Zaćma – Etiologia i przyczyny

Zaćma
Etiologia i przyczyny

Zaćma (cataracta) to zmętnienie soczewki oka prowadzące do zaburzeń ostrości widzenia, stanowiące najczęstszą przyczynę ślepoty na świecie (około 40% przypadków). Patogeneza jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca denaturację i agregację białek soczewki (krystalin), stres oksydacyjny oraz zmiany strukturalne i pigmentacyjne soczewki. Zaćma starcza dotyczy niemal 100% osób po 95. roku życia, rozpoczynając się około 40. roku życia. Czynniki ryzyka to m.in. wiek, genetyka (zwłaszcza w zaćmie wrodzonej, gdzie 25% przypadków ma podłoże genetyczne), cukrzyca (3-4-krotnie zwiększone ryzyko przed 65. r.ż.), nadciśnienie tętnicze, urazy oka, długotrwałe stosowanie kortykosteroidów, ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV (odpowiedzialne za do 20% przypadków), palenie tytoniu (dwukrotnie wyższe ryzyko) oraz otyłość. Zaćma może mieć różne typy, m.in. jądrową, korową, podtorebkową tylną i pourazową, zróżnicowane pod względem lokalizacji zmętnień i etiologii.

Zaćma – etiologia i przyczyny

Zaćma (łac. cataracta) to schorzenie oczu charakteryzujące się zmętnieniem naturalnej soczewki, co prowadzi do zaburzeń ostrości widzenia, a nieleczona może skutkować ślepotą. Jest to najczęstsza przyczyna utraty wzroku na świecie, odpowiadająca za około 40% przypadków ślepoty według Międzynarodowej Agencji ds. Zapobiegania Ślepocie.¹² Patogeneza zaćmy jest wieloczynnikowa, a jej główne mechanizmy obejmują zmiany w strukturze białek soczewki prowadzące do ich agregacji i tworzenia zmętniałych obszarów, które blokują prawidłowe przechodzenie światła do siatkówki.³

Starzenie się jako główna przyczyna zaćmy

Najczęstszą przyczyną zaćmy jest proces starzenia się organizmu. Prawie każda osoba po 70. roku życia ma pewien stopień zmętnienia soczewki.⁴ U osób w wieku powyżej 80 lat zaćma występuje u ponad 50% populacji, a po 95. roku życia odsetek ten wzrasta do prawie 100%.⁵ Proces ten rozpoczyna się zazwyczaj około 40. roku życia, gdy białka tworzące soczewkę (krystaliny) zaczynają naturalnie się rozpadać i tworzyć skupiska.⁶⁷

Z wiekiem soczewka oka staje się mniej elastyczna, grubsza i mniej przezroczysta. Białka soczewki ulegają denaturacji i degradacji, tworząc agregaty, które blokują przechodzenie światła. Proces ten jest przyspieszony przez różne czynniki, w tym stres oksydacyjny, który prowadzi do uszkodzenia zdrowych komórek i przyspiesza formowanie się zaćmy.⁸⁹

W zaćmie związanej z wiekiem dochodzi do różnych zmian w soczewce, takich jak kompakcja i stwardnienie centralnego materiału soczewki (stwardnienie jądra), nieprawidłowe zmiany w białkach soczewki prowadzące do ich chemicznej i strukturalnej modyfikacji, pigmentacja białek soczewki (żółto-brązowa) oraz zmiany w składnikach jonowych soczewki.¹⁰

Czynniki genetyczne w rozwoju zaćmy

Czynniki genetyczne odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju zaćmy. Dziedziczenie określonych genów może zwiększać ryzyko wystąpienia zaćmy w młodszym wieku niż typowa zaćma związana z wiekiem.¹¹ Rodzinne występowanie zaćmy może predysponować do wcześniejszego jej rozwoju.¹²

Badania wykazały, że komponenta genetyczna jest silna w rozwoju zaćmy, najczęściej poprzez mechanizmy, które chronią i utrzymują soczewkę. Mutacje genetyczne mogą sprawić, że soczewka staje się bardziej podatna na uszkodzenia przez czynniki środowiskowe.¹³¹⁴

W przypadku zaćmy wrodzonej (congenital cataract), genetyka odgrywa szczególnie ważną rolę. Około 25% przypadków zaćmy wrodzonej jest spowodowanych defektami genetycznymi. Zidentyfikowano wiele mutacji w ponad 100 genach związanych z zaćmą wrodzoną.¹⁵ Szacuje się, że w około 20% przypadków zaćmy wrodzonej występuje rodzinna historia tego schorzenia.¹⁶

Choroby ogólnoustrojowe jako czynniki ryzyka zaćmy

Cukrzyca

Cukrzyca jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników ryzyka rozwoju zaćmy. Osoby z cukrzycą mają od trzech do czterech razy większe ryzyko rozwoju zaćmy przed 65. rokiem życia.¹⁷ Podwyższony poziom glukozy we krwi może powodować obrzęk soczewki, prowadząc do niewyraźnego widzenia. Z czasem, wysokie stężenie cukru we krwi powoduje zmiany strukturalne w soczewce, przyspieszając rozwój zaćmy.¹⁸¹⁹

U osób z cukrzycą nadmiar cukru (glukozy) w soczewce jest przekształcany w sorbitol, który wciąga wodę do soczewki. Powoduje to pęcznienie soczewki, prowadząc do zakłócenia włókien soczewki i stresu oksydacyjnego, co skutkuje zaćmą.²⁰ Ten mechanizm może prowadzić do rozwoju tzw. zaćmy cukrzycowej typu „płatkowego śniegu” (diabetic snowflake cataract).²¹

Nadciśnienie tętnicze

Nadciśnienie tętnicze jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju zaćmy, co wykazano w wielu badaniach epidemiologicznych.²² Wysokie ciśnienie krwi może powodować podwyższony stan zapalny, który może przyczynić się do rozwoju zaćmy.²³ Nadciśnienie wpływa na przepływ krwi do oka, potencjalnie przyspieszając zmiany w soczewce.²⁴

Inne choroby ogólnoustrojowe

Inne schorzenia systemowe zwiększające ryzyko zaćmy to:

Atopowe zapalenie skóry (egzema) – może prowadzić do zaćmy podtorebkowej tylnej, częstej u młodszych osób. Może również powodować tworzenie się blaszek w soczewce oka, wpływając na jej kształt i funkcjonowanie.²⁵²⁶
Jaskra – chociaż jaskra bezpośrednio nie powoduje zaćmy, oba schorzenia są związane z wiekiem. Długotrwałe stosowanie sterydów w leczeniu jaskry błony naczyniowej może prowadzić do zaćmy.²⁷
Nerwiakowłókniakowatość – około 60% osób z nerwiakowłókniakowatością typu 2 rozwija również zaćmę.²⁸
Dystrofia miotoniczna – około 90% osób z tym schorzeniem rozwija zmętnienia w oku, które mogą przekształcić się w zaćmę korową.²⁹³⁰
Niedoczynność przytarczyc – powoduje niskie poziomy wapnia w płynie wodnistym, co może prowadzić do uszkodzenia błony i tworzenia się zaćmy.³¹
Choroby metaboliczne – takie jak galaktozemia, homocystynuria, choroba Wilsona, czy zespół Downa.³²³³
Inne choroby oczu – takie jak zapalenie błony naczyniowej, retinopatia barwnikowa, odwarstwienie siatkówki, przewlekłe zapalenie oka.³⁴³⁵

Urazy i operacje oczu

Uraz oka jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju zaćmy. Zaćma pourazowa może wystąpić zarówno po tępym, jak i przenikającym urazie oka, a także po porażeniu prądem elektrycznym, oparzeniach chemicznych i ekspozycji na promieniowanie.³⁶

Tępy uraz powoduje obrzęk, zgrubienie i zbielenie włókien soczewki.³⁷ Urazy fizyczne oka mogą spowodować specjalny rodzaj zaćmy pourazowej zwanej „zaćmą gwiaździstą” (stellate cataract).³⁸

Zaćma może również rozwinąć się w wyniku wcześniejszej operacji oka z powodu innych problemów, takich jak jaskra, lub po zabiegu witrektomii. Prawie każda osoba, która przeszła witrektomię bez wcześniejszej operacji zaćmy, doświadczy progresji stwardnienia jądra po zabiegu.³⁹⁴⁰

Leki i promieniowanie jako czynniki ryzyka

Leki

Długotrwałe stosowanie niektórych leków może zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju zaćmy:

Kortykosterydy – długotrwałe stosowanie kortykosterydów, zarówno doustnych, dożylnych, wziewnych, jak i w postaci kropli do oczu, jest jednym z najczęstszych czynników farmakologicznych przyczyniających się do rozwoju zaćmy.⁴¹⁴²
Statyny – leki obniżające poziom cholesterolu mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju zaćmy.⁴³
Fenotiazyny – stosowane w leczeniu pewnych typów schizofrenii, takich jak zaburzenia dwubiegunowe.⁴⁴
Leki na rytm serca i inne leki mogą również przyczyniać się do rozwoju zaćmy.⁴⁵

Promieniowanie

Ekspozycja na różne rodzaje promieniowania może przyczyniać się do rozwoju zaćmy:

