Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or airways. The main types of chest infection are bronchitis and pneumonia. […] Most bronchitis cases are caused by viruses, whereas most pneumonia cases are due to bacteria. […] These infections are usually spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This launches tiny droplets of fluid containing the virus or bacteria into the air, where they can be breathed in by others. […] Certain groups of people have a higher risk of developing serious chest infections, such as: babies and very young children, children with developmental problems, people who are very overweight, elderly people, pregnant women, people who smoke, people with long-term health conditions, such as asthma, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), people with a weakened immune system this could be due to a recent illness, a transplant, high-dose steroids, chemotherapy or a health condition, such as an undiagnosed HIV infection.

• #2 Chest infection

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chest-infection/

  A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or large airways. […] Treatment for a chest infection will depend on the cause. […] A chest infection will either be caused by: a virus (like viral bronchitis) this usually clears up by itself after a few weeks and antibiotics will not help […] bacteria (like pneumonia) a GP may prescribe antibiotics (make sure you complete the whole course as advised by the GP, even if you start to feel better). […] Antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial chest infections. They’re not used for treating viral chest infections, like flu or viral bronchitis. This is because antibiotics do not work for viral infections. […] You may need a blood test or a sample of your mucus may need to be tested to see what’s causing your chest infection.

• #3 Causes of Chest Infection | OneWelbeck Lung Health

  https://onewelbeck.com/conditions/chest-infection/

  A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or airways. The main types of chest infection are bronchitis and pneumonia. Most bronchitis cases are caused by viruses, whereas most pneumonia cases are due to bacteria. […] Certain groups of people have a higher risk of developing serious chest infections, such as babies and very young children, children with developmental problems, people who are very overweight, elderly people, pregnant women, people who smoke, and people with long-term health conditions, such as asthma, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] The infections can also be spread to others if you cough or sneeze onto your hand, an object or a surface, and someone else shakes your hand or touches those surfaces before touching their mouth or nose.

• #4 Chest infections | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/chest-infections

  A chest infection affects your lungs, either in the larger airways (bronchitis) or in the smaller air sacs (pneumonia). […] It is likely that your own immune system will deal with the infection, as most chest infections are caused by a virus. […] The main causes include: A virus, Bacteria, Mycoplasma (a special kind of bacteria).

• #5 Bronchitis Causes and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lung-and-respiratory/bronchitis/understanding-what-causes-bronchitis-how-prevent-it/

  What causes the dry coughing, extra mucus, and other cold symptoms you’ll suffer when you get a case of acute bronchitis? Bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes, which are the airways that carry oxygen to and from your lungs. But it’s either a viral or bacterial infection that sets the wheels in motion that result in those symptoms. […] The majority of acute bronchitis in kids and adults is caused by a viral infection, explains Fernando Holguin, MD, professor of medicine of pulmonary sciences and critical care at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. Research suggests that majority is between 85 and 95 percent of all cases of acute bronchitis. (1) […] Exposure to irritants, like tobacco smoke, pollution, dust, and fumes, can cause or exacerbate acute bronchitis, too. And in less common cases, bacteria can lead to acute bronchitis.

• #6 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  Respiratory viruses are the most common causes of acute bronchitis, and cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. […] Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infections, such as those caused by Mycoplasma species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae, and by viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Exposure to irritants, such as pollution, chemicals, and tobacco smoke, may also cause acute bronchial irritation. […] Cigarette smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis. Common risk factors for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are advanced age and low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). […] Most (70-80%) acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are estimated to be due to respiratory infections.

• #6 Bronchitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297108-overview

  Estimates suggest that cigarette smoking accounts for 85-90% of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies indicate that smoking pipes, cigars, and marijuana causes similar damage. Smoking impairs ciliary movement, inhibits the function of alveolar macrophages, and leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands. […] Air pollution levels have been associated with increased respiratory health problems among people living in affected areas. […] A growing body of literature has demonstrated that specific occupational exposures are associated with the symptoms of chronic bronchitis.

• #7 Bronchitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3993-bronchitis

  Viruses are the most common cause of acute bronchitis. […] You almost always get bronchitis from a virus. However, nearly anything that irritates your airways can cause it. Infectious and noninfectious causes of bronchitis include: […] Viruses that cause bronchitis include influenza (the flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, rhinovirus (the common cold) and coronavirus. […] Bacteria that cause bronchitis include Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumonia.

• #8 Understand Chest Infections: Symptoms and Causes – Medmate

  https://medmate.com.au/news/understand-chest-infection/

  A chest infection refers to various respiratory illnesses affecting the lungs or airways, including bronchitis and pneumonia. These conditions can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. […] Chest infections can be caused by various infectious agents, including: […] Common viral pathogens responsible for chest infections include influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, and adenovirus. […] Bacterial infections, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, can also cause chest infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis. […] Fungal chest infections are less common but can occur in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. […] Exposure to environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational hazards can increase the risk of developing chest infections. […] Yes, COVID-19 can cause a chest infection. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, primarily affects the respiratory system. In some cases, the infection can lead to pneumonia, a type of chest infection.

