Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chest Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chest-infection

  A chest infection is an infection that affects your lower large airways (bronchi) and your lungs. Pneumonia and bronchitis are the most common chest infections. […] Pneumonia is usually due to bacterial infection. Pneumonia may be serious and need hospital admission. […] Acute bronchitis is common and is often due to a viral infection. Infection with a germ (bacterium) is a less common cause. […] Pneumonia is usually a bacterial infection of the lung (bacterial chest infection) and may be serious. Treatment with antibiotics is usually needed. […] A bout of infection of the large airways (bronchi) in the lungs (acute bronchitis) usually gets better on its own within 7-10 days without any medicines. If you suspect that you have a severe infection of the lung (pneumonia), you should see a GP.

• #2 Chest infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chest-infection/

  A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or large airways. Some chest infections are mild and clear up on their own, but others can be severe and life threatening. […] If you have a chest infection, there are things you can do to ease the symptoms. […] A pharmacist can recommend cough medicines to loosen the mucus in your lungs. This will make the mucus easier to cough up and help clear the infection from your lungs. […] Treatment for a chest infection will depend on the cause. […] Antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial chest infections. They’re not used for treating viral chest infections, like flu or viral bronchitis. This is because antibiotics do not work for viral infections. […] To avoid passing a chest infection on to others: cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, wash your hands regularly, throw away used tissues immediately.

• #3 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Chest infections are common, especially after a cold or flu during autumn and winter. […] Although most are mild and get better on their own, some can be serious or even life-threatening. […] Many chest infections aren’t serious and get better within a few days or weeks. You won’t usually need to see your GP, unless your symptoms suggest you have a more serious infection. […] While you recover at home, there are things you can do to improve your symptoms. […] Get plenty of rest. […] Drink lots of fluid to prevent dehydration and to loosen the mucus in your lungs, making it easier to cough up. […] Treat headaches, fever and aches and pains with pain relief such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. […] Drink a warm drink of honey and lemon to relieve a sore throat caused by persistent coughing.

• #4 Chest Infections: Symptoms, Home Remedies, and Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chest-infections

  A chest infection is a type of respiratory infection that impacts the lower part of your respiratory tract. […] The two most common types of chest infections are bronchitis and pneumonia. Chest infections can range anywhere from mild to severe. […] A chest infection can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection. The exact cause will depend on the type of infection. […] You should always go to see a doctor for a chest infection if you: are over 65 years old, have a child under 5 with symptoms of a chest infection, are pregnant, have a chronic health condition or a weakened immune system, cough up blood or bloody mucus, have symptoms such as a fever or headache that gets worse, have a cough that lasts longer than three weeks, have quick breathing, pain in your chest, or shortness of breath, feel dizzy, confused, or disoriented.

• #5 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nurses are expected to perform both dependent and independent functions for the patient to aid him or her towards the restoration of their well-being. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] Through the data collected during assessment, the following nursing diagnoses are made: […] Planning is essential to establish the interventions that are appropriate for the patients condition. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #6 Pneumonia Practice Questions with Answers & NCLEX Reviewplay-sharp-fill

  https://simplenursing.com/pneumonia-nclex-practice-questions-review/

  Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. A variety of organisms, such as bacteria, viruses (including Covid-19), and fungi, can cause pneumonia. In pneumonia, the alveoli in one or both lungs fill with pus and fluids (exudate), which interferes with gas exchange. This can often lead to respiratory failure if left untreated. […] Nursing responsibilities include, providing prescribed oxygen therapy, antibiotics, and other respiratory support for clients with pneumonia. […] Nursing assessment includes: A thorough client history: A complete history will enable the nurse to identify risk factors that may have contributed to the client’s developing pneumonia. Physical assessment: Airway, breathing and circulation are key in identifying the client’s respiratory status. Assess for signs of pneumonia and respiratory distress which will require immediate intervention. Physical assessment consists of: auscultating lung sounds, obtaining vital signs (to include pulse oximetry), and skin assessment for the client’s overall respiratory health.

• #7 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Ineffective airway clearance related to increased production of secretions and increased viscosity […] Display patent airway with breath sounds clearing; absence of dyspnea, cyanosis. […] Assess the rate and depth of respirations and chest movement. […] Auscultate lung fields, noting areas of decreased or absent airflow and adventitious breath sounds: crackles, wheezes. […] Elevate head of bed, change position frequently. […] Teach and assist patient with proper deep-breathing exercises. […] Suction as indicated: frequent coughing, adventitious breath sounds, desaturation related to airway secretions. […] Force fluids to at least 3000 mL/day (unless contraindicated, as in heart failure). […] Administer medications as indicated: mucolytics, expectorants, bronchodilators, analgesics.

• #8

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=5707573&Journal_ID=54030&Issue_ID=5707463

  ABSTRACT: Among the most common causes of U.S. adult hospitalizations, pneumonia accounted for nearly 50,000 deaths in the United States in 2017. This article provides nurses with a thorough update on pneumonia risk factors, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic criteria, as well as inpatient treatment recommendations and recommendations for discharge and prevention, including the nurse’s role in patient and family teaching. […] Nursing care. Upon A.S.’s admission to the telemetry unit, the nurse connects him to cardiac telemetry monitoring and conducts a head-to-toe assessment with a focused appraisal of the respiratory system. The nurse auscultates for breath sounds in all lung fields, comparing left to right in each field and listening for the presence of adventitious breath sounds such as crackles and wheezes.

• #9 Pediatric Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568682/

  Identify appropriate nursing care for a hospitalized child with pneumonia. […] Nursing care of the child with pneumonia in the hospital is mostly supportive and will involve routine monitoring and assessment of the child for respiratory status and oxygenation, fluid status, and sepsis risk. The child may require supplemental oxygen and SpO2 monitoring, depending on the severity of the illness. […] The nurse should assess oxygenation and for the adequacy of air movement in lung fields, the presence of accessory muscle usage, nasal flaring, grunting, and diminished breath sounds at each routine assessment, and more frequently if indicated. […] Routine monitoring for fever and risk of sepsis is required. Prompt initiation of antibiotic or antifungal therapy is required if the etiology is bacterial or fungal. […] It is essential to ensure that clear discharge instructions and return precautions are given to parents or caregivers of children being discharged home in addition to close pediatrician follow-up.

• #10 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Elevate head and encourage frequent position changes, deep breathing, and effective coughing. […] Assess anxiety level and encourage verbalization of feelings and concerns. […] Observe for deterioration in condition, noting hypotension, copious amounts of bloody sputum, pallor, cyanosis, change in LOC, severe dyspnea, and restlessness. […] Monitor ABGs, pulse oximetry. […] Administer oxygen therapy by appropriate means: nasal prongs, mask, Venturi mask. […] Risk for deficient fluid volume related to excessive fluid loss (fever, profuse diaphoresis, mouth breathing/hyperventilation, vomiting) […] Demonstrate fluid balance evidenced by individually appropriate parameters, e.g., moist mucous membranes, good skin turgor, prompt capillary refill, stable vital signs. […] Assess vital sign changes: increasing temperature, prolonged fever, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia.

• #11 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Monitor serial chest x-rays, ABGs, pulse oximetry readings. […] Assist with bronchoscopy and/or thoracentesis, if indicated. […] Urge all bedridden and postoperative patients to perform deep breathing and coughing exercises frequently. […] Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes (inflammatory effects) […] Demonstrate improved ventilation and oxygenation of tissues by ABGs within patients acceptable range and absence of symptoms of respiratory distress. […] Assess respiratory rate, depth, and ease. […] Observe color of skin, mucous membranes, and nailbeds, noting presence of peripheral cyanosis (nail beds) or central cyanosis (circumoral). […] Assess mental status. […] Monitor heart rate and rhythm. […] Monitor body temperature, as indicated. […] Maintain bedrest.

• #12 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Monitor serial chest x-rays, ABGs, pulse oximetry readings. […] Assist with bronchoscopy and/or thoracentesis, if indicated. […] Urge all bedridden and postoperative patients to perform deep breathing and coughing exercises frequently. […] Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes (inflammatory effects) […] Demonstrate improved ventilation and oxygenation of tissues by ABGs within patients acceptable range and absence of symptoms of respiratory distress. […] Assess respiratory rate, depth, and ease. […] Observe color of skin, mucous membranes, and nailbeds, noting presence of peripheral cyanosis (nail beds) or central cyanosis (circumoral). […] Assess mental status. […] Monitor heart rate and rhythm. […] Monitor body temperature, as indicated. […] Maintain bedrest.

• #13 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Monitor vital signs closely, especially during initiation of therapy. […] Instruct patient concerning the disposition of secretions: raising and expectorating versus swallowing; and reporting changes in color, amount, odor of secretions. […] Demonstrate and encourage good hand washing technique. […] Change position frequently and provide good pulmonary toilet. […] Limit visitors as indicated. […] Institute isolation precautions as individually appropriate. […] Encourage adequate rest balanced with moderate activity. […] Monitor effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. […] Investigate sudden change in condition, such as increasing chest pain, extra heart sounds, altered sensorium, recurring fever, changes in sputum characteristics. […] Deficient knowledge regarding condition, treatment, self-care, and discharge needs related to lack of exposure

• #14 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nurses are expected to perform both dependent and independent functions for the patient to aid him or her towards the restoration of their well-being. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] Through the data collected during assessment, the following nursing diagnoses are made: […] Planning is essential to establish the interventions that are appropriate for the patients condition. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #15 Nursing care plan for bacterial pneumonia

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-bacterial-pneumonia/

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by a virus, bacteria, or fungus. Bacterial pneumonia is the most serious form of the disease and can be life threatening if left untreated. […] As a nurse, it is essential to understand the nursing care plan for bacterial pneumonia in order to ensure that this potentially devastating condition can be managed successfully. […] The nursing diagnosis for bacterial pneumonia is typically categorized as impaired gas exchange, risk for ineffective airway clearance, altered nutrition, and/or fatigue. […] The outcome of bacterial pneumonia is based on the patients overall health and treatment. The goal is for the patient to obtain an improved level of functioning, improved nutrition, and positive lifestyle changes in order to reduce their risk of developing further complications.

• #16 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Ineffective airway clearance related to increased production of secretions and increased viscosity […] Display patent airway with breath sounds clearing; absence of dyspnea, cyanosis. […] Assess the rate and depth of respirations and chest movement. […] Auscultate lung fields, noting areas of decreased or absent airflow and adventitious breath sounds: crackles, wheezes. […] Elevate head of bed, change position frequently. […] Teach and assist patient with proper deep-breathing exercises. […] Suction as indicated: frequent coughing, adventitious breath sounds, desaturation related to airway secretions. […] Force fluids to at least 3000 mL/day (unless contraindicated, as in heart failure). […] Administer medications as indicated: mucolytics, expectorants, bronchodilators, analgesics.

