Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  There are measures you can take to help reduce your risk of developing chest infections and stop them spreading to others. […] If you smoke, one of the best things you can do to prevent a chest infection is to stop. Smoking damages your lungs and weakens your defences against infection. […] Therefore, its important to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and to wash your hands regularly. Put tissues in the bin immediately. […] Excessive and prolonged alcohol misuse can weaken your lungs natural defences against infections and make you more vulnerable to chest infections. […] If youre at an increased risk of chest infections, your GP may recommend being vaccinated against flu and pneumococcal infections (a bacterium that can cause pneumonia). […] These vaccinations should help to reduce your chances of getting chest infections in the future.

• #1 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Pneumonia is a common illness that can be serious or even life-threatening. Not all cases of pneumonia can be prevented but taking certain measures can help. To help prevent pneumonia, you should: […] When appropriate, getting vaccinated and encouraging others around you to do the same are the best ways to prevent pneumonia. […] Vaccination is particularly important for adults age 65 years or older, as well as any adults who smoke, have a weakened immune system, or have certain chronic illnesses that will predispose to serious illness if they should happen to develop pneumococcal pneumonia. […] In general, experts suggest vaccination for: […] Influenza (flu) vaccine reduces the risk of pneumonia caused by the influenza virus. This vaccine can also help to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia or pneumonia caused by other bacteria, which can occur as a complication of influenza.

• #1 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  In general, experts suggest vaccination for: […] All adults 50 years and older […] Adults (over the age of 18 years) with any of the following: […] Smoking […] Chronic heart disease, including congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathy (but not including high blood pressure) […] Chronic lung disease, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) […] Diabetes mellitus (unless very well-controlled) […] Alcohol use disorder […] Chronic liver disease […] Chronic kidney disease […] Cerebrospinal fluid leak […] Cochlear implant […] Poor function of the spleen […] A weakened immune system, for example, due to certain cancers, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, organ transplant, or medications that suppress the immune system. […] Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke exposure is an important way to help prevent pneumonia and improve your overall health.

• #1 Chest Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chest-infection

  How to prevent a chest infection […] There are measures you can take to help prevent chest infections and to stop the spread of it to others. For instance, washing your hands regularly reduces the chance of germs getting into your system. […] […] You can pass a chest infection on to others through coughing and sneezing. So if you have a chest infection, it’s important to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze and to wash your hands regularly. You should throw away used tissues immediately.

• #1 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Washing your hands with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer is one of the most important ways to avoid spreading illness to others, particularly when you have a viral infection such as influenza. […] Living a healthy lifestyle including eating right, exercising, and maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent many health problems. Taking medicines as prescribed, particularly for chronic illnesses that increase the risk of pneumonia, can also help prevent health complications.

• #1 How to Prevent Pneumonia: 5 Tips Plus Treatment and Recovery Advice

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-prevent-pneumonia

  Get a pneumonia vaccine […] Getting the pneumonia vaccine reduces, but doesnt eliminate, your risk of getting pneumonia. […] High-risk groups include people with certain characteristics or conditions that make them more vulnerable to developing pneumonia. […] While pneumonia vaccines are recommended for children and adults over age 65, theyre also strongly suggested for people aged 19 to 64 who have one of the following conditions or habits: sickle cell disease, anatomic or functional asplenia, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, HIV, chronic renal failure, leukemia or lymphoma, Hodgkins disease, generalized and metastatic malignancies (cancers), other forms of immunosuppression, solid organ transplant, multiple myeloma, smoking, alcohol use disorder, chronic heart disease, chronic liver disease, chronic lung disease, including COPD, emphysema, and asthma, diabetes mellitus.

• #1 Battling Pneumonia: Strategies for Prevention and Recovery

  https://www.fccmg.com/blog/battling-pneumonia-strategies-for-prevention-and-recovery

  Managing Underlying Health Conditions […] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and heart disease can increase the risk of developing pneumonia. Work closely with your doctor to manage these conditions effectively to minimize the risk. […] Avoiding Smoking […] Smoking irritates and damages the lungs, making them more susceptible to infection. Quitting smoking is the most critical step you can take to improve your lung health and reduce your risk of pneumonia. […] Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle […] Diet […] Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains gives your body the essential nutrients it needs to fight infections. […] Exercise […] Regular physical activity strengthens your immune system and overall health. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week.

• #1 Azithromycin Prophylaxis in Adults with Respiratory Disease

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/lower-respiratory/azithromycin-prophylaxis-in-adults-with-respiratory-disease/

  If azithromycin is de-prescribed this should be communicated to patient, acute care consultant, GP and community pharmacist including the reason for this decision. […] Azithromycin prophylaxis should be initiated by a consultant in respiratory medicine or a consultant with a special interest in respiratory medicine.

• #1 New Guidance Released for Preventing Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/new-guidance-released-for-preventing-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  „Preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia is complicated because the diagnosis is often subjective and non-specific.” […] „Essential practices that evidence shows to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia include: Avoiding intubation, Minimizing sedation, Maintaining and improving physical conditioning, Elevating the head of the bed, Providing oral care with toothbrushing, Providing early enteral rather than parenteral nutrition, Maintaining ventilator circuits.” […] „This document includes a section on how to prevent non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia, emphasizing the role of oral care, managing dysphagia, and using multimodal approaches to prevent viral infections.”

• #1 Post-operative Chest Infection: Treatment and Prevention

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chest-infection/post-operative-chest-infection

  A chest infection is an infection that affects the lower large airways (bronchi) and the lungs. Pneumonia and bronchitis are the most common chest infections. After an anaesthetic and an operation there is a risk of developing a chest infection. […] What can I do to prevent a post-operative chest infection? […] Breathe deeply or normally, and avoid shallow breathing after the operation. Also coughing at regular intervals. This all helps to prevent a chest infection. It also helps to clear an infection more quickly by getting rid of phlegm. This can be greatly helped by physiotherapy or breathing exercises that will be advised by the hospital team. […] Smokers are more likely to get a chest infection after an operation. Giving up smoking, even a few days or weeks before coming into hospital, will allow the damaged linings of the airways to begin to repair. This reduces the risk of getting an infection. However, the greatest benefit is gained by giving up smoking at least two months before the operation.

• #1 Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14973945/

  A combination of topical and systemic prophylactic antibiotics reduces respiratory tract infections and overall mortality in adult patients receiving intensive care. […] A treatment based on the use of topical prophylaxis alone reduces respiratory infections but not mortality.

• #1 Quick Safety Issue 61: Preventing non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia | The Joint Commission

  https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/news-and-multimedia/newsletters/newsletters/quick-safety/quick-safety-issue-61/

  The call to action acknowledges that strategies to improve the prevention, recognition, and treatment of NVHAP are currently limited by gaps in understanding of the pathogenesis of NVHAP. […] Despite these limitations and challenges, there are actions that hospitals and medical centers can take to prevent NVHAP while improving the quality of care and patient safety, lowering the risk of sepsis, reducing health care costs, and saving lives. […] Obtain buy-in from leadership and health care providers about the importance of NVHAP prevention. […] Overcome beliefs that NVHAP prevention strategies such as oral hygiene and mobility are optional tasks rather than standard-of-care interventions. […] Educate staff about the risks of NVHAP and prevention methods such as aspiration precautions.

• #1 Infection Prevention and Control Clinical Care Guidelines | Cystic Fibrosis Foundation

  https://www.cff.org/medical-professionals/infection-prevention-and-control-clinical-care-guidelines

  Infection Prevention and Control Clinical Care Guidelines […] Updated from 2003, these guidelines on infection prevention and control for cystic fibrosis provide recommendations for people with CF, their families, and health care providers to help reduce the spread of germs in the clinic and hospital setting, as well as in everyday life. […] The 2013 guidelines for infection prevention and control (IPC) for cystic fibrosis provide an update to the 2003 guidelines. The guidelines were created by an interdisciplinary team using a systematic process to review and grade evidence for each recommendation. Key changes in the 2013 guidelines include the recommendations for: […] Contact precautions for all CF patients regardless of pathogen status. […] Mask use by patients in common areas in health care settings. […] A minimum six-foot distance between patients. […] Standards for reducing infection risk with pulmonary function testing. […] Auditing the cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces.