• #9 Lung Infection Symptoms: Is It More Than Just a Cough? | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/symptoms-of-a-lung-infection-causes-treatments

  A lung infection occurs when disease-causing microbe damage and inflames the airways or tissues of the lungs due to immune cells accumulating. […] Viruses, bacteria, fungus, and parasites are all possible causes of lung infections. It’s possible that more than one kind of microbe is to blame in certain circumstances. […] The main lung infection causes is Lung diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis come in various shapes and sizes. Viruses and bacteria are usually to blame. […] Bronchitis may be caused by a variety of bacteria, including: The influenza virus and other respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) […] The following types of microorganisms often cause pneumonia: Infections caused by germs like Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and Mycoplasma pneumonia, among others […] Pneumocystis jirovecii, Aspergillus, and Histoplasma capsulatum are all fungi that may cause lung infections. […] Immunosuppressed individuals, such as those with certain forms of cancer or HIV, or those using immunosuppressive medicines, are more likely to develop a fungal lung infection.

• #10 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  Viruses, including COVID-19. Some of the viruses that cause colds and the flu can cause pneumonia. […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be serious because the bacteria causing it may be more resistant to antibiotics and because the people who get it are already sick. […] Health care-acquired pneumonia is a bacterial infection that occurs in people who live in long-term care facilities or who receive care in outpatient clinics, including kidney dialysis centers. […] Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva into your lungs.

• #10 Pneumonia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204

  Most pneumonia occurs when a breakdown in your body’s natural defenses allows germs to invade and multiply within your lungs. […] A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. […] Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air we breathe. […] Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the infection. […] Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. It occurs outside of hospitals or other health care facilities. It may be caused by: […] Bacteria. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in the U.S. is Streptococcus pneumoniae. […] Bacteria-like organisms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also can cause pneumonia. […] Fungi. This type of pneumonia is most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems, and in people who have inhaled large doses of the organisms.

• #11 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  Pneumonia is an infection in your lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Pneumonia causes your lung tissue to swell (inflammation) and can cause fluid or pus in your lungs. […] Many bacteria, viruses and fungi can cause the infections that lead to pneumonia. Bacteria are the most common cause in adults and viruses are the most common cause in school-aged children. Common illnesses that can lead to pneumonia include: Common cold (rhinovirus), COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2), The flu (influenza virus), Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), Legionnaires disease, Mycoplasma pneumonia bacteria, Pneumococcal disease, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] Pneumonia can develop when your immune system attacks an infection in the small sacs of your lung (alveoli). This causes your lungs to swell and leak fluids.

• #12 Chest infection

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/chest-infection/

  Treatment will depend on what caused your chest infection. It may be caused by a virus or bacteria. […] Many chest infections are caused by a virus. This usually clears up by itself after a few weeks. Antibiotics will not help a viral chest infection. […] Some chest infections are caused by bacteria. Your GP may prescribe a course of antibiotics. Make sure you complete the whole course, even if you start to feel better. […] Antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial chest infections. They’re not used for treating viral chest infections, like flu or viral bronchitis. This is because they do not work for this type of infection.

• #13 Chest Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chest-infection

  A chest infection is an infection that affects your lower large airways (bronchi) and your lungs. Pneumonia and bronchitis are the most common chest infections. Bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection, with between 1% and 10% of cases being caused by bacteria. Pneumonia is usually due to bacterial infection. Pneumonia may be serious and need hospital admission. […] The vast majority of URTIs are caused by viral infections. Your immune system will fight these off without any help within a few days. Because URTIs are caused by viruses rather than bacteria, antibiotics won’t help in any way. […] Sometimes an infection in the upper airways can spread deeper, causing a chest infection. Sometimes germs (bacteria) already living in your lungs can multiply, with the same result. […] There are two main types of chest infection – acute bronchitis and pneumonia.

• #13 Chest Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chest-infection

  Acute bronchitis is common and is often due to a viral infection. Infection with a germ (bacterium) is a less common cause. […] This is usually a bacterial infection of the lung (bacterial chest infection) and may be serious. Treatment with antibiotics is usually needed. […] Antibiotics are medicines used for infections caused by germs (bacteria) and don’t work on viruses. Unless you have a long-term condition affecting your chest, your doctor is unlikely to prescribe antibiotics unless your symptoms and examination suggest you may have pneumonia. […] Chest infections are very common, especially during the autumn and winter. They often occur after a cold or flu. Anyone can get a chest infection but they are more common in: Young children and the elderly. People who smoke. Pregnant women. People with long-term chest problems such as asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease or liver disease. People with an immune system that’s weakened either by conditions such as some cancers (including lymphoma, myeloma and leukaemia) or AIDS; or by treatments such as high-dose steroids, chemotherapy or other medicines that can suppress your immune system.

• #14 Recurrent Chest Infections – Respiratory Physiotherapy Ireland

  https://respphysio.ie/conditions-we-treat/recurrent-chest-infections/

  A chest infection is a bacterial or viral infection of the airways leading down into the lungs, or of the lungs themselves. […] Most cases of acute bronchitis are caused by viruses, although sometimes they are caused by bacteria. […] Pneumonia is an infection of the tissues of the lung. Germs that cause infections, such as pneumonia, are often passed around in the community. In some people, the germs cause pneumonia to develop. […] The main causes include: A virus, Bacteria, Mycoplasma (a special kind of bacteria), Smoking, Low immune system. […] Your immune system can be lowered as a result of: a recent illness, such as flu, treatment for cancer, such as chemotherapy, taking medicines or treatment that suppress the immune system, a health condition, such as HIV or AIDS. […] If you have had recurring episodes of acute bronchitis or one or more episodes of pneumonia, you may be at risk of developing chronic respiratory conditions.

