Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Bronchitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/18645

  Acute bronchitis represents a common clinical presentation across various healthcare settings. In the United States, approximately 5% of individuals annually report physician-diagnosed cases of acute bronchitis. The numbers tend to peak during winter, aligning with the seasonal prevalence of respiratory viral infections like influenza and RSV, which often coincide with flu season. […] Similarly, a study conducted in the United Kingdom reported similar rates of acute bronchitis, with an incidence of 54 cases per 1000 persons. Notably, these rates exhibit variability among different age groups, with lower rates among younger men (36 per 1000) and higher rates in individuals older than 85 (225 per 1000). […] In addition, several risk factors contribute to the development of acute bronchitis, including a history of smoking, residence in polluted areas, crowded living conditions, and a prior history of asthma. Specific allergens such as pollen, perfume, and vapors can potentially trigger acute bronchitis in susceptible individuals.

• #1 Chronic Bronchitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/

  Chronic bronchitis is 1 of the most common causes of chronic cough. However, many smokers do not seek care for their cough, and studies regarding chronic cough only reveal a 5% or less incidence of chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis impacts 3% to 22% of the global population and, on average, 27% to 35% of individuals with COPD. In the United States, nearly 10 million people are affected, predominantly between the ages of 44 and 65. Interestingly, 31% of those affected are between 18 and 44. Demographic factors associated with a higher incidence of chronic bronchitis for adults are smoking, older age, increasing COPD severity, female sex, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, and non-Hispanic Black and White populations. […] PBB is the most common cause of wet cough in children younger than 5, accounting for nearly 40% of pediatric pulmonology referrals. PBB is most prevalent in male children 2 and younger, with the median age being 1.8 to 4.8, though PBB is possible in adolescents older than 12. Risk factors for developing PBB are childcare attendance, a prior history of chronic cough, parent-reported wheezing in the preceding 12 months, household crowding, and those who are experiencing homelessness.

• #1 Interactive Dashboard | NREVSS | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nrevss/php/dashboard/index.html

  The National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) is a laboratory-based system that monitors respiratory and enteric virus activity. […] NREVSS allows for timely analysis of data to monitor viral seasons and circulation patterns. […] We anticipate that NREVSS will continue to play an important role in describing the temporal and geographic circulation patterns of respiratory and enteric viruses including changes in the typical annual circulation patterns and identifying viral outbreaks. […] NREVSS has proven to be a relatively simple and practical surveillance system that will continue to be an important part of CDC’s efforts to treat, prevent, and control respiratory and enteric viral diseases.

• #1 Epidemiology of chronic bronchitis. [European communitieS] (Journal Article) | ETDEWEB

  https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/5499948

  Epidemiology of chronic bronchitis. [European communitieS] […] An extensive study was carried out by the ECSC between 1970 and 1976 in all EEC member countries. […] The report is recommended to those specializing and practising in medicine. […] Compares the consequences of chronic bronchitis among workers in the steel and coal industries with those engaged in other sectors of industry. […] Discusses the significance of the study and draws conclusions from it.

• #1 Bronchitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis

  Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diseases and the most common type of bronchitis. About 5% of adults are affected, and about 6% of children have at least one episode yearly. It occurs more often in the winter. More than 10 million people in the U.S. visit a healthcare provider each year for this condition, with about 70% receiving antibiotics that are mostly unnecessary. There are efforts to decrease the use of antibiotics in acute bronchitis. […] Chronic bronchitis affects about 3.422% of the general population. Individuals over 45 years of age, smokers, those that live or work in areas with high air pollution, and anybody with asthma all have a higher risk of developing chronic bronchitis. This wide range is due to the different definitions of chronic bronchitis that can be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms or the clinical diagnosis of the disorder. Chronic bronchitis tends to affect men more often than women. While the primary risk factor for chronic bronchitis is smoking, there is still a 422% chance that non-smokers can get chronic bronchitis. This might suggest other risk factors such as the inhalation of fuels, dusts, fumes and genetic factor. In the United States, in 2016, 8.6 million people were diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, and there were 518 reported deaths. Per 100,000 of population the death rate of chronic bronchitis was 0.2.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Molecular epidemiology and evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus Molecular epidemiology and evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbca/a/zTx9zZzS94SKBTtgvkQf7Bj/?lang=en

  Mutation and recombination processes are involved in the genetic and phenotypic variations of RNA viruses, leading to the emergence of new variant strains, and give rise to virus population diversity to be modeled by the host, particularly by the immune system, as occurred with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens. […] Nucleotide sequencing and subsequent genetic analysis of the S1 and N protein gene sequences provide a fast and accurate method to classify and predict IBV genotype, and a powerful instrument to monitor phylogenetic and epidemiological evolution of IBV variants. […] Despite the use of vaccination programmes, infectious bronchitis has become a serious problem in Brazil. […] Thus, a significant number of IBV field variants have been identified circulating in the Brazilian commercial poultries between 2000 to 2006 and more recently in Argentina.