• #1 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Seek Prompt Medical Attention: If you develop symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as fever, cough, sore throat, or difficulty breathing, seek medical care promptly. Early intervention can help prevent complications and limit the spread of illness to others. […] You can significantly reduce your risk of contracting and spreading respiratory infections by incorporating these preventive measures into your daily life. Protecting yourself also means protecting those around you, particularly the most vulnerable members of our communities.

• #1 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Pneumonia is a common illness that can be serious or even life-threatening. Not all cases of pneumonia can be prevented but taking certain measures can help. To help prevent pneumonia, you should: […] Get vaccinated […] Stop smoking […] Do not drink too much alcohol […] Lead a healthy lifestyle, including eating a healthy diet and getting regular physical activity […] Control other medical conditions, such as diabetes, if you have them. […] When appropriate, getting vaccinated and encouraging others around you to do the same are the best ways to prevent pneumonia. […] Vaccination is particularly important for adults age 65 years or older, as well as any adults who smoke, have a weakened immune system, or have certain chronic illnesses that will predispose to serious illness if they should happen to develop pneumococcal pneumonia.

• #2 Tips on Preventing Pneumonia in Older Adults > Health in Aging Blog > Health in Aging

  https://www.healthinaging.org/blog/tips-on-preventing-pneumonia-in-older-adults/

  Get Vaccinated. Vaccines are readily available and can prevent or reduce the severity of pneumonia caused by bacteria. Ask your health care professional about getting vaccinated. You should also get vaccinated with a yearly flu vaccine, since the flu can lead to pneumonia. Caregivers of older adults and/or children who spend a lot of time with older adults should also be vaccinated, to avoid getting sick themselves and passing the illness to others. […] Maintain Good Hygiene. Following good hygiene practices can also help prevent pneumonia. This includes washing your hands regularly, covering your face with a tissue, sleeve, or your elbow when coughing or sneezing, and cleaning surfaces (such as door handles) that you touch frequently. […] Understand and Take Care of Your Medical Conditions. People who have chronic medical problems such as diabetes, lung disease, or weakened immune systems are at higher risk for getting pneumonia. Therefore, it is important to see your healthcare professional and be sure to take your medications as prescribed. […] Live a Healthy Lifestyle. If you are smoking, then quit! Quitting, all by itself, can help prevent you from getting pneumonia. Regular exercise and healthy nutrition can also protect you from getting pneumonia.

• #2 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  The best way to prevent pneumonia is to get vaccinated against bacteria and viruses that commonly cause it. There are also everyday precautions you can take to help reduce your risk of pneumonia. […] There are two types of vaccines (shots) that prevent pneumonia caused by pneumococcal bacteria. Similar to a flu shot, these vaccines wont protect against all types of pneumonia, but if you do get sick, its less likely to be severe. […] As certain viruses can lead to pneumonia, getting vaccinated against COVID-19 and the flu can help reduce your risk of getting pneumonia. […] In addition to getting vaccinated, you can reduce your risk of getting and spreading pneumonia with some healthy habits: Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke. Smoking damages your lungs and makes you more likely to get an infection. […] If you have to stay in a hospital or other healthcare facility, dont be afraid to ask your providers about how to reduce your risk of getting an infection during your stay.

• #2 How to Prevent Pneumonia: 5 Tips Plus Treatment and Recovery Advice

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-prevent-pneumonia

  Get a pneumonia vaccine […] Getting the pneumonia vaccine reduces, but doesnt eliminate, your risk of getting pneumonia. […] High-risk groups include people with certain characteristics or conditions that make them more vulnerable to developing pneumonia. […] While pneumonia vaccines are recommended for children and adults over age 65, theyre also strongly suggested for people aged 19 to 64 who have one of the following conditions or habits: sickle cell disease, anatomic or functional asplenia, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, HIV, chronic renal failure, leukemia or lymphoma, Hodgkins disease, generalized and metastatic malignancies (cancers), other forms of immunosuppression, solid organ transplant, multiple myeloma, smoking, alcohol use disorder, chronic heart disease, chronic liver disease, chronic lung disease, including COPD, emphysema, and asthma, diabetes mellitus.

• #2 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke exposure is an important way to help prevent pneumonia and improve your overall health. […] Washing your hands with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer is one of the most important ways to avoid spreading illness to others, particularly when you have a viral infection such as influenza. […] Living a healthy lifestyle including eating right, exercising, and maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent many health problems. Taking medicines as prescribed, particularly for chronic illnesses that increase the risk of pneumonia, can also help prevent health complications.

• #2 Battling Pneumonia: Strategies for Prevention and Recovery

  https://www.fccmg.com/blog/battling-pneumonia-strategies-for-prevention-and-recovery

  Managing Underlying Health Conditions […] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and heart disease can increase the risk of developing pneumonia. Work closely with your doctor to manage these conditions effectively to minimize the risk. […] Avoiding Smoking […] Smoking irritates and damages the lungs, making them more susceptible to infection. Quitting smoking is the most critical step you can take to improve your lung health and reduce your risk of pneumonia. […] Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle […] Diet […] Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains gives your body the essential nutrients it needs to fight infections. […] Exercise […] Regular physical activity strengthens your immune system and overall health. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week.

• #2 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Pneumonia is a common illness that can be serious or even life-threatening. Not all cases of pneumonia can be prevented but taking certain measures can help. To help prevent pneumonia, you should: […] When appropriate, getting vaccinated and encouraging others around you to do the same are the best ways to prevent pneumonia. […] Vaccination is particularly important for adults age 65 years or older, as well as any adults who smoke, have a weakened immune system, or have certain chronic illnesses that will predispose to serious illness if they should happen to develop pneumococcal pneumonia. […] In general, experts suggest vaccination for: […] Influenza (flu) vaccine reduces the risk of pneumonia caused by the influenza virus. This vaccine can also help to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia or pneumonia caused by other bacteria, which can occur as a complication of influenza.

• #2 Azithromycin Prophylaxis in Adults with Respiratory Disease

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/lower-respiratory/azithromycin-prophylaxis-in-adults-with-respiratory-disease/

  Azithromycin prophylaxis may be beneficial for a small subgroup of patients who have repeated exacerbations of COPD, bronchiectasis or asthma. […] Azithromycin prophylaxis has been shown to decrease the number of exacerbations in patients with COPD, asthma and bronchiectasis. […] It is not necessary to stop azithromycin prophylaxis during an acute infective exacerbation unless another antibiotic with potential to affect the QT interval (e.g. quinolone, macrolide, azole antifungal or co-trimoxazole) has also been prescribed. […] Azithromycin prophylaxis should be reviewed every 6-12 months. If there is no evidence of clinical benefit or there is evidence of adverse effects, it should be discontinued, with discussion with the original prescriber. […] Good practice points for regular review with a view to de-prescribing, if any of the following criteria are met: No objective evidence of improvement: i.e. no reduction in exacerbation number/ frequency, or no improvement in symptoms.

• #2 Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Is Killing Patients. Yet There Is a Simple Way to Stop It.

  https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/hospital-acquired-pneumonia-prevention/

  Hospital patients not getting their teeth brushed, or not brushing their teeth themselves, is believed to be a leading cause of hundreds of thousands of cases of pneumonia a year in patients who have not been put on a ventilator. […] Many cases of NVHAP could be avoided if hospital staffers more dutifully brushed the teeth of bedridden patients, according to a growing body of peer-reviewed research papers. […] NVHAP can also be prevented by elevating their heads and getting them out of bed more often. […] The two things that show the best evidence of preventing this harm are things that should be happening in standard care anyway brushing teeth and getting patients mobilized. […] In California, a study at 21 Kaiser Permanente hospitals used a reprioritization of oral care and getting patients out of bed to reduce rates of hospital-acquired pneumonia by around 70%.