Promieniowanie ultrafioletowe (UV) – długotrwała ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV ze światła słonecznego jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka zaćmy. Szacuje się, że do 20% przypadków zaćmy na całym świecie może być spowodowanych nadmierną ekspozycją na promieniowanie UV.⁴⁶ Badanie z 2014 roku przeprowadzone przez National Eye Institute wykazało, że światło UV wyzwala uszkodzenia białek w soczewce w podobny sposób jak tlen w przypadku zaćmy związanej z wiekiem.⁴⁷
Promieniowanie jonizujące – ekspozycja na promieniowanie jonizujące, takie jak promieniowanie X, może uszkodzić DNA komórek soczewki.⁴⁸
Radioterapia – leczenie nowotworów lub innych chorób z wykorzystaniem radioterapii, szczególnie w obszarze głowy lub górnej części ciała, może zwiększać ryzyko zaćmy.⁴⁹⁵⁰

Styl życia i czynniki środowiskowe

Różne aspekty stylu życia i czynniki środowiskowe mogą mieć istotny wpływ na rozwój zaćmy:

Palenie tytoniu

Palenie tytoniu istotnie zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju zaćmy. Osoby palące mają około dwukrotnie wyższe ryzyko rozwoju zaćmy w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej.⁵¹ Palenie zwiększa stres oksydacyjny w oczach i zmniejsza ilość przeciwutleniaczy, które chronią soczewkę.⁵² Dym papierosowy uszkadza białka w soczewce, przyspieszając ich rozpad i tworzenie się zmętnień.⁵³

Alkohol

Nadmierne spożycie alkoholu jest związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zaćmy. Badania wykazały, że choć umiarkowane spożycie alkoholu nie wpływa na ryzyko zaćmy, istnieje znaczący wzrost ryzyka u osób spożywających duże ilości alkoholu.⁵⁴ Alkohol może przyczyniać się do stresu oksydacyjnego i uszkodzenia soczewki.⁵⁵

Dieta i aktywność fizyczna

Dieta i aktywność fizyczna mogą wpływać na ryzyko rozwoju zaćmy. Badanie obejmujące 27 tysięcy dorosłych bez cukrzycy wykazało znacznie niższą częstość występowania zaćmy u uczestników stosujących zdrowe odżywianie i aktywny styl życia.⁵⁶ Niedobór witamin i innych przeciwutleniaczy, takich jak witamina C i E, selen, beta-karoten i likopen, został powiązany z zaćmą.⁵⁷

Otyłość

Otyłość jest kolejnym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju zaćmy. Badania wykazały związek między otyłością a pojawieniem się zaćmy.⁵⁸ Może to być związane z wpływem otyłości na metabolizm i stan zapalny w organizmie.⁵⁹

Zaćma wrodzona i dziecięca

Zaćma wrodzona to zmętnienie soczewki obecne przy urodzeniu lub rozwijające się w pierwszym roku życia. Chociaż rzadka, dotyka około jednego na 2400 noworodków.⁶⁰ Jest jedną z głównych przyczyn upośledzenia wzroku i ślepoty u dzieci.⁶¹

Przyczyny zaćmy wrodzonej obejmują:

Czynniki genetyczne – mutacje genetyczne dziedziczone od jednego lub obu rodziców.⁶²
Infekcje wrodzone – zakażenia matki podczas ciąży, takie jak różyczka (najczęstsza przyczyna), toksoplazmoza, cytomegalowirus, ospa wietrzna, wirus opryszczki pospolitej.⁶³
Zaburzenia metaboliczne – takie jak galaktozemia, które mogą prowadzić do rozwoju zaćmy wrodzonej u niemowląt.⁶⁴
Uraz fizyczny – podczas porodu może spowodować zaćmę u noworodków.⁶⁵
Inne schorzenia medyczne – zaćma wrodzona może być związana z innymi schorzeniami, takimi jak zespół Downa czy zespół Lowe’a.⁶⁶

Nieleczona zaćma u dzieci może prowadzić do trwałej ślepoty, ponieważ ich wzrok nie rozwija się prawidłowo.⁶⁷

Stres oksydacyjny i mechanizmy powstawania zaćmy

Stres oksydacyjny jest kluczowym czynnikiem patogennym w rozwoju zaćmy.⁶⁸ Zachodzi on, gdy w organizmie powstaje zbyt dużo reaktywnych form tlenu (RFT), które uszkadzają komórki, w tym komórki soczewki.⁶⁹

Zaćma starcza jest związana ze zmniejszeniem zdolności antyoksydacyjnej w soczewce. Zwiększenie stresu oksydacyjnego w soczewce lub zmniejszenie zdolności do usuwania reaktywnych form tlenu może prowadzić do zwiększenia zmętnienia soczewki.⁷⁰

Proces tworzenia zaćmy obejmuje:

Uszkodzenie białek soczewki przez stres oksydacyjny, prowadzące do ich agregacji.⁷¹
Akumulację utlenionych białek i żółto-brązowego pigmentu w soczewce.⁷²
Peroksydację lipidów, która jest ważnym mechanizmem patogennym w formowaniu zaćmy.⁷³

Czynniki środowiskowe, w tym toksyny, promieniowanie i światło ultrafioletowe, mają skumulowane efekty, które są pogarszane przez utratę mechanizmów ochronnych i naprawczych z powodu zmian w ekspresji genów i procesach chemicznych w oku.⁷⁴

Typy zaćmy i ich przyczyny

W zależności od lokalizacji zmętnienia w soczewce oraz przyczyn rozwoju, zaćmę można podzielić na kilka typów:

Zaćma jądrowa

Zaćma jądrowa (nuclear sclerosis) to zażółcenie i stwardnienie centralnej części soczewki krystalicznej. Rozwija się powoli przez lata.⁷⁵ Jest to najczęściej spotykany typ zaćmy związany z wiekiem, ale może także rozwijać się z powodu promieniowania UV, palenia tytoniu lub działań niepożądanych leków.⁷⁶ W tym rodzaju zaćmy białka w centrum soczewki zaczynają się rozpadać i tworzyć skupiska, co prowadzi do zmętnienia.⁷⁷

Zaćma korowa

Zaćma korowa (cortical cataract) występuje, gdy część włókien soczewki otaczających jądro staje się zmętniała.⁷⁸ Główną przyczyną zaćmy korowej jest starzenie się, ale także historia urazów/obrażeń oka, niekontrolowana cukrzyca i rodzinna historia zaćmy. Palenie tytoniu i zaawansowana krótkowzroczność (myopia) również zostały powiązane z rozwojem zaćmy korowej.⁷⁹

Zaćma podtorebkowa tylna

Zaćma podtorebkowa tylna (posterior subcapsular cataract, PSC) to zmętnienia zlokalizowane w najbardziej tylnej warstwie korowej, bezpośrednio pod torebką soczewki.⁸⁰ Ten typ zaćmy jest często związany z cukrzycą.⁸¹ Jest to częsty typ zaćmy u młodszych osób i może być spowodowany atopowym zapaleniem skóry.⁸²

Zaćma podtorebkowa przednia

Zaćma podtorebkowa przednia (anterior subcapsular cataract) może rozwijać się idiopatycznie, może być wtórna do urazu lub może być jatrogeniczna (spowodowana leczeniem).⁸³

Zaćma pourazowa

Zaćma pourazowa (traumatic cataract) rozwija się w oku po doznanym urazie.⁸⁴ Może pojawić się natychmiast po urazie oka lub dopiero po latach.⁸⁵ Urazy mogą być tępe lub przenikające, a zaćma pourazowa może również być spowodowana porażeniem prądem, oparzeniami chemicznymi lub ekspozycją na promieniowanie jonizujące.⁸⁶

Zaćma wrodzona i dziecięca

Zaćma wrodzona (congenital cataract) może występować jako jednostronne lub obustronne izolowane znalezisko lub może być związana z chorobą ogólnoustrojową.⁸⁷ Zaćma może być obecna przy urodzeniu lub rozwinąć się wkrótce po nim. Może być dziedziczona lub rozwinąć się z powodu infekcji (takiej jak różyczka) u matki podczas ciąży.⁸⁸

Zaćma wtórna

Zaćma wtórna (secondary cataract) rozwija się, gdy inne schorzenie lub leczenie medyczne prowadzi do zaćmy. Cukrzyca, przyjmowanie sterydów takich jak prednizon, a nawet operacja zaćmy mogą być możliwymi przyczynami.⁸⁹ Zaćma wtórna może być również spowodowana rozwojem tkanki bliznowatej po operacji zaćmy.⁹⁰

Inne rzadkie typy zaćmy

Istnieją również rzadsze typy zaćmy:

Zaćma biegunowa tylna (posterior polar cataract) – charakteryzuje się dobrze odgraniczonymi białymi zmętnieniami w centrum torebki tylnej.⁹¹
Zaćma polichromiczna (polychromatic cataract) – znana również jako „zaćma choinkowa”, składa się z silnie odbijających, opalizujących kryształów rogówki o różnych kolorach.⁹²
Zaćma cukrzycowa typu „płatkowego śniegu” (diabetic snowflake cataract) – pojawia się jako szaro-białe zmętnienia podtorebkowe.⁹³