• #17 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Monitor serial chest x-rays, ABGs, pulse oximetry readings. […] Assist with bronchoscopy and/or thoracentesis, if indicated. […] Urge all bedridden and postoperative patients to perform deep breathing and coughing exercises frequently. […] Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes (inflammatory effects) […] Demonstrate improved ventilation and oxygenation of tissues by ABGs within patients acceptable range and absence of symptoms of respiratory distress. […] Assess respiratory rate, depth, and ease. […] Observe color of skin, mucous membranes, and nailbeds, noting presence of peripheral cyanosis (nail beds) or central cyanosis (circumoral). […] Assess mental status. […] Monitor heart rate and rhythm. […] Monitor body temperature, as indicated. […] Maintain bedrest.

• #18 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Elevate head and encourage frequent position changes, deep breathing, and effective coughing. […] Assess anxiety level and encourage verbalization of feelings and concerns. […] Observe for deterioration in condition, noting hypotension, copious amounts of bloody sputum, pallor, cyanosis, change in LOC, severe dyspnea, and restlessness. […] Monitor ABGs, pulse oximetry. […] Administer oxygen therapy by appropriate means: nasal prongs, mask, Venturi mask. […] Risk for deficient fluid volume related to excessive fluid loss (fever, profuse diaphoresis, mouth breathing/hyperventilation, vomiting) […] Demonstrate fluid balance evidenced by individually appropriate parameters, e.g., moist mucous membranes, good skin turgor, prompt capillary refill, stable vital signs. […] Assess vital sign changes: increasing temperature, prolonged fever, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia.

• #19 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Assess skin turgor, moisture of mucous membranes. […] Investigate reports of nausea and vomiting. […] Monitor intake and output (IO), noting color, character of urine. […] Force fluids to at least 3000 mL/day or as individually appropriate. […] Administer medications as indicated: antipyretics, antiemetics. […] Provide supplemental IV fluids as necessary. […] Risk for imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to increased metabolic needs secondary to fever and infectious process […] Demonstrate increased appetite. […] Identify factors that are contributing to nausea or vomiting: copious sputum, aerosol treatments, severe dyspnea, pain. […] Provide covered container for sputum and remove at frequent intervals. […] Schedule respiratory treatments at least 1 hr before meals.

• #20 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Maintain adequate nutrition to offset hypermetabolic state secondary to infection. […] Consider limiting use of milk products. […] Elevate the patients head and neck, and check for tubes position during NG tube feedings. […] Auscultate for bowel sounds. […] Provide small, frequent meals, including dry foods (toast, crackers) and/or foods that are appealing to patient. […] Evaluate general nutritional state, obtain baseline weight. […] Acute pain related to inflammation of lung parenchyma […] Verbalize relief/control of pain. […] Assess pain characteristics: sharp, constant, stabbing. […] Monitor vital signs. […] Provide comfort measures: back rubs, position changes, quite music, massage. […] Offer frequent oral hygiene. […] Instruct and assist patient in chest splinting techniques during coughing episodes.

• #21 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Administer analgesics and antitussives as indicated. […] Activity intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand […] Report/demonstrate a measurable increase in tolerance to activity with absence of dyspnea and excessive fatigue, and vital signs within patients acceptable range. […] Determine patients response to activity. […] Provide a quiet environment and limit visitors during acute phase as indicated. […] Explain importance of rest in treatment plan and necessity for balancing activities with rest. […] Assist patient to assume comfortable position for rest and sleep. […] Assist with self-care activities as necessary. […] Risk for spread of infection related to inadequate primary defenses (decreased ciliary action, stasis of respiratory secretions) […] Achieve timely resolution of current infection without complications.

• #22 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Administer analgesics and antitussives as indicated. […] Activity intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand […] Report/demonstrate a measurable increase in tolerance to activity with absence of dyspnea and excessive fatigue, and vital signs within patients acceptable range. […] Determine patients response to activity. […] Provide a quiet environment and limit visitors during acute phase as indicated. […] Explain importance of rest in treatment plan and necessity for balancing activities with rest. […] Assist patient to assume comfortable position for rest and sleep. […] Assist with self-care activities as necessary. […] Risk for spread of infection related to inadequate primary defenses (decreased ciliary action, stasis of respiratory secretions) […] Achieve timely resolution of current infection without complications.

• #23 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Monitor vital signs closely, especially during initiation of therapy. […] Instruct patient concerning the disposition of secretions: raising and expectorating versus swallowing; and reporting changes in color, amount, odor of secretions. […] Demonstrate and encourage good hand washing technique. […] Change position frequently and provide good pulmonary toilet. […] Limit visitors as indicated. […] Institute isolation precautions as individually appropriate. […] Encourage adequate rest balanced with moderate activity. […] Monitor effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. […] Investigate sudden change in condition, such as increasing chest pain, extra heart sounds, altered sensorium, recurring fever, changes in sputum characteristics. […] Deficient knowledge regarding condition, treatment, self-care, and discharge needs related to lack of exposure

• #24 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nurses are expected to perform both dependent and independent functions for the patient to aid him or her towards the restoration of their well-being. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] Through the data collected during assessment, the following nursing diagnoses are made: […] Planning is essential to establish the interventions that are appropriate for the patients condition. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #25 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Assessment for Pneumonia: When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions: Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] A nursing intervention that helps prevent a client from developing pneumonia after surgery is teaching the client to use the incentive spirometer every hour while awake. […] Coughing, deep breathing, and maintaining adequate hydration are important for achieving effective airway clearance.

• #26 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients. […] The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections. […] Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed. Encouraging ambulation and assisting with proper positioning in a chair are vital interventions. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to take deep breaths and cough after each position change. […] Using a high-humidity face mask can help deliver warm, humidified air to the tracheobronchial tree, thereby liquefying secretions and alleviating irritation.

• #27

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=5707573&Journal_ID=54030&Issue_ID=5707463

  Respiratory management. Performance of respiratory hygiene is an important set of interventions to improve the patient’s respiratory effort and to mobilize and expectorate sputum. It includes the following: deep breathing and coughing, use of incentive spirometry, chest percussion. […] Infection control. Cough hygiene is an essential aspect of patient education to prevent the spread of respiratory infections. […] Oxygen therapy. Supplemental oxygen therapy may be indicated in patients with pneumonia if their oxygen saturation level as measured by pulse oximetry is below 90% or if arterial blood gas results include a partial pressure of oxygen level of less than 80%. […] Mobility. Patients with pneumonia should be positioned with the head of the bed elevated to 30 degrees to promote lung expansion, enhance sputum expectoration, and decrease the work of breathing.

• #28 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients. […] The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections. […] Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed. Encouraging ambulation and assisting with proper positioning in a chair are vital interventions. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to take deep breaths and cough after each position change. […] Using a high-humidity face mask can help deliver warm, humidified air to the tracheobronchial tree, thereby liquefying secretions and alleviating irritation.

• #29 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Assessment for Pneumonia: When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions: Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] A nursing intervention that helps prevent a client from developing pneumonia after surgery is teaching the client to use the incentive spirometer every hour while awake. […] Coughing, deep breathing, and maintaining adequate hydration are important for achieving effective airway clearance.

• #30

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=5707573&Journal_ID=54030&Issue_ID=5707463

  Respiratory management. Performance of respiratory hygiene is an important set of interventions to improve the patient’s respiratory effort and to mobilize and expectorate sputum. It includes the following: deep breathing and coughing, use of incentive spirometry, chest percussion. […] Infection control. Cough hygiene is an essential aspect of patient education to prevent the spread of respiratory infections. […] Oxygen therapy. Supplemental oxygen therapy may be indicated in patients with pneumonia if their oxygen saturation level as measured by pulse oximetry is below 90% or if arterial blood gas results include a partial pressure of oxygen level of less than 80%. […] Mobility. Patients with pneumonia should be positioned with the head of the bed elevated to 30 degrees to promote lung expansion, enhance sputum expectoration, and decrease the work of breathing.

• #31 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients. […] The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections. […] Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed. Encouraging ambulation and assisting with proper positioning in a chair are vital interventions. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to take deep breaths and cough after each position change. […] Using a high-humidity face mask can help deliver warm, humidified air to the tracheobronchial tree, thereby liquefying secretions and alleviating irritation.

• #32 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Nursing Management: […] – Obtain blood work and check cultures […] – Hydrate the patient […] – Administer antibiotics as ordered […] – Keep patient comfortable and warm […] – Perform suction as required […] – Measure ins and out […] – Manage pain and cough […] – Promote nutrition […] – Administer oxygen as needed […] – Provide rest […] – Teach patient hand washing […] […] […] When To Seek Help: […] – Altered mental status […] – Dyspnea […] – Low oxygen saturations […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Unresponsive […] – Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] […] […] Outcome Identification: […] – Normal vitals […] – No dyspnea or fever […] – Able to ambulate […] – Energetic […] […] […] Monitoring: […] – Vitals

• #33 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients. […] The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections. […] Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed. Encouraging ambulation and assisting with proper positioning in a chair are vital interventions. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to take deep breaths and cough after each position change. […] Using a high-humidity face mask can help deliver warm, humidified air to the tracheobronchial tree, thereby liquefying secretions and alleviating irritation.

• #34 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Nursing Management: […] – Obtain blood work and check cultures […] – Hydrate the patient […] – Administer antibiotics as ordered […] – Keep patient comfortable and warm […] – Perform suction as required […] – Measure ins and out […] – Manage pain and cough […] – Promote nutrition […] – Administer oxygen as needed […] – Provide rest […] – Teach patient hand washing […] […] […] When To Seek Help: […] – Altered mental status […] – Dyspnea […] – Low oxygen saturations […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Unresponsive […] – Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] […] […] Outcome Identification: […] – Normal vitals […] – No dyspnea or fever […] – Able to ambulate […] – Energetic […] […] […] Monitoring: […] – Vitals

• #35 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Patients with altered consciousness should be positioned to prevent aspiration. Regular repositioning, at least every 2 hours, is necessary to promote adequate lung expansion and prevent the pooling of secretions. […] Administering and adjusting oxygen therapy as prescribed or per protocols is crucial. Monitoring its effectiveness through clinical signs, symptoms, patient comfort, and oxygenation values by pulse oximetry or analyzing arterial blood gas is essential. […] Keeping the patient’s head-of-bed elevated to at least 30 degrees during meals is recommended, especially for those with difficulty swallowing. Assisting patients with eating, drinking, and medication administration can prevent aspiration. […] Encouraging rest and avoiding overexertion is important for debilitated patients. Comfortable positioning, such as the semi-Fowler position, and frequent changes in position aid in secretion clearance, pulmonary ventilation, and perfusion. Outpatients should be educated to avoid excessive activity during the initial phases of treatment.