• #2 Post-operative Chest Infection: Treatment and Prevention

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chest-infection/post-operative-chest-infection

  Physiotherapy treatment after surgery helps to prevent and treat a chest infection. Physiotherapy will help with breathing, help to cough more effectively, and so help to clear the phlegm from the airways and lungs. […] Pain can make breathing and coughing more difficult and so increase the risk of a chest infection. Getting adequate pain relief medicines, if necessary, will help breathing deeply and coughing more easily, which will help prevent or clear any infection. […] The anaesthetist will consider whether a certain anaesthetic technique will help prevent a chest infection. For some operations, a local or regional anaesthetic may be considered. These are injections which numb an area of the body, meaning that a full general anaesthetic is not needed, and this reduces the risk of a post-operative chest infection.

• #2 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  Despite the superior filtration capability of N95 filtering facepiece respirators measured in vitro, insufficient clinical evidence has been published to determine whether standard surgical masks and N95 filtering facepiece respirators are equivalent to preventing respiratory infections in healthcare workers. […] A combination of topical and systematic antibiotics taken prophylactically can prevent infection and improve adults’ overall mortality in the ICU for adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours, and topical antibiotic prophylaxis probably reduces respiratory infections but not mortality. […] There is no sufficient evidence to recommend that antibiotics be used to prevent complications from an RTI of unknown cause in children under the age of 5 years old.

• #2 Pneumonia: Etiology, Care and Prevention | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/infectious-diseases/other-infections/pneumonia-etiology-care-and-prevention/

  Severe pneumonia increases cost, length-of-stay for hospitalizations, increased need for ICU admission and possible intubation/mechanical ventilation, and carries an increased mortality for these patients. Prevention of severe pneumonia follows the same foundation as overall prevention of pneumonia. Vaccination against bacterial pneumonia helps reduce incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), pertussis (whooping cough), and pneumococcal pneumonia. Recommended immunizations that fight viral infections help fight issues with COVID-19, influenza (flu), measles, RSV, and varicella. […] People should avoid others who are sick and if one is sick, isolating is recommended to prevent transmission of pathogens. Other practical steps in preventing pneumonia include careful handwashing, cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that may serve as transmission sites, following cough/sneeze etiquette, quitting smoking and avoiding cigarette smoke, and taking steps to manage chronic conditions such as asthma and COPD. Recommendations for avoiding HAP/VAP include: Use of high-flow nasal oxygen and/or noninvasive ventilation if appropriate, Avoid intubation and prevent reintubation if possible, Minimize use of sedation and follow a protocol for sedation vacations, Follow a protocol for weaning and discontinuing mechanical ventilation (MV) to minimize time on MV, Elevate the head of the bed 30o to 45o, Provide early exercise and mobilization, Perform oral care with toothbrushing, Provide early enteral nutrition, Only change ventilator circuits if visibly soiled or malfunctioning, Diagnose and manage dysphagia to reduce risk of aspiration, Implement ventilator bundles and pneumonia prevention bundles, Monitor, measure, and report outcomes on incidence of pneumonia, Educate staff on bundles and monitoring results, Incorporate changes to address areas of weakness, lack of compliance.

• #2 Quick Safety Issue 61: Preventing non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia | The Joint Commission

  https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/news-and-multimedia/newsletters/newsletters/quick-safety/quick-safety-issue-61/

  Educate patients on risks and prevention methods that are implemented in the health care setting and should be continued after discharge. […] Develop operational NVHAP tracking systems to assess the impact of prevention initiatives. […] Implement processes to sustain NVHAP prevention for the long term.

• #2 Infection Prevention and Control Clinical Care Guidelines | Cystic Fibrosis Foundation

  https://www.cff.org/medical-professionals/infection-prevention-and-control-clinical-care-guidelines

  This update also recommends against universal mask use by health care workers. […] Education: Provide education to all health care personnel and people with CF and their families regarding IPC practices. Educational materials should be age-appropriate and language-appropriate. […] Audits of IPC practices: CF care teams should collaborate with their IPC teams to develop protocols, checklists, and audits to standardize implementation of practices for cleaning and disinfecting multiuse items and surfaces in the health care environment. […] Hand hygiene: All health care professionals and people with CF and family members and friends should perform hand hygiene with alcohol-based hand rub or antimicrobial soap and water when hands could be potentially contaminated with pathogens. […] Contact precautions: All health care personnel should implement Contact Precautions (i.e., wear a gown and gloves) when caring for all people with CF, regardless of respiratory tract culture results. […] Six-foot rule: All people with CF, regardless of their respiratory tract culture results, should be separated by at least six feet (two meters) from other people with CF in all settings, to reduce the risk of droplet transmission of CF pathogens. […] Mask use: All people with CF should wear a surgical (procedure, isolation) mask when in health care settings to reduce the risk of transmission or acquisition of CF pathogens. […] Events and activities: Only one person with CF should attend any camp, educational retreat, or CF Foundation-sponsored indoor event. Family members without CF and individuals with CF who live together in the same household may attend these activities.

• #2 Chronic Lung Disease and Infection Prevention – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/chronic-lung-disease-and-infection-prevention.html

  Do not smoke. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and cigars can cause lung damage. […] Build resistance to infection. Eat a variety of healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain foods. Choose dairy foods, meat, and other protein foods that are low in fat. Get plenty of sleep and physical activity, such as exercise. […] Protect your mouth from germs that lead to infection. Brush your teeth at least 2 times per day. See your dentist at least every 6 months.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/pneumonia

  Vaccines can help prevent pneumonia. […] People of all ages can reduce their risk of pneumonia by: […] Get vaccinated: Immunization against Hib, pneumococcus, measles, influenza and whooping cough (pertussis) is the most effective way to prevent pneumonia. […] Wash your hands: Maintain good hygiene and washing your hands frequently, especially when caring for others who are sick or after blowing your nose, will keep germs from spreading. […] Address environmental factors: Reduce indoor air pollution by providing affordable clean indoor stoves and stop smoking. […] Maintain healthy lifestyle: Eat a healthy diet, rest and get regular exercise to help you stay well. […] Adequate nutrition is key to improving natural defences, starting with exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life.

• #3

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zx4083

  People doing things that help prevent lung infections, showing cooking healthy foods, washing hands, and getting vaccinated. […] What can you do to prevent these infections? […] Wash your hands often. […] Get the influenza (flu) vaccine every year. […] Stay up to date on your COVID-19 vaccines. […] Get a pneumococcal vaccine. If you have had one before, ask your doctor whether you need a second dose. […] Make sure you are current on your whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine to help prevent whooping cough. […] Do not smoke. This is the most important step you can take to prevent more damage to your lungs. […] Avoid second-hand smoke and air pollution. […] If you are exposed to substances that irritate your lungs at home or at work, talk to your doctor about ways to protect yourself. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if you are having problems.

• #3 Chronic Lung Disease and Infection Prevention – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/chronic-lung-disease-and-infection-prevention.html

  A chronic lung condition can make infections such as a cold or the flu serious. These infections can cause more damage to your lungs. One episode of pneumonia puts you at risk for more respiratory infections in the future. […] Wash your hands often. This is the most important thing you can do to prevent infections. Wash your hands several times each day. Wash after you use the bathroom, change a child’s diaper, and before you prepare or eat food. […] Cover a sneeze or cough. Use a tissue that covers your mouth and nose. Throw the tissue away in a trash can right away. […] Avoid crowds during flu season. Flu season is from late October to the middle of March. Do not have close contact with someone who is sick. […] Ask about vaccines you may need. Vaccines help protect you and others around you from some infections. Your provider may recommend these and other vaccines:

• #3 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  There are measures you can take to help reduce your risk of developing chest infections and stop them spreading to others. […] If you smoke, one of the best things you can do to prevent a chest infection is to stop. Smoking damages your lungs and weakens your defences against infection. […] Therefore, its important to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and to wash your hands regularly. Put tissues in the bin immediately. […] Excessive and prolonged alcohol misuse can weaken your lungs natural defences against infections and make you more vulnerable to chest infections. […] If youre at an increased risk of chest infections, your GP may recommend being vaccinated against flu and pneumococcal infections (a bacterium that can cause pneumonia). […] These vaccinations should help to reduce your chances of getting chest infections in the future.

• #3 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Washing your hands with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer is one of the most important ways to avoid spreading illness to others, particularly when you have a viral infection such as influenza. […] Living a healthy lifestyle including eating right, exercising, and maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent many health problems. Taking medicines as prescribed, particularly for chronic illnesses that increase the risk of pneumonia, can also help prevent health complications.