• #14 Recurrent Chest Infections – Respiratory Physiotherapy Ireland

  https://respphysio.ie/conditions-we-treat/recurrent-chest-infections/

  The use of antibiotics is usually only recommended if it is thought that you have an increased risk of developing a secondary lung infection, such as pneumonia, due to factors such as: being over 75 years of age and having a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above, having long-term problems with your lungs or heart, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart failure, having a weakened immune system (immunocompromised) as a result of a condition, such as diabetes or cancer, or due to certain types of medical treatment, such as chemotherapy. […] Respiratory physiotherapy is widely used in the treatment of chest infections because it can help to eliminate inflammatory exudates and tracheobronchial secretions, enhance gas exchange, reduce the work of breathing and reduce the risk of developing recurring chest infections or chronic respiratory conditions.

• #15 Bacterial Pneumonia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513321/

  Bacterial pneumonia, characterized by inflammation in lung parenchyma and alveolar spaces, is caused by various bacteria, each triggering an intricate interplay with the host immune response. […] Among the infectious causes of pneumonia, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are prominent. Bacterial pneumonia has a significant impact on the overall morbidity and mortality rates of those with pneumonia. […] CAP can result from an extensive list of agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, this activity will specifically concentrate on bacterial pneumonia and its causative factors. Bacteria have traditionally been classified into 2 categories based on etiology: typical and atypical organisms. Typical organisms can be cultured on standard media or identified through Gram stain, whereas atypical organisms lack such properties.

• #15 Bacterial Pneumonia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513321/

  The primary cause of CAP globally is S pneumoniae, a trend observed in adults and children. H influenzae is frequently cited as the second most prevalent bacterial pathogen. However, the prevalence of other commonly isolated pathogens can vary depending on the geographical location and local epidemiology. […] Bacterial pathogens in HAP and HCAP globally include K pneumoniae, E coli, P aeruginosa, S aureus, including methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA), Enterobacter species, and Acinetobacter baumannii complex. […] Antimicrobial resistance is increasing globally, fueled by the extensive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in human healthcare and the agricultural industry. This trend restricts regional choices for antimicrobial treatment of bacterial pneumonia, escalates healthcare system expenses, and is linked to a poorer prognosis for patients with bacterial pneumonia.

• #16

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia

  Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi. […] Pneumonia is caused by several infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and fungi. The most common are the following. […] Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children. […] Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the second most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. […] Respiratory syncytial virus is the most common viral cause of pneumonia. […] In infants infected with HIV, Pneumocystis jiroveci is one of the most common causes of pneumonia, responsible for at least one quarter of all pneumonia deaths in HIV-infected infants.

• #17 Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): Practice Essentials, Overview, Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/234240-overview

  Typical bacterial pathogens that cause CAP include S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and M catarrhalis. However, with improvement in diagnostic techniques allowing for better identification of viruses and fastidious bacteria, a smaller percentage of CAP cases are now being attributed to these typical bacterial pathogens. […] S pneumoniae remains the most common bacterial agent responsible for CAP. The incidence of S pneumoniae pneumonia varies according to the population studied. […] Importantly, K pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are not typical causes of CAP in otherwise healthy hosts. K pneumoniae CAP occurs primarily in individuals with chronic alcoholism or diabetes mellitus. P aeruginosa is a cause of CAP in patients with underlying lung disease such as bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis. […] Atypical bacterial pneumonias can be differentiated into those caused by zoonotic or nonzoonotic atypical pathogens. […] Respiratory viruses are another important cause of atypical CAP.

• #18 Lung Infection: Symptoms, Pneumonia, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/symptoms-of-lung-infection

  Bronchitis is usually caused by viral illnesses rather than bacterial infections. But bacterial infections can also cause bronchitis. […] Causes of bronchitis can include: the influenza virus, RSV, bacteria such as: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis. […] Bronchiolitis occurs when the smallest air passages in your lungs called bronchioles become inflamed. This can cause coughing and difficulty breathing. […] RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis. But it can be caused by other viruses.

• #18 Lung Infection: Symptoms, Pneumonia, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/symptoms-of-lung-infection

  A lung infection happens when a virus, bacteria, or fungus gets into your lungs and causes inflammation. […] A lung infection can be caused by a virus, bacteria, and sometimes even a fungus. […] Viruses or bacteria tend to cause lung infections. […] Common types of lung infections may include: pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis. […] More rarely, a fungal infection may also cause lung infections. […] Pneumonia is a common lung infection. It affects the air sacs of your lungs. This infection can impact anyone at any age, and it can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. […] Common causes of pneumonia can include: bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia (most common), Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae; viruses such as the influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).

• #19 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pneumonia-basics

  Pneumonia is a lung infection that can range from mild to so serious that you have to go to the hospital. It happens when an infection causes air sacs in your lungs (the alveoli) and tubes in your airways that connect to them (bronchioles) to fill with fluid or pus. That can make it hard for you to breathe in enough oxygen. […] Causes include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. If your pneumonia results from bacteria or a virus, you can spread it to someone else. […] You get pneumonia when a potentially harmful substance that your body could usually fight off overwhelms your immune system and infects your lungs. […] Causes of bacterial pneumonia include: The pneumococcus bacteria, the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, Mycoplasma, Legionella, the bacterium that causes Legionnaire’s disease, Certain types of chlamydia bacteria.