Podsumowanie czynników ryzyka rozwoju zaćmy

Podsumowując, głównymi czynnikami ryzyka rozwoju zaćmy są:

Wiek – najważniejszy czynnik ryzyka; prawie każda osoba powyżej 80. roku życia ma pewien stopień zaćmy.⁹⁴
Czynniki genetyczne – historia rodzinna zaćmy zwiększa ryzyko jej rozwoju.⁹⁵
Cukrzyca – znacznie zwiększa ryzyko wcześniejszego rozwoju zaćmy.⁹⁶
Nadciśnienie tętnicze – jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka zaćmy.⁹⁷
Ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV – długotrwała ekspozycja na światło słoneczne bez odpowiedniej ochrony oczu.⁹⁸
Palenie tytoniu – zwiększa ryzyko zaćmy około dwukrotnie.⁹⁹
Nadmierne spożycie alkoholu – związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zaćmy.¹⁰⁰
Długotrwałe stosowanie kortykosterydów – zarówno doustnych, dożylnych, wziewnych, jak i w postaci kropli do oczu.¹⁰¹
Wcześniejszy uraz oka lub stan zapalny – może prowadzić do zaćmy pourazowej.¹⁰²
Wcześniejsza operacja oka – szczególnie witrektomia.¹⁰³
Otyłość – badania wykazały związek między otyłością a rozwojem zaćmy.¹⁰⁴
Krótkowzroczność (myopia) – szczególnie znaczna, może zwiększać ryzyko zaćmy, zwłaszcza typu jądrowego i podtorebkowego tylnego.¹⁰⁵
Inne choroby oczu – takie jak jaskra, zapalenie błony naczyniowej, retinopatia barwnikowa.¹⁰⁶

Zrozumienie przyczyn i czynników ryzyka zaćmy ma kluczowe znaczenie dla jej wczesnego wykrywania i leczenia, a także dla opracowania strategii profilaktycznych. Chociaż nie wszystkie czynniki ryzyka są modyfikowalne, niektóre z nich, takie jak ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV, palenie tytoniu czy kontrola chorób ogólnoustrojowych, mogą być modyfikowane w celu zmniejszenia ryzyka rozwoju zaćmy lub opóźnienia jej progresji.¹⁰⁷¹⁰⁸