• #36 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Patients with altered consciousness should be positioned to prevent aspiration. Regular repositioning, at least every 2 hours, is necessary to promote adequate lung expansion and prevent the pooling of secretions. […] Administering and adjusting oxygen therapy as prescribed or per protocols is crucial. Monitoring its effectiveness through clinical signs, symptoms, patient comfort, and oxygenation values by pulse oximetry or analyzing arterial blood gas is essential. […] Keeping the patient’s head-of-bed elevated to at least 30 degrees during meals is recommended, especially for those with difficulty swallowing. Assisting patients with eating, drinking, and medication administration can prevent aspiration. […] Encouraging rest and avoiding overexertion is important for debilitated patients. Comfortable positioning, such as the semi-Fowler position, and frequent changes in position aid in secretion clearance, pulmonary ventilation, and perfusion. Outpatients should be educated to avoid excessive activity during the initial phases of treatment.

• #37 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease with a host response that ranges from mild symptoms (fever, cough, and chest pain) to septic shock with multisystem organ failure, including respiratory failure. Nurses have an important role in the management of the patient being treated for pneumonia in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. […] Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia: Perform a detailed history to identify patients at risk for multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. If patient is admitted to the hospital, first dose of antibiotic should be administered in the emergency department. In hospitalized patient: Closely monitor vital signs. Observe for progression of symptoms, such as hypoxemia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and fever. Use general infection control strategies, including strict handwashing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Follow policies to encourage antimicrobial stewardship and reduce or alter antibiotic prescribing practices.

• #38 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Monitor serial chest x-rays, ABGs, pulse oximetry readings. […] Assist with bronchoscopy and/or thoracentesis, if indicated. […] Urge all bedridden and postoperative patients to perform deep breathing and coughing exercises frequently. […] Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes (inflammatory effects) […] Demonstrate improved ventilation and oxygenation of tissues by ABGs within patients acceptable range and absence of symptoms of respiratory distress. […] Assess respiratory rate, depth, and ease. […] Observe color of skin, mucous membranes, and nailbeds, noting presence of peripheral cyanosis (nail beds) or central cyanosis (circumoral). […] Assess mental status. […] Monitor heart rate and rhythm. […] Monitor body temperature, as indicated. […] Maintain bedrest.

• #39 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Monitor serial chest x-rays, ABGs, pulse oximetry readings. […] Assist with bronchoscopy and/or thoracentesis, if indicated. […] Urge all bedridden and postoperative patients to perform deep breathing and coughing exercises frequently. […] Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes (inflammatory effects) […] Demonstrate improved ventilation and oxygenation of tissues by ABGs within patients acceptable range and absence of symptoms of respiratory distress. […] Assess respiratory rate, depth, and ease. […] Observe color of skin, mucous membranes, and nailbeds, noting presence of peripheral cyanosis (nail beds) or central cyanosis (circumoral). […] Assess mental status. […] Monitor heart rate and rhythm. […] Monitor body temperature, as indicated. […] Maintain bedrest.

• #40 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Promoting fluid intake is crucial due to increased respiratory rate and insensible fluid loss. Encouraging increased fluid intake, with a minimum of 2 liters per day, is recommended unless contraindicated. Special attention must be paid to patients with preexisting conditions like heart failure, with hydration administered slowly and carefully monitored. […] Maintaining nutrition involves providing small, frequent meals when appropriate. […] Lastly, health promotion is essential. Educating individuals on good health habits, such as frequent handwashing, proper nutrition, adequate rest, regular exercise, and coughing or sneezing into the elbow, is essential for reducing the risk of pneumonia. Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke and avoiding individuals with upper respiratory infections is highly recommended. If symptoms persist for more than a week, seek medical attention. Additionally, at-risk individuals, such as the chronically ill and older adults, should consider obtaining influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] By implementing these strategies, nurses can effectively manage pneumonia, optimize patient outcomes, and promote respiratory health.

• #41 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plan-pneumonia/

  Nursing Assessment for Pneumonia: When assessing a client for pneumonia, you need to look for signs of respiratory distress. This includes listening closely to their clients’ lungs using a stethoscope. You’ll be able to hear the crackles and wheezes that are characteristic of this condition. […] Pneumonia Nursing Interventions: Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. They should also be encouraged to cough and breathe deeply. […] A nursing intervention that helps prevent a client from developing pneumonia after surgery is teaching the client to use the incentive spirometer every hour while awake. […] Coughing, deep breathing, and maintaining adequate hydration are important for achieving effective airway clearance.

• #42 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Nursing Management: […] – Obtain blood work and check cultures […] – Hydrate the patient […] – Administer antibiotics as ordered […] – Keep patient comfortable and warm […] – Perform suction as required […] – Measure ins and out […] – Manage pain and cough […] – Promote nutrition […] – Administer oxygen as needed […] – Provide rest […] – Teach patient hand washing […] […] […] When To Seek Help: […] – Altered mental status […] – Dyspnea […] – Low oxygen saturations […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Unresponsive […] – Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] […] […] Outcome Identification: […] – Normal vitals […] – No dyspnea or fever […] – Able to ambulate […] – Energetic […] […] […] Monitoring: […] – Vitals

• #43 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Elevate head and encourage frequent position changes, deep breathing, and effective coughing. […] Assess anxiety level and encourage verbalization of feelings and concerns. […] Observe for deterioration in condition, noting hypotension, copious amounts of bloody sputum, pallor, cyanosis, change in LOC, severe dyspnea, and restlessness. […] Monitor ABGs, pulse oximetry. […] Administer oxygen therapy by appropriate means: nasal prongs, mask, Venturi mask. […] Risk for deficient fluid volume related to excessive fluid loss (fever, profuse diaphoresis, mouth breathing/hyperventilation, vomiting) […] Demonstrate fluid balance evidenced by individually appropriate parameters, e.g., moist mucous membranes, good skin turgor, prompt capillary refill, stable vital signs. […] Assess vital sign changes: increasing temperature, prolonged fever, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia.

• #44 Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  The cornerstone of treatment for bacterial pneumonia is antibiotic therapy. Administer empiric treatment as recommended. Tailor antibiotic therapy if the pathogen is known. […] Supplemental oxygen may be necessary for patients who are hypoxic or experiencing dyspnea. […] Volume depletion is common among patients with pneumonia. Patients who are hypotensive may need intravenous therapy. […] Encourage patients with pneumonia to increase fluid intake, especially warm liquids, and to use a humidifier or steamy shower/bath to open the airways and make breathing easier. […] If the patient is at risk for aspiration, implement the following measures to reduce the risk of aspiration and subsequent pneumonia: Encourage small bites when eating, avoid distractions during meals, allow plenty of time for chewing and swallowing, ensure the patient is sitting upright when eating, do not lay the patient down for 30 minutes after meals, monitor for pocketing of food or pills in the mouth, monitor for choking or gagging while eating, consider thickened liquids or pureed diets, request evaluation by a speech therapist.

• #45 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Promoting fluid intake is crucial due to increased respiratory rate and insensible fluid loss. Encouraging increased fluid intake, with a minimum of 2 liters per day, is recommended unless contraindicated. Special attention must be paid to patients with preexisting conditions like heart failure, with hydration administered slowly and carefully monitored. […] Maintaining nutrition involves providing small, frequent meals when appropriate. […] Lastly, health promotion is essential. Educating individuals on good health habits, such as frequent handwashing, proper nutrition, adequate rest, regular exercise, and coughing or sneezing into the elbow, is essential for reducing the risk of pneumonia. Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke and avoiding individuals with upper respiratory infections is highly recommended. If symptoms persist for more than a week, seek medical attention. Additionally, at-risk individuals, such as the chronically ill and older adults, should consider obtaining influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] By implementing these strategies, nurses can effectively manage pneumonia, optimize patient outcomes, and promote respiratory health.

• #46 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Promoting fluid intake is crucial due to increased respiratory rate and insensible fluid loss. Encouraging increased fluid intake, with a minimum of 2 liters per day, is recommended unless contraindicated. Special attention must be paid to patients with preexisting conditions like heart failure, with hydration administered slowly and carefully monitored. […] Maintaining nutrition involves providing small, frequent meals when appropriate. […] Lastly, health promotion is essential. Educating individuals on good health habits, such as frequent handwashing, proper nutrition, adequate rest, regular exercise, and coughing or sneezing into the elbow, is essential for reducing the risk of pneumonia. Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke and avoiding individuals with upper respiratory infections is highly recommended. If symptoms persist for more than a week, seek medical attention. Additionally, at-risk individuals, such as the chronically ill and older adults, should consider obtaining influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] By implementing these strategies, nurses can effectively manage pneumonia, optimize patient outcomes, and promote respiratory health.

• #47 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Chest auscultation […] – Checking cultures and antibiotic sensitivity […] – Monitoring neurovitals […] – Ins and Outs […] – Ambulation […] – Diet […] […] […] Coordination of Care: […] The management of a pneumonia is multidisciplinary. Besides the administration of antibiotics, these patients often require chest physical therapy, a dietary consult, physical therapy to help regain muscle mass and a dental consult. The key is to educate the patient on discontinuation of smoking and abstaining from alcohol. Further, patients should be encouraged to get the appropriate influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Finally, it is important to educate the patient on compliance with antibiotics if they want a complete resolution of the infectious process. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion:

• #48 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Assess skin turgor, moisture of mucous membranes. […] Investigate reports of nausea and vomiting. […] Monitor intake and output (IO), noting color, character of urine. […] Force fluids to at least 3000 mL/day or as individually appropriate. […] Administer medications as indicated: antipyretics, antiemetics. […] Provide supplemental IV fluids as necessary. […] Risk for imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to increased metabolic needs secondary to fever and infectious process […] Demonstrate increased appetite. […] Identify factors that are contributing to nausea or vomiting: copious sputum, aerosol treatments, severe dyspnea, pain. […] Provide covered container for sputum and remove at frequent intervals. […] Schedule respiratory treatments at least 1 hr before meals.