• #3 Preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/preventing-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  Several fundamental therapeutic nursing interventions adhering to infection prevention standards, elevating the head of the bed 30 to 45 degrees to prevent aspiration, ensuring good oral hygiene (cleaning teeth, gums, tongue, dentures), increasing patient mobility with ambulation to three times a day as appropriate, encouraging coughing and deep breathing, and instructing patients in the use of incentive spirometry are associated with reducing HAP risk. […] Hospital staff must follow infection prevention measures to lower the risk of developing HAIs, including HAP. […] Elevating the head of the bed is a simple intervention that may reduce aspiration risk. […] Research has shown that standardized oral care reduces bacteria in the mouth, and several studies have reported a significant decrease in HAP with an effective twice-daily oral brushing program.

• #3 Post-operative Chest Infection: Treatment and Prevention

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chest-infection/post-operative-chest-infection

  Physiotherapy treatment after surgery helps to prevent and treat a chest infection. Physiotherapy will help with breathing, help to cough more effectively, and so help to clear the phlegm from the airways and lungs. […] Pain can make breathing and coughing more difficult and so increase the risk of a chest infection. Getting adequate pain relief medicines, if necessary, will help breathing deeply and coughing more easily, which will help prevent or clear any infection. […] The anaesthetist will consider whether a certain anaesthetic technique will help prevent a chest infection. For some operations, a local or regional anaesthetic may be considered. These are injections which numb an area of the body, meaning that a full general anaesthetic is not needed, and this reduces the risk of a post-operative chest infection.

• #3 Infection Prevention and Control Clinical Care Guidelines | Cystic Fibrosis Foundation

  https://www.cff.org/medical-professionals/infection-prevention-and-control-clinical-care-guidelines

  Infection Prevention and Control Clinical Care Guidelines […] Updated from 2003, these guidelines on infection prevention and control for cystic fibrosis provide recommendations for people with CF, their families, and health care providers to help reduce the spread of germs in the clinic and hospital setting, as well as in everyday life. […] The 2013 guidelines for infection prevention and control (IPC) for cystic fibrosis provide an update to the 2003 guidelines. The guidelines were created by an interdisciplinary team using a systematic process to review and grade evidence for each recommendation. Key changes in the 2013 guidelines include the recommendations for: […] Contact precautions for all CF patients regardless of pathogen status. […] Mask use by patients in common areas in health care settings. […] A minimum six-foot distance between patients. […] Standards for reducing infection risk with pulmonary function testing. […] Auditing the cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces.

• #3 Respiratory Hygiene and Infections – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/respiratory-hygiene-and-infections

  All travellers, whatever the destination, are potentially at risk of developing RTIs. The risk of infection is increased wherever there is crowding of people such as in airports, aircraft cabins or public transport; at mass gatherings; hotels, bars and clubs or on cruise ships. […] If you are prone to developing chest infections (for example if you have a condition such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) then you should discuss your travel plans with your doctor or nurse before travel to ensure that your condition is stable. They can advise which medications to carry with you and when to seek help if your condition worsens whilst you are away. […] Practising good respiratory hygiene helps protect you from infection.

• #3 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Seek Prompt Medical Attention: If you develop symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as fever, cough, sore throat, or difficulty breathing, seek medical care promptly. Early intervention can help prevent complications and limit the spread of illness to others. […] You can significantly reduce your risk of contracting and spreading respiratory infections by incorporating these preventive measures into your daily life. Protecting yourself also means protecting those around you, particularly the most vulnerable members of our communities.

• #4 How to Prevent Pneumonia: 5 Tips Plus Treatment and Recovery Advice

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-prevent-pneumonia

  Get a pneumonia vaccine […] Getting the pneumonia vaccine reduces, but doesnt eliminate, your risk of getting pneumonia. […] High-risk groups include people with certain characteristics or conditions that make them more vulnerable to developing pneumonia. […] While pneumonia vaccines are recommended for children and adults over age 65, theyre also strongly suggested for people aged 19 to 64 who have one of the following conditions or habits: sickle cell disease, anatomic or functional asplenia, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, HIV, chronic renal failure, leukemia or lymphoma, Hodgkins disease, generalized and metastatic malignancies (cancers), other forms of immunosuppression, solid organ transplant, multiple myeloma, smoking, alcohol use disorder, chronic heart disease, chronic liver disease, chronic lung disease, including COPD, emphysema, and asthma, diabetes mellitus.

• #4 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Respiratory infection prevention […] Let’s break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: […] Practice Good Hand Hygiene: One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. If soap and water are unavailable, use a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol content. […] Maintain Respiratory Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets. Dispose of used tissues promptly and sanitize your hands afterward. […] Boost Your Immune System: A strong immune system is your body’s first line of defense against infections. Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. Get regular exercise, prioritize sufficient sleep, and manage stress effectively to support your immune health.

• #4 Pneumonia Prevention Is Possible

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/pneumonia-prevention-is-possible

  Anyone can contract pneumonia through direct contact with respiratory secretions, but certain risk factors increase the likelihood. […] Vaccination against the flu significantly reduces flu-and pneumonia-related hospitalizations, with a vaccine effectiveness of 25% to 53%. […] Smoking cessation is the most important action a patient can take to reduce the risk of CAP. […] Healthy living practices can also prevent infection. […] The third intervention, vaccination, is critical. […] Pneumococcal vaccine has been shown to reduce the likelihood of CAP and exacerbations of COPD. […] Pharmacists can help reduce infection by recognizing that pneumonia is a life-threatening illness, addressing smoking proactively, encouraging vaccination, and reminding patients that the flu and pneumonia are linked.

• #4 Chronic Lung Disease and Infection Prevention – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/chronic-lung-disease-and-infection-prevention.html

  A chronic lung condition can make infections such as a cold or the flu serious. These infections can cause more damage to your lungs. One episode of pneumonia puts you at risk for more respiratory infections in the future. […] Wash your hands often. This is the most important thing you can do to prevent infections. Wash your hands several times each day. Wash after you use the bathroom, change a child’s diaper, and before you prepare or eat food. […] Cover a sneeze or cough. Use a tissue that covers your mouth and nose. Throw the tissue away in a trash can right away. […] Avoid crowds during flu season. Flu season is from late October to the middle of March. Do not have close contact with someone who is sick. […] Ask about vaccines you may need. Vaccines help protect you and others around you from some infections. Your provider may recommend these and other vaccines:

• #4 Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Is Killing Patients. Yet There Is a Simple Way to Stop It.

  https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/hospital-acquired-pneumonia-prevention/

  Hospital patients not getting their teeth brushed, or not brushing their teeth themselves, is believed to be a leading cause of hundreds of thousands of cases of pneumonia a year in patients who have not been put on a ventilator. […] Many cases of NVHAP could be avoided if hospital staffers more dutifully brushed the teeth of bedridden patients, according to a growing body of peer-reviewed research papers. […] NVHAP can also be prevented by elevating their heads and getting them out of bed more often. […] The two things that show the best evidence of preventing this harm are things that should be happening in standard care anyway brushing teeth and getting patients mobilized. […] In California, a study at 21 Kaiser Permanente hospitals used a reprioritization of oral care and getting patients out of bed to reduce rates of hospital-acquired pneumonia by around 70%.

• #4 Post-operative Chest Infection: Treatment and Prevention

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chest-infection/post-operative-chest-infection

  Physiotherapy treatment after surgery helps to prevent and treat a chest infection. Physiotherapy will help with breathing, help to cough more effectively, and so help to clear the phlegm from the airways and lungs. […] Pain can make breathing and coughing more difficult and so increase the risk of a chest infection. Getting adequate pain relief medicines, if necessary, will help breathing deeply and coughing more easily, which will help prevent or clear any infection. […] The anaesthetist will consider whether a certain anaesthetic technique will help prevent a chest infection. For some operations, a local or regional anaesthetic may be considered. These are injections which numb an area of the body, meaning that a full general anaesthetic is not needed, and this reduces the risk of a post-operative chest infection.