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Orbis
https://www.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/cataracts
Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment in the world, accounting for around 40% of global blindness, according to the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness. […] Cataract is the leading cause of avoidable blindness and vision loss in the world. According to the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness women are at greater risk than men of developing cataracts and are less likely to have access to services needed to treat them. […] There are a number of factors that can cause or increase the risk of cataracts. These include: Age, Genetic disorders, Eye injury, Smoking, Exposure to U.V. light, Diabetes, Obesity, Uveitis. […] Commonly, most cases of cataracts occur in older people, but they can appear at any age. Cataracts in children is known as childhood cataracts. Some babies are born with cataracts, frequently due to environmental or genetic disorders. This is known as congenital’ cataracts.
#2 Cataracts And Glaucoma – Glaucoma Research Foundation
https://glaucoma.org/articles/cataracts-and-glaucoma
A cataract is an eye condition where cloudiness, or opacity in the lens, blocks or changes the entry of light, affecting vision. […] Cataracts are a leading cause of vision loss for people all around the world. […] A cataract is a clouding of a crystalline lens inside your eye. […] As the Cataract grows larger and clouds more of your lens, more noticeable symptoms will develop. […] If a cataract grows large enough to impair your vision, and affect your daily activities, cataract removal is recommended. […] Cataract removal is a common procedure and is safely performed millions of times each year. […] Cataract surgery is one of the safest and most commonly performed operations around the world. […] Cataract surgery has become safer, more effective and more predictable. […] There are no current medicines that have been proven to be helpful in the treatment of cataracts.
#3 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the natural intraocular crystalline lens that focuses the light entering the eye onto the retina. […] There are several types of cataracts including age related, traumatic, and metabolic. Age-related cataract is the most common type, and the pathogenesis is multifactorial and not fully understood. […] In age-related cataract, the pathogenesis of cataract development is multifactorial and includes the following: Compaction and stiffening of the central lens material (nuclear sclerosis) as new layers of cortical (outer lens) fibers continue to proliferate over time; Abnormal changes in lens proteins (crystallins) resulting in their chemical and structural alteration, leading to loss of transparency; Pigmentation of lens proteins (yellow–brown); Changes in the ionic components of the lens.
#4 Causes of Cataracts | Ausmed
https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/cataracts
Cataracts are primarily age-related. In fact, almost every person who is 70 or older has some level of cataract formation (Better Health Channel 2023). […] Despite this, it is possible, albeit less common, for people to develop cataracts at a young age or even be born with them (Vision Australia 2017). […] The lenses in the eyes generally become less flexible, thicker and less transparent over time. With age or certain conditions, proteins and fibres in the lenses break down and form clumps. These clumps cloud areas of the lens, creating cataracts. The clouding gradually expands and becomes more dense (Mayo Clinic 2023; NEI 2023). […] Congenital cataracts may be related to genetics, intrauterine infection, trauma or conditions such as rubella (Mayo Clinic 2023). […] In addition to age, other risk factors include: Family history of cataracts, Diabetes, Eye injury, Unprotected eye exposure to sunlight over a long period of time, Long-term smoking, Long-term corticosteroid use (Vision Australia 2017; Healthdirect 2021).
#5 Cataracts Surgery, First Signs, Symptoms, Types & Treatment
https://www.medicinenet.com/cataracts/article.htm
Most cataracts are related to aging. Cataracts are very common in older people. By age 80, more than half of all Americans either have some degree of cataract or have already undergone cataract surgery in one or both eyes. By age 95, this percentage increases to almost 100%. […] Although vision can be restored in most people with cataracts, age-related cataracts are still the most common cause of blindness in the world, primarily because many third-world nations lack appropriate and available surgical services. […] As life span increases in the developed world due to modern technology and new methods of treatment of acute and chronic disease, the incidence of age-related cataracts will continue to increase. […] The lens is made of mostly water and protein. The protein is arranged in a specific way that keeps the lens clear and allows light to pass through it to focus a clear image onto the retinal surface. As we age, some of the protein may clump together and start to cloud a small area of the lens. This is our understanding of the cause of an age-related cataract. Over time, the cataract may become denser or cloud more area of the lens, making it more difficult to see through. A cataract is not a growth or tumor.
#6 Causes of Cataracts | National Eye Institute
https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts/causes-cataracts
Most cataracts happen because of natural changes in your eyes as you get older. […] After age 40, the proteins in the lens of your eye naturally start to break down. Most cataracts happen because of these natural changes. […] Doctors and researchers are still studying exactly why cataracts form. They have found some factors other than aging that make cataracts more likely, including: A family history of cataracts, Diabetes, A serious eye injury, Eye surgery to treat glaucoma or another eye condition, Taking steroids medicines used to treat some health problems, like arthritis or allergies, Radiation treatment for cancer or other diseases. […] Doctors and researchers have also found that some things make cataracts form faster, including: Smoking, Drinking too much alcohol, Spending too much time in the sun, especially without sunglasses.
#7
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts
Aging is the most common cause. This is due to normal eye changes that begin to happen after age 40. That is when normal proteins in the lens start to break down. This is what causes the lens to get cloudy. People over age 60 usually start to have some clouding of their lenses. However, vision problems may not happen until years later. […] Other reasons you may get cataracts include: having parents, brothers, sisters, or other family members who have cataracts; having certain medical problems, such as diabetes; having had an eye injury, eye surgery, or radiation treatments on your upper body; having spent a lot of time in the sun, especially without sunglasses that protect your eyes from damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays; using certain medications such as corticosteroids, which may cause early formation of cataracts; smoking. […] Most age-related cataracts develop gradually. Other cataracts can develop more quickly, such as those in younger people or those in people with diabetes. Doctors cannot predict how quickly a persons cataract will develop.
#8 Cataracts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cataracts/symptoms-causes/syc-20353790
Most cataracts develop when aging or injury changes the tissue that makes up the eye’s lens. Proteins and fibers in the lens begin to break down. This causes vision to become hazy or cloudy. […] Some disorders passed down from parents that cause other health problems can increase your risk of cataracts. Cataracts also can be caused by other eye conditions, past eye surgery or medical conditions such as diabetes. Long-term use of steroid medicines also may cause cataracts to develop. […] As you age, the lenses in your eyes become less flexible, less clear and thicker. Aging and some medical conditions can cause proteins and fibers within the lenses to break down and clump together. This is what causes the clouding in the lenses. […] Factors that increase your risk of cataracts include: Increasing age. Diabetes. Getting too much sunlight. Smoking. Obesity. Family history of cataracts. Previous eye injury or inflammation. Previous eye surgery. Prolonged use of corticosteroid medicines. Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol.
#9 Cataracts: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment Options
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8589-cataracts-age-related
Cataracts are cloudy areas that form on the lens of your eye. Your lens is a clear, flexible structure made mostly of proteins (crystallins). As you get older, the proteins in your lens break down, forming cloudy patches that affect your vision. […] Healthcare providers consider cataracts an inevitable part of aging, and age-related cataracts is the most common form of the condition. […] The main cause of cataracts is the gradual breakdown of proteins in your lens. […] However, certain genetic and environmental factors can raise your risk of developing cataracts or developing them at a younger age compared with others. […] Risk factors for cataract formation fall into three main groups: environmental, medical and genetic. […] Environmental risk factors are those that you encounter in the world around you. Theyre sometimes toxic substances that you breathe in or ingest. Environmental factors are harmful because they increase the amount of free radicals in your body. These are unstable molecules that damage healthy cells. Free radicals, by harming the cells in your eyes lens, can lead to cataract formation.
#10 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the natural intraocular crystalline lens that focuses the light entering the eye onto the retina. […] There are several types of cataracts including age related, traumatic, and metabolic. Age-related cataract is the most common type, and the pathogenesis is multifactorial and not fully understood. […] In age-related cataract, the pathogenesis of cataract development is multifactorial and includes the following: Compaction and stiffening of the central lens material (nuclear sclerosis) as new layers of cortical (outer lens) fibers continue to proliferate over time; Abnormal changes in lens proteins (crystallins) resulting in their chemical and structural alteration, leading to loss of transparency; Pigmentation of lens proteins (yellow–brown); Changes in the ionic components of the lens.
#11
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts
Aging is the most common cause. This is due to normal eye changes that begin to happen after age 40. That is when normal proteins in the lens start to break down. This is what causes the lens to get cloudy. People over age 60 usually start to have some clouding of their lenses. However, vision problems may not happen until years later. […] Other reasons you may get cataracts include: having parents, brothers, sisters, or other family members who have cataracts; having certain medical problems, such as diabetes; having had an eye injury, eye surgery, or radiation treatments on your upper body; having spent a lot of time in the sun, especially without sunglasses that protect your eyes from damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays; using certain medications such as corticosteroids, which may cause early formation of cataracts; smoking. […] Most age-related cataracts develop gradually. Other cataracts can develop more quickly, such as those in younger people or those in people with diabetes. Doctors cannot predict how quickly a persons cataract will develop.
#12 Understanding Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors | Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences
https://ophthalmology.wustl.edu/understanding-cataracts-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors/
Eye injuries can sometimes lead to the development of cataracts. […] Long-term use of corticosteroids and other medications can contribute to cataract formation. […] A family history of cataracts can increase your likelihood of developing the condition. […] While anyone can develop cataracts, certain factors can increase your risk. Understanding these risk factors can help you take preventive measures: […] People over 60 are at a higher risk. […] Without adequate eye protection, UV rays can damage the eyes lens. […] Conditions like diabetes and hypertension can elevate the risk. […] Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are significant risk factors. […] A diet lacking in antioxidants and certain vitamins can increase cataract risk. […] Being overweight can contribute to cataract formation. […] Previous eye surgery or injury can make you more susceptible to cataracts. […] A family history of cataracts can predispose you to the condition.
#13 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
The genetic component is strong in the development of cataracts, most commonly through mechanisms that protect and maintain the lens. […] Cigarette smoking has been shown to increase the risk of age-related cataract and nuclear cataract. […] Low vitamin C intake and serum levels have been associated with greater cataract rates. […] Some medications, such as systemic, topical, or inhaled corticosteroids, may increase the risk of cataract development. […] Nearly every person who undergoes a vitrectomy without ever having had cataract surgery will experience progression of nuclear sclerosis after the operation. […] Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can have several side effects, including the long-term development of cataracts.
#14 Cataracts: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment Options