• #49 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Therefore, it’s important to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and to wash your hands regularly. […] Excessive and prolonged alcohol misuse can weaken your lungs’ natural defences against infections and make you more vulnerable to chest infections. […] Eating a healthy, balanced diet can help strengthen the immune system, making you less vulnerable to developing chest infections. […] If you’re at an increased risk of chest infections, your GP may recommend being vaccinated against flu and pneumococcal infections (a bacterium that can cause pneumonia).

• #50 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Maintain adequate nutrition to offset hypermetabolic state secondary to infection. […] Consider limiting use of milk products. […] Elevate the patients head and neck, and check for tubes position during NG tube feedings. […] Auscultate for bowel sounds. […] Provide small, frequent meals, including dry foods (toast, crackers) and/or foods that are appealing to patient. […] Evaluate general nutritional state, obtain baseline weight. […] Acute pain related to inflammation of lung parenchyma […] Verbalize relief/control of pain. […] Assess pain characteristics: sharp, constant, stabbing. […] Monitor vital signs. […] Provide comfort measures: back rubs, position changes, quite music, massage. […] Offer frequent oral hygiene. […] Instruct and assist patient in chest splinting techniques during coughing episodes.

• #51 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Chest infections are common, especially after a cold or flu during autumn and winter. […] Although most are mild and get better on their own, some can be serious or even life-threatening. […] Many chest infections aren’t serious and get better within a few days or weeks. You won’t usually need to see your GP, unless your symptoms suggest you have a more serious infection. […] While you recover at home, there are things you can do to improve your symptoms. […] Get plenty of rest. […] Drink lots of fluid to prevent dehydration and to loosen the mucus in your lungs, making it easier to cough up. […] Treat headaches, fever and aches and pains with pain relief such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. […] Drink a warm drink of honey and lemon to relieve a sore throat caused by persistent coughing.

• #52 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Maintain adequate nutrition to offset hypermetabolic state secondary to infection. […] Consider limiting use of milk products. […] Elevate the patients head and neck, and check for tubes position during NG tube feedings. […] Auscultate for bowel sounds. […] Provide small, frequent meals, including dry foods (toast, crackers) and/or foods that are appealing to patient. […] Evaluate general nutritional state, obtain baseline weight. […] Acute pain related to inflammation of lung parenchyma […] Verbalize relief/control of pain. […] Assess pain characteristics: sharp, constant, stabbing. […] Monitor vital signs. […] Provide comfort measures: back rubs, position changes, quite music, massage. […] Offer frequent oral hygiene. […] Instruct and assist patient in chest splinting techniques during coughing episodes.

• #53 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Maintain adequate nutrition to offset hypermetabolic state secondary to infection. […] Consider limiting use of milk products. […] Elevate the patients head and neck, and check for tubes position during NG tube feedings. […] Auscultate for bowel sounds. […] Provide small, frequent meals, including dry foods (toast, crackers) and/or foods that are appealing to patient. […] Evaluate general nutritional state, obtain baseline weight. […] Acute pain related to inflammation of lung parenchyma […] Verbalize relief/control of pain. […] Assess pain characteristics: sharp, constant, stabbing. […] Monitor vital signs. […] Provide comfort measures: back rubs, position changes, quite music, massage. […] Offer frequent oral hygiene. […] Instruct and assist patient in chest splinting techniques during coughing episodes.

• #54 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Administer antibiotics, antivirals and/or supplemental oxygen, as prescribed. For patients with HAP or VAP, a 7-day course of antibiotics is recommended; this antibiotic therapy should be de-escalated if cultures identify a specific organism and sensitivities (narrow the antibiotic regimen and change from combination therapy to monotherapy). For patients with CAP, treat for a minimum of five days; however longer treatment may be necessary. […] Maintain adequate hydration to thin pulmonary secretions and compensate for insensible losses due to fever. Perform respiratory/pulmonary hygiene, including incentive spirometry, chest percussion, coughing exercises, and frequent repositioning. Observe isolation precautions, as indicated. Assist with early mobility. […] Immunize prior to discharge from hospital and educate patient on immunization recommendations, including vaccines for COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcus according to age and previous immunization status.

• #55 Chest infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chest-infection/

  A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or large airways. Some chest infections are mild and clear up on their own, but others can be severe and life threatening. […] If you have a chest infection, there are things you can do to ease the symptoms. […] A pharmacist can recommend cough medicines to loosen the mucus in your lungs. This will make the mucus easier to cough up and help clear the infection from your lungs. […] Treatment for a chest infection will depend on the cause. […] Antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial chest infections. They’re not used for treating viral chest infections, like flu or viral bronchitis. This is because antibiotics do not work for viral infections. […] To avoid passing a chest infection on to others: cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, wash your hands regularly, throw away used tissues immediately.

• #56 Pneumonia in adults – discharge Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/discharge-instructions/pneumonia-in-adults-discharge

  Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. Do not miss any doses. Take the full duration of the prescription medicine, even if you start to feel better. […] To prevent pneumonia in the future: […] Your provider may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. […] Contact your provider or call 911 or the local emergency number if your breathing is:

• #57 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Elevate head and encourage frequent position changes, deep breathing, and effective coughing. […] Assess anxiety level and encourage verbalization of feelings and concerns. […] Observe for deterioration in condition, noting hypotension, copious amounts of bloody sputum, pallor, cyanosis, change in LOC, severe dyspnea, and restlessness. […] Monitor ABGs, pulse oximetry. […] Administer oxygen therapy by appropriate means: nasal prongs, mask, Venturi mask. […] Risk for deficient fluid volume related to excessive fluid loss (fever, profuse diaphoresis, mouth breathing/hyperventilation, vomiting) […] Demonstrate fluid balance evidenced by individually appropriate parameters, e.g., moist mucous membranes, good skin turgor, prompt capillary refill, stable vital signs. […] Assess vital sign changes: increasing temperature, prolonged fever, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia.

• #58 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Ineffective airway clearance related to increased production of secretions and increased viscosity […] Display patent airway with breath sounds clearing; absence of dyspnea, cyanosis. […] Assess the rate and depth of respirations and chest movement. […] Auscultate lung fields, noting areas of decreased or absent airflow and adventitious breath sounds: crackles, wheezes. […] Elevate head of bed, change position frequently. […] Teach and assist patient with proper deep-breathing exercises. […] Suction as indicated: frequent coughing, adventitious breath sounds, desaturation related to airway secretions. […] Force fluids to at least 3000 mL/day (unless contraindicated, as in heart failure). […] Administer medications as indicated: mucolytics, expectorants, bronchodilators, analgesics.

• #59 Pneumonia Practice Questions with Answers & NCLEX Reviewplay-sharp-fill

  https://simplenursing.com/pneumonia-nclex-practice-questions-review/

  Nursing Interventions for Pneumonia: Encourage clients to drink more fluids to prevent dehydration. Assess clients’ hydration status and keep electrolytes normal through oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous therapy as needed. Monitor their oxygen levels by measuring pulse oximetry at least every 2-4 hours. Also monitor for side effects, such as nausea or vomiting. Administer medications as prescribed, such as antibiotics. Also, administer oxygen appropriately according to protocol or physician orders. Avoid cough suppressants, so reinfection doesn’t occur. […] Antibiotics and medications for lowering fever are frequently used to treat pneumonia. Additionally, you will need to administer oxygen therapy and other forms of respiratory support.

• #60 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Raise your head up with extra pillows while you’re sleeping to make breathing easier. […] Stop smoking if you smoke. […] Avoid cough medicines, as there’s little evidence they work. […] Antibiotics aren’t recommended for many chest infections, because they only work if the infection is caused by bacteria, rather than a virus. […] Your GP will usually only prescribe antibiotics if they think you have pneumonia, or you’re at risk of complications such as fluid building up around the lungs (pleurisy). […] If there’s a flu outbreak in your local area and you’re at risk of serious infection, your GP may also prescribe antiviral medication. […] If you smoke, one of the best things you can do to prevent a chest infection is to stop. […] Smoking damages your lungs and weakens your defences against infection.

• #61 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease with a host response that ranges from mild symptoms (fever, cough, and chest pain) to septic shock with multisystem organ failure, including respiratory failure. Nurses have an important role in the management of the patient being treated for pneumonia in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. […] Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia: Perform a detailed history to identify patients at risk for multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. If patient is admitted to the hospital, first dose of antibiotic should be administered in the emergency department. In hospitalized patient: Closely monitor vital signs. Observe for progression of symptoms, such as hypoxemia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and fever. Use general infection control strategies, including strict handwashing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Follow policies to encourage antimicrobial stewardship and reduce or alter antibiotic prescribing practices.

• #62 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients. […] The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections. […] Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed. Encouraging ambulation and assisting with proper positioning in a chair are vital interventions. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to take deep breaths and cough after each position change. […] Using a high-humidity face mask can help deliver warm, humidified air to the tracheobronchial tree, thereby liquefying secretions and alleviating irritation.

• #63 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Administer antibiotics, antivirals and/or supplemental oxygen, as prescribed. For patients with HAP or VAP, a 7-day course of antibiotics is recommended; this antibiotic therapy should be de-escalated if cultures identify a specific organism and sensitivities (narrow the antibiotic regimen and change from combination therapy to monotherapy). For patients with CAP, treat for a minimum of five days; however longer treatment may be necessary. […] Maintain adequate hydration to thin pulmonary secretions and compensate for insensible losses due to fever. Perform respiratory/pulmonary hygiene, including incentive spirometry, chest percussion, coughing exercises, and frequent repositioning. Observe isolation precautions, as indicated. Assist with early mobility. […] Immunize prior to discharge from hospital and educate patient on immunization recommendations, including vaccines for COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcus according to age and previous immunization status.

• #64

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=5707573&Journal_ID=54030&Issue_ID=5707463

  Respiratory management. Performance of respiratory hygiene is an important set of interventions to improve the patient’s respiratory effort and to mobilize and expectorate sputum. It includes the following: deep breathing and coughing, use of incentive spirometry, chest percussion. […] Infection control. Cough hygiene is an essential aspect of patient education to prevent the spread of respiratory infections. […] Oxygen therapy. Supplemental oxygen therapy may be indicated in patients with pneumonia if their oxygen saturation level as measured by pulse oximetry is below 90% or if arterial blood gas results include a partial pressure of oxygen level of less than 80%. […] Mobility. Patients with pneumonia should be positioned with the head of the bed elevated to 30 degrees to promote lung expansion, enhance sputum expectoration, and decrease the work of breathing.

