays help diagnose bronchitis?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bronchitis-x-ray

  Healthcare professionals use X-rays to check the airways and lungs. This can help them diagnose bronchitis or rule out other lung conditions that also cause a persistent cough. […] They typically do this to rule out pneumonia rather than directly identify signs of bronchitis. X-rays create an image of the body’s internal structures by passing invisible radiation through the body. […] The X-ray imaging for someone with bronchitis will usually appear typical. Bronchitis does not generally require further investigation if vital signs are within a normal range and the X-ray does not show significant lung changes. […] X-rays can support bronchitis diagnosis by excluding other conditions. However, blood tests, lung function tests, and others can help to diagnose the cause of bronchitis, assess how the lungs are working, and guide treatment.

• #1 Bronchitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Cultures and Staining, Procalcitonin Levels

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-workup

  Bronchoscopy may be needed to exclude foreign body aspiration, tuberculosis, tumors, and other chronic diseases of the tracheobronchial tree and lungs. […] Influenza tests may be useful. Additional serologic tests, such as that for atypical pneumonia, are not indicated. […] Spirometry may be useful because patients with acute bronchitis often have significant bronchospasm, with a large reduction in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). This generally resolves over 4-6 weeks. […] Laryngoscopy can exclude epiglottitis. […] Obtain cultures of respiratory secretions for influenza virus, Mycoplasmapneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis when these organisms are suspected. […] Blood culture may be helpful if bacterial superinfection is suspected. […] Procalcitonin is a prohormone of calcitonin and part of a inflammatory cascade in the immune system. Levels have been shown to be elevated in bacterial infections and not in viral or other inflammatory conditions. Studies suggest values of greater than or equal to 0.25 mcg/L in non-ICU patients and levels greater than 0.5 mcg/L in ICU patients may be appropriate to use as cutoffs for initiation of antibiotic therapy. […] A subsequent drop of at least 80% in levels may be appropriate to use as a guide for discontinuing antibiotics. Additional data suggest using a procalcitonin algorithm reduces antibiotic usage without increasing the risk of complications.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bronchitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1201/p1345.html

  Testing may be considered for influenza when risk is thought to be intermediate and the patient presents within 36 hours of symptom onset. […] Diagnostic testing during outbreaks of bronchitis may also be considered in select clinical scenarios. […] However, trials showing that treatment shortens the course of these infections, even when initiated early, are lacking. […] Testing for pertussis should be considered in patients who are unvaccinated; patients with a cough that is paroxysmal, has a whooping sound, or has lasted longer than three weeks; and patients who have been exposed to pertussis or unvaccinated persons.

• #1 Bronchitis: Diagnosis, Treatment, Antibiotics

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-bronchitis-treatment

  Diagnosis of Chronic Bronchitis […] To make a chronic bronchitis diagnosis, your doctor will also give you a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and health history. […] They’ll also do a test to see how well your lungs are working, called a pulmonary function test. You may have other tests as well. […] Bronchitis Tests […] Here are some of the tests your doctor might order: […] Pulse oximetry. This uses a device on the end of your finger to measure oxygen levels in your blood. […] Chest X-ray. If you have a fever or had one recently, this can help rule out or confirm pneumonia. […] Nasal swab. This type of test is done to rule out COVID-19 or flu as the cause of your symptoms. […] Blood tests. Your doctor may test a sample of your blood for infections or other indicators of health problems.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P01299

  Doctors can often diagnose acute bronchitis by taking a health history and doing a physical exam. […] Tests may be done to rule out other diseases, such as pneumonia or asthma. […] Any of these tests may be used to help confirm a diagnosis: […] Chest X-rays. This test uses invisible radiation beams to make images of internal tissues, bones, and organs, including the lungs. […] Arterial blood gas. This blood test is used to analyze the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. […] Pulse oximetry. An oximeter is a small device that measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. […] Cultures of nasal discharge and sputum. Tests may be done on the sputum you cough up or on nasal discharge swabbed from your nose. […] Pulmonary function tests. These are tests that help to measure how well the lungs move air in and out.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Bronchitis-Diagnosis.aspx

  Sputum cultures can be helpful in following the course of and suggesting the antibiotic treatment of chronic bronchitis. […] Bronchoscopy may be performed. This involves inserting a thin long tube within the airways with a light and camera at its tip. The physician views the inner walls of the bronchi on a connected monitor. The inner walls in chronic bronchitis appear red, edematous or swollen and friable (easily torn off). […] Lung function studies including spirometry may appear normal initially. Over time the lung functions may deteriorate due to partial and complete obstruction of bronchi.