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8589-cataracts-age-related
Medical risk factors can that raise your risk for cataracts include: Having diabetes or high blood sugar. […] A family history of cataracts raises your risk of developing them. Some genetic mutations lead to congenital cataracts (present at birth). When it comes to age-related cataracts, genetic mutations may make your lens more vulnerable to damage from environmental risk factors.
#15 Congenital Cataract: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210837-overview
Any insult (eg, metabolic, infectious, traumatic) to the nuclear or lenticular fibers may result in an opacity of the clear lenticular media. The location and pattern of this opacification may be used to determine the timing of the insult as well as the etiology. […] In 2019, Shiels and Hejtmancik wrote that a cataract typically „is caused by the presence of high-molecular-weight (HMW) protein aggregates or disruption of the lens microarchitecture. In general, genes involved in inherited cataracts reflect important processes and pathways in the lens including lens crystallins, connexins, growth factors, membrane proteins, intermediate filament proteins, and chaperones.” […] A 2020 review of the genetics of congenital cataracts found that genetic defects are responsible for approximately one fourth of congenital cataracts. Multiple mutations have been identified in upwards of 100 genes associated with congenital cataracts.
#16
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/childhood-cataracts/causes/
There are a number of reasons why a child may be born with cataracts or develop them while they’re still young. […] But in many cases it’s not possible to determine the exact cause. […] Some of the main causes of childhood cataracts are described below. […] Cataracts present from birth (congenital cataracts) are sometimes caused by a faulty gene being passed to a child from their parents. […] It’s estimated there’s a family history of congenital cataracts in around 1 in every 5 cases of the condition. […] Recent research suggests genetic causes are responsible for the majority of bilateral congenital cataracts in the UK. […] Cataracts can also be associated with conditions caused by chromosome abnormalities, such as Down’s syndrome. […] Congenital cataracts can also be caused by infections caught by the mother during pregnancy.
#17 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/
Cataracts are primarily associated with the natural aging process. As we age, proteins in the eyes lens begin to break down and clump together, causing the lens to become cloudy. Aging is the most significant risk factor for cataracts. This process is so common that cataracts are often considered a normal part of aging. […] While age is the primary risk factor for cataract development, several other factors can increase an individuals likelihood of developing cataracts or accelerate their progression: […] Numerous epidemiological studies show a positive association between smoking and cataract formation, with a higher correlation among current smokers and heavy smokers. […] Hypertension has been shown across multiple studies to be a significant risk factor for cataract formation. […] Population based studies found that individuals with diabetes have a threefold to fourfold increased risk of cataract before age 65 years.
#18 Cataracts & Diabetes: Causes, Prevention & Treatment
https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/eye-health/curious-about-cataracts
Cataracts are a clouding of the lens of the eye. While they are common in the aging population, its important to know that they can occur at a much earlier age when you have diabetes. […] When you have diabetes, high blood sugar (blood glucose) levels over time can lead to structural changes in the lens of the eye that can accelerate the development of cataracts. […] If you have diabetes, you might be at greater risk for developing cataracts depending on how long youve had it, the frequency of glucose levels above your target range and the presence of macular edemafluid build-up in the macula (located in the center of the retina). […] Other causes of cataracts: Family history, Eye injury, Eye surgery, Repeated eye injections, Spending a lot of time in the sun without UV sunglasses, Using certain medications, such as corticosteroids.
#19 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts
Certain medical conditions, including diabetes, eczema, and glaucoma, may increase a persons risk of developing cataracts. However, natural aging is the most common cause. […] Natural eye changes due to aging are the most common cause of cataracts. Certain health conditions may also cause or increase a persons risk of developing them. […] Diseases and health conditions that can cause or contribute to cataracts include the following: […] Diabetes can cause cataracts in several ways. High blood sugar can cause the eyes lens to swell, leading to blurry vision. Over time, high blood sugar can cause structural changes in the lens, making cataracts develop earlier than in people without diabetes. […] Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, may lead to posterior subcapsular cataracts, a common type in younger people. It may also cause plaque to develop in the eye lens, affecting its shape and functioning.
#20 Canine cataracts | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/canine-cataracts
Cataracts happen in dogs both young and old. Causes include genetic inheritance (dogs with cataracts should not be used for breeding), metabolic disturbances (diabetes), trauma, nutritional imbalance (orphan pups on milk replacer), and chronic uveitis (an inflammatory disease of vascular tissue deep in the eye). […] Diabetic cataracts are caused by high blood sugar. Excess sugar (glucose) in the lens is converted to sorbitol, which draws water into the lens. This causes the lens to swell, resulting in disruption of lens fibers and oxidative stress, which results in cataracts.
#21 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A traumatic cataract can occur following both blunt and penetrating eye injuries, as well as after electrocution, chemical burns, and exposure to radiation. […] Metabolic cataracts occur in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, galactosemia, Wilson disease, and myotonic dystrophy. […] Nuclear sclerosis is the yellowing and hardening of the central portion of the crystalline lens, and it occurs slowly over years. […] Cortical cataracts occur when the portion of lens fibers surrounding the nucleus become opacified. […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) are opacities located in the most posterior cortical layer, directly under the lens capsule. […] Anterior subcapsular cataracts can develop idiopathically, may be secondary to trauma, or may be iatrogenic. […] Diabetic snowflake cataracts appear as gray-white subcapsular opacities.
#22 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/
Cataracts are primarily associated with the natural aging process. As we age, proteins in the eyes lens begin to break down and clump together, causing the lens to become cloudy. Aging is the most significant risk factor for cataracts. This process is so common that cataracts are often considered a normal part of aging. […] While age is the primary risk factor for cataract development, several other factors can increase an individuals likelihood of developing cataracts or accelerate their progression: […] Numerous epidemiological studies show a positive association between smoking and cataract formation, with a higher correlation among current smokers and heavy smokers. […] Hypertension has been shown across multiple studies to be a significant risk factor for cataract formation. […] Population based studies found that individuals with diabetes have a threefold to fourfold increased risk of cataract before age 65 years.
#23 Our Offices
https://associatedretinaconsultants.com/what-causes-cataracts-2/
High Blood Pressure High blood pressure (HBP) is known to cause elevated inflammation which may result in cataracts. […] Smoking Experts suggest that smokers have higher chances of forming cataracts than non-smokers. […] Excessive Alcohol Consumption Studies have shown that high alcohol consumption significantly increases the risk of cataracts.
#24 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/
The following factors can all contribute to cataract formation: Age: Cataracts are most commonly associated with aging. The ageing process naturally leads to changes in the eyeâs lens, causing it to become less transparent and more prone to clouding. The longer a person lives, the greater the cumulative exposure of their eyes to various environmental factors, including UV radiation and oxidative stress, which can further contribute to cataract formation over time. […] Genetics: Family history plays a role in cataract development. Genetic factors can influence the structural integrity of the lens and its susceptibility to cataract formation. If close relatives have had cataracts, an individual may inherit a genetic predisposition that increases their risk. […] Existing Health Conditions: Several health conditions can increase the risk of cataracts. For example, diabetes can lead to the accumulation of excess sugar in the lens, causing it to swell and cloud. Similarly, high blood pressure can affect blood flow to the eye, potentially accelerating lens changes. Eye injuries or surgeries can disrupt the lens and increase the likelihood of cataract formation in the affected eye. Medications like corticosteroids, often used to manage certain health conditions, can also promote cataract development as a side effect.
#25 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts
Many people with glaucoma also have cataracts. Glaucoma does not cause cataracts, but both are age-related conditions. Long-term steroid use, such as for uveitic glaucoma, can lead to cataracts, and glaucoma surgery may also increase this risk. […] Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that affects nerve cell tissues. Around 60% of people with neurofibromatosis type 2 also have cataracts. […] Myotonic dystrophy is a genetic condition that affects the muscles. Around 90% of those with the condition develop opacities in the eye that can develop into cortical cataracts. […] Hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid glands underproduce parathyroid hormone, which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. This condition causes low levels of calcium in the aqueous humor, which can lead to membrane damage and cataract formation. […] Various medical conditions, such as diabetes, glaucoma, eczema, and others, can contribute to or cause cataracts.
#26 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/
It is relatively common for patients with diabetes to develop cataracts. Diabetes is a well-established risk factor for cataracts, and individuals with uncontrolled or poorly managed diabetes are at a higher risk of developing cataracts than those without diabetes. […] People with some skin conditions, such as eczema, especially if severe and even more so if located around the face and eyelids, can increase their chances of developing cataracts at a younger age than would otherwise be the case. […] Mild eye injuries can potentially lead to a higher chance of developing cataracts, but this risk is influenced by several factors, including the nature of the injury, the individualâs age, and their overall eye health. […] Cataracts at an early age, particularly in patients under the age of 40, can be caused by a combination of factors, and itâs important to note that this is relatively rare compared to age-related cataracts.
#27 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts
Many people with glaucoma also have cataracts. Glaucoma does not cause cataracts, but both are age-related conditions. Long-term steroid use, such as for uveitic glaucoma, can lead to cataracts, and glaucoma surgery may also increase this risk. […] Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that affects nerve cell tissues. Around 60% of people with neurofibromatosis type 2 also have cataracts. […] Myotonic dystrophy is a genetic condition that affects the muscles. Around 90% of those with the condition develop opacities in the eye that can develop into cortical cataracts. […] Hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid glands underproduce parathyroid hormone, which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. This condition causes low levels of calcium in the aqueous humor, which can lead to membrane damage and cataract formation. […] Various medical conditions, such as diabetes, glaucoma, eczema, and others, can contribute to or cause cataracts.
#28 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts
Many people with glaucoma also have cataracts. Glaucoma does not cause cataracts, but both are age-related conditions. Long-term steroid use, such as for uveitic glaucoma, can lead to cataracts, and glaucoma surgery may also increase this risk. […] Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that affects nerve cell tissues. Around 60% of people with neurofibromatosis type 2 also have cataracts. […] Myotonic dystrophy is a genetic condition that affects the muscles. Around 90% of those with the condition develop opacities in the eye that can develop into cortical cataracts. […] Hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid glands underproduce parathyroid hormone, which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. This condition causes low levels of calcium in the aqueous humor, which can lead to membrane damage and cataract formation. […] Various medical conditions, such as diabetes, glaucoma, eczema, and others, can contribute to or cause cataracts.
#29 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts
Many people with glaucoma also have cataracts. Glaucoma does not cause cataracts, but both are age-related conditions. Long-term steroid use, such as for uveitic glaucoma, can lead to cataracts, and glaucoma surgery may also increase this risk. […] Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that affects nerve cell tissues. Around 60% of people with neurofibromatosis type 2 also have cataracts. […] Myotonic dystrophy is a genetic condition that affects the muscles. Around 90% of those with the condition develop opacities in the eye that can develop into cortical cataracts. […] Hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid glands underproduce parathyroid hormone, which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. This condition causes low levels of calcium in the aqueous humor, which can lead to membrane damage and cataract formation. […] Various medical conditions, such as diabetes, glaucoma, eczema, and others, can contribute to or cause cataracts.
#30 Cataracts Surgery, First Signs, Symptoms, Types & Treatment
https://www.medicinenet.com/cataracts/article.htm
Many genetic illnesses are associated with the development of cataracts. These include myotonic dystrophy, galactosemia, homocystinuria, Wilson’s disease, and Down syndrome, plus many others. Congenital infections with herpes simplex, rubella, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, and cytomegalic inclusion disease may also result in cataracts. […] There are many medications that, when taken over a long period, can cause secondary cataracts. The most common of these are oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, which currently are used for a wide variety of medical conditions. […] The term „congenital cataract” is used when a baby is born with any clouding of the lens. This may be present in one or both eyes, be stationary, or be progressive. Causes include genetic disorders or infectious or non-infectious intrauterine developmental disorders, both often associated with other physical abnormalities of the baby.
#31 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts
Many people with glaucoma also have cataracts. Glaucoma does not cause cataracts, but both are age-related conditions. Long-term steroid use, such as for uveitic glaucoma, can lead to cataracts, and glaucoma surgery may also increase this risk. […] Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that affects nerve cell tissues. Around 60% of people with neurofibromatosis type 2 also have cataracts. […] Myotonic dystrophy is a genetic condition that affects the muscles. Around 90% of those with the condition develop opacities in the eye that can develop into cortical cataracts. […] Hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid glands underproduce parathyroid hormone, which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. This condition causes low levels of calcium in the aqueous humor, which can lead to membrane damage and cataract formation. […] Various medical conditions, such as diabetes, glaucoma, eczema, and others, can contribute to or cause cataracts.
#32 Cataracts Surgery, First Signs, Symptoms, Types & Treatment
https://www.medicinenet.com/cataracts/article.htm
Many genetic illnesses are associated with the development of cataracts. These include myotonic dystrophy, galactosemia, homocystinuria, Wilson’s disease, and Down syndrome, plus many others. Congenital infections with herpes simplex, rubella, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, and cytomegalic inclusion disease may also result in cataracts. […] There are many medications that, when taken over a long period, can cause secondary cataracts. The most common of these are oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone, which currently are used for a wide variety of medical conditions. […] The term „congenital cataract” is used when a baby is born with any clouding of the lens. This may be present in one or both eyes, be stationary, or be progressive. Causes include genetic disorders or infectious or non-infectious intrauterine developmental disorders, both often associated with other physical abnormalities of the baby.
#33 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A traumatic cataract can occur following both blunt and penetrating eye injuries, as well as after electrocution, chemical burns, and exposure to radiation. […] Metabolic cataracts occur in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, galactosemia, Wilson disease, and myotonic dystrophy. […] Nuclear sclerosis is the yellowing and hardening of the central portion of the crystalline lens, and it occurs slowly over years. […] Cortical cataracts occur when the portion of lens fibers surrounding the nucleus become opacified. […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) are opacities located in the most posterior cortical layer, directly under the lens capsule. […] Anterior subcapsular cataracts can develop idiopathically, may be secondary to trauma, or may be iatrogenic. […] Diabetic snowflake cataracts appear as gray-white subcapsular opacities.
#34 Cataract Causes | Stanford Health Care
https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/cataract/causes.html
A cataract occurs when the lens inside your eye gets cloudy. Things linked to clouding include: […] Aging. But changes caused by aging don’t always lead to cataracts. […] Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This includes UV light from sunlight, tanning booths, or sun lamps. […] Diabetes, especially when the blood sugar levels are above the safe range. This can cause changes in the eye that can cause cataracts. […] Diseases inside the eye. These include glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal detachment, and long-term uveitis. […] Long-term use of steroid medicines. […] Frequent X-rays or radiation treatments to the head. […] Family history. A person may inherit the tendency to get cataracts. […] Vitrectomy. People who have had the vitreous gel removed from their eye (vitrectomy) have a higher risk of cataracts. […] Eye injury. Injury-related cataracts are rare. But injury is a leading cause of cataracts in children. […] Being born with cataracts (congenital). Some children are born with them.
#35 Cataract | AOA
https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/cataract
Most cataracts develop in people over age 55, but they occasionally occur in infants and young children or as a result of trauma or medications. […] Most cataracts are due to age-related changes in the lens of the eye that cause it to become cloudy or opaque. However, other factors can contribute to cataract development, including: Diabetes mellitus. People with diabetes are at higher risk for cataracts. […] Rarely, cataracts are present at birth or develop shortly after. They may be inherited or develop due to an infection (such as rubella) in the mother during pregnancy. A cataract may also develop following an eye injury or surgery for another eye problem, such as glaucoma.
#36 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A traumatic cataract can occur following both blunt and penetrating eye injuries, as well as after electrocution, chemical burns, and exposure to radiation. […] Metabolic cataracts occur in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, galactosemia, Wilson disease, and myotonic dystrophy. […] Nuclear sclerosis is the yellowing and hardening of the central portion of the crystalline lens, and it occurs slowly over years. […] Cortical cataracts occur when the portion of lens fibers surrounding the nucleus become opacified. […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) are opacities located in the most posterior cortical layer, directly under the lens capsule. […] Anterior subcapsular cataracts can develop idiopathically, may be secondary to trauma, or may be iatrogenic. […] Diabetic snowflake cataracts appear as gray-white subcapsular opacities.
#37 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
Environmental factors, including toxins, radiation, and ultraviolet light have cumulative effects which are worsened by the loss of protective and restorative mechanisms due to alterations in gene expression and chemical processes within the eye. […] Oxidative stress associated with lipid peroxidation is an important pathogenic mechanism in cataract formation. […] Senile cataracts are associated with a decrease in antioxidant capacity in the lens. […] An increase in oxidative stress in the lens or a decrease in the ability to remove reactive oxygen species can lead to the lens becoming more opaque. […] Blunt trauma causes swelling, thickening, and whitening of the lens fibers. […] Cataracts may develop in 0.7 to 8.0% of cases following electrical injuries. […] Cataracts can arise as an effect of exposure to various types of radiation.
#38 Causes Of Cataracts | Understanding What Causes Cataracts
https://bestcataractsurgeons.com/causes-of-cataracts/
This article explores the many different causes of cataracts. […] Cataracts form when proteins in the eyeâs natural lens degrade over time, causing the lens to become cloudy and impair vision. This process occurs naturally with aging, and also can be accelerated by several factors such as UV exposure, diabetes, certain medications like corticosteroids, and physical eye trauma. […] By far the most common reason for cataract development is due to advancing age. […] The most common medication that causes cataracts are oral, intravenous, and inhaled steroids. […] Blunt forces to the eye or surrounding face can cause a special type of traumatic cataract called a âstellate cataractâ. […] The list of medical conditions that can cause a cataract is extensive, but the most common medical condition that causes cataracts is diabetes. […] There are a variety of metabolic disorders that can result in early cataracts. […] In rare circumstances an infant can be born with cataracts, these are called congenital cataracts. […] Yes. According to the FDAâs website, smoking cigarettes can, in fact, cause cataracts.
#39 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
The genetic component is strong in the development of cataracts, most commonly through mechanisms that protect and maintain the lens. […] Cigarette smoking has been shown to increase the risk of age-related cataract and nuclear cataract. […] Low vitamin C intake and serum levels have been associated with greater cataract rates. […] Some medications, such as systemic, topical, or inhaled corticosteroids, may increase the risk of cataract development. […] Nearly every person who undergoes a vitrectomy without ever having had cataract surgery will experience progression of nuclear sclerosis after the operation. […] Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can have several side effects, including the long-term development of cataracts.
#40
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts
Aging is the most common cause. This is due to normal eye changes that begin to happen after age 40. That is when normal proteins in the lens start to break down. This is what causes the lens to get cloudy. People over age 60 usually start to have some clouding of their lenses. However, vision problems may not happen until years later. […] Other reasons you may get cataracts include: having parents, brothers, sisters, or other family members who have cataracts; having certain medical problems, such as diabetes; having had an eye injury, eye surgery, or radiation treatments on your upper body; having spent a lot of time in the sun, especially without sunglasses that protect your eyes from damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays; using certain medications such as corticosteroids, which may cause early formation of cataracts; smoking. […] Most age-related cataracts develop gradually. Other cataracts can develop more quickly, such as those in younger people or those in people with diabetes. Doctors cannot predict how quickly a persons cataract will develop.
#41 Causes Of Cataracts | Understanding What Causes Cataracts
https://bestcataractsurgeons.com/causes-of-cataracts/
This article explores the many different causes of cataracts. […] Cataracts form when proteins in the eyeâs natural lens degrade over time, causing the lens to become cloudy and impair vision. This process occurs naturally with aging, and also can be accelerated by several factors such as UV exposure, diabetes, certain medications like corticosteroids, and physical eye trauma. […] By far the most common reason for cataract development is due to advancing age. […] The most common medication that causes cataracts are oral, intravenous, and inhaled steroids. […] Blunt forces to the eye or surrounding face can cause a special type of traumatic cataract called a âstellate cataractâ. […] The list of medical conditions that can cause a cataract is extensive, but the most common medical condition that causes cataracts is diabetes. […] There are a variety of metabolic disorders that can result in early cataracts. […] In rare circumstances an infant can be born with cataracts, these are called congenital cataracts. […] Yes. According to the FDAâs website, smoking cigarettes can, in fact, cause cataracts.
#42
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts
Aging is the most common cause. This is due to normal eye changes that begin to happen after age 40. That is when normal proteins in the lens start to break down. This is what causes the lens to get cloudy. People over age 60 usually start to have some clouding of their lenses. However, vision problems may not happen until years later. […] Other reasons you may get cataracts include: having parents, brothers, sisters, or other family members who have cataracts; having certain medical problems, such as diabetes; having had an eye injury, eye surgery, or radiation treatments on your upper body; having spent a lot of time in the sun, especially without sunglasses that protect your eyes from damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays; using certain medications such as corticosteroids, which may cause early formation of cataracts; smoking. […] Most age-related cataracts develop gradually. Other cataracts can develop more quickly, such as those in younger people or those in people with diabetes. Doctors cannot predict how quickly a persons cataract will develop.