• #4 Quick Safety Issue 61: Preventing non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia | The Joint Commission

  https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/news-and-multimedia/newsletters/newsletters/quick-safety/quick-safety-issue-61/

  The call to action acknowledges that strategies to improve the prevention, recognition, and treatment of NVHAP are currently limited by gaps in understanding of the pathogenesis of NVHAP. […] Despite these limitations and challenges, there are actions that hospitals and medical centers can take to prevent NVHAP while improving the quality of care and patient safety, lowering the risk of sepsis, reducing health care costs, and saving lives. […] Obtain buy-in from leadership and health care providers about the importance of NVHAP prevention. […] Overcome beliefs that NVHAP prevention strategies such as oral hygiene and mobility are optional tasks rather than standard-of-care interventions. […] Educate staff about the risks of NVHAP and prevention methods such as aspiration precautions.

• #4 Pneumonia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/pneumonia

  The best way to prevent serious respiratory infections such as pneumonia is to avoid sick people (if possible) and to practice good hygiene. […] Health care facilities are changing many of their practices to reduce the likelihood of transmitting bacteria. […] Vaccines are a safe and effective way to prevent some infections.

• #4 American Thoracic Society | Urgent Need for Increased Global Access…

  https://site.thoracic.org/about-us/news/urgent-need-for-increased-global-access-to-effective-prevention-and-treatment-of-pneumonia

  Pneumonia can be prevented and treated. […] There are several effective preventive strategies for pneumonia, including: good nutrition, prevention of HIV, hand washing, reducing exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution, and effective vaccines. […] On World Pneumonia Day, FIRS calls on governments and other stakeholders to take urgent action to tackle pneumonia by: […] Ensuring that all children and vulnerable adults receive effective pneumonia vaccines. […] Reducing air pollution and exposure to air pollutants and promoting good nutrition, hygiene practices, and smoking cessation to reduce the risk of pneumonia. […] Raising awareness and knowledge about pneumonia prevention and treatment. […] Improving access to antibiotics, pulse oximetry and oxygen therapy. […] An effective vaccination strategy will reduce the spread of pneumonia, and its impact on the population. Equal access to treatment, namely appropriate antibiotics, is especially important. Appropriate use of antibiotics would offer a more effective treatment strategy and reduce the emergence of drug resistance.

• #5 Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1101/p698.html

  The 2015 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that adults 65 years and older receive both the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13; Prevnar 13) and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23; Pneumovax 23), preferably with PCV13 administered first, followed by PPSV23 in 12 months. […] Evidence supports the influenza vaccine in preventing pneumonia, hospitalization, and death, particularly among older patients.

• #5 Chest Infections: Symptoms, Home Remedies, and Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chest-infections

  You can help prevent chest infections by following the tips below: […] Get vaccinated. Chest infections can develop following an infection such as influenza, for which there’s a seasonal vaccine. You may also want to consider receiving the pneumococcal vaccine, which offers protection from pneumonia. […] Make sure your hands are clean, particularly before eating or touching your face or mouth. […] Eat a healthy well-balanced diet. This can help boost your immune system and make you less susceptible to infection. […] Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Reduce the amount of alcohol that you consume. […] If you’re already ill, wash your hands frequently and be sure to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of any used tissues properly.

• #5 Preventing Pneumonia | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/preventing-pneumonia

  Yes, many cases can be prevented. You can reduce your risk of getting pneumonia by following a few simple steps. Here’s how: […] Being up to date on your recommended vaccines like an annual flu shot can help prevent pneumonia. […] Certain people should get vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia, a common form of bacterial pneumonia including: All children younger than 5 years old. […] Additional pneumococcal vaccinations may be recommended for children and adults who are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease depending on their health condition(s). […] There are several other vaccines that can help prevent infections by bacteria and viruses that may lead to pneumonia, including pertussis (whooping cough), chicken pox, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and measles. […] Wash your hands frequently, especially after coughing or blowing your nose, going to the bathroom, diapering, and before eating or preparing foods. […] Tobacco damages your lung’s ability to fight off infection, and people who smoke have been found to be at higher risk of getting pneumonia. […] Good health habits a healthy diet, rest, regular exercise, etc. help keep you from getting sick from viruses and respiratory illnesses.

• #5 Azithromycin Prophylaxis in Adults with Respiratory Disease

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/lower-respiratory/azithromycin-prophylaxis-in-adults-with-respiratory-disease/

  Azithromycin prophylaxis may be beneficial for a small subgroup of patients who have repeated exacerbations of COPD, bronchiectasis or asthma. […] Azithromycin prophylaxis has been shown to decrease the number of exacerbations in patients with COPD, asthma and bronchiectasis. […] It is not necessary to stop azithromycin prophylaxis during an acute infective exacerbation unless another antibiotic with potential to affect the QT interval (e.g. quinolone, macrolide, azole antifungal or co-trimoxazole) has also been prescribed. […] Azithromycin prophylaxis should be reviewed every 6-12 months. If there is no evidence of clinical benefit or there is evidence of adverse effects, it should be discontinued, with discussion with the original prescriber. […] Good practice points for regular review with a view to de-prescribing, if any of the following criteria are met: No objective evidence of improvement: i.e. no reduction in exacerbation number/ frequency, or no improvement in symptoms.

• #5 Preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/preventing-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  Early and intensive mobility interventions reduce the incidence of HAP and the effects of deconditioning that accompany prolonged bed rest. […] Coughing, deep breathing, and incentive spirometry have long been essential components in preventing NVHAP in postoperative patients. […] Many of the interventions to prevent HAP are part of basic evidence-based nursing practice. […] A fundamental skills bundle that includes best practices for infection prevention, oral care, early mobility, elevation of the head of the bed, and coughing and deep breathing may help improve outcomes, especially for high-risk patients.

• #5 Post-operative Chest Infection: Treatment and Prevention

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chest-infection/post-operative-chest-infection

  Anyone who has an increased risk of getting influenza (flu), will benefit from being immunised against the flu virus (having a flu jab). The risk and severity of a post-operative chest infection is greatly increased if a person is unwell with flu. However, the immunisation should be given well ahead of the operation, but avoided in the two weeks before surgery.

• #5 Preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/preventing-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  Implementing a fundamental nursing skills bundle can reduce risk. […] HAP can be reduced when infection prevention measures are followed and nursing care is delivered following evidence-based practice guidelines. […] Avoiding these consequences depends on nursing care that is based on a fundamental nursing skills bundle and delivered in conjunction with an interprofessional team. […] For this reason, all healthcare workers must strictly adhere to infection prevention standards, especially when caring for patients in the acute care setting, who are at a greater risk for developing pneumonia because they may be immunocompromised or malnourished, at an advanced age, or have multiple comorbidities. […] To prevent HAP, nurses should be alert for aspiration symptoms and intervene quickly and appropriately.

• #5 Consensus document for the prevention of respiratory infections in adults | Pulmonology

  https://www.journalpulmonology.org/en-consensus-document-for-prevention-respiratory-articulo-S0873215914000099

  Infectious diseases are one of the principle causes of morbidity, mortality and drain on health resources worldwide. […] These recommendations include both general measures and vaccinations for flu and pneumococcal pneumonia. […] Given this national situation, there is a general consensus about the necessity for a rapid implementation of measures to prevent respiratory infections in adults. […] These preventive measures against respiratory infection cover general measures and specific measures: vaccination against flu and antipneumococcal. […] The influenza and pneumococcal vaccines can be given at the same time, preferably in different arms. […] The recommendations presented in this document should be subject to clinical judgement in relation to the individual cases.

• #6 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Pneumonia is a common illness that can be serious or even life-threatening. Not all cases of pneumonia can be prevented but taking certain measures can help. To help prevent pneumonia, you should: […] When appropriate, getting vaccinated and encouraging others around you to do the same are the best ways to prevent pneumonia. […] Vaccination is particularly important for adults age 65 years or older, as well as any adults who smoke, have a weakened immune system, or have certain chronic illnesses that will predispose to serious illness if they should happen to develop pneumococcal pneumonia. […] In general, experts suggest vaccination for: […] Influenza (flu) vaccine reduces the risk of pneumonia caused by the influenza virus. This vaccine can also help to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia or pneumonia caused by other bacteria, which can occur as a complication of influenza.