• #1 Bronchitis – Bronchitis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bronchitis

  To diagnose bronchitis, your healthcare provider will do a physical exam and ask about your medical history and symptoms. Your provider may also order a blood test to look for signs of infection, or a chest X-ray to check whether your lungs and bronchial tubes look normal. These additional tests are required because cough is a symptom for many other conditions, such as pneumonia, COVID-19, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), and asthma. […] Bronchitis has also been linked with other diseases such as pneumonia, which includes other symptoms like high fever (100.4 degrees or above), fast breathing, and a higher heart rate. A history of wheezing and coughing is linked to asthma. Two of three people who had bronchitis at least twice in five years also had asthma.

• #1 Acute Bronchitis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/acute-bronchitis/acute-bronchitis

  Acute bronchitis is inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree, commonly following an upper respiratory infection in the absence of chronic lung disorders. […] Diagnosis is based on clinical findings. […] Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical presentation. […] Patients who complain of dyspnea should have pulse oximetry to exclude hypoxemia. […] Chest radiographs are done if clinical findings (eg, ill appearance, mental status change, high fever, tachypnea, hypoxemia, abnormal auscultatory findings such as altered breath sounds or crackles) suggest pneumonia or other serious illness. […] Microbiologic testing (eg, sputum Gram stain and culture) is usually unnecessary. […] Patients with signs or symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 should be tested for SARS-CoV-2. […] Patients with 10 to 14 days of ongoing symptoms should be evaluated for pertussis, particularly if they are unvaccinated, have a persistent paroxysmal cough or intermittent characteristic whoop and/or retching, or exposure to a confirmed case.

• #1 Bronchitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bronchitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355566

  Bronchitis may start suddenly and be short term (acute) or start gradually and become long term (chronic). […] Chronic bronchitis is typically defined as a productive cough that lasts at least three months, with bouts that recur for at least two consecutive years. […] If you have chronic bronchitis, you’re likely to have periods when your cough or other symptoms worsen. […] Contact your doctor or clinic for advice if your cough: […] Lasts more than three weeks. […] Although a single episode of bronchitis usually isn’t cause for concern, it can lead to pneumonia in some people. Repeated bouts of bronchitis, however, may mean that you have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• #1 Acute Bronchitis Diagnosis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/acute-bronchitis/diagnosis

  Usually, doctors do not consider the possibility of bronchitis until a patient has had a persistent cough for five days or more. Once a patient has reached this stage, the doctor must determine if the bronchitis is chronic or acute. […] Chronic bronchitis usually is associated with a cough that lasts for more than three months. Chronic bronchitis is often seen in patients with COPD. […] Usually, a doctor will diagnose bronchitis by doing a physical exam. Most often, there is no need for any further tests. […] After the physical exam, the doctor might perform more tests if they believe the patient might have pneumonia or another illness, rather than bronchitis.

• #1 Acute Bronchitis – Diagnosis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/acute-bronchitis-diagnosis/

  Acute bronchitis is a clinical diagnosis of exclusion made on history and physical exam. […] It should be suspected in patients with persistent cough that had an acute onset lasting 1-3 weeks without clinical findings of pneumonia (such as fever, rales on auscultation, tachypnea, consolidation on chest x-ray). […] Diagnosis of acute bronchitis is one of exclusion and made on history and physical with additional tests to rule out other causes.

• #1 Bronchitis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/bronchitis.html

  When doctors suspect bronchitis, they will do an exam and listen to a child’s chest with a stethoscope to check for wheezing and congestion. […] No tests are needed to diagnose bronchitis. But the doctor may order a chest X-ray to rule out a condition like pneumonia. Sometimes doctors do a breathing test (called spirometry) to check for asthma. Some kids who seem to get bronchitis a lot with coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath may have asthma instead.