• #19 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pneumonia-basics

  Fungal pneumonia causes include: Coccidioidomycosis, the fungus that causes valley fever, which is found in parts of the Southwestern U.S., Cryptococcus, found in bird poop and soil contaminated with it, Histoplasmosis, which commonly occurs in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys but can occur in other areas as well. […] You can get aspiration pneumonia when you breathe in a foreign substance, like vomit, saliva, or food. You’re more likely to get it if something has interfered with your gag reflex, such as a brain injury or overuse of drugs or alcohol. […] Bacterial and viral types of pneumonia are contagious. The germs that cause them may spread through the air when someone who is infected talks, coughs, or sneezes. You might also get pneumonia after touching a surface that has the germs on it, then touching your mouth or nose.

• #19 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pneumonia-basics

  Influenza viruses can cause pneumonia, particularly in people who have other health conditions or are at higher risk of it for another reason. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 can lead to pneumonia. It can also make you more prone to get an infection from other types of viruses or bacteria by weakening your immune system or causing you to need a ventilator. […] If you get pneumonia while you’re in a hospital, that’s called hospital-acquired pneumonia. It tends to be more serious, since it can be caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and those who get it have other health issues. […] Most cases are what’s called community-acquired pneumonia, which means you didn’t get it in a hospital.

• #20 About Pneumonia | Pneumonia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/about/index.html

  Bacteria and viruses are common causes of pneumonia (a lung infection). […] Fungi and parasites are less common causes. […] Germs that commonly cause pneumonia in the community are different from those in healthcare settings. […] Clinicians aren’t always able to find out which germ caused someone to get sick with pneumonia. […] Many germs (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) can cause pneumonia. […] Bacterial infections that are common causes of community-acquired pneumonia include: Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, Pneumococcal disease. […] The following bacterial infections can cause pneumonia, but are less common causes: Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, Haemophilus influenzae disease, Legionella infection (Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac Fever), Pertussis (whooping cough), Psittacosis.

• #20 About Pneumonia | Pneumonia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/about/index.html

  In general, fungal infections are a less common cause of pneumonia. […] Viral infections that commonly cause pneumonia include: COVID-19, Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection, Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection, Influenza (flu), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, Rhinovirus infection. […] The following viral infections can cause pneumonia, but are a less common cause: Adenovirus infection, Chickenpox, Measles. […] Healthcare providers are not always able to find out which germ caused someone to get sick with pneumonia.

• #21 Pneumonia – causes, symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pneumonia

  Pneumonia is caused by an infection of the lungs. Most infections are caused by bacteria or viruses. […] Pneumonia can be triggered by a cold or the flu, which allows the germs to access to your lungs. […] Bacterial pneumonia may be caused by the pneumococcal bacteria, called streptococcus pneumoniae. This is one of the worst types of pneumonia. […] Other types of bacteria that can cause pneumonia are haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. […] Viral pneumonia is caused by different viruses. The most common are: influenza (flu) virus, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2 the virus that causes COVID-19. […] In severe cases of COVID-19, breathing difficulties can develop into pneumonia. This is a serious illness that can be life-threatening. […] Its thought that about half of pneumonia cases are caused by a virus.

• #22 Community-Acquired Pneumonia – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pneumonia/community-acquired-pneumonia

  This pathogen can rarely cause severe, cavitating pneumonia and tends to affect young adults. […] S. pneumoniae and S. aureus (including MRSA) can cause necrotizing pneumonia. […] Identification of possible MRSA pneumonia is based on an assessment of risk factors that include known MRSA colonization (nasal), prior MRSA infection, compatible gram stain, hospitalization or antibiotic use in the previous 3 months, immunosuppression, necrotizing or cavitary pneumonia, recent influenza, empyema. […] Identification of possible P. aeruginosa pneumonia is based on assessment of risk factors that include known Pseudomonas colonization, prior Pseudomonas infection, hospitalization or antibiotic use in the previous 3 months, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or other structural lung disease, and immunosuppression.

• #22 Community-Acquired Pneumonia – Pulmonary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pneumonia/community-acquired-pneumonia

  Common viral causes include Coronaviruses (since 2020, primarily SARS-CoV-2), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Adenoviruses, Influenza viruses, Metapneumovirus, and Parainfluenza viruses. […] Epstein-Barr virus and coxsackievirus are common viruses that rarely cause pneumonia. […] Common fungal pathogens include Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis) and Coccidioides immitis (coccidioidomycosis). […] Pneumocystis jirovecii commonly causes pneumonia in patients who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or are immunosuppressed.

• #23 Lung Infection – Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | CK Birla Hospital

  https://www.ckbhospital.com/specialities/pulmonology/lung-and-chest-diseases/lung-infection/

  Lung infections are one of the most common respiratory illnesses. A virus, bacteria, or fungus can cause it. […] The most common causes of lung infections are bacteria, viruses, and fungi. […] Bacteria are the most common cause of lung infections, accounting for about 60% of all cases. […] The most common type of bacteria that causes lung infection is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other types of bacteria that can cause lung infection include Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. […] Viruses are another common reason for lung infections, accounting for about 30% of all cases. […] The most common viruses that cause lung infection are the influenza virus, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the adenovirus. […] Fungi can also cause lung infections, although this is much less common than bacteria or viruses.