• #6 Chest Infection: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chest-infection

  How to prevent a chest infection […] There are measures you can take to help prevent chest infections and to stop the spread of it to others. For instance, washing your hands regularly reduces the chance of germs getting into your system. […] […] You can pass a chest infection on to others through coughing and sneezing. So if you have a chest infection, it’s important to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze and to wash your hands regularly. You should throw away used tissues immediately.

• #6 Chest infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection/

  There are measures you can take to help reduce your risk of developing chest infections and stop them spreading to others. […] If you smoke, one of the best things you can do to prevent a chest infection is to stop. Smoking damages your lungs and weakens your defences against infection. […] Therefore, its important to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and to wash your hands regularly. Put tissues in the bin immediately. […] Excessive and prolonged alcohol misuse can weaken your lungs natural defences against infections and make you more vulnerable to chest infections. […] If youre at an increased risk of chest infections, your GP may recommend being vaccinated against flu and pneumococcal infections (a bacterium that can cause pneumonia). […] These vaccinations should help to reduce your chances of getting chest infections in the future.

• #6 Impact of prophylactic and ‘rescue pack’ antibiotics on the airway microbiome in chronic lung disease | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/10/1/e001335

  The management of many chronic lung diseases involves multiple antibiotic prescriptions either to treat acute exacerbations or as prophylactic therapy to reduce the frequency of exacerbations and improve patients quality of life. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with significantly lower relative abundance of respiratory pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis and members of family Enterobacteriaceae in the airway microbiome, but not Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. […] Antibiotic prophylactic therapy suppresses recognised pathogenic bacteria in the sputum of patients with chronic lung disease. […] The potential impact of prescribed antibiotic rescue packs is concerning and requires review, especially in patients with frequent exacerbations who might benefit more from antibiotic prophylaxis. […] The practice of antibiotic rescue packs may be driving AMR in this cohort since the detected AMR expressed by sputum bacterial isolates was associated with prescribed antibiotics in the rescue packs kept by patients for self-treatment of exacerbations.

• #6 Prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia in non-ventilated adult patients: a narrative review | Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control | Full Text

  https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-016-0150-3

  Further high-quality studies are required to evaluate the impact of specific measures on HAP prevention in non-ventilated adult patients. […] Preventive measures directed to individuals without mechanical ventilation are of great importance for patient safety, as well as mitigating the potential costs of HAP. […] Implementation of systematic programs for the diagnosis and early treatment of dysphagia may lead to dramatic reductions in HAP rates among neurologically impaired patients. […] Although only two studies were found, early mobilization interventions appear to reduce HAP incidence. […] We were unable to make definite conclusions regarding the impact of bed position or stress bleeding prophylaxis on HAP due to the small number of studies performed as well conflicting results between them. […] Focusing prevention on reservoirs, with good respect of hand hygiene, and the portal of entry, by improving basic oral care, may be the most realistic approaches for preventing HAP in non-ventilated patients.

• #6 Tips on Preventing Pneumonia in Older Adults > Health in Aging Blog > Health in Aging

  https://www.healthinaging.org/blog/tips-on-preventing-pneumonia-in-older-adults/

  Get Vaccinated. Vaccines are readily available and can prevent or reduce the severity of pneumonia caused by bacteria. Ask your health care professional about getting vaccinated. You should also get vaccinated with a yearly flu vaccine, since the flu can lead to pneumonia. Caregivers of older adults and/or children who spend a lot of time with older adults should also be vaccinated, to avoid getting sick themselves and passing the illness to others. […] Maintain Good Hygiene. Following good hygiene practices can also help prevent pneumonia. This includes washing your hands regularly, covering your face with a tissue, sleeve, or your elbow when coughing or sneezing, and cleaning surfaces (such as door handles) that you touch frequently. […] Understand and Take Care of Your Medical Conditions. People who have chronic medical problems such as diabetes, lung disease, or weakened immune systems are at higher risk for getting pneumonia. Therefore, it is important to see your healthcare professional and be sure to take your medications as prescribed. […] Live a Healthy Lifestyle. If you are smoking, then quit! Quitting, all by itself, can help prevent you from getting pneumonia. Regular exercise and healthy nutrition can also protect you from getting pneumonia.

• #7 Pneumonia Prevention Is Possible

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/pneumonia-prevention-is-possible

  Anyone can contract pneumonia through direct contact with respiratory secretions, but certain risk factors increase the likelihood. […] Vaccination against the flu significantly reduces flu-and pneumonia-related hospitalizations, with a vaccine effectiveness of 25% to 53%. […] Smoking cessation is the most important action a patient can take to reduce the risk of CAP. […] Healthy living practices can also prevent infection. […] The third intervention, vaccination, is critical. […] Pneumococcal vaccine has been shown to reduce the likelihood of CAP and exacerbations of COPD. […] Pharmacists can help reduce infection by recognizing that pneumonia is a life-threatening illness, addressing smoking proactively, encouraging vaccination, and reminding patients that the flu and pneumonia are linked.

• #7 Chronic Lung Disease and Infection Prevention – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/chronic-lung-disease-and-infection-prevention.html

  A chronic lung condition can make infections such as a cold or the flu serious. These infections can cause more damage to your lungs. One episode of pneumonia puts you at risk for more respiratory infections in the future. […] Wash your hands often. This is the most important thing you can do to prevent infections. Wash your hands several times each day. Wash after you use the bathroom, change a child’s diaper, and before you prepare or eat food. […] Cover a sneeze or cough. Use a tissue that covers your mouth and nose. Throw the tissue away in a trash can right away. […] Avoid crowds during flu season. Flu season is from late October to the middle of March. Do not have close contact with someone who is sick. […] Ask about vaccines you may need. Vaccines help protect you and others around you from some infections. Your provider may recommend these and other vaccines:

• #7 Chest Infections: Symptoms, Home Remedies, and Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chest-infections

  You can help prevent chest infections by following the tips below: […] Get vaccinated. Chest infections can develop following an infection such as influenza, for which there’s a seasonal vaccine. You may also want to consider receiving the pneumococcal vaccine, which offers protection from pneumonia. […] Make sure your hands are clean, particularly before eating or touching your face or mouth. […] Eat a healthy well-balanced diet. This can help boost your immune system and make you less susceptible to infection. […] Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Reduce the amount of alcohol that you consume. […] If you’re already ill, wash your hands frequently and be sure to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of any used tissues properly.

• #7 Azithromycin Prophylaxis in Adults with Respiratory Disease

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/lower-respiratory/azithromycin-prophylaxis-in-adults-with-respiratory-disease/

  Azithromycin prophylaxis may be beneficial for a small subgroup of patients who have repeated exacerbations of COPD, bronchiectasis or asthma. […] Azithromycin prophylaxis has been shown to decrease the number of exacerbations in patients with COPD, asthma and bronchiectasis. […] It is not necessary to stop azithromycin prophylaxis during an acute infective exacerbation unless another antibiotic with potential to affect the QT interval (e.g. quinolone, macrolide, azole antifungal or co-trimoxazole) has also been prescribed. […] Azithromycin prophylaxis should be reviewed every 6-12 months. If there is no evidence of clinical benefit or there is evidence of adverse effects, it should be discontinued, with discussion with the original prescriber. […] Good practice points for regular review with a view to de-prescribing, if any of the following criteria are met: No objective evidence of improvement: i.e. no reduction in exacerbation number/ frequency, or no improvement in symptoms.

• #7 Preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/preventing-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  Several fundamental therapeutic nursing interventions adhering to infection prevention standards, elevating the head of the bed 30 to 45 degrees to prevent aspiration, ensuring good oral hygiene (cleaning teeth, gums, tongue, dentures), increasing patient mobility with ambulation to three times a day as appropriate, encouraging coughing and deep breathing, and instructing patients in the use of incentive spirometry are associated with reducing HAP risk. […] Hospital staff must follow infection prevention measures to lower the risk of developing HAIs, including HAP. […] Elevating the head of the bed is a simple intervention that may reduce aspiration risk. […] Research has shown that standardized oral care reduces bacteria in the mouth, and several studies have reported a significant decrease in HAP with an effective twice-daily oral brushing program.