• #1 Bronchitis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/primary-care/conditions/bronchitis

  Doctors define bronchitis as swelling in the bronchial tubes, which are airways in the lungs. […] In most cases, doctors will diagnose acute bronchitis based on your symptoms alone. […] If your doctor thinks you may have chronic bronchitis, they’ll ask how long you’ve had symptoms. They’ll also order tests, like an x-ray and CT scan, to look for damage in the bronchi. […] You may also have a lung function test. During the test, you breathe air in and out of a mouthpiece attached to a machine. The machine measures the amount of air you can breathe in and out.

• #1 Bronchitis laboratory tests – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bronchitis_laboratory_tests

  ABG may show changes of hypoxemia and hypercapnia depending on the severity of disease. […] A sputum sample showing neutrophil granulocytes and culture showing pathogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus spp. […] Serum alpha 1 antitrypsin levels below the protective threshold value (i.e. 3-7 mmol/L) may lead to a severe form of emphysema.

• #1 Bronchitis Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.drelist.com/blog/bronchitis-diagnosis-and-management

  Bronchitis is the inflammation and irritation of the airways that carry oxygen to the lungs. […] The doctor may not order any test to detect a condition of acute bronchitis, as a narration of the bronchitis symptoms are enough to diagnose it. […] To diagnose the problem of chronic bronchitis, your doctor will perform an X-ray of the chest to determine the extent of lung damage. […] In order to diagnose chronic bronchitis, your doctor may perform pulmonary function tests to determine the functioning of your lungs. A chest X-ray may be required if other problems are suspected. Sputum samples may be examined to detect any infectious organisms in the lung airways. […] If your condition does not improve and the doctor suspects presence of bacteria in your airways, they may prescribe antibiotics.

• #1 Acute Bronchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448067/

  The evaluation of oxygen saturation, along with the assessment of pulse rate, temperature, and respiratory rate, serves as a pivotal indicator for gauging the severity of the condition. […] Acute bronchitis is typically diagnosed clinically, relying on a comprehensive assessment encompassing a medical history, pulmonary examination, and other pertinent physical findings. […] ACCP guidelines recommend against antibiotic use in cases of uncomplicated acute bronchitis among otherwise healthy adults. […] Consequently, antibiotic use should be avoided in uncomplicated cases of acute bronchitis, considering factors such as the cost of antibiotics, the increasing global concern of antibiotic resistance, and the potential side effects associated with antibiotic usage. […] Acute bronchitis typically follows a self-limiting course and frequently improves with symptomatic interventions. […] In managing acute bronchitis, an interprofessional healthcare team comprising physicians, advanced practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and other health professionals is critical in delivering patient-centered care, improving outcomes, ensuring patient safety, and optimizing team performance.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Acute Bronchitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0515/p2039.html

  Despite improvements in testing and technology, no routinely performed studies diagnose acute bronchitis. […] Office spirometry and pulmonary function testing are not routinely used in the diagnosis of acute bronchitis. […] Because of increasing concerns about antibiotic resistance, the practice of giving antibiotics to most patients with acute bronchitis has been questioned. […] Clinical trials on the effectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment of acute bronchitis have had mixed results and rather small sample sizes. […] Regardless of the end points evaluated in each study, one fact was consistent: improvement occurred in the vast majority of patients who were not treated with antibiotics. […] Patients often expect antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated acute bronchitis. However, patient satisfaction does not depend on receiving an antibiotic. Instead, it is related to the quality of the physician-patient visit.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P01299

  In most cases, antibiotics are not needed to treat acute bronchitis. […] If it progresses to pneumonia, then antibiotics may be needed. […] Doctors can often diagnose acute bronchitis by taking a health history and doing a physical exam. Blood tests, breathing tests, and imaging tests may also be used.

• #1 Acute Bronchitis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/acute-bronchitis/acute-bronchitis

  Cough resolves within 2 weeks in 80% of patients; in the other 20%, it may take up to 8 weeks to resolve. […] Patients with cough that worsens after initial improvement and those with cough that lingers for 8 weeks should undergo further evaluation, including a chest x-radiograph. […] Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical presentation. […] Diagnose acute bronchitis mainly by clinical evaluation; chest radiographs and/or other tests should be performed in patients who have manifestations of more serious illness or symptoms that are non-resolving or worsening over time.