• #1 COPD Trends Brief – Prevalence | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/research/trends-in-lung-disease/copd-trends-brief/copd-prevalence

  In 2018, 9.0 million adults, or 3.6% of those ages 18 or older, had chronic bronchitis. […] From 1999 to 2018, chronic bronchitis rates decreased at an average of 1.5 percentage points per year. […] In 2022, 11.7 million people, or 4.6% of adults, reported a diagnosis of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema). […] During 2007-2010, around 8.5 million adults had been diagnosed with COPD, but this may be an underdiagnosis as more than 18 million had evidence of impaired lung function consistent with COPD.

• #2 Bronchitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis

  Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diseases and the most common type of bronchitis. About 5% of adults are affected, and about 6% of children have at least one episode yearly. It occurs more often in the winter. More than 10 million people in the U.S. visit a healthcare provider each year for this condition, with about 70% receiving antibiotics that are mostly unnecessary. There are efforts to decrease the use of antibiotics in acute bronchitis. […] Chronic bronchitis affects about 3.422% of the general population. Individuals over 45 years of age, smokers, those that live or work in areas with high air pollution, and anybody with asthma all have a higher risk of developing chronic bronchitis. This wide range is due to the different definitions of chronic bronchitis that can be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms or the clinical diagnosis of the disorder. Chronic bronchitis tends to affect men more often than women. While the primary risk factor for chronic bronchitis is smoking, there is still a 422% chance that non-smokers can get chronic bronchitis. This might suggest other risk factors such as the inhalation of fuels, dusts, fumes and genetic factor. In the United States, in 2016, 8.6 million people were diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, and there were 518 reported deaths. Per 100,000 of population the death rate of chronic bronchitis was 0.2.

• #2 Acute bronchitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_bronchitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Acute bronchitis, as a lower respiratory tract infection, is one of the most common illnesses seen among outpatient visits especially in young children. […] Acute bronchitis affects approximately 5% of adults in the U.S. annually and it becomes more common during cold seasons. Generally, it depends on the season of the year, vaccination status and presence of an epidemic. […] Acute bronchitis affects around 44 in 1000 adults (age over 16 years) per year in the UK, with around 82% of episodes occurring in autumn or winter. […] Acute bronchitis is most common among young children. […] Acute bronchitis affects men and women equally. […] There is no racial predilection for acute bronchitis.

• #2 COPD Trends Brief – Prevalence | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/research/trends-in-lung-disease/copd-trends-brief/copd-prevalence

  In 2018, 9.0 million adults, or 3.6% of those ages 18 or older, had chronic bronchitis. […] From 1999 to 2018, chronic bronchitis rates decreased at an average of 1.5 percentage points per year. […] In 2022, 11.7 million people, or 4.6% of adults, reported a diagnosis of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema). […] During 2007-2010, around 8.5 million adults had been diagnosed with COPD, but this may be an underdiagnosis as more than 18 million had evidence of impaired lung function consistent with COPD.

• #2 Acute bronchiolitis or bronchitis daily number of emergency department attendances 7 day moving average | UKHSA data dashboard

  https://ukhsa-dashboard.data.gov.uk/metrics-documentation/acute-bronchiolitis-or-bronchitis-daily-number-of-emergency-department-attendances-7-day-moving-average

  Monitoring trends in daily emergency department attendances can provide an early warning of human public health threats and provide detail to inform public health action. […] The metric shows the 7-day moving average of the daily number of attendances at emergency departments by people diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis or bronchitis in emergency departments across England. […] Acute bronchiolitis or bronchitis emergency department attendances are identified from the primary diagnosis of each attendance. […] The acute bronchiolitis or bronchitis indicator includes only acute bronchiolitis or bronchitis diagnoses, which are also included in the broader acute respiratory infections indicator. […] The data presented are based on a national syndromic surveillance system. They should be used to monitor trends, not estimate numbers of 'cases’ of a disease or condition.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00158781