• #23 Lung Infection – Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | CK Birla Hospital

  https://www.ckbhospital.com/specialities/pulmonology/lung-and-chest-diseases/lung-infection/

  The most common type of fungus that causes lung infection is Aspergillus fumigatus. Other types of fungi that can cause lung infection include Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. […] Various factors, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and environmental irritants, can cause lung infections.

• #24 What Causes Pneumonia? | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/what-causes-pneumonia

  Infection from respiratory viruses like the influenza (flu) virus, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) can cause pneumonia. […] Fungal infections are a much less common cause of pneumonia when compared to bacteria and viruses. Fungal pneumonia is most common in people with chronic (long-term) health conditions or weakened immune systems, and in people who are exposed to large doses of certain fungi from contaminated soil or bird droppings. […] Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) a rare, serious fungal lung infection caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. It occurs in people who have a weakened immune system due to a medical condition like, HIV/AIDS, or from medications that suppress their immune systems, such as those used to treat cancer or manage organ transplants.

• #25 Cystic Fibrosis And Lung Infections | Symptoms, Types & CausesShare to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://cystic-fibrosis.com/symptoms/lung-infections

  Cystic fibrosis (CF) impacts the lungs more than any other organ in the body. Eventually, every person with CF will get lung infections. Repeated lung infections eventually lead to lung damage. […] Any organism or germ that causes disease, such as a virus, bacteria, or fungus, can cause a lung infection. The bacteria, viruses, and fungi that most often cause lung infections in people with CF include: […] The germs that cause lung infections are found in the world around us. For example, the cold, flu and pneumonia viruses can be carried by anyone and spread to a person with CF easily, especially during cold and flu season. Flu season is particularly dangerous for people with CF. […] Aspergillus is a fungus found indoors and outside. It may be stirred up by construction or gardening. […] MRSA is a bacterium. It can be spread through casual contact like a hand-shake to touching an object like a doorknob that has the bacteria on it.

• #26 Pneumonia Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/pneumonia/guide/symptoms/

  There are more than 30 different causes of pneumonia, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine. […] Bacteria are a common cause of pneumonia in adults, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. […] Types of bacteria that cause pneumonia include: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib). […] Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus, is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults, called pneumococcal pneumonia, according to the American Lung Association. […] Most bacteria that cause pneumonia are pyogenic bacteria, which means they form pus, a combination of debris from serum, dead bacteria, and white blood cells. […] Four types of fungi living in soil are known causes of pneumonia: Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus, Blastomyces.

• #27 Chest infection | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chest-infection

  When people say they have a chest infection, they mean an infection of their airways or lungs. […] Chest infections are usually caused by a virus or bacteria. […] Chest infections can be spread to others when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] The risk of having a chest infection is higher in: babies and young children, pregnant women, older people, people who smoke, people with certain health conditions or weakened immune systems. […] Chest infections can be contagious.

• #28 Quinton Park Medical Centre

  https://www.quintonparkmc.nhs.uk/chest-infection

  Chest infections are common, especially after a cold or flu during autumn and winter. Many chest infections are mild and will get better within a few days or weeks. […] A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or airways. The main types of chest infection are bronchitis and pneumonia. […] Most bronchitis cases are caused by viruses, whereas most pneumonia cases are due to bacteria. […] These infections are usually spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This launches tiny droplets of fluid containing the virus or bacteria into the air, where they can be breathed in by others. […] The infections can also be spread to others if you cough or sneeze onto your hand, an object or a surface, and someone else touches it before touching their mouth or nose. […] Excessive and prolonged alcohol misuse can weaken your lung’s natural defences against infections and make you more vulnerable to chest infections. […] If you are at an increased risk of chest infections, your GP may recommend being vaccinated against flu and pneumococcal infections (a bacterium that can cause pneumonia).

• #29 What is pneumonia? Causes, symptoms and risks | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/pneumonia/what-is-it

  Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria or viruses. […] Bacterial pneumonia is most commonly caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium, but there are other bacteria that can cause pneumonia. […] Viral pneumonia is caused by viruses like influenza (the flu virus) and RSV (respiratory syncytial virus). […] COVID-19 pneumonia is a form of viral pneumonia that happens as a complication of COVID-19. […] Aspiration pneumonia, which is caused by food going down your windpipe instead of the tube that goes to your stomach (the oesophagus), or by breathing in vomit, a foreign object or a harmful substance, like smoke or chemicals. […] Fungal pneumonia, which is caused by a fungal infection. […] Some people get pneumonia when they are already in hospital for another condition or having an operation. This is known as hospital-acquired pneumonia. […] Pneumonia that starts outside of hospital is known as community-acquired pneumonia.

• #30 Why Do You Keep Getting Respiratory Infections?