• #65 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Administer antibiotics, antivirals and/or supplemental oxygen, as prescribed. For patients with HAP or VAP, a 7-day course of antibiotics is recommended; this antibiotic therapy should be de-escalated if cultures identify a specific organism and sensitivities (narrow the antibiotic regimen and change from combination therapy to monotherapy). For patients with CAP, treat for a minimum of five days; however longer treatment may be necessary. […] Maintain adequate hydration to thin pulmonary secretions and compensate for insensible losses due to fever. Perform respiratory/pulmonary hygiene, including incentive spirometry, chest percussion, coughing exercises, and frequent repositioning. Observe isolation precautions, as indicated. Assist with early mobility. […] Immunize prior to discharge from hospital and educate patient on immunization recommendations, including vaccines for COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcus according to age and previous immunization status.

• #66 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nurses are expected to perform both dependent and independent functions for the patient to aid him or her towards the restoration of their well-being. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] Through the data collected during assessment, the following nursing diagnoses are made: […] Planning is essential to establish the interventions that are appropriate for the patients condition. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #67 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Chest infections are common, especially after a cold or flu during autumn and winter. […] Although most are mild and get better on their own, some can be serious or even life-threatening. […] Many chest infections aren’t serious and get better within a few days or weeks. You won’t usually need to see your GP, unless your symptoms suggest you have a more serious infection. […] While you recover at home, there are things you can do to improve your symptoms. […] Get plenty of rest. […] Drink lots of fluid to prevent dehydration and to loosen the mucus in your lungs, making it easier to cough up. […] Treat headaches, fever and aches and pains with pain relief such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. […] Drink a warm drink of honey and lemon to relieve a sore throat caused by persistent coughing.

• #68 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Chest infections are common, especially after a cold or flu during autumn and winter. […] Although most are mild and get better on their own, some can be serious or even life-threatening. […] Many chest infections aren’t serious and get better within a few days or weeks. You won’t usually need to see your GP, unless your symptoms suggest you have a more serious infection. […] While you recover at home, there are things you can do to improve your symptoms. […] Get plenty of rest. […] Drink lots of fluid to prevent dehydration and to loosen the mucus in your lungs, making it easier to cough up. […] Treat headaches, fever and aches and pains with pain relief such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. […] Drink a warm drink of honey and lemon to relieve a sore throat caused by persistent coughing.

• #69 Pneumonia in adults – discharge Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/discharge-instructions/pneumonia-in-adults-discharge

  Your provider may prescribe antibiotics for you. These are medicines that kill the germs that cause pneumonia. Antibiotics help most people with pneumonia get better. Do not miss any doses. Take the full duration of the prescription medicine, even if you start to feel better. […] To prevent pneumonia in the future: […] Your provider may prescribe oxygen for you to use at home. Oxygen helps you breathe better. […] Contact your provider or call 911 or the local emergency number if your breathing is:

• #70 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Raise your head up with extra pillows while you’re sleeping to make breathing easier. […] Stop smoking if you smoke. […] Avoid cough medicines, as there’s little evidence they work. […] Antibiotics aren’t recommended for many chest infections, because they only work if the infection is caused by bacteria, rather than a virus. […] Your GP will usually only prescribe antibiotics if they think you have pneumonia, or you’re at risk of complications such as fluid building up around the lungs (pleurisy). […] If there’s a flu outbreak in your local area and you’re at risk of serious infection, your GP may also prescribe antiviral medication. […] If you smoke, one of the best things you can do to prevent a chest infection is to stop. […] Smoking damages your lungs and weakens your defences against infection.

• #71 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Raise your head up with extra pillows while you’re sleeping to make breathing easier. […] Stop smoking if you smoke. […] Avoid cough medicines, as there’s little evidence they work. […] Antibiotics aren’t recommended for many chest infections, because they only work if the infection is caused by bacteria, rather than a virus. […] Your GP will usually only prescribe antibiotics if they think you have pneumonia, or you’re at risk of complications such as fluid building up around the lungs (pleurisy). […] If there’s a flu outbreak in your local area and you’re at risk of serious infection, your GP may also prescribe antiviral medication. […] If you smoke, one of the best things you can do to prevent a chest infection is to stop. […] Smoking damages your lungs and weakens your defences against infection.

• #72 Pneumonia in adults – discharge Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/discharge-instructions/pneumonia-in-adults-discharge

  You have pneumonia, which is an infection in your lungs. Now that you are going home, it is important to follow your health care provider’s instructions on taking care of yourself at home. Use the information below as a reminder. […] In the hospital, your providers helped you breathe better. They also gave you medicine to help your body get rid of the germs that cause pneumonia. They also made sure you got enough liquids and nutrients. […] You will still have symptoms of pneumonia after you leave the hospital. […] Breathing warm, moist air helps loosen the sticky mucus that may make you feel like you are choking. Other things that may also help include: […] Coughing helps clear your airways. Take a couple of deep breaths, 2 to 3 times every hour. Deep breaths help open up your lungs.

• #73 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Chest infections are common, especially after a cold or flu during autumn and winter. […] Although most are mild and get better on their own, some can be serious or even life-threatening. […] Many chest infections aren’t serious and get better within a few days or weeks. You won’t usually need to see your GP, unless your symptoms suggest you have a more serious infection. […] While you recover at home, there are things you can do to improve your symptoms. […] Get plenty of rest. […] Drink lots of fluid to prevent dehydration and to loosen the mucus in your lungs, making it easier to cough up. […] Treat headaches, fever and aches and pains with pain relief such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. […] Drink a warm drink of honey and lemon to relieve a sore throat caused by persistent coughing.

• #74 Chest infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chest-infection/

  A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or large airways. Some chest infections are mild and clear up on their own, but others can be severe and life threatening. […] If you have a chest infection, there are things you can do to ease the symptoms. […] A pharmacist can recommend cough medicines to loosen the mucus in your lungs. This will make the mucus easier to cough up and help clear the infection from your lungs. […] Treatment for a chest infection will depend on the cause. […] Antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial chest infections. They’re not used for treating viral chest infections, like flu or viral bronchitis. This is because antibiotics do not work for viral infections. […] To avoid passing a chest infection on to others: cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, wash your hands regularly, throw away used tissues immediately.

• #75 Pneumonia: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/pneumonia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care. […] Impaired gas exchange is closely tied to Ineffective airway clearance. Pneumonia causing increased pus and mucus in the alveoli will interfere with gas exchange and oxygenation. […] Nursing interventions are aimed at prevention. […] Proper handwashing is the best way to prevent and control the spread of infection. The patient may have a limit to visitors to prevent the transmission of infections. Always maintain sterility or aseptic techniques when performing any invasive procedure.

• #76 Chest infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chest-infection/

  A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or large airways. Some chest infections are mild and clear up on their own, but others can be severe and life threatening. […] If you have a chest infection, there are things you can do to ease the symptoms. […] A pharmacist can recommend cough medicines to loosen the mucus in your lungs. This will make the mucus easier to cough up and help clear the infection from your lungs. […] Treatment for a chest infection will depend on the cause. […] Antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial chest infections. They’re not used for treating viral chest infections, like flu or viral bronchitis. This is because antibiotics do not work for viral infections. […] To avoid passing a chest infection on to others: cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, wash your hands regularly, throw away used tissues immediately.

• #77 Video: Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

  https://www.jove.com/science-education/v/16343/pneumonia-v-nursing-management-and-prevention

  Promoting fluid intake is crucial due to increased respiratory rate and insensible fluid loss. Encouraging increased fluid intake, with a minimum of 2 liters per day, is recommended unless contraindicated. Special attention must be paid to patients with preexisting conditions like heart failure, with hydration administered slowly and carefully monitored. […] Maintaining nutrition involves providing small, frequent meals when appropriate. […] Lastly, health promotion is essential. Educating individuals on good health habits, such as frequent handwashing, proper nutrition, adequate rest, regular exercise, and coughing or sneezing into the elbow, is essential for reducing the risk of pneumonia. Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke and avoiding individuals with upper respiratory infections is highly recommended. If symptoms persist for more than a week, seek medical attention. Additionally, at-risk individuals, such as the chronically ill and older adults, should consider obtaining influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] By implementing these strategies, nurses can effectively manage pneumonia, optimize patient outcomes, and promote respiratory health.

• #78 Chest infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chest-infection/

  If you keep getting chest infections or you’re at risk of getting one (for example, because you’re over 65 or have a serious long-term health condition): ask a GP about the annual flu vaccine, ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia, try to quit smoking if you smoke, cut down on how much alcohol you drink.

• #79 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Therefore, it’s important to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and to wash your hands regularly. […] Excessive and prolonged alcohol misuse can weaken your lungs’ natural defences against infections and make you more vulnerable to chest infections. […] Eating a healthy, balanced diet can help strengthen the immune system, making you less vulnerable to developing chest infections. […] If you’re at an increased risk of chest infections, your GP may recommend being vaccinated against flu and pneumococcal infections (a bacterium that can cause pneumonia).

• #80 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Raise your head up with extra pillows while you’re sleeping to make breathing easier. […] Stop smoking if you smoke. […] Avoid cough medicines, as there’s little evidence they work. […] Antibiotics aren’t recommended for many chest infections, because they only work if the infection is caused by bacteria, rather than a virus. […] Your GP will usually only prescribe antibiotics if they think you have pneumonia, or you’re at risk of complications such as fluid building up around the lungs (pleurisy). […] If there’s a flu outbreak in your local area and you’re at risk of serious infection, your GP may also prescribe antiviral medication. […] If you smoke, one of the best things you can do to prevent a chest infection is to stop. […] Smoking damages your lungs and weakens your defences against infection.

• #81 Chest infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chest-infection/

  If you keep getting chest infections or you’re at risk of getting one (for example, because you’re over 65 or have a serious long-term health condition): ask a GP about the annual flu vaccine, ask if you should have the pneumococcal vaccine this helps prevent pneumonia, try to quit smoking if you smoke, cut down on how much alcohol you drink.

• #82 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Therefore, it’s important to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and to wash your hands regularly. […] Excessive and prolonged alcohol misuse can weaken your lungs’ natural defences against infections and make you more vulnerable to chest infections. […] Eating a healthy, balanced diet can help strengthen the immune system, making you less vulnerable to developing chest infections. […] If you’re at an increased risk of chest infections, your GP may recommend being vaccinated against flu and pneumococcal infections (a bacterium that can cause pneumonia).