  A questionnaire of respiratory symptoms and diseases completed by 6610 adults in 3 age cohorts (3536 y; 5051 y and 6566 y) in northern Sweden was followed-up by interview and lung function testing of 1243 subjects with asthmatic or bronchitic symptoms and 263 subjects assessed from the postal questionnaire as being healthy. We report the results of this follow-up study. […] According to the criteria used, 292 subjects (5.1% of the original study sample) were diagnosed as having asthma. Out of the 1243 subjects 334 (5.9% of the original study population) were diagnosed as having chronic bronchitis. […] However, examination of the 263 subjects who were healthy according to the postal questionnaire showed that elderly smokers, in particular, under-reported bronchitic symptoms; taking this into account, the prevalence of chronic bronchitis is estimated to be of the order of 9%. […] We consider that trained nurses provide reliable data that may be used in epidemiological surveys of obstructive lung diseases.

• #2 Improving antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis in the ambulatory setting using a multifaceted approach | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/improving-antibiotic-prescribing-for-acute-bronchitis-in-the-ambulatory-setting-using-a-multifaceted-approach/7874DA2A54DD10605A1AF331A944F72B

  Antibiotics are frequently prescribed inappropriately for acute respiratory infections in the outpatient setting. […] We report the implementation of a multifaceted outpatient antimicrobial stewardship initiative resulting in a 12.3% absolute reduction of antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis in primary care clinics receiving active interventions.

• #2 Nationwide Surveillance for Infectious Bronchitis Virus in South Korea from 2020 to 2021

  https://bioone.org/journals/avian-diseases/volume-66/issue-2/aviandiseases-D-21-00118/Nationwide-Surveillance-for-Infectious-Bronchitis-Virus-in-South-Korea-from/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00118.full

  Nationwide surveillance in South Korea was performed to determine the prevalence and distribution of IBV and its genotypes. […] A total of 939 samples were collected and tested for IBV detection by pathogen-specific reverse transcriptasePCR. […] A total of 114 IBV strains were isolated; 34 (30.9%) of the 110 samples obtained by passive surveillance, and 80 (9.7%) of the 829 samples obtained by active surveillance, were positive. […] Five genotypes (QX-like, B4-like, KM91-like, K40/09-like, and 20AD17-like) were observed in South Korea, with the QX-like genotype being the most common, and the 20AD17-like genotype being a novel genotype. […] These findings will help to maximize protection against IBV infection by providing a reference for the selection of an avian vaccine for IBV in South Korea.

• #2 Pediatric Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001332-overview

  Weigl et al noted an overall increase in hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infection (laryngotracheobronchitis, bronchitis, wheezing bronchitis, bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, pneumonia) among German children from 1996 to 2000; this is consistent with observations among children from the United States, United Kingdom, and Sweden. […] The incidence rate of bronchitis in children in this German cohort was 28%. […] A study by Berhane et al indicated that as a result of improvements in ambient air quality in Southern California, bronchitic symptoms decreased in that regions children between 1993 and 2012. […] Differences in population prevalences have been identified in patients with chronic bronchitis. […] For example, because of the association of chronic bronchitis with asthma and the concentration of asthma risk factors among inner-city populations, this population group is at higher risk.

• #3 Respiratory Airway Infections: Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/reairin2.htm

  Epidemiology […] Acute bronchitis usually occurs after a previous upper respiratory tract infection with extension of the infection to the bronchial tree. […] It is most common in the winter months, similar to most other respiratory diseases. […] Air pollution increases the number of cases of bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is a self-limiting disease in healthy adults and resolves within 710 days. […] Predisposing factors for the development of acute bronchitis in children include poor nutrition, allergy, deficiencies in IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 subclasses, and rickets. […] Older patients who have emphysema or chronic respiratory disease (e.g., tuberculosis) are more likely to develop acute bronchitis. […] Epidemiology […] The incidence of bronchiolitis parallels respiratory infections in older children and adults and is most common during fall and winter months. […] Although infection with respiratory syncytial virus may occur at any age, the clinical disease bronchiolitis develops only in infants and young children. […] About 75% of cases of bronchiolitis occur in children younger than 1 year of age and 95% occur in children younger than 2 years of age, with a peak incidence at 28 months of age. […] The infection is usually self-limiting. […] Bronchiolitis is an acute viral infection with a favorable outcome; fatalities rarely occur. […] About 95% of children aged 2 have serologic evidence of past infection with respiratory syncytial virus; the presence of antibodies to this virus does not confer immunity. […] Risk factors include: age younger than 6 months, bottle feeding, prematurity (born before 37 weeks gestation), exposure to cigarette smoke, and crowded living conditions. […] The virus is transmitted from person-to-person by direct contact with nasal secretions or by airborne droplets. […] The risk of RSV lower respiratory tract infection (bronchiolitis) was 10 times higher for children who had older siblings, high parental educational levels, birth weights of 4 kg, attended day care, and were born between April and September, compared with children without these factors.