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/keep-getting-infections

  Lung disease. People with asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more likely to get respiratory infections. […] Cystic fibrosis. It is less frequent and affects about 105,000 people globally. CF causes the mucus in the lungs to become thick and sticky. This traps bacteria and viruses in your airways leading to more infections. […] Tumors. If you have lung cancer, a tumor can cause a blockage that results in repeated respiratory infections. […] Aspiration. This happens when you breathe in food, liquid, or vomit. The substance gets into your lungs and may cause pneumonia. […] Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. AAT is a protein made in your liver that helps protect your lungs. If you don’t have enough of this protein, you’re more prone to lung damage from smoking or pollutants in the air. This can lead to lung diseases such as COPD or bronchiectasis.

• #30 Why Do You Keep Getting Respiratory Infections?

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/keep-getting-infections

  Secondary immune deficiency. This happens when your immune system is damaged by something that affects your body, such as chemotherapy medications, bad burns, malnutrition, or HIV. A weakened immune system makes you more likely to get respiratory infections. […] Primary immunodeficiency. This is when you have genetic (inherited) defects that weaken your immune system. They include T-cell and B-cell deficiencies. They’re much less common than secondary immune deficiencies. People with primary immunodeficiency often get pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus infections.

• #31 Pneumonia Types, Cause, Signs, Symptoms, Contagious, Vaccine

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_three_major_causes_of_pneumonia/article.htm

  Pneumonia is an inflammation of the airspace (alveoli; singular alveolus) in the lung most commonly caused by infections. Bacteria, viruses, or fungi (infrequently) can cause pneumonia. […] Causes of pneumonia include the following: Streptococcus pneumoniae, a type of bacteria, is the most common cause of pneumonia. Legionella pneumophila is the bacterial type that causes pneumonia known as Legionnaires’ disease. Other bacteria types that can cause pneumonia include the bacteria that cause so-called atypical pneumonia, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumonia. […] The most common causes of viral pneumonia in adults are the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). […] Fungi that cause pneumonia include Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, and Coccidioides. […] The emphasis of this article is on the more common causes of infectious pneumonia, but others may be related to inflammatory and allergic conditions or caused by noninfectious lung irritants like inhalation of chemicals, foods, gasses, liquids, and/or dust.

• #32 Bronchitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bronchitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355566

  Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses, typically the same viruses that cause colds and flu (influenza). Many different viruses all of which are very contagious can cause acute bronchitis. […] The most common cause of chronic bronchitis is cigarette smoking. Air pollution and dust or toxic gases in the environment or workplace also can contribute to the condition.

• #33

  https://npistanbul.com/en/what-is-lung-infection-why-does-it-happen

  One of the most important groups of lung infections is pneumonia. The main cause of this infection is micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. […] However, apart from infection, foreign substances such as acid or food residues entering the lungs, inhalation, exposure to radiation can cause lung infection. […] Lung infection is a lower respiratory tract condition that occurs for various reasons. Bacteria or viruses that collect and multiply in the lungs cause this condition. […] In people with lung infection, bacteria settle in the lung and continue to progress here. […] The fact that the microbe that causes this disease hangs in the air for a certain period of time increases the rate of transmission. […] The most important treatment of lung infection is antibiotherapy for the causative agent.

• #34 Chest infection | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/chest-infection

  A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or airways. […] Most bronchitis cases are caused by viruses. […] Most pneumonia cases are due to bacteria. […] These infections are usually spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] Certain groups of people have a higher risk of developing serious chest infections, such as babies and very young children, children with developmental problems, people who are very overweight, elderly people, pregnant women, people who smoke, people with long-term health conditions, such as asthma, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and people with a weakened immune system. […] Excessive and long periods of alcohol misuse can weaken your lungs’ natural defences against infections. […] If you’re at an increased risk of chest infections, your GP may recommend being vaccinated against flu and pneumococcal infections (a bacterium that can cause pneumonia).

• #35 Causes of Recurrent Chest Infections in Adults – Frisco ER

  https://frisco-er.com/causes-of-recurrent-chest-infections-in-adults/

  Causes of recurrent chest infections in adults include chronic lung conditions, lifestyle factors, and compromised immune systems. […] One of the most common causes of recurrent chest infections in adults is a weakened or compromised immune system. […] Chronic illnesses like diabetes, cancer, or HIV/AIDS can severely impair immune function, leaving individuals susceptible to frequent infections. […] Lung diseases are another leading cause of recurrent chest infections. […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): COPD is a progressive lung disease, including conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema. […] Smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for recurrent chest infections in adults. […] Allergies and sensitivities to airborne irritants can also lead to recurrent chest infections, especially in people with underlying respiratory conditions.

• #35 Causes of Recurrent Chest Infections in Adults – Frisco ER

  https://frisco-er.com/causes-of-recurrent-chest-infections-in-adults/

  Certain anatomical abnormalities in the lungs or airways can predispose individuals to recurrent chest infections. […] Aspiration occurs when food, liquids, or stomach acid accidentally enter the lungs instead of the esophagus. […] Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or sarcoidosis can affect the lungs and cause chronic inflammation, making it harder for the body to clear infections. […] Certain viral infections, such as the flu or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), can leave the lungs weakened and more susceptible to bacterial infections. […] Poor overall health can exacerbate the risk of recurrent chest infections.