#43 Cataracts – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/cataracts
Lack of some vitamins and other antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, selenium, beta-carotene, and lycopene has been shown by research to be linked to cataracts. […] Certain medications can also cause cataracts, including statins (a class of medications that reduce cholesterol) and corticosteroids such as prednisone that are used to reduce inflammation.
#44 Cataract: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Early signs | MedPark Hospital
https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/cataract
Cataracts develop due to the denaturation of the proteins in the lens. As we age, proteins degenerate, resulting in a cluster of dense protein clumps forming cataracts, with the lenses becoming opaque. Cataracts are more prevalent in those aged over 60. In addition, cataracts can also result from tissue injuries around the lens or in the eye, an infectious eye disease, and congenital rubella infection in the womb. […] Causes of Cataracts: Aging, Prenatal infections, such as maternal rubella during pregnancy, Congenital diseases such as galactosemia, prematurity, and hereditary cataract, Certain diseases, such as arthritis, lupus, and Wilson’s disease, Prolonged use of steroids to treat conditions such as arthritis or lupus, Phenothiazine medications to treat specific types of schizophrenia, such as bipolar disorder, Some medications, such as mydriatic eye drops, heart rhythm drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, tamoxifen for breast cancer, etc., Ocular diseases such as eye inflammation, uveitis, eyeball infection, exfoliation syndrome, anterior segment ischemia, and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) raise the risk of cataract development, Excessive exposure to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation without sunglasses or other protective equipment, An accident or contusion around the eye, such as metal or stone fragments thrown into the eye or torn tissues within the eyeball, increases the risk of developing cataracts, Radiation therapy to the upper body or the head, Previous retinal or vitreous surgery, Exposure to chemicals, Electric shock, Exposure to secondhand smoke, Excessive alcohol consumption.
#45 Cataract: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Early signs | MedPark Hospital
https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/cataract
Cataracts develop due to the denaturation of the proteins in the lens. As we age, proteins degenerate, resulting in a cluster of dense protein clumps forming cataracts, with the lenses becoming opaque. Cataracts are more prevalent in those aged over 60. In addition, cataracts can also result from tissue injuries around the lens or in the eye, an infectious eye disease, and congenital rubella infection in the womb. […] Causes of Cataracts: Aging, Prenatal infections, such as maternal rubella during pregnancy, Congenital diseases such as galactosemia, prematurity, and hereditary cataract, Certain diseases, such as arthritis, lupus, and Wilson’s disease, Prolonged use of steroids to treat conditions such as arthritis or lupus, Phenothiazine medications to treat specific types of schizophrenia, such as bipolar disorder, Some medications, such as mydriatic eye drops, heart rhythm drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, tamoxifen for breast cancer, etc., Ocular diseases such as eye inflammation, uveitis, eyeball infection, exfoliation syndrome, anterior segment ischemia, and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) raise the risk of cataract development, Excessive exposure to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation without sunglasses or other protective equipment, An accident or contusion around the eye, such as metal or stone fragments thrown into the eye or torn tissues within the eyeball, increases the risk of developing cataracts, Radiation therapy to the upper body or the head, Previous retinal or vitreous surgery, Exposure to chemicals, Electric shock, Exposure to secondhand smoke, Excessive alcohol consumption.
#46 Cataracts and Exposure To Sunlight | Byrd and Wyandotte Eye Clinic
https://www.byrdeyeclinic.com/eye-care-resources/can-sunlight-cause-cataracts
Most people know that they are supposed to protect their eyes from the suns harmful UV rays, but many dont know exactly why. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and to UV rays has been associated with an increased risk with numerous eye conditions, including cataracts. […] Although there are numerous possible causes of cataracts, most cataracts are age related. Nevertheless, the World Health Organization estimates that up to 20 percent of cataracts worldwide may be caused by overexposure to UV radiation. This means that up to one out of every five instances of cataracts could be prevented with proper eye protection or reduced exposure to sunlight. […] A 2014 study conducted by the National Eye Institute found that UV light triggers protein damage in the lens in much the same way that oxygen does in the case of age-related cataract formation. Age-related cataracts form due to oxidative stress, a chemical reaction that is tied to aging. Oxidative stress causes the proteins of the eyes natural lenses to start clumping together. Over time, they form a cataract. […] The effects of UV radiation are cumulative. People most likely to suffer from cataracts due to exposure to sunlight are those who spend hours outdoors on a more-or-less everyday basis.
#47 Cataracts and Exposure To Sunlight | Byrd and Wyandotte Eye Clinic
https://www.byrdeyeclinic.com/eye-care-resources/can-sunlight-cause-cataracts
Most people know that they are supposed to protect their eyes from the suns harmful UV rays, but many dont know exactly why. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and to UV rays has been associated with an increased risk with numerous eye conditions, including cataracts. […] Although there are numerous possible causes of cataracts, most cataracts are age related. Nevertheless, the World Health Organization estimates that up to 20 percent of cataracts worldwide may be caused by overexposure to UV radiation. This means that up to one out of every five instances of cataracts could be prevented with proper eye protection or reduced exposure to sunlight. […] A 2014 study conducted by the National Eye Institute found that UV light triggers protein damage in the lens in much the same way that oxygen does in the case of age-related cataract formation. Age-related cataracts form due to oxidative stress, a chemical reaction that is tied to aging. Oxidative stress causes the proteins of the eyes natural lenses to start clumping together. Over time, they form a cataract. […] The effects of UV radiation are cumulative. People most likely to suffer from cataracts due to exposure to sunlight are those who spend hours outdoors on a more-or-less everyday basis.
#48 The Causation and Pathophysiology of Cataracts
https://www.longdom.org/articles/the-causation-and-pathophysiology-of-cataracts-98212.html
A cataract is a hazy spot in the eye’s lens that causes visual loss. Cataracts are most usually caused by ageing, although they can also be caused by trauma or radiation exposure, be present from birth, or develop after eye surgery for other reasons. […] The most common cause of cataracts is aging. Lens proteins denature and degrade over time, which is increased by disorders such as diabetes and hypertension. […] Oxidative stress is a major pathogenic factor in cataract development. […] Trauma: The lens fibers enlarge, thicken, and whiten as a result of blunt trauma. […] Radiation: Cataracts can develop as a result of several types of radiation exposure. X-rays, one form of ionizing radiation, may damage the DNA of lens cells. Ultraviolet light, notably UVB, is also believed to produce cataracts.
#49 Cataract: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Early signs | MedPark Hospital
https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/cataract
Cataracts develop due to the denaturation of the proteins in the lens. As we age, proteins degenerate, resulting in a cluster of dense protein clumps forming cataracts, with the lenses becoming opaque. Cataracts are more prevalent in those aged over 60. In addition, cataracts can also result from tissue injuries around the lens or in the eye, an infectious eye disease, and congenital rubella infection in the womb. […] Causes of Cataracts: Aging, Prenatal infections, such as maternal rubella during pregnancy, Congenital diseases such as galactosemia, prematurity, and hereditary cataract, Certain diseases, such as arthritis, lupus, and Wilson’s disease, Prolonged use of steroids to treat conditions such as arthritis or lupus, Phenothiazine medications to treat specific types of schizophrenia, such as bipolar disorder, Some medications, such as mydriatic eye drops, heart rhythm drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, tamoxifen for breast cancer, etc., Ocular diseases such as eye inflammation, uveitis, eyeball infection, exfoliation syndrome, anterior segment ischemia, and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) raise the risk of cataract development, Excessive exposure to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation without sunglasses or other protective equipment, An accident or contusion around the eye, such as metal or stone fragments thrown into the eye or torn tissues within the eyeball, increases the risk of developing cataracts, Radiation therapy to the upper body or the head, Previous retinal or vitreous surgery, Exposure to chemicals, Electric shock, Exposure to secondhand smoke, Excessive alcohol consumption.
#50 Cataracts & Diabetes: Causes, Prevention & Treatment
https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/eye-health/curious-about-cataracts
Cataracts are a clouding of the lens of the eye. While they are common in the aging population, its important to know that they can occur at a much earlier age when you have diabetes. […] When you have diabetes, high blood sugar (blood glucose) levels over time can lead to structural changes in the lens of the eye that can accelerate the development of cataracts. […] If you have diabetes, you might be at greater risk for developing cataracts depending on how long youve had it, the frequency of glucose levels above your target range and the presence of macular edemafluid build-up in the macula (located in the center of the retina). […] Other causes of cataracts: Family history, Eye injury, Eye surgery, Repeated eye injections, Spending a lot of time in the sun without UV sunglasses, Using certain medications, such as corticosteroids.
#51 Cataracts Causes Santa Rosa CA – Sonoma County
https://www.see-eci.com/our-services/cataracts/what-causes-cataract/
Any physical trauma experienced by the eye can cause swelling and thickening of the lens on top of a white, clouding effect. […] One of the biggest causes of early-onset cataracts is excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, especially from the sun. […] Lifelong smokers have been shown to develop cataracts at roughly twice the rate of the general population. […] Several metabolic or nutritional diseases, such as hyperparathyroidism, as well as infections that involve the eyes, have shown potential links.
#52 Cataracts – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/cataracts
Cataracts are a condition where the lens (a part of the eye that focuses light) becomes cloudy. […] The lenses in the eyes are normally clear or transparent, but with age, the structure or chemical makeup of the lens changes, causing them to „cloud over.” […] Aging is the most common cause of cataracts. A few people are born with congenital cataracts, which usually affect both eyes. […] Traumatic cataracts refer to a condition that may appear immediately following an eye injury, or it may occur years later. […] Secondary cataracts are caused by the development of scar tissue following cataract surgery. […] Exposure to sunlight increases the risk of senile cataracts. Radiation from the sun, especially ultraviolet B (UVB) rays, damages the proteins in the lens. […] Cigarette smoke damages the proteins in the lens.
#53 Causes Of Cataracts | Understanding What Causes Cataracts
https://bestcataractsurgeons.com/causes-of-cataracts/
This article explores the many different causes of cataracts. […] Cataracts form when proteins in the eyeâs natural lens degrade over time, causing the lens to become cloudy and impair vision. This process occurs naturally with aging, and also can be accelerated by several factors such as UV exposure, diabetes, certain medications like corticosteroids, and physical eye trauma. […] By far the most common reason for cataract development is due to advancing age. […] The most common medication that causes cataracts are oral, intravenous, and inhaled steroids. […] Blunt forces to the eye or surrounding face can cause a special type of traumatic cataract called a âstellate cataractâ. […] The list of medical conditions that can cause a cataract is extensive, but the most common medical condition that causes cataracts is diabetes. […] There are a variety of metabolic disorders that can result in early cataracts. […] In rare circumstances an infant can be born with cataracts, these are called congenital cataracts. […] Yes. According to the FDAâs website, smoking cigarettes can, in fact, cause cataracts.
#54 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/