• #3 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  According to estimates from national interviews taken by the National Center for Health Statistics in 2006, approximately 9.5 million people, or 4% of the population, were diagnosed with chronic bronchitis. These statistics may underestimate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by as much as 50%, because many patients underreport their symptoms, and their conditions remain undiagnosed. […] An overdiagnosis of chronic bronchitis by patients and clinicians has also been suggested, however. The term bronchitis is often used as a common descriptor for a nonspecific and self-limited cough, thereby falsely increasing its incidence even though the patient does not meet the criteria for diagnosis. […] In one study, acute bronchitis affected 44 of 1000 adults annually, and 82% of episodes occurred in fall or winter.

• #3 Epidemiology and Management of Dust Mite Induced Bronchitis in Urban India | ClinicSearch

  https://www.clinicsearchonline.org/article/epidemiology-and-management-of-dust-mite-induced-bronchitis-in-urban-india

  Bronchitis is an inflammation of the airways leading into our lungs. When our trachea and bronchi get irritated, they swell up and fill with mucus, causing people to cough. Cough is the main symptom of bronchitis lasting days to a couple of weeks. While Viruses are the most common cause of acute bronchitis, in the months from October 2023 Indian cities are saddled with Bronchitis cases mainly due to dust, Smoke, smog, and other irritants in the environment. […] Air pollution is a significant worldwide health concern due to its impact on respiratory health. Air pollution caused by various pollutants in the air including PM, NO2, SO2, O3, CO, and VOCs. These pollutants harm the respiratory system by causing irritation, inflammation, damage to airways and lung tissues. They can also trigger asthma attacks and worsen existing respiratory conditions. In the last decade these dust allergic cases dont get triggered in specific seasons but are seen round the year.

• #3 India Study on Epidemiology of Asthma, Respiratory Symptoms and Chronic Bronchitis (INSEARCH) 2007-2009 | GHDx

  https://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/india-study-epidemiology-asthma-respiratory-symptoms-and-chronic-bronchitis-insearch-2007

  The Indian Study on Epidemiology of Asthma, Respiratory Symptoms and Chronic Bronchitis (INSEARCH) was conducted in two phases. Phase II, which took place in 2007-2009, involved a survey conducted across twelve study centers throughout India. A total sample of 169,575 individuals were interviewed as part of this survey; participants were drawn from rural and urban areas for all centers except at Secunderbad, which only included urban areas. […] The questionnaire collected information about participants’ respiratory symptoms, tobacco use, exposure to secondhand smoke, cooking fuels used in the household, asthma diagnoses, and BCG vaccination history.

• #3 Acute Bronchitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/afp/980315ap/hueston.html?page=29

  One reason that acute bronchitis is such a common diagnosis in primary care practice is that physicians often lump various conditions together under the diagnosis of bronchitis. In the absence of clear diagnostic signs or laboratory tests, the diagnosis of acute bronchitis is purely clinical. Consequently, cough from upper respiratory tract infections, sinusitis or allergic syndromes (e.g., mild asthma or viral pneumonia) may be diagnosed as acute bronchitis. […] The findings of these studies suggest that patients with acute bronchitis may have an underlying predisposition to bronchial reactivity during times of viral infection and that this reactivity may evolve into the more chronic bronchial inflammation which characterizes asthma. Recent epidemiologic findings of serologic evidence of C. pneumoniae infection in adults with new-onset asthma suggest that untreated chlamydial infections may have a role in the transition from the acute inflammation of bronchitis to the chronic inflammatory changes of asthma.