• #36 Pneumonia – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/causes

  Fungi such as Pneumocystis jirovecii may cause pneumonia, especially for people who have weakened immune systems. […] Your risk for pneumonia may be higher because of your age, environment, lifestyle habits, and other medical conditions. […] Pneumonia can affect people of all ages. However, two age groups are at higher risk of developing pneumonia and having more serious pneumonia. […] Most people get pneumonia when they catch an infection from someone else in their community. […] Your risk is also higher if you regularly breathe in air pollution or toxic fumes. […] Some germs that cause pneumonia can infect birds and other animals. […] You may have an increased risk of pneumonia if you have any of the following medical conditions. […] Conditions that weaken your immune system may also increase your risk. […] Lung diseases, such as asthma, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, or COPD, also increase your pneumonia risk.

• #37 Bronchitis

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/bronchitis/

  Bronchitis is usually caused by a virus. Less often, it’s caused by a bacteria. […] In most cases, bronchitis is caused by the same viruses that cause the common cold or flu. […] Bronchitis can be triggered by breathing in irritant substances, such as smog, chemicals in household products or tobacco smoke. […] Smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis. […] You may also be at risk of chronic bronchitis and other types of COPD if you’re often exposed to materials that can damage your lungs, such as grain dust, textiles (fabric fibres), ammonia, strong acids, and chlorine.

• #38 Pneumonia in children: What you need to know | UNICEF

  https://www.unicef.org/stories/childhood-pneumonia-explained

  Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection of the lungs. It doesn’t have one single cause – it can develop from either bacteria, viruses or fungi in the air. […] The treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of pneumonia. In developing countries, the largest number of pneumonia cases are caused by bacteria and can be treated with low cost antibiotics. […] Wasting is the leading risk factor for deaths from pneumonia among children. It’s the most visible and life-threatening form of malnutrition. When a child is too thin and their immune systems are weak, they’re far more vulnerable to diseases like pneumonia. […] Air pollution can significantly increase the risk of respiratory infection, including pneumonia. Almost half of all pneumonia deaths are attributable to air pollution.

• #39 Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults.html

  Pneumonia is a type of lung infection. It can cause breathing problems and other symptoms. In community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), you get infected in a community setting. It doesnt happen in a hospital, nursing home, or other healthcare center. […] Many different types of germs can cause pneumonia. But certain types cause CAP more often. Worldwide, Streptococcus pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that is most often responsible for CAP in adults. Some other common bacteria that cause CAP are: […] The flu (influenza) virus is also a major viral cause of CAP. Having the flu also makes you more likely to get bacterial pneumonia. This type is often worse than viral pneumonia. Other types of viruses can also cause CAP. These include SARS-CoV-2 (the cause of COVID-19), parainfluenza virus, echovirus, adenovirus, and coxsackievirus. In fact, viruses are likely the cause of most episodes of CAP. Fungi and parasites may also cause CAP.

• #40 Pneumonia – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for ap

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pneumonia-causes-symptoms-types-treatment-prevention

  Pneumonia is often caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. […] Causes of pneumonia in adults include various microorganisms that affect the lungs. The following are some of the reasons for pneumonia: […] Bacterial infection is the most common cause of pneumonia, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common pathogen. […] Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is defined as an acute infection of lung tissue in a non-intubated patient that happens 48 hours or more after hospital admission. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute infection of lung tissue that occurs in a patient who has acquired the infection outside of a healthcare setting or within the first 48 hours of hospital admission. […] Atypical pneumonia is often characterised by an acute lung infection caused by pathogens that are not detectable by traditional Gram stain or standard bacterial cultures.

• #40 Pneumonia – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for ap

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pneumonia-causes-symptoms-types-treatment-prevention

  Typical pneumonia is commonly caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and other organisms. […] Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a specific type of nosocomial infection that develops in patients who have been mechanically ventilated for 48 hours or longer. […] Aspiration pneumonia is a pulmonary infection resulting from the inhalation of bacterial-rich fluids. […] Viral pneumonia causes include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coronaviruses. […] Fungal pneumonia is a non-contagious infection caused by fungal spores. […] Recurrent pneumonia is defined as having at least two episodes in one year or three or more at any time frame with radiographic clearance between episodes. […] Other causes of pneumonia can include non-infectious things, such as allergic reactions, blood circulation issues in the lungs, radiation, and inhaled poisonous substances. […] Neonatal pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the common type of pneumonia during pregnancy, with the most identified bacterial organisms including streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.

• #41 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | FamilyDoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/pneumonia/

  Some fungal infections can lead to pneumonia, especially in people with weakened immune systems. There are also some fungi that occur in the soil in certain parts of the United States that can lead to pneumonia. […] You can also get pneumonia through aspiration. This is when you inhale particles into your lungs. These could be food, saliva, liquids, or vomit. It occurs most often after vomiting, and you are not strong enough to cough the particles out. The particles cause irritation, swelling and can get infected. This causes pneumonia.

• #41 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | FamilyDoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/pneumonia/

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. It causes the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs to get inflamed (irritated and swollen). They may fill up with fluid or pus. This causes a variety of symptoms, which range from mild to severe. Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria or a virus. It also can be caused by fungi or irritants that you breathe into your lungs. How serious pneumonia is depends on many factors. These include what caused the pneumonia, your age, and your overall health. […] Most cases of pneumonia are caused by: […] Bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia in adults. They can cause pneumonia on their own, or after you’ve had a cold or the flu. Bacterial pneumonia usually only affects one area of a lung. […] Any virus that affects the respiratory tract can cause pneumonia. This includes the flu virus and the virus that causes the common cold. In children under 1 year old, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause. Viral pneumonia tends to be mild. It often gets better on its own in 1 to 3 weeks.