• #2 Bronchitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bronchitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355566

  Bronchitis may start suddenly and be short term (acute) or start gradually and become long term (chronic). […] Chronic bronchitis is typically defined as a productive cough that lasts at least three months, with bouts that recur for at least two consecutive years. […] If you have chronic bronchitis, you’re likely to have periods when your cough or other symptoms worsen. […] Contact your doctor or clinic for advice if your cough: […] Lasts more than three weeks. […] Although a single episode of bronchitis usually isn’t cause for concern, it can lead to pneumonia in some people. Repeated bouts of bronchitis, however, may mean that you have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• #2 Acute Bronchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448067/

  The evaluation of oxygen saturation, along with the assessment of pulse rate, temperature, and respiratory rate, serves as a pivotal indicator for gauging the severity of the condition. […] Acute bronchitis is typically diagnosed clinically, relying on a comprehensive assessment encompassing a medical history, pulmonary examination, and other pertinent physical findings. […] ACCP guidelines recommend against antibiotic use in cases of uncomplicated acute bronchitis among otherwise healthy adults. […] Consequently, antibiotic use should be avoided in uncomplicated cases of acute bronchitis, considering factors such as the cost of antibiotics, the increasing global concern of antibiotic resistance, and the potential side effects associated with antibiotic usage. […] Acute bronchitis typically follows a self-limiting course and frequently improves with symptomatic interventions. […] In managing acute bronchitis, an interprofessional healthcare team comprising physicians, advanced practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and other health professionals is critical in delivering patient-centered care, improving outcomes, ensuring patient safety, and optimizing team performance.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bronchitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1201/p1345.html

  Cough is the most common symptom bringing patients to the primary care physician’s office, and acute bronchitis is usually the diagnosis in these patients. […] Acute bronchitis is a self-limited infection with cough as the primary symptom. This infection can be difficult to distinguish from other illnesses that commonly cause cough. […] The presence or absence of colored (e.g., green) sputum does not reliably differentiate between bacterial and viral lower respiratory tract infections. […] The causative pathogen for bronchitis is rarely identified. In clinical studies, identification of the causative pathogen occurs in less than 30 percent of cases. […] Because the yield of viral cultures is typically low and results rarely affect clinical planning, routine serologic testing is not recommended for bronchitis.

• #2 Do I Have Bronchitis? Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/do-i-have-bronchitis-diagnosis-treatment

  If you have a nagging cough that just doesnt seem to go away, you could have bronchitis. Acute bronchitis, also simply known as a chest cold, is common during the colder, winter months. […] Acute bronchitis is when air tubes that carry air to and from your lungs get inflamed, Dr. Supakul says. […] If you answered yes to those four questions, you might have bronchitis. […] Dr. Supakul says acute bronchitis symptoms usually get better in about a week, although the cough can last for many weeks afterward. […] The mucus color doesnt indicate anything. Some people think green mucus means bacterial infection, but thats not always the case. […] There are two causes of acute bronchitis. Its most commonly caused by a viral infection, which means its a side effect of a common cold, flu bug or COVID-19 infection.

• #2 Acute bronchitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_bronchitis

  Although there is no universally-accepted clinical definition for acute bronchitis, there is a proposed set of practical criteria (Macfarlane, 2001) that include: An acute illness of less than three weeks. […] Cough as the predominant symptom. […] At least one other lower respiratory tract symptom, such as sputum production, wheezing, chest pain. […] No alternative explanation for the symptoms.

• #2 Chronic Bronchitis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/chronic-bronchitis

  To classify chronic bronchitis, you must have a productive cough (producing mucus or phlegm) that lasts at least three months and over the course of two years. […] To diagnose chronic bronchitis, your healthcare provider will ask you about your health and family history, conduct a physical exam and review the results of your lung function tests. Spirometry is a common lung function test that can determine if you have COPD. […] Other tests or procedures your healthcare provider may order include a chest X ray, CT scan and a blood test to check your oxygen levels.