• #83 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  Therefore, it’s important to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and to wash your hands regularly. […] Excessive and prolonged alcohol misuse can weaken your lungs’ natural defences against infections and make you more vulnerable to chest infections. […] Eating a healthy, balanced diet can help strengthen the immune system, making you less vulnerable to developing chest infections. […] If you’re at an increased risk of chest infections, your GP may recommend being vaccinated against flu and pneumococcal infections (a bacterium that can cause pneumonia).

• #84 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] […] […] Risk Management: […] Call a physician if: […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Copious sputum production […] – Respiratory distress […] – Loss of consciousness […] – Altered mental status […] […] […] Discharge Planning: […] – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] – Follow up with a clinician […] – Exercise regularly […] […] […] The management of pneumonia is with an interprofessional team. The reason is that most patients are managed as outpatients but if not properly treated, the morbidity and mortality are high.

• #85 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Nursing Management: […] – Obtain blood work and check cultures […] – Hydrate the patient […] – Administer antibiotics as ordered […] – Keep patient comfortable and warm […] – Perform suction as required […] – Measure ins and out […] – Manage pain and cough […] – Promote nutrition […] – Administer oxygen as needed […] – Provide rest […] – Teach patient hand washing […] […] […] When To Seek Help: […] – Altered mental status […] – Dyspnea […] – Low oxygen saturations […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Unresponsive […] – Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] […] […] Outcome Identification: […] – Normal vitals […] – No dyspnea or fever […] – Able to ambulate […] – Energetic […] […] […] Monitoring: […] – Vitals

• #86 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] […] […] Risk Management: […] Call a physician if: […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Copious sputum production […] – Respiratory distress […] – Loss of consciousness […] – Altered mental status […] […] […] Discharge Planning: […] – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] – Follow up with a clinician […] – Exercise regularly […] […] […] The management of pneumonia is with an interprofessional team. The reason is that most patients are managed as outpatients but if not properly treated, the morbidity and mortality are high.

• #87 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Nursing Management: […] – Obtain blood work and check cultures […] – Hydrate the patient […] – Administer antibiotics as ordered […] – Keep patient comfortable and warm […] – Perform suction as required […] – Measure ins and out […] – Manage pain and cough […] – Promote nutrition […] – Administer oxygen as needed […] – Provide rest […] – Teach patient hand washing […] […] […] When To Seek Help: […] – Altered mental status […] – Dyspnea […] – Low oxygen saturations […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Unresponsive […] – Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] […] […] Outcome Identification: […] – Normal vitals […] – No dyspnea or fever […] – Able to ambulate […] – Energetic […] […] […] Monitoring: […] – Vitals

• #88 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Nursing Management: […] – Obtain blood work and check cultures […] – Hydrate the patient […] – Administer antibiotics as ordered […] – Keep patient comfortable and warm […] – Perform suction as required […] – Measure ins and out […] – Manage pain and cough […] – Promote nutrition […] – Administer oxygen as needed […] – Provide rest […] – Teach patient hand washing […] […] […] When To Seek Help: […] – Altered mental status […] – Dyspnea […] – Low oxygen saturations […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Unresponsive […] – Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] […] […] Outcome Identification: […] – Normal vitals […] – No dyspnea or fever […] – Able to ambulate […] – Energetic […] […] […] Monitoring: […] – Vitals

• #89 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Nursing Management: […] – Obtain blood work and check cultures […] – Hydrate the patient […] – Administer antibiotics as ordered […] – Keep patient comfortable and warm […] – Perform suction as required […] – Measure ins and out […] – Manage pain and cough […] – Promote nutrition […] – Administer oxygen as needed […] – Provide rest […] – Teach patient hand washing […] […] […] When To Seek Help: […] – Altered mental status […] – Dyspnea […] – Low oxygen saturations […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Unresponsive […] – Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] […] […] Outcome Identification: […] – Normal vitals […] – No dyspnea or fever […] – Able to ambulate […] – Energetic […] […] […] Monitoring: […] – Vitals

• #90 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Nursing Management: […] – Obtain blood work and check cultures […] – Hydrate the patient […] – Administer antibiotics as ordered […] – Keep patient comfortable and warm […] – Perform suction as required […] – Measure ins and out […] – Manage pain and cough […] – Promote nutrition […] – Administer oxygen as needed […] – Provide rest […] – Teach patient hand washing […] […] […] When To Seek Help: […] – Altered mental status […] – Dyspnea […] – Low oxygen saturations […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Unresponsive […] – Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] […] […] Outcome Identification: […] – Normal vitals […] – No dyspnea or fever […] – Able to ambulate […] – Energetic […] […] […] Monitoring: […] – Vitals

• #91 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Nursing Management: […] – Obtain blood work and check cultures […] – Hydrate the patient […] – Administer antibiotics as ordered […] – Keep patient comfortable and warm […] – Perform suction as required […] – Measure ins and out […] – Manage pain and cough […] – Promote nutrition […] – Administer oxygen as needed […] – Provide rest […] – Teach patient hand washing […] […] […] When To Seek Help: […] – Altered mental status […] – Dyspnea […] – Low oxygen saturations […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Unresponsive […] – Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] […] […] Outcome Identification: […] – Normal vitals […] – No dyspnea or fever […] – Able to ambulate […] – Energetic […] […] […] Monitoring: […] – Vitals

• #92 Chest Infections | Choose Well

  https://www.choosewellmanchester.org.uk/self-care/self-care-information-for-adults/chest-infections/

  Chest infections are very common, especially during autumn and winter, or after a cold or flu. […] The main symptoms of a chest infection are: A chesty cough, Breathing difficulties, Chest pain. […] If you have a chest infection, you should: Get plenty of rest, Drink lots of fluid to prevent dehydration and to thin the mucus in your lungs, making it easier to cough up, Treat headaches, fever and aches and pains with paracetamol or ibuprofen, Stop smoking straight away. […] The use of antibiotics is usually only recommended if it is thought that you have an increased risk of developing a secondary lung infection, like pneumonia, due to factors like: Being over 75 years of age and having a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above, Having long-term problems with your lungs or heart, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart failure, Having a weakened immune system (immunocompromised) as a result of a condition, like diabetes or cancer, or due to certain types of medical treatment, like chemotherapy.

• #93 Pneumonia: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pneumonia-care-instructions.uf7155

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Most cases are caused by infections from bacteria or viruses. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Take care of your cough so you can rest. A cough that brings up mucus from your lungs is common with pneumonia. It is one way your body gets rid of the infection. But if coughing keeps you from resting or causes severe fatigue and chest-wall pain, talk to your doctor. Your doctor may suggest that you take a medicine to reduce the cough. […] To help prevent pneumonia, get the recommended pneumococcal vaccines and a yearly flu vaccine. And stay up to date on your COVID-19 vaccines. Wash your hands often to prevent spreading viruses and bacteria that may cause pneumonia. Taking care of your teeth and gums may help prevent some types of pneumonia. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You cough up dark brown or bloody mucus (sputum). You have new or worse trouble breathing. You are dizzy or lightheaded, or you feel like you may faint.

• #94 Pneumonia: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pneumonia-care-instructions.uf7155

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Most cases are caused by infections from bacteria or viruses. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Take care of your cough so you can rest. A cough that brings up mucus from your lungs is common with pneumonia. It is one way your body gets rid of the infection. But if coughing keeps you from resting or causes severe fatigue and chest-wall pain, talk to your doctor. Your doctor may suggest that you take a medicine to reduce the cough. […] To help prevent pneumonia, get the recommended pneumococcal vaccines and a yearly flu vaccine. And stay up to date on your COVID-19 vaccines. Wash your hands often to prevent spreading viruses and bacteria that may cause pneumonia. Taking care of your teeth and gums may help prevent some types of pneumonia. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You cough up dark brown or bloody mucus (sputum). You have new or worse trouble breathing. You are dizzy or lightheaded, or you feel like you may faint.

• #95 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  A specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service was set up across a single National Health Service Trust in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. […] Implementation of a SPIN service improved adherence to BTS guidelines and achieved significant reductions in CAP-associated mortality. This enhanced model of care is low cost, highly effective and readily adoptable in secondary care. […] Implementing specialist nurse teams for CAP delivers improved guideline adherence and survival for patients admitted with the condition. […] This study demonstrates how a low-cost specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service focused on CAP sustainably improves care and reduces crude and adjusted patient mortality. […] Here we demonstrate how, for a large and geographically disparate NHS organisation, a novel SPIN service model, comprising only two specialist nurses working normal hours 5 days a week, could effectively overcome this variability in the provision of care.

• #96 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  A specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service was set up across a single National Health Service Trust in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. […] Implementation of a SPIN service improved adherence to BTS guidelines and achieved significant reductions in CAP-associated mortality. This enhanced model of care is low cost, highly effective and readily adoptable in secondary care. […] Implementing specialist nurse teams for CAP delivers improved guideline adherence and survival for patients admitted with the condition. […] This study demonstrates how a low-cost specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service focused on CAP sustainably improves care and reduces crude and adjusted patient mortality. […] Here we demonstrate how, for a large and geographically disparate NHS organisation, a novel SPIN service model, comprising only two specialist nurses working normal hours 5 days a week, could effectively overcome this variability in the provision of care.

• #97 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  This model achieved sustained improvements in care bundle delivery that correlated with significant reductions in crude and adjusted mortality rates for hospital admissions with CAP. […] Our observation that the SPIN intervention appeared to reduce 30-day mortality to 13.7%, compared with the reported UK average of 17.3%, supports the view that suboptimal care for CAP admissions is an important driver of national mortality rates and justifies prioritisation of CAP in the recently published NHS Long Term Plan. […] Implementation of the SPIN service improved outcomes in CAP cases that were not seen by the service, indicating the value and impact of education and awareness raising of CAP at a Trust-wide level. […] Importantly our data confirm that rapid and robustly systematic implementation of BTS-mandated standards of care significantly improves CAP prognosis, independent of disease severity, age and existing comorbidities.

• #98 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  This model achieved sustained improvements in care bundle delivery that correlated with significant reductions in crude and adjusted mortality rates for hospital admissions with CAP. […] Our observation that the SPIN intervention appeared to reduce 30-day mortality to 13.7%, compared with the reported UK average of 17.3%, supports the view that suboptimal care for CAP admissions is an important driver of national mortality rates and justifies prioritisation of CAP in the recently published NHS Long Term Plan. […] Implementation of the SPIN service improved outcomes in CAP cases that were not seen by the service, indicating the value and impact of education and awareness raising of CAP at a Trust-wide level. […] Importantly our data confirm that rapid and robustly systematic implementation of BTS-mandated standards of care significantly improves CAP prognosis, independent of disease severity, age and existing comorbidities.