• #3 Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Broilers in Brazil: Surveillance and Persistence of Vaccine Viruses

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/3/521

  Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses a significant threat to poultry worldwide, necessitating robust surveillance and vaccination strategies. This study aimed to conduct IBV surveillance in Brazil, assess potential vaccine viral escapes, and evaluate vaccine persistence in vaccinated broilers. A total of 1000 tracheal swabs from 100 flocks across six states were analyzed using RT-PCR. The results showed that 91% of the flocks tested positive for IBV. […] Epidemiological surveillance can help characterize which genotype or lineage is present in a particular region, evaluate possible vaccine viral escapes, and identify new wild strains of IBV. […] Therefore, this study aimed to conduct surveillance of IBV in Brazil, focusing on identifying vaccine viral escapes, and assessing the persistence of vaccine viruses in vaccinated broiler flocks. This objective aligns with addressing the challenges posed by IBV’s high genetic variability and its implications for vaccine efficacy. […] The data demonstrate a widespread occurrence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Brazil’s broiler flocks, with prolonged viral persistence observed in vaccinated birds and the presence of wild-type viruses in unvaccinated birds or those vaccinated against specific strains.

• #3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-and-related-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd

  In the United States, approximately 24 million people have airflow limitation, of whom approximately 16 million have a diagnosis of COPD. COPD is a leading cause of death, resulting in approximately 140,000 deaths each year in the United States. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates increase with age. Prevalence is higher in females, but total mortality is similar in both sexes. COPD seems to aggregate in families independent of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. […] COPD is increasing worldwide because of increases in smoking and reduction in mortality due to infectious diseases. In some regions, the widespread use of biomass fuels, such as wood, grasses, or other organic materials, also contributes to COPD prevalence. COPD mortality rates may be higher in medically underserved nations than in nations where medical care is more easily accessed. COPD accounted for 3.23 million deaths globally in 2019 and is the third leading cause of death. […] The COVID-19 pandemic posed a particular risk to patients with COPD. The mortality rate for patients with COPD and COVID-19 was 15% versus 4% in those without COPD.

• #4 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  According to estimates from national interviews taken by the National Center for Health Statistics in 2006, approximately 9.5 million people, or 4% of the population, were diagnosed with chronic bronchitis. These statistics may underestimate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by as much as 50%, because many patients underreport their symptoms, and their conditions remain undiagnosed. […] An overdiagnosis of chronic bronchitis by patients and clinicians has also been suggested, however. The term bronchitis is often used as a common descriptor for a nonspecific and self-limited cough, thereby falsely increasing its incidence even though the patient does not meet the criteria for diagnosis. […] In one study, acute bronchitis affected 44 of 1000 adults annually, and 82% of episodes occurred in fall or winter.

• #4 Chronic bronchitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Chronic_bronchitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Chronic bronchitis is a part of COPD and its epidemiology is discussed as a sub-group of COPD. COPD occurs in 34 out of 1000 patients greater than 65 years old. In England, an estimated 842,100 of 50 million people have a diagnosis of COPD; translating into approximately one person in 59 receiving a diagnosis of COPD at some point in their lives. In the most socioeconomically deprived parts of the country, one in 32 people were diagnosed with COPD, compared with one in 98 in the most affluent areas. In the United States, the prevalence of COPD is approximately 1 in 20 or 5%, totaling approximately 13.5 million people in USA,[1][2] or approximately 25 million people if undiagnosed cases are included. […] Chronic bronchitis occurs in old ages especially in persons over 65 years old. […] Hispanics were less likely to report COPD than non-Hispanic whites and blacks (4.0% compared with 6.3% and 6.1%, respectively). Chronic bronchitis mortality rates are higher among whites than among blacks or persons of all other races. […] Women were more likely to report COPD than men (6.7% compared to 5.2%). Age adjusted death rates of men have decreased between 1999 and 2014 but this rate was stable among women.

• #4 Epidemiology and Management of Dust Mite Induced Bronchitis in Urban India | ClinicSearch

  https://www.clinicsearchonline.org/article/epidemiology-and-management-of-dust-mite-induced-bronchitis-in-urban-india

  India has the dubious distinction of having 7 of the top 10 cities with severe or dangerous air pollution worldwide, China, Nepal, Pakistan contributing one each. While 4 of them have dangerous AQI (2 in India), rest are declared as severely polluted. […] Come winter months of November to February every year Family physicians, Pulmonologists clinics are flooded with respiratory tract Infection cases and half of them are secondary to dust mite allergy. Most of such cases come from households living near the roads with high traffic volume and high concentration of dust particles in the air and other from households living near construction sites. Primary symptoms include incessant sneezing, blocked nose, rhinitis, a bad dry cough without infections and signs include acute exacerbation of non-obstructive chronic Bronchitis due to dust irritation. About 75-80% of the allergic cases are attributed to dust mites.