• #8

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zx4083

  People doing things that help prevent lung infections, showing cooking healthy foods, washing hands, and getting vaccinated. […] What can you do to prevent these infections? […] Wash your hands often. […] Get the influenza (flu) vaccine every year. […] Stay up to date on your COVID-19 vaccines. […] Get a pneumococcal vaccine. If you have had one before, ask your doctor whether you need a second dose. […] Make sure you are current on your whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine to help prevent whooping cough. […] Do not smoke. This is the most important step you can take to prevent more damage to your lungs. […] Avoid second-hand smoke and air pollution. […] If you are exposed to substances that irritate your lungs at home or at work, talk to your doctor about ways to protect yourself. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if you are having problems.

• #8 Why Do You Keep Getting Respiratory Infections?

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/keep-getting-infections

  Respiratory Infections Prevention: Cold and flu viruses spread easily. When someone who’s ill coughs or sneezes, the droplets with the virus enter the air where someone else might inhale them. Viruses are also spread by touching objects such as a doorknob or staircase railing touched by an infected person and then touching your face. Shaking hands or hugging someone who is ill poses a risk as well. Protect yourself from these viruses by doing the following: […] Wash your hands frequently, with soap for at least 20 seconds. You don’t need antibacterial soap. Rinse under running water. […] Make sure your kids wash their hands properly too. […] Don’t touch your face with your hands. If you’ve just touched someone with these germs, you’re more likely to give yourself the illness. […] Don’t drink out of cups or glasses that others have used. Wash them first.

• #8 Battling Pneumonia: Strategies for Prevention and Recovery

  https://www.fccmg.com/blog/battling-pneumonia-strategies-for-prevention-and-recovery

  Managing Underlying Health Conditions […] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and heart disease can increase the risk of developing pneumonia. Work closely with your doctor to manage these conditions effectively to minimize the risk. […] Avoiding Smoking […] Smoking irritates and damages the lungs, making them more susceptible to infection. Quitting smoking is the most critical step you can take to improve your lung health and reduce your risk of pneumonia. […] Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle […] Diet […] Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains gives your body the essential nutrients it needs to fight infections. […] Exercise […] Regular physical activity strengthens your immune system and overall health. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week.

• #8 New Guidance Released for Preventing Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/new-guidance-released-for-preventing-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  „Preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia is complicated because the diagnosis is often subjective and non-specific.” […] „Essential practices that evidence shows to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia include: Avoiding intubation, Minimizing sedation, Maintaining and improving physical conditioning, Elevating the head of the bed, Providing oral care with toothbrushing, Providing early enteral rather than parenteral nutrition, Maintaining ventilator circuits.” […] „This document includes a section on how to prevent non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia, emphasizing the role of oral care, managing dysphagia, and using multimodal approaches to prevent viral infections.”

• #9 How to Prevent Pneumonia: When Sick, Tips, Recovery

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-prevent-pneumonia-5219494

  These tips can help prevent you from getting pneumonia. […] Vaccines help prevent pneumonia by boosting your immunity against some of the common bacteria and viruses that cause illness. Taking all of the following vaccines can safeguard you against pneumonia: COVID-19, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Influenza (flu), Measles, Pertussis (whooping cough), Pneumococcal, Varicella (chickenpox). […] One of the best ways to prevent respiratory infections is to practice proper hygiene. Some useful techniques include: Washing your hands regularly with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds, Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that are touched a lot (with alcohol based products), Coughing or sneezing into a tissue or into your elbow or sleeve, Limiting contact with cigarette smoke or quitting smoking, Taking good care of medical conditions, such as asthma, diabetes, or heart disease.

• #9 How to Prevent Pneumonia: 5 Tips Plus Treatment and Recovery Advice

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-prevent-pneumonia

  Washing your hands is the best way to avoid transferring these organisms into your respiratory system. […] Avoiding contact with people that you know are sick is an important step in preventing respiratory infections and possible pneumonia. […] How you care for your body and the environment around you plays a big role in your bodys ability to resist infections that can lead to pneumonia. […] If you already have a cold, talk with your doctor about proactive steps you can take to prevent it from turning into pneumonia. […] If youve recently had surgery, talk with your doctor about what you can do to avoid postoperative pneumonia. […] Healthy habits and good hygiene may also reduce your risk of getting pneumonia.

• #9 Chest Infections: Symptoms, Home Remedies, and Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chest-infections

  You can help prevent chest infections by following the tips below: […] Get vaccinated. Chest infections can develop following an infection such as influenza, for which there’s a seasonal vaccine. You may also want to consider receiving the pneumococcal vaccine, which offers protection from pneumonia. […] Make sure your hands are clean, particularly before eating or touching your face or mouth. […] Eat a healthy well-balanced diet. This can help boost your immune system and make you less susceptible to infection. […] Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Reduce the amount of alcohol that you consume. […] If you’re already ill, wash your hands frequently and be sure to cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of any used tissues properly.

• #9 Preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/preventing-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  Early and intensive mobility interventions reduce the incidence of HAP and the effects of deconditioning that accompany prolonged bed rest. […] Coughing, deep breathing, and incentive spirometry have long been essential components in preventing NVHAP in postoperative patients. […] Many of the interventions to prevent HAP are part of basic evidence-based nursing practice. […] A fundamental skills bundle that includes best practices for infection prevention, oral care, early mobility, elevation of the head of the bed, and coughing and deep breathing may help improve outcomes, especially for high-risk patients.

• #10 Preventing Pneumonia | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/preventing-pneumonia

  Yes, many cases can be prevented. You can reduce your risk of getting pneumonia by following a few simple steps. Here’s how: […] Being up to date on your recommended vaccines like an annual flu shot can help prevent pneumonia. […] Certain people should get vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia, a common form of bacterial pneumonia including: All children younger than 5 years old. […] Additional pneumococcal vaccinations may be recommended for children and adults who are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease depending on their health condition(s). […] There are several other vaccines that can help prevent infections by bacteria and viruses that may lead to pneumonia, including pertussis (whooping cough), chicken pox, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and measles. […] Wash your hands frequently, especially after coughing or blowing your nose, going to the bathroom, diapering, and before eating or preparing foods. […] Tobacco damages your lung’s ability to fight off infection, and people who smoke have been found to be at higher risk of getting pneumonia. […] Good health habits a healthy diet, rest, regular exercise, etc. help keep you from getting sick from viruses and respiratory illnesses.

• #10 Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide | Sanitas Medical Center

  https://www.mysanitas.com/en/blog/respiratory-infections-your-prevention-guide

  Stay Up-to-Date with Vaccinations: Vaccinations are a vital tool in preventing respiratory infections such as influenza and pneumonia. Stay current with recommended vaccines and consult your Sanitas healthcare provider for guidance on additional vaccines that may be beneficial for you. […] Avoid Close Contact with Sick Individuals: If possible, steer clear of individuals who are exhibiting symptoms of respiratory infections. Maintain a safe distance, especially in crowded settings, to reduce the risk of transmission. […] Disinfect High-Touch Surfaces: Frequently disinfect commonly touched surfaces in your home and workplace, such as doorknobs, light switches, countertops, and electronic devices. Use EPA-approved disinfectants and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for effective use.

• #10 Battling Pneumonia: Strategies for Prevention and Recovery

  https://www.fccmg.com/blog/battling-pneumonia-strategies-for-prevention-and-recovery

  Managing Underlying Health Conditions […] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and heart disease can increase the risk of developing pneumonia. Work closely with your doctor to manage these conditions effectively to minimize the risk. […] Avoiding Smoking […] Smoking irritates and damages the lungs, making them more susceptible to infection. Quitting smoking is the most critical step you can take to improve your lung health and reduce your risk of pneumonia. […] Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle […] Diet […] Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains gives your body the essential nutrients it needs to fight infections. […] Exercise […] Regular physical activity strengthens your immune system and overall health. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week.

• #10 Preventing pneumonia after surgery | Vancouver Coastal Health

  https://www.vch.ca/en/preventing-pneumonia-after-surgery

  Anytime you are in the hospital, your lungs need help to prevent pneumonia. pneumonia is a potentially life threatening condition and can cause serious complications. […] These simple activities, including early and frequent mobilization, lung exercises, oral hygiene and education will help prevent you from developing lung complications, such as pneumonia, while you are in the hospital. […] Brushing your mouth (teeth, gums and tongue) decreases the amount of germs in your mouth which could move down into your lungs and cause pneumonia. […] Being unable to take a deep breath increases your risk of getting pneumonia.