• #2 Bronchitis: Diagnosis, Treatment, Antibiotics

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-bronchitis-treatment

  Diagnosis of Chronic Bronchitis […] To make a chronic bronchitis diagnosis, your doctor will also give you a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and health history. […] They’ll also do a test to see how well your lungs are working, called a pulmonary function test. You may have other tests as well. […] Bronchitis Tests […] Here are some of the tests your doctor might order: […] Pulse oximetry. This uses a device on the end of your finger to measure oxygen levels in your blood. […] Chest X-ray. If you have a fever or had one recently, this can help rule out or confirm pneumonia. […] Nasal swab. This type of test is done to rule out COVID-19 or flu as the cause of your symptoms. […] Blood tests. Your doctor may test a sample of your blood for infections or other indicators of health problems.

• #2 Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/copd/understanding-chronic-bronchitis

  To diagnose chronic bronchitis, a doctor or other HCP will begin with a review of your medical history, including symptoms and other conditions you may have, and a physical exam. […] They may also order the following tests: […] A chest X-ray can help rule out other lung conditions, such as pneumonia, that may be causing your cough. […] Blood tests may be used to check for signs of infection. […] Spirometry. This is a pulmonary function test that involves blowing into a device called a spirometer in order to measure the airflow in and out of your lungs. […] Also called a blood gas test, this test measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The result lets your HCP know how well your lungs are able to move oxygen into your blood and remove carbon dioxide out. […] This test measures the oxygen saturation level of your blood. Its a simple test that involves clipping a small device to a body part, usually a finger. […] A CT scan takes a series of X-rays that can be combined to create a 3D image of a part of the body. This type of scan may be ordered if the physician requires a more detailed view of your lungs than an X-ray provides.

• #2 How do X-rays help diagnose bronchitis?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bronchitis-x-ray

  Doctors use X-ray imaging to rule out pneumonia, which causes symptoms similar to bronchitis but requires more intensive treatment. A doctor may request a computerized tomography (CT) scan if an X-ray shows up normal but they still suspect infection. […] However, for most people, no further imaging is necessary if an X-ray rules out abnormal airway changes. Blood tests, sputum cultures, lung function testing, and pulse oximetry are vital to determining the severity and cause of bronchitis.

• #2 Bronchitis: Diagnosis, Treatment, Antibiotics

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-bronchitis-treatment

  Sputum culture. If your symptoms are serious, your doctor might get a sample of the mucus you cough up (sputum). A lab test can tell whether the mucus is caused by an allergy or whooping cough (pertussis), which is a very contagious bacterial infection. Serious symptoms may also mean another test. […] Spirometry. This is a test of your lung function. You blow into a machine called a spirometer, which measures how much air your lungs can hold and how quickly you can blow it all out. This also helps your doctor see whether you have signs of asthma or emphysema. […] Diagnosis of Chronic Bronchitis […] To make a chronic bronchitis diagnosis, your doctor will also give you a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and health history. […] They’ll also do a test to see how well your lungs are working, called a pulmonary function test. You may have other tests as well.

• #2 Bronchitis: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/bronchitis-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Bronchitis is a respiratory condition characterized by inflammation of the lower respiratory tract, specifically the bronchioles. This condition can either be acute or chronic. […] Acute bronchitis is a common condition that usually develops from a cold or other respiratory infection and resolves within 7 to 10 days without lasting effects. […] Chronic bronchitis is defined as inflammation of the bronchial tubes, causing a long-term cough lasting at least three months and recurring within two years. Chronic bronchitis is a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Bronchitis is suspected when other acute respiratory infections can be ruled out. Nasal swabs can assess for COVID-19 or influenza. […] Use spirometry. When spirometry is used, individuals with acute bronchitis may show temporary bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Bronchitis-Diagnosis.aspx

  Physical examination may not reveal any abnormality specifically. These patients however may have a history of previous episodes of flare ups and recurrent episodes of acute bronchitis. […] Chest X ray may be normal in mild chronic bronchitis. However, occasionally there may be appearance of thickening of bronchial walls and crowding of bronchial structures in the lower part of the lungs on X ray in severe cases. […] Routine blood examination is suggested. The white blood cell count is usually normal even during exacerbations or flare ups. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate may be raised. In advanced stages blood oxygen is lowered. […] Bronchial secretions may be examined in the laboratory using bronchial lavage. The cells can be evaluated by simple examination of a wet preparation or a Papanicalaou stained smear. In stable patients there is a typical cellular pattern.