• #4 SciELO Brazil – Molecular epidemiology and evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus Molecular epidemiology and evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbca/a/zTx9zZzS94SKBTtgvkQf7Bj/?lang=en

  The continuous emergence of new IBV serotypes has hampered the development of appropriate control programs due to antigenic variation and the low degree of cross-protection observed among IBV serotypes. […] This emphasizes the need for prompt and precise diagnosis, mainly to identify new variants of this viral agent and to compare them with the existing vaccine strains. […] Nucleotide sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analysis of S1 protein gene sequences, offers a rapid and accurate method to identify the IBV genotype, as well as to predict IBV serotype, thereby contributing to evaluate phylogenetic and epidemiological evolution of IBV strains. […] It was demonstrated that mutation and recombination processes are involved in IBV genetic variation and subsequent evolution by a mechanism that leads to the emergence of new variant strains and the generation of virus population diversity.

• #4 Chronic Bronchitis: Market Assessment, Epidemiology & Market Forecast-2028

  https://www.cmaxinsight.com/report-detail.php?report=CIPMA0329

  CmaxInsights Chronic Bronchitis: Market Assessment, Epidemiology Market Forecast-2028 report provides an overview of the disease and market size of Chronic Bronchitis for the seven major markets i.e., United States, EU5 (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK) and Japan. […] The Report covers epidemiology of Chronic Bronchitis from 2016 to 2028 segmented by seven major markets market along with market drivers, market barriers and unmet medical needs of this indication. […] This section of the report provides the country-specific information of historical and current patient pool and offers forecasted value for prevalent/ incident cases, along with diagnosed and treatable patient pool. […] The report provides detailed historical and forecasted epidemiological data of Chronic Bronchitis in the 7MM from 2016-2028.

• #5 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  Acute bronchitis is common throughout the world and is one of the top 5 reasons for seeking medical care in countries that collect such data. No difference in racial distribution is reported, though bronchitis occurs more frequently in populations with a low socioeconomic status and in people who live in urban and highly industrialized areas. […] In terms of gender-specific incidence, bronchitis affects males more than females. In the United States, up to two thirds of men and one fourth of women have emphysema at death. Although found in all age groups, acute bronchitis is most frequently diagnosed in children younger than 5 years, whereas chronic bronchitis is more prevalent in people older than 50 years.

• #5 Epidemiology and Management of Dust Mite Induced Bronchitis in Urban India | ClinicSearch

  https://www.clinicsearchonline.org/article/epidemiology-and-management-of-dust-mite-induced-bronchitis-in-urban-india

  As air pollution continues to wreak havoc on citizens health, staying indoors, avoiding early morning walks, getting vaccinated for flu and pneumonia, wearing N-95 mask while venturing out could help reduce adverse effects of air pollution. […] According to Head of the Department of Pulmonology at AIIMS, there has been a 10-15% increase in the number of patients with worsening symptoms over what is normally the case this year. In the last few days, there has been an exponential rise in patients with acute attacks of Bronchitis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at PSRI Institute of Pulmonary, Critical care and Sleep Medicine. […] Most Pulmonologists report having not witnessed air quality as poor as it is in 2023. Most of the patients are suffering from prolonged cough and severe wheezing, with some still coughing persistently even after receiving treatment.

• #5 Pediatric Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001332-overview

  Data collected from the National Ambulatory Care Survey 1991 Summary showed that 2,774,000 office visits by children younger than 15 years resulted in a diagnosis of bronchitis. […] Although the report did not separate diagnoses into acute and chronic bronchitis, the frequency of visits made bronchitis just slightly less common than otitis media and slightly more common than asthma. […] However, in children, asthma is often underdiagnosed and is frequently misdiagnosed as chronic or recurrent bronchitis. […] Since 1996, 9-14 million Americans have been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis annually. […] Bronchitis, both acute and chronic, is prevalent throughout the world and is one of the top 5 reasons for childhood physician visits in countries that track such data. […] The incidence of bronchitis in British schoolchildren is reported to be 20.7%.