• #11

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/pneumonia

  Vaccines can help prevent pneumonia. […] People of all ages can reduce their risk of pneumonia by: […] Get vaccinated: Immunization against Hib, pneumococcus, measles, influenza and whooping cough (pertussis) is the most effective way to prevent pneumonia. […] Wash your hands: Maintain good hygiene and washing your hands frequently, especially when caring for others who are sick or after blowing your nose, will keep germs from spreading. […] Address environmental factors: Reduce indoor air pollution by providing affordable clean indoor stoves and stop smoking. […] Maintain healthy lifestyle: Eat a healthy diet, rest and get regular exercise to help you stay well. […] Adequate nutrition is key to improving natural defences, starting with exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life.

• #11 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pneumonia

  Dont skip shots (immunizations). All children, starting at 2 months old, should begin a series of immunizations that helps prevent bacterial pneumonia. […] All children 6 months of age or older should get a flu vaccine every year, even if they have an egg allergy. Preventing the flu helps keep away dangerous breathing problems and higher chance of getting pneumonia. […] If your child has a weak immune system or chronic conditions of the lungs, heart, or kidneys, ask their doctor or health care provider if other vaccines are needed. […] Teach your child to cover their nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing. […] Teach and practice good hand hygiene. This includes hand washing or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Wash surfaces that are touched often (like toys, tables, and doorknobs) with soap and water or a disinfectant wipe.

• #11 Respiratory tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection

  High-quality clinical research in the form of randomized controlled trials assessed the effectiveness of Vitamin D, another review of poorer quality RCTs addressed the effectiveness of immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infections. […] Despite some uncertainty due to small study sizes, there is some evidence that exercise may reduce severity of symptoms but had no impact on number of episodes or number of symptom days per episode. […] Viruses that cause RTI are more transmissible at very high or low relative humidity; ideal humidity for indoor spaces is between 40 and 60%. Therefore, relative humidity in this range can help lessen the risk of aerosol transmission.

• #11 New Guidance Released for Preventing Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/new-guidance-released-for-preventing-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  „Preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia is complicated because the diagnosis is often subjective and non-specific.” […] „Essential practices that evidence shows to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia include: Avoiding intubation, Minimizing sedation, Maintaining and improving physical conditioning, Elevating the head of the bed, Providing oral care with toothbrushing, Providing early enteral rather than parenteral nutrition, Maintaining ventilator circuits.” […] „This document includes a section on how to prevent non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia, emphasizing the role of oral care, managing dysphagia, and using multimodal approaches to prevent viral infections.”

• #12 Battling Pneumonia: Strategies for Prevention and Recovery

  https://www.fccmg.com/blog/battling-pneumonia-strategies-for-prevention-and-recovery

  Sleep […] Adequate sleep is crucial for a healthy immune system. Strive for 7-8 hours of quality sleep each night. […] Even after recovering from pneumonia, it’s important to prevent future infections. Here’s how: […] Continue good hygiene practices: […] Frequent handwashing and maintaining a clean environment remain essential for preventing future infections. […] Vaccinations as doctors recommend: […] Stay up-to-date on your pneumococcal and flu vaccinations to bolster your immune defenses. […] Promote lung health: […] Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and avoiding smoking are crucial for maintaining healthy lungs.

• #12 New Guidance Released for Preventing Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/new-guidance-released-for-preventing-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  „Preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia is complicated because the diagnosis is often subjective and non-specific.” […] „Essential practices that evidence shows to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia include: Avoiding intubation, Minimizing sedation, Maintaining and improving physical conditioning, Elevating the head of the bed, Providing oral care with toothbrushing, Providing early enteral rather than parenteral nutrition, Maintaining ventilator circuits.” […] „This document includes a section on how to prevent non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia, emphasizing the role of oral care, managing dysphagia, and using multimodal approaches to prevent viral infections.”

• #13 Pneumonia: Etiology, Care and Prevention | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/infectious-diseases/other-infections/pneumonia-etiology-care-and-prevention/

  Severe pneumonia increases cost, length-of-stay for hospitalizations, increased need for ICU admission and possible intubation/mechanical ventilation, and carries an increased mortality for these patients. Prevention of severe pneumonia follows the same foundation as overall prevention of pneumonia. Vaccination against bacterial pneumonia helps reduce incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), pertussis (whooping cough), and pneumococcal pneumonia. Recommended immunizations that fight viral infections help fight issues with COVID-19, influenza (flu), measles, RSV, and varicella. […] People should avoid others who are sick and if one is sick, isolating is recommended to prevent transmission of pathogens. Other practical steps in preventing pneumonia include careful handwashing, cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that may serve as transmission sites, following cough/sneeze etiquette, quitting smoking and avoiding cigarette smoke, and taking steps to manage chronic conditions such as asthma and COPD. Recommendations for avoiding HAP/VAP include: Use of high-flow nasal oxygen and/or noninvasive ventilation if appropriate, Avoid intubation and prevent reintubation if possible, Minimize use of sedation and follow a protocol for sedation vacations, Follow a protocol for weaning and discontinuing mechanical ventilation (MV) to minimize time on MV, Elevate the head of the bed 30o to 45o, Provide early exercise and mobilization, Perform oral care with toothbrushing, Provide early enteral nutrition, Only change ventilator circuits if visibly soiled or malfunctioning, Diagnose and manage dysphagia to reduce risk of aspiration, Implement ventilator bundles and pneumonia prevention bundles, Monitor, measure, and report outcomes on incidence of pneumonia, Educate staff on bundles and monitoring results, Incorporate changes to address areas of weakness, lack of compliance.

• #14 Pneumonia: Etiology, Care and Prevention | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/infectious-diseases/other-infections/pneumonia-etiology-care-and-prevention/

  Severe pneumonia increases cost, length-of-stay for hospitalizations, increased need for ICU admission and possible intubation/mechanical ventilation, and carries an increased mortality for these patients. Prevention of severe pneumonia follows the same foundation as overall prevention of pneumonia. Vaccination against bacterial pneumonia helps reduce incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), pertussis (whooping cough), and pneumococcal pneumonia. Recommended immunizations that fight viral infections help fight issues with COVID-19, influenza (flu), measles, RSV, and varicella. […] People should avoid others who are sick and if one is sick, isolating is recommended to prevent transmission of pathogens. Other practical steps in preventing pneumonia include careful handwashing, cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that may serve as transmission sites, following cough/sneeze etiquette, quitting smoking and avoiding cigarette smoke, and taking steps to manage chronic conditions such as asthma and COPD. Recommendations for avoiding HAP/VAP include: Use of high-flow nasal oxygen and/or noninvasive ventilation if appropriate, Avoid intubation and prevent reintubation if possible, Minimize use of sedation and follow a protocol for sedation vacations, Follow a protocol for weaning and discontinuing mechanical ventilation (MV) to minimize time on MV, Elevate the head of the bed 30o to 45o, Provide early exercise and mobilization, Perform oral care with toothbrushing, Provide early enteral nutrition, Only change ventilator circuits if visibly soiled or malfunctioning, Diagnose and manage dysphagia to reduce risk of aspiration, Implement ventilator bundles and pneumonia prevention bundles, Monitor, measure, and report outcomes on incidence of pneumonia, Educate staff on bundles and monitoring results, Incorporate changes to address areas of weakness, lack of compliance.

• #15 New Guidance Released for Preventing Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/new-guidance-released-for-preventing-hospital-acquired-pneumonia/

  „Preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia is complicated because the diagnosis is often subjective and non-specific.” […] „Essential practices that evidence shows to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia include: Avoiding intubation, Minimizing sedation, Maintaining and improving physical conditioning, Elevating the head of the bed, Providing oral care with toothbrushing, Providing early enteral rather than parenteral nutrition, Maintaining ventilator circuits.” […] „This document includes a section on how to prevent non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia, emphasizing the role of oral care, managing dysphagia, and using multimodal approaches to prevent viral infections.”

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