• #2 Bronchitis laboratory tests – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bronchitis_laboratory_tests

  Diagnostic tests are rarely needed to confirm the diagnosis of acute bronchitis. In very specific conditions, serologic tests, viral cultures or sputum analyses may be performed. Generally, inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, rise during the course of acute bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is diagnosed by definition, although there are some laboratory findings as the disease advances and causes complications. […] Viral cultures, serologic assays, and sputum analyses may be performed when a potentially treatable infection is thought to be circulating or because of epidemiological purposes. […] Procalcitonin level is helpful to distinguish bacterial from other causes of inflammation. During bacterial infections, the level of procalcitonin will rise over 0.25 mg/L and indicates prescription of antibiotics.

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P01299

  Doctors can often diagnose acute bronchitis by taking a health history and doing a physical exam. […] Tests may be done to rule out other diseases, such as pneumonia or asthma. […] Any of these tests may be used to help confirm a diagnosis: […] Chest X-rays. This test uses invisible radiation beams to make images of internal tissues, bones, and organs, including the lungs. […] Arterial blood gas. This blood test is used to analyze the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. […] Pulse oximetry. An oximeter is a small device that measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. […] Cultures of nasal discharge and sputum. Tests may be done on the sputum you cough up or on nasal discharge swabbed from your nose. […] Pulmonary function tests. These are tests that help to measure how well the lungs move air in and out.

• #2 Bronchitis laboratory tests – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bronchitis_laboratory_tests

  ABG may show changes of hypoxemia and hypercapnia depending on the severity of disease. […] A sputum sample showing neutrophil granulocytes and culture showing pathogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus spp. […] Serum alpha 1 antitrypsin levels below the protective threshold value (i.e. 3-7 mmol/L) may lead to a severe form of emphysema.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Bronchitis-Diagnosis.aspx

  Sputum cultures can be helpful in following the course of and suggesting the antibiotic treatment of chronic bronchitis. […] Bronchoscopy may be performed. This involves inserting a thin long tube within the airways with a light and camera at its tip. The physician views the inner walls of the bronchi on a connected monitor. The inner walls in chronic bronchitis appear red, edematous or swollen and friable (easily torn off). […] Lung function studies including spirometry may appear normal initially. Over time the lung functions may deteriorate due to partial and complete obstruction of bronchi.

• #2 Acute Bronchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448067/

  Acute bronchitis ranks among the top 10 most common outpatient illnesses in the United States, affecting approximately 5% of adults annually. […] This activity provides healthcare professionals with the latest insights and evidence-based approaches to enhance their competence in diagnosing and managing acute bronchitis, ultimately improving patient outcomes and healthcare team performance. […] Apply the key clinical features of acute bronchitis for an accurate diagnosis to distinguish it from other respiratory conditions and differentiate between viral and bacterial causes. […] Acute bronchitis is characterized by an acute onset of a persistent cough, with or without sputum production. […] Acute bronchitis presents as a clinical syndrome characterized by a transient and self-limiting inflammation, specifically targeting the larger and mid-sized airways, and devoid of any evidence of pneumonia upon chest radiography examination.

• #2 Acute Bronchitis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/acute-bronchitis/acute-bronchitis

  Acute bronchitis is inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree, commonly following an upper respiratory infection in the absence of chronic lung disorders. […] Diagnosis is based on clinical findings. […] Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical presentation. […] Patients who complain of dyspnea should have pulse oximetry to exclude hypoxemia. […] Chest radiographs are done if clinical findings (eg, ill appearance, mental status change, high fever, tachypnea, hypoxemia, abnormal auscultatory findings such as altered breath sounds or crackles) suggest pneumonia or other serious illness. […] Microbiologic testing (eg, sputum Gram stain and culture) is usually unnecessary. […] Patients with signs or symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 should be tested for SARS-CoV-2. […] Patients with 10 to 14 days of ongoing symptoms should be evaluated for pertussis, particularly if they are unvaccinated, have a persistent paroxysmal cough or intermittent characteristic whoop and/or retching, or exposure to a confirmed case.