• #99 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  A specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service was set up across a single National Health Service Trust in an effort to improve clinical outcomes. […] Implementation of a SPIN service improved adherence to BTS guidelines and achieved significant reductions in CAP-associated mortality. This enhanced model of care is low cost, highly effective and readily adoptable in secondary care. […] Implementing specialist nurse teams for CAP delivers improved guideline adherence and survival for patients admitted with the condition. […] This study demonstrates how a low-cost specialist pneumonia intervention nursing (SPIN) service focused on CAP sustainably improves care and reduces crude and adjusted patient mortality. […] Here we demonstrate how, for a large and geographically disparate NHS organisation, a novel SPIN service model, comprising only two specialist nurses working normal hours 5 days a week, could effectively overcome this variability in the provision of care.

• #100 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  This model achieved sustained improvements in care bundle delivery that correlated with significant reductions in crude and adjusted mortality rates for hospital admissions with CAP. […] Our observation that the SPIN intervention appeared to reduce 30-day mortality to 13.7%, compared with the reported UK average of 17.3%, supports the view that suboptimal care for CAP admissions is an important driver of national mortality rates and justifies prioritisation of CAP in the recently published NHS Long Term Plan. […] Implementation of the SPIN service improved outcomes in CAP cases that were not seen by the service, indicating the value and impact of education and awareness raising of CAP at a Trust-wide level. […] Importantly our data confirm that rapid and robustly systematic implementation of BTS-mandated standards of care significantly improves CAP prognosis, independent of disease severity, age and existing comorbidities.

• #101 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  The magnitude of the effect size we observed is at least equivalent to the development of new therapies for CAP and justifies the importance of improving care pathways for delivering existing resources. […] Wider adoption of the model across the acute care sector could help transform the outcome for large numbers of emergency admissions with this life-threatening condition.

• #102 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  The magnitude of the effect size we observed is at least equivalent to the development of new therapies for CAP and justifies the importance of improving care pathways for delivering existing resources. […] Wider adoption of the model across the acute care sector could help transform the outcome for large numbers of emergency admissions with this life-threatening condition.

• #103 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Chest auscultation […] – Checking cultures and antibiotic sensitivity […] – Monitoring neurovitals […] – Ins and Outs […] – Ambulation […] – Diet […] […] […] Coordination of Care: […] The management of a pneumonia is multidisciplinary. Besides the administration of antibiotics, these patients often require chest physical therapy, a dietary consult, physical therapy to help regain muscle mass and a dental consult. The key is to educate the patient on discontinuation of smoking and abstaining from alcohol. Further, patients should be encouraged to get the appropriate influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Finally, it is important to educate the patient on compliance with antibiotics if they want a complete resolution of the infectious process. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion:

• #104 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Chest auscultation […] – Checking cultures and antibiotic sensitivity […] – Monitoring neurovitals […] – Ins and Outs […] – Ambulation […] – Diet […] […] […] Coordination of Care: […] The management of a pneumonia is multidisciplinary. Besides the administration of antibiotics, these patients often require chest physical therapy, a dietary consult, physical therapy to help regain muscle mass and a dental consult. The key is to educate the patient on discontinuation of smoking and abstaining from alcohol. Further, patients should be encouraged to get the appropriate influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Finally, it is important to educate the patient on compliance with antibiotics if they want a complete resolution of the infectious process. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion:

• #105 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Chest auscultation […] – Checking cultures and antibiotic sensitivity […] – Monitoring neurovitals […] – Ins and Outs […] – Ambulation […] – Diet […] […] […] Coordination of Care: […] The management of a pneumonia is multidisciplinary. Besides the administration of antibiotics, these patients often require chest physical therapy, a dietary consult, physical therapy to help regain muscle mass and a dental consult. The key is to educate the patient on discontinuation of smoking and abstaining from alcohol. Further, patients should be encouraged to get the appropriate influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Finally, it is important to educate the patient on compliance with antibiotics if they want a complete resolution of the infectious process. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion:

• #106 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Chest auscultation […] – Checking cultures and antibiotic sensitivity […] – Monitoring neurovitals […] – Ins and Outs […] – Ambulation […] – Diet […] […] […] Coordination of Care: […] The management of a pneumonia is multidisciplinary. Besides the administration of antibiotics, these patients often require chest physical therapy, a dietary consult, physical therapy to help regain muscle mass and a dental consult. The key is to educate the patient on discontinuation of smoking and abstaining from alcohol. Further, patients should be encouraged to get the appropriate influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Finally, it is important to educate the patient on compliance with antibiotics if they want a complete resolution of the infectious process. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion:

• #107

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=5707573&Journal_ID=54030&Issue_ID=5707463

  Hydration and nutrition are other considerations in the management of pneumonia. […] Early discharge planning. Early in a patient’s hospitalization, case management and social work should be consulted in preparation for discharge. […] Potential complications. Patients admitted with an acute respiratory infection need to be monitored for the development of key complications such as hypoxia and sepsis. […] DISCHARGE INSTRUCTIONS. A.S. has been hospitalized for three days and is now being discharged home. It’s important to educate patients on follow-up management of their condition to decrease the chance of hospital readmission. […] CONCLUSION. Prevention of pneumonia rests on three pillars: annual influenza vaccination for all patients, pneumococcal vaccination for at-risk patients, and smoking cessation for patients who smoke.

• #108 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Chest auscultation […] – Checking cultures and antibiotic sensitivity […] – Monitoring neurovitals […] – Ins and Outs […] – Ambulation […] – Diet […] […] […] Coordination of Care: […] The management of a pneumonia is multidisciplinary. Besides the administration of antibiotics, these patients often require chest physical therapy, a dietary consult, physical therapy to help regain muscle mass and a dental consult. The key is to educate the patient on discontinuation of smoking and abstaining from alcohol. Further, patients should be encouraged to get the appropriate influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Finally, it is important to educate the patient on compliance with antibiotics if they want a complete resolution of the infectious process. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion:

• #109 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Chest auscultation […] – Checking cultures and antibiotic sensitivity […] – Monitoring neurovitals […] – Ins and Outs […] – Ambulation […] – Diet […] […] […] Coordination of Care: […] The management of a pneumonia is multidisciplinary. Besides the administration of antibiotics, these patients often require chest physical therapy, a dietary consult, physical therapy to help regain muscle mass and a dental consult. The key is to educate the patient on discontinuation of smoking and abstaining from alcohol. Further, patients should be encouraged to get the appropriate influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Finally, it is important to educate the patient on compliance with antibiotics if they want a complete resolution of the infectious process. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion:

• #110 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Chest auscultation […] – Checking cultures and antibiotic sensitivity […] – Monitoring neurovitals […] – Ins and Outs […] – Ambulation […] – Diet […] […] […] Coordination of Care: […] The management of a pneumonia is multidisciplinary. Besides the administration of antibiotics, these patients often require chest physical therapy, a dietary consult, physical therapy to help regain muscle mass and a dental consult. The key is to educate the patient on discontinuation of smoking and abstaining from alcohol. Further, patients should be encouraged to get the appropriate influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Finally, it is important to educate the patient on compliance with antibiotics if they want a complete resolution of the infectious process. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion:

• #111 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] […] […] Risk Management: […] Call a physician if: […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Copious sputum production […] – Respiratory distress […] – Loss of consciousness […] – Altered mental status […] […] […] Discharge Planning: […] – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] – Follow up with a clinician […] – Exercise regularly […] […] […] The management of pneumonia is with an interprofessional team. The reason is that most patients are managed as outpatients but if not properly treated, the morbidity and mortality are high.

• #112 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nurses are expected to perform both dependent and independent functions for the patient to aid him or her towards the restoration of their well-being. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] Through the data collected during assessment, the following nursing diagnoses are made: […] Planning is essential to establish the interventions that are appropriate for the patients condition. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #113 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] […] […] Risk Management: […] Call a physician if: […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Copious sputum production […] – Respiratory distress […] – Loss of consciousness […] – Altered mental status […] […] […] Discharge Planning: […] – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] – Follow up with a clinician […] – Exercise regularly […] […] […] The management of pneumonia is with an interprofessional team. The reason is that most patients are managed as outpatients but if not properly treated, the morbidity and mortality are high.

• #114 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] […] […] Risk Management: […] Call a physician if: […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Copious sputum production […] – Respiratory distress […] – Loss of consciousness […] – Altered mental status […] […] […] Discharge Planning: […] – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] – Follow up with a clinician […] – Exercise regularly […] […] […] The management of pneumonia is with an interprofessional team. The reason is that most patients are managed as outpatients but if not properly treated, the morbidity and mortality are high.

• #115 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Monitor serial chest x-rays, ABGs, pulse oximetry readings. […] Assist with bronchoscopy and/or thoracentesis, if indicated. […] Urge all bedridden and postoperative patients to perform deep breathing and coughing exercises frequently. […] Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes (inflammatory effects) […] Demonstrate improved ventilation and oxygenation of tissues by ABGs within patients acceptable range and absence of symptoms of respiratory distress. […] Assess respiratory rate, depth, and ease. […] Observe color of skin, mucous membranes, and nailbeds, noting presence of peripheral cyanosis (nail beds) or central cyanosis (circumoral). […] Assess mental status. […] Monitor heart rate and rhythm. […] Monitor body temperature, as indicated. […] Maintain bedrest.

• #116 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Ineffective airway clearance related to increased production of secretions and increased viscosity […] Display patent airway with breath sounds clearing; absence of dyspnea, cyanosis. […] Assess the rate and depth of respirations and chest movement. […] Auscultate lung fields, noting areas of decreased or absent airflow and adventitious breath sounds: crackles, wheezes. […] Elevate head of bed, change position frequently. […] Teach and assist patient with proper deep-breathing exercises. […] Suction as indicated: frequent coughing, adventitious breath sounds, desaturation related to airway secretions. […] Force fluids to at least 3000 mL/day (unless contraindicated, as in heart failure). […] Administer medications as indicated: mucolytics, expectorants, bronchodilators, analgesics.

• #117 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Elevate head and encourage frequent position changes, deep breathing, and effective coughing. […] Assess anxiety level and encourage verbalization of feelings and concerns. […] Observe for deterioration in condition, noting hypotension, copious amounts of bloody sputum, pallor, cyanosis, change in LOC, severe dyspnea, and restlessness. […] Monitor ABGs, pulse oximetry. […] Administer oxygen therapy by appropriate means: nasal prongs, mask, Venturi mask. […] Risk for deficient fluid volume related to excessive fluid loss (fever, profuse diaphoresis, mouth breathing/hyperventilation, vomiting) […] Demonstrate fluid balance evidenced by individually appropriate parameters, e.g., moist mucous membranes, good skin turgor, prompt capillary refill, stable vital signs. […] Assess vital sign changes: increasing temperature, prolonged fever, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia.