• #5 Chronic Bronchitis – Market Insight, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast – 2034

  https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1506623-chronic-bronchitis-market-insight-epidemiology.html

  The Chronic Bronchitis epidemiology division provide insights about historical and current Chronic Bronchitis patient pool and forecasted trend for every seven major countries. It helps to recognize the causes of current and forecasted trends by exploring numerous studies and views of key opinion leaders. This part of the DelveInsight report also provides the diagnosed patient pool and their trends along with assumptions undertaken. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Chronic Bronchitis epidemiology scenario in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2020 to 2034. […] The epidemiology segment also provides the Chronic Bronchitis epidemiology data and findings across the United States, EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and Japan.

• #6 Acute bronchitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_bronchitis

  Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diseases. About 5% of adults are affected and about 6% of children have at least one episode a year. It occurs more often in the winter. […] In infants under one year of age, acute bronchitis was the most common reason for admission to the hospital after an emergency department visit in the US in 2011.

• #6 Pediatric Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001332-overview

  Weigl et al noted an overall increase in hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infection (laryngotracheobronchitis, bronchitis, wheezing bronchitis, bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, pneumonia) among German children from 1996 to 2000; this is consistent with observations among children from the United States, United Kingdom, and Sweden. […] The incidence rate of bronchitis in children in this German cohort was 28%. […] A study by Berhane et al indicated that as a result of improvements in ambient air quality in Southern California, bronchitic symptoms decreased in that regions children between 1993 and 2012. […] Differences in population prevalences have been identified in patients with chronic bronchitis. […] For example, because of the association of chronic bronchitis with asthma and the concentration of asthma risk factors among inner-city populations, this population group is at higher risk.

• #6 California surveillance reveals genetic and seasonal changes in infectious bronchitis virus – Poultry Producer

  https://www.poultryproducer.com/california-surveillance-reveals-genetic-and-seasonal-changes-in-infectious-bronchitis-virus/

  Genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) found in California between 2012 and 2020 have seen a major shift, according to a study investigating patterns of IBV in the state. […] Although surveillance has been carried out in California for years, few studies have looked at patterns of IBV detection over time, explained Patrick Montine, an epidemiology PhD student at UCDavis School of Veterinary Medicine. […] The investigation into 8 years of data revealed that while the California 99 strain of IBV was most prevalent between 2012-2014, by 2019-2020, Massachusetts, Connecticut and California 3099 strains accounted for most of the infections detected through active surveillance. […] IBV is a highly variable virus, so knowing the predominant genotypes affecting each geographical region is crucial, allowing scientists to work on preparedness, vaccine schedules and combinations that can protect against new variants and reduce shedding, Montine told the 2021 Western Poultry Disease Conference.

• #7 Acute bronchitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-bronchitis?lang=us

  Acute bronchitis can affect people of all ages, but it is commonest in children, especially those under the age of 3 years. It is often associated with the common cold, a sore throat and/or flu. […] Chest radiographs are not routinely indicated in cases of simple acute bronchitis. Indications for chest x-rays in adult patients with acute bronchitis are primarily to evaluate for pneumonia and include 1: […] Treatment is supportive, consisting of analgesia and sometimes bronchodilators 2.

• #8 Pediatric Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001332-overview

  Data collected from the National Ambulatory Care Survey 1991 Summary showed that 2,774,000 office visits by children younger than 15 years resulted in a diagnosis of bronchitis. […] Although the report did not separate diagnoses into acute and chronic bronchitis, the frequency of visits made bronchitis just slightly less common than otitis media and slightly more common than asthma. […] However, in children, asthma is often underdiagnosed and is frequently misdiagnosed as chronic or recurrent bronchitis. […] Since 1996, 9-14 million Americans have been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis annually. […] Bronchitis, both acute and chronic, is prevalent throughout the world and is one of the top 5 reasons for childhood physician visits in countries that track such data. […] The incidence of bronchitis in British schoolchildren is reported to be 20.7%.

• #9 Pediatric Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001332-overview

  The incidence of acute bronchitis is equal in males and females. […] The incidence of chronic bronchitis is difficult to state precisely because of the lack of definitive diagnostic criteria and the considerable overlap with asthma. […] However, in recent years, the prevalence of chronic bronchitis has been reported to be consistently higher in females than in males. […] Acute (typically wheezy) bronchitis occurs most commonly in children younger than 2 years, with another peak seen in children aged 9-15 years. […] Chronic bronchitis affects people of all ages but is more prevalent in persons older than 45 years.

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