• #2 Acute Bronchitis Diagnosis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/acute-bronchitis/diagnosis

  Usually, doctors do not consider the possibility of bronchitis until a patient has had a persistent cough for five days or more. Once a patient has reached this stage, the doctor must determine if the bronchitis is chronic or acute. […] Chronic bronchitis usually is associated with a cough that lasts for more than three months. Chronic bronchitis is often seen in patients with COPD. […] Usually, a doctor will diagnose bronchitis by doing a physical exam. Most often, there is no need for any further tests. […] After the physical exam, the doctor might perform more tests if they believe the patient might have pneumonia or another illness, rather than bronchitis.

• #2 Chronic Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24645-chronic-bronchitis

  Chronic bronchitis is a form of COPD where your lungs get inflamed and fill with mucus. Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation of the airways (trachea, bronchi or bronchioles) in your lungs. Chronic bronchitis is commonly used to refer to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Very few people have chronic bronchitis without the airway blockage (obstruction) of COPD. Chronic bronchitis is when you have a cough and shortness of breath frequently, caused by damage to your lungs. A healthcare provider will diagnose chronic bronchitis/COPD by determining how well your lungs are working. Tests for chronic bronchitis/COPD include pulmonary function tests. Spirometry is a common lung function test your provider may use if they think you have chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis/COPD treatment focuses on managing symptoms. If you smoke, quitting can help you breathe better and keep chronic bronchitis from getting worse. Chronic bronchitis/COPD usually can’t be cured, but your symptoms can improve with treatment. Talk to a healthcare provider if you think you have chronic bronchitis. Getting on a treatment plan as soon as possible can slow down its progression and improve your quality of life.

• #2 Bronchitis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/bronchitis.html

  When doctors suspect bronchitis, they will do an exam and listen to a child’s chest with a stethoscope to check for wheezing and congestion. […] No tests are needed to diagnose bronchitis. But the doctor may order a chest X-ray to rule out a condition like pneumonia. Sometimes doctors do a breathing test (called spirometry) to check for asthma. Some kids who seem to get bronchitis a lot with coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath may have asthma instead.

• #2 Understanding Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/copd/guide/chronic-bronchitis/

  Chronic bronchitis is one of the main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an umbrella term used to describe a group of long-term lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult. Your doctor may refer to your disease as either chronic bronchitis or COPD. […] Chronic bronchitis is long-term inflammation of the airways. Unlike acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis is a serious condition that develops over the course of years. Symptoms may get better or worse, but they will never completely go away. These extended periods of inflammation cause sticky mucus to build up in the airways, leading to persistent breathing difficulties. […] A diagnosis of chronic bronchitis typically requires an ongoing productive cough (meaning it brings up mucus) that lasts for three months and comes back two or more years in a row.

• #2 2025 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code J20.9: Acute bronchitis, unspecified

  https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/J00-J99/J20-J22/J20-/J20.9

  J20.9 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. […] Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus, as well as shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic. […] If you think you have acute bronchitis, see your healthcare provider. […] Most cases of acute bronchitis get better within several days. But your cough can last for several weeks after the infection is gone. […] Treatments include rest, fluids, and aspirin (for adults) or acetaminophen to treat fever. A humidifier or steam can also help. You may need inhaled medicine to open your airways if you are wheezing. You probably do not need antibiotics. They don’t work against viruses – the most common cause of acute bronchitis. If your healthcare provider thinks you have a bacterial infection, he or she may prescribe antibiotics.

• #2 Do I Have Bronchitis? Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/do-i-have-bronchitis-diagnosis-treatment

  Because viruses cause the majority of acute bronchitis, antibiotics are not helpful, Dr. Supakul says. […] If you persistently cough up frank, red blood, you should seek medical advice. […] Your best bet is to see a doctor, if your cough persists for a couple weeks. Further evaluation and investigation might be needed to rule out other conditions with blood work or chest x-rays, Dr. Supakul says.

• #3 Bronchitis: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8888

  Symptoms of bronchitis include a cough, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. […] A doctor will carry out a physical examination, using a stethoscope to listen for unusual sounds in the lungs. […] The doctor may also take a sputum swab to test for bacteria or viruses in the lab. […] The symptoms of chronic bronchitis may resolve or improve for a while. However, they will come back or become worse again, especially if there is exposure to smoke or other triggers. […] Anyone who has concerns about the possible symptoms of bronchitis should see a doctor.

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