• #42 Lung Infections: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment Options | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/lung-infection-symptoms-causes-and-types

  Occurs when food, liquid, or foreign substances are accidentally inhaled into the lungs. […] Understanding the underlying cause of a lung infection is vital for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. In some cases, infections may arise from a combination of these factors, particularly in individuals with pre-existing health conditions or compromised immunity.

• #43 Your chest infection is still here? – roycastle.org

  https://roycastle.org/symptom-awareness-frequent-chest-infections-your-doctor-is-still-here/

  A chest infection is an infection of the lungs or large airways. […] However, if you have a chest infection and it is not clearing up, or you are having repeat chest infections, then it is important to get to the cause of the problem. […] Ruthra recognised the frequency of her chest infections suggested something wasnt right. […] If your chest infection is taking longer to shift, or it seems to be getting worse, it is really important to contact your GP. […] If you are experiencing any symptoms, including repeat chest infections, contact your doctor.

• #44 Chronic Bronchitis | Symptoms of Bronchitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chronicbronchitis.html

  The cause of chronic bronchitis is usually long-term exposure to irritants that damage your lungs and airways. In the United States, cigarette smoke is the main cause. Pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke can also cause chronic bronchitis, especially if you inhale them. […] Exposure to other inhaled irritants can contribute to chronic bronchitis. These include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes or dusts from the environment or workplace. […] Rarely, a genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can play a role in causing chronic bronchitis.

• #45 Pneumonia: 3 causes, common symptoms and when to seek help | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE

  https://www.nebraskamed.com/primary-care/pneumonia-3-causes-common-symptoms-and-when-to-seek-help

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation and may cause fluid build-up within the tiny sacs of the lungs. It can be caused by a virus, bacteria or a fungus. […] Bacterial pneumonia is commonly caused by streptococcus and mycoplasma bacteria and can develop in hospitalized patients. […] Viral pneumonia is often a result of the flu or COVID-19. […] Pneumonia is one of the primary reasons why people who develop COVID-19 require hospitalization and ventilator support. […] Fungal pneumonia, the most severe of the three, is rare and can develop very quickly.

• #46 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/pneumonia.html

  Pneumonia is a broad term for a common lung infection typically caused by bacteria or viruses. […] Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi. However, bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia in adults, and the most frequent culprit is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Walking pneumonia is usually caused by a bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumoniae. […] One example of a fungal cause of pneumonia is Pneumocystis jirovecii, which causes a serious life-threatening infection typically found in people with weak immune systems, such as those with HIV and AIDS. […] Flu can cause viral pneumonia and can weaken immune defenses, which increases the risk of developing a secondary bacterial pneumonia, she explained. […] In at least 50% of cases, the specific bacteria causing pneumonia can’t be identified, Dziura said. So, the antibiotic given is based on the most common bacterial causes of pneumonia.

• #47 8 things you should know about pneumonia – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/8-things-you-should-know-about-pneumonia

  COVID-19-acquired pneumonia can cause lasting lung damage. While most people who recover from pneumonia tend not to suffer from any serious long-term lung damage, pneumonia caused by the coronavirus is often more severe and may result in long-term symptoms or a form of lung failure called acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Patients suffering from ARDS may be put on a ventilator while in the hospital to help oxygen circulate throughout the body. ARDS may cause pulmonary scarring and can be fatal.

• #48 Walking Pneumonia: What You Should Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/walking-pneumonia

  Pneumonia can also spread when an infected individual coughs or sneezes, and someone else breathes in those respiratory droplets. It occurs most often in crowded settings, including schools, college dormitories, and military training sites. […] In general, any type of pneumonia, particularly if its bacterial, is less contagious than the viruses that cause colds, flu, or COVID, Dr. Ellman says.

• #49 Viral pneumonia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/viral-pneumonia

  Viral pneumonia is caused by a virus. […] Viral pneumonia is most often caused by one of several viruses: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Influenza virus, Parainfluenza virus, Adenovirus (less common), Measles virus, Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19 pneumonia. […] Serious viral pneumonia is more likely to happen in those with a weakened immune system, such as babies who are born too early, children with heart and lung problems, people who have HIV/AIDS, people receiving chemotherapy for cancer, or other medicines that weaken the immune system, people who have had an organ transplant. […] Some viruses like the flu (influenza) and SARS-CoV2 can lead to severe pneumonia in younger and otherwise healthy people. […] More serious infections can result in respiratory failure, liver failure, and heart failure. Sometimes, bacterial infections occur during or just after viral pneumonia, which may lead to more serious forms of pneumonia.

• #50 Pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia

  Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria, and less commonly by other microorganisms. […] Pneumonia is due to infections caused primarily by bacteria or viruses and less commonly by fungi and parasites. […] A causative agent may not be isolated in about half of cases despite careful testing. […] Factors that predispose to pneumonia include smoking, immunodeficiency, alcoholism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sickle cell disease (SCD), asthma, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, and biological aging. […] The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common cause of pneumonia, imaged by an electron microscope. […] Bacteria are the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50% of cases. […] In adults, viruses account for about one third of pneumonia cases, and in children for about 15% of them.

Zobacz więcej