• #118 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Assess skin turgor, moisture of mucous membranes. […] Investigate reports of nausea and vomiting. […] Monitor intake and output (IO), noting color, character of urine. […] Force fluids to at least 3000 mL/day or as individually appropriate. […] Administer medications as indicated: antipyretics, antiemetics. […] Provide supplemental IV fluids as necessary. […] Risk for imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to increased metabolic needs secondary to fever and infectious process […] Demonstrate increased appetite. […] Identify factors that are contributing to nausea or vomiting: copious sputum, aerosol treatments, severe dyspnea, pain. […] Provide covered container for sputum and remove at frequent intervals. […] Schedule respiratory treatments at least 1 hr before meals.

• #119 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Maintain adequate nutrition to offset hypermetabolic state secondary to infection. […] Consider limiting use of milk products. […] Elevate the patients head and neck, and check for tubes position during NG tube feedings. […] Auscultate for bowel sounds. […] Provide small, frequent meals, including dry foods (toast, crackers) and/or foods that are appealing to patient. […] Evaluate general nutritional state, obtain baseline weight. […] Acute pain related to inflammation of lung parenchyma […] Verbalize relief/control of pain. […] Assess pain characteristics: sharp, constant, stabbing. […] Monitor vital signs. […] Provide comfort measures: back rubs, position changes, quite music, massage. […] Offer frequent oral hygiene. […] Instruct and assist patient in chest splinting techniques during coughing episodes.

• #120 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Administer analgesics and antitussives as indicated. […] Activity intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand […] Report/demonstrate a measurable increase in tolerance to activity with absence of dyspnea and excessive fatigue, and vital signs within patients acceptable range. […] Determine patients response to activity. […] Provide a quiet environment and limit visitors during acute phase as indicated. […] Explain importance of rest in treatment plan and necessity for balancing activities with rest. […] Assist patient to assume comfortable position for rest and sleep. […] Assist with self-care activities as necessary. […] Risk for spread of infection related to inadequate primary defenses (decreased ciliary action, stasis of respiratory secretions) […] Achieve timely resolution of current infection without complications.

• #121 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] […] […] Risk Management: […] Call a physician if: […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Copious sputum production […] – Respiratory distress […] – Loss of consciousness […] – Altered mental status […] […] […] Discharge Planning: […] – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] – Follow up with a clinician […] – Exercise regularly […] […] […] The management of pneumonia is with an interprofessional team. The reason is that most patients are managed as outpatients but if not properly treated, the morbidity and mortality are high.

• #122 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] […] […] Risk Management: […] Call a physician if: […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Copious sputum production […] – Respiratory distress […] – Loss of consciousness […] – Altered mental status […] […] […] Discharge Planning: […] – Get vaccinated against pneumococcus and influenza […] – Eat healthy […] – Ambulate […] – Wash hands […] – Follow up with a clinician […] – Exercise regularly […] […] […] The management of pneumonia is with an interprofessional team. The reason is that most patients are managed as outpatients but if not properly treated, the morbidity and mortality are high.

• #123 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Verbalize understanding of condition, disease process, and prognosis. […] Review normal lung function, pathology of condition. […] Discuss debilitating aspects of disease, length of convalescence, and recovery expectations. […] Provide information in written and verbal form. […] Reinforce importance of continuing effective coughing and deep-breathing exercises. […] Emphasize necessity for continuing antibiotic therapy for prescribed period. […] Review importance of cessation of smoking. […] Outline steps to enhance general health and well-being: balanced rest and activity, well-rounded diet, avoidance of crowds during cold/flu season and persons with URIs. […] Stress importance of continuing medical follow-up and obtaining vaccinations as appropriate. […] Identify signs and symptoms requiring notification of health care provider: increasing dyspnea, chest pain, prolonged fatigue, weight loss, fever, chills, persistence of productive cough, changes in mentation. […] Instruct patient to avoid using antibiotics indiscriminately during minor viral infections. […] Encourage pneumovax and annual flu shots for high-risk patients.

• #124 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nurses are expected to perform both dependent and independent functions for the patient to aid him or her towards the restoration of their well-being. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] Through the data collected during assessment, the following nursing diagnoses are made: […] Planning is essential to establish the interventions that are appropriate for the patients condition. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #125 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease with a host response that ranges from mild symptoms (fever, cough, and chest pain) to septic shock with multisystem organ failure, including respiratory failure. Nurses have an important role in the management of the patient being treated for pneumonia in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. […] Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia: Perform a detailed history to identify patients at risk for multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. If patient is admitted to the hospital, first dose of antibiotic should be administered in the emergency department. In hospitalized patient: Closely monitor vital signs. Observe for progression of symptoms, such as hypoxemia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and fever. Use general infection control strategies, including strict handwashing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Follow policies to encourage antimicrobial stewardship and reduce or alter antibiotic prescribing practices.

• #126 Pneumonia Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pneumonia/

  Ineffective airway clearance related to increased production of secretions and increased viscosity […] Display patent airway with breath sounds clearing; absence of dyspnea, cyanosis. […] Assess the rate and depth of respirations and chest movement. […] Auscultate lung fields, noting areas of decreased or absent airflow and adventitious breath sounds: crackles, wheezes. […] Elevate head of bed, change position frequently. […] Teach and assist patient with proper deep-breathing exercises. […] Suction as indicated: frequent coughing, adventitious breath sounds, desaturation related to airway secretions. […] Force fluids to at least 3000 mL/day (unless contraindicated, as in heart failure). […] Administer medications as indicated: mucolytics, expectorants, bronchodilators, analgesics.

• #127 Bacterial Pneumonia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568697/

  Nursing Management: […] – Obtain blood work and check cultures […] – Hydrate the patient […] – Administer antibiotics as ordered […] – Keep patient comfortable and warm […] – Perform suction as required […] – Measure ins and out […] – Manage pain and cough […] – Promote nutrition […] – Administer oxygen as needed […] – Provide rest […] – Teach patient hand washing […] […] […] When To Seek Help: […] – Altered mental status […] – Dyspnea […] – Low oxygen saturations […] – Unstable hemodynamics […] – Fever […] – Unresponsive […] – Copious sputum production and respiratory distress […] […] […] Outcome Identification: […] – Normal vitals […] – No dyspnea or fever […] – Able to ambulate […] – Energetic […] […] […] Monitoring: […] – Vitals

• #128 Care Essentials for Patients with Pneumonia

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/clinical-resources/nursing-pocket-cards/take5-pneumonia-in-the-adult

  Administer antibiotics, antivirals and/or supplemental oxygen, as prescribed. For patients with HAP or VAP, a 7-day course of antibiotics is recommended; this antibiotic therapy should be de-escalated if cultures identify a specific organism and sensitivities (narrow the antibiotic regimen and change from combination therapy to monotherapy). For patients with CAP, treat for a minimum of five days; however longer treatment may be necessary. […] Maintain adequate hydration to thin pulmonary secretions and compensate for insensible losses due to fever. Perform respiratory/pulmonary hygiene, including incentive spirometry, chest percussion, coughing exercises, and frequent repositioning. Observe isolation precautions, as indicated. Assist with early mobility. […] Immunize prior to discharge from hospital and educate patient on immunization recommendations, including vaccines for COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcus according to age and previous immunization status.

• #129 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nurses are expected to perform both dependent and independent functions for the patient to aid him or her towards the restoration of their well-being. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] Through the data collected during assessment, the following nursing diagnoses are made: […] Planning is essential to establish the interventions that are appropriate for the patients condition. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #130 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nurses are expected to perform both dependent and independent functions for the patient to aid him or her towards the restoration of their well-being. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] Through the data collected during assessment, the following nursing diagnoses are made: […] Planning is essential to establish the interventions that are appropriate for the patients condition. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #131

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=5707573&Journal_ID=54030&Issue_ID=5707463

  Hydration and nutrition are other considerations in the management of pneumonia. […] Early discharge planning. Early in a patient’s hospitalization, case management and social work should be consulted in preparation for discharge. […] Potential complications. Patients admitted with an acute respiratory infection need to be monitored for the development of key complications such as hypoxia and sepsis. […] DISCHARGE INSTRUCTIONS. A.S. has been hospitalized for three days and is now being discharged home. It’s important to educate patients on follow-up management of their condition to decrease the chance of hospital readmission. […] CONCLUSION. Prevention of pneumonia rests on three pillars: annual influenza vaccination for all patients, pneumococcal vaccination for at-risk patients, and smoking cessation for patients who smoke.

• #132 Pneumonia Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/pneumonia/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with pneumonia. […] Nurses are expected to perform both dependent and independent functions for the patient to aid him or her towards the restoration of their well-being. […] Nursing assessment is critical in detecting pneumonia. Here are some tips for your nursing assessment for pneumonia. […] Through the data collected during assessment, the following nursing diagnoses are made: […] Planning is essential to establish the interventions that are appropriate for the patients condition. […] These nursing interventions, if implemented appropriately, would result in the achievement of the goals of the management of pneumonia. […] Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] Patient education is crucial regardless of the setting because self-care is essential in achieving a patients well-being. […] Documentation of data must be accurate and up-to-date to avoid unnecessary legal situations that might occur.

• #133 Specialist pneumonia intervention nurse service improves pneumonia care and outcome | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/8/1/e000863

  The magnitude of the effect size we observed is at least equivalent to the development of new therapies for CAP and justifies the importance of improving care pathways for delivering existing resources. […] Wider adoption of the model across the acute care sector could help transform the outcome for large numbers of emergency admissions with this life-threatening condition.

• #134 Nursing care plan for bacterial pneumonia

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-bacterial-pneumonia/

  Interventions for bacterial pneumonia include medication administration, oxygen therapy, fluid and nutrition management, education on coughing and deep breathing techniques, and continued assessment of parameters including vital signs, pulse oximetry, and lung sounds. […] The evaluation of bacterial pneumonia involves assessing the patients pain levels, respiratory rate, temperature, and oxygen levels. Additionally, pulmonary function tests may be done to measure the patients ability to obtain and exchange oxygen. […] Bacterial pneumonia is a serious infection of the lungs that can be life threatening if left untreated. […] As a nurse, it is essential to understand the nursing care plan for bacterial pneumonia in order to ensure that this potentially devastating condition is managed effectively and safely.

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