Certain medications have been linked to an increased risk of developing cataracts. Prolonged use of steroid and corticosteroid medications, commonly used for inflammation, top this list. […] While moderate alcohol consumption was not shown to impact the risk of cataracts, studies indicate that there is a significant increase in cataract risk with those that had a high alcohol intake. […] Individuals with a family history of cataracts may be at higher risk of developing them earlier in life. […] While the link between diet, exercise, and cataracts is not fully understood, a study of 27 thousand non-diabetic adults showed a significantly lower incidence of cataracts in participants that followed healthy eating and exercise lifestyles. […] Myopia, or nearsightedness, may increase the risk of cataracts, especially nuclear and posterior subcapsular types. […] Postmenopausal women may benefit from estrogens potential protective role against cataracts, though its effect is modest.
#55 Understanding Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors | Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences
https://ophthalmology.wustl.edu/understanding-cataracts-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors/
Cataracts occur when the natural lens of your eye becomes cloudy, leading to a decrease in vision. This clouding is due to the clumping of proteins in the lens, which can obstruct light from passing through and focusing properly on the retina. […] Understanding the causes of cataracts can help in early detection and prevention. Here are some primary causes: […] The most common cause of cataracts is aging. As you age, the proteins in your eyes lens can start to break down and clump together, forming a cloudy area. […] Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet sunlight can increase the risk of developing cataracts. […] People with diabetes are at a higher risk of cataracts due to high blood sugar levels affecting the eyes lens. […] Tobacco smoke can accelerate the clouding of the lens. […] Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to an increased risk of cataracts.
#56 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/
Certain medications have been linked to an increased risk of developing cataracts. Prolonged use of steroid and corticosteroid medications, commonly used for inflammation, top this list. […] While moderate alcohol consumption was not shown to impact the risk of cataracts, studies indicate that there is a significant increase in cataract risk with those that had a high alcohol intake. […] Individuals with a family history of cataracts may be at higher risk of developing them earlier in life. […] While the link between diet, exercise, and cataracts is not fully understood, a study of 27 thousand non-diabetic adults showed a significantly lower incidence of cataracts in participants that followed healthy eating and exercise lifestyles. […] Myopia, or nearsightedness, may increase the risk of cataracts, especially nuclear and posterior subcapsular types. […] Postmenopausal women may benefit from estrogens potential protective role against cataracts, though its effect is modest.
#57 Cataracts – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/cataracts
Lack of some vitamins and other antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, selenium, beta-carotene, and lycopene has been shown by research to be linked to cataracts. […] Certain medications can also cause cataracts, including statins (a class of medications that reduce cholesterol) and corticosteroids such as prednisone that are used to reduce inflammation.
#58 10 Things That Cause Cataracts | Blog | New York Laser Vision
https://www.nylaservision.com/blog/10-things-that-cause-cataracts/
Prolonged exposure to the sun’s UV rays can harm your eye’s lens and heighten the possibility of developing cataracts. […] Research has revealed a link between obesity and the emergence of cataracts. […] Cataracts can result from blunt or penetrating ocular trauma, chemical burns, electric shock, or exposure to ionizing radiation. […] Long-term alcohol consumption may increase the chance of developing cataracts. […] Certain medications can lead to the development of cataracts in various ways. […] The development of cataracts can be caused by poor nutrition.
#59 Cataracts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cataracts/symptoms-causes/syc-20353790
Most cataracts develop when aging or injury changes the tissue that makes up the eye’s lens. Proteins and fibers in the lens begin to break down. This causes vision to become hazy or cloudy. […] Some disorders passed down from parents that cause other health problems can increase your risk of cataracts. Cataracts also can be caused by other eye conditions, past eye surgery or medical conditions such as diabetes. Long-term use of steroid medicines also may cause cataracts to develop. […] As you age, the lenses in your eyes become less flexible, less clear and thicker. Aging and some medical conditions can cause proteins and fibers within the lenses to break down and clump together. This is what causes the clouding in the lenses. […] Factors that increase your risk of cataracts include: Increasing age. Diabetes. Getting too much sunlight. Smoking. Obesity. Family history of cataracts. Previous eye injury or inflammation. Previous eye surgery. Prolonged use of corticosteroid medicines. Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol.
#60
https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/cataracts/overview-of-cataract/
Some babies are born with congenital cataracts, but they’re rare. They affect about one in every 2,400 newborns. These cataracts can happen when a baby is born with one of several congenital disorders. They can also develop when the mother is exposed to certain infections, medicine or radiation while she’s pregnant. […] Injuries and trauma can cause cataracts in children, too. These are called acquired cataracts.
#61
https://www.sightsaversusa.org/eye-conditions/cataracts/childhood-cataracts/
Cataracts are one of the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness in children. […] Not all cataracts in babies and children have a known cause. Most unilateral cataracts are not related to illness or injury, while bilateral cataracts are more likely to be inherited or caused by an illness. […] Risk factors for childhood cataracts include: Genetics: if a parent or close family member had cataracts in childhood, a baby is more likely to be born with them or develop them in childhood. […] Certain illnesses or infection in utero: while rare, maternal illness can affect a babys development in the womb. Rubella is the most common cause of congenital cataracts. […] Injury or trauma: a sharp or dull impact to the eye can damage the lens and cause a cataract to form.
#62 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/
Congenital cataracts can be caused by genetic factors. They may be inherited from one or both parents who carry a specific gene mutation associated with cataract development. […] Certain infections that a mother contracts during pregnancy, such as rubella (German measles) or toxoplasmosis, can increase the risk of congenital cataracts in the baby. […] Some metabolic disorders, like galactosemia, can lead to the development of congenital cataracts in infants. […] Physical injury or trauma during the birthing process can cause cataracts in newborns. […] Congenital cataracts can also be associated with other medical conditions or syndromes, such as Down syndrome or Lowe syndrome.
#63
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/childhood-cataracts/causes/
The main infections linked to an increased risk of congenital cataracts include: rubella (german measles) a viral infection that can cause a red-pink spotty skin rash, toxoplasmosis a parasitic infection caught by consuming food, water or soil contaminated with infected cat’s faeces, cytomegalovirus (CMV) a common virus that can cause flu-like symptoms, chickenpox a mild but highly infectious condition caused by the varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus a virus that often causes cold sores. […] Causes of this type of cataracts can include: galactosaemia where the sugar galactose (which mainly comes from lactose, the sugar in milk) cannot be broken down by the body, diabetes a lifelong condition that causes a person’s blood sugar level to become too high, eye trauma as a result of an injury to the eye or eye surgery, toxocariasis a rare parasitic infection that can sometimes infect the eyes, spread from animals to humans via their infected faeces. […] But most of these problems are either rare or do not usually cause cataracts to develop in children.
#64 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/
Congenital cataracts can be caused by genetic factors. They may be inherited from one or both parents who carry a specific gene mutation associated with cataract development. […] Certain infections that a mother contracts during pregnancy, such as rubella (German measles) or toxoplasmosis, can increase the risk of congenital cataracts in the baby. […] Some metabolic disorders, like galactosemia, can lead to the development of congenital cataracts in infants. […] Physical injury or trauma during the birthing process can cause cataracts in newborns. […] Congenital cataracts can also be associated with other medical conditions or syndromes, such as Down syndrome or Lowe syndrome.
#65 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/
Congenital cataracts can be caused by genetic factors. They may be inherited from one or both parents who carry a specific gene mutation associated with cataract development. […] Certain infections that a mother contracts during pregnancy, such as rubella (German measles) or toxoplasmosis, can increase the risk of congenital cataracts in the baby. […] Some metabolic disorders, like galactosemia, can lead to the development of congenital cataracts in infants. […] Physical injury or trauma during the birthing process can cause cataracts in newborns. […] Congenital cataracts can also be associated with other medical conditions or syndromes, such as Down syndrome or Lowe syndrome.
#66 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/
Congenital cataracts can be caused by genetic factors. They may be inherited from one or both parents who carry a specific gene mutation associated with cataract development. […] Certain infections that a mother contracts during pregnancy, such as rubella (German measles) or toxoplasmosis, can increase the risk of congenital cataracts in the baby. […] Some metabolic disorders, like galactosemia, can lead to the development of congenital cataracts in infants. […] Physical injury or trauma during the birthing process can cause cataracts in newborns. […] Congenital cataracts can also be associated with other medical conditions or syndromes, such as Down syndrome or Lowe syndrome.
#67 Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Orbis
https://www.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/cataracts
If cataracts in children are not treated in time, the child can become permanently blind as their vision fails to develop properly. […] According to the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness there are around 12 million people living with blindness and a further 52 million with mild-to-severe vision loss caused by this entirely preventable condition.
#68 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
Environmental factors, including toxins, radiation, and ultraviolet light have cumulative effects which are worsened by the loss of protective and restorative mechanisms due to alterations in gene expression and chemical processes within the eye. […] Oxidative stress associated with lipid peroxidation is an important pathogenic mechanism in cataract formation. […] Senile cataracts are associated with a decrease in antioxidant capacity in the lens. […] An increase in oxidative stress in the lens or a decrease in the ability to remove reactive oxygen species can lead to the lens becoming more opaque. […] Blunt trauma causes swelling, thickening, and whitening of the lens fibers. […] Cataracts may develop in 0.7 to 8.0% of cases following electrical injuries. […] Cataracts can arise as an effect of exposure to various types of radiation.
#69 Cataract: Types, Causes and Risk Factors
https://www.healthline.com/health/cataract
A cataract begins when proteins in the eye form clumps that prevent the lens from sending clear images to the retina. […] There are several underlying causes of cataracts. These include: an overproduction of oxidants, which are oxygen molecules that have been chemically altered due to normal daily life, smoking, ultraviolet radiation, the long-term use of steroids and other medications, certain diseases, such as diabetes, trauma, and radiation therapy. […] Secondary cataracts are caused by disease or medications. Diseases that are linked with the development of cataracts include glaucoma and diabetes. The use of the steroid prednisone and other medications can sometimes lead to cataracts. […] Cataracts can interfere with daily activities and lead to blindness when left untreated.
#70 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
Environmental factors, including toxins, radiation, and ultraviolet light have cumulative effects which are worsened by the loss of protective and restorative mechanisms due to alterations in gene expression and chemical processes within the eye. […] Oxidative stress associated with lipid peroxidation is an important pathogenic mechanism in cataract formation. […] Senile cataracts are associated with a decrease in antioxidant capacity in the lens. […] An increase in oxidative stress in the lens or a decrease in the ability to remove reactive oxygen species can lead to the lens becoming more opaque. […] Blunt trauma causes swelling, thickening, and whitening of the lens fibers. […] Cataracts may develop in 0.7 to 8.0% of cases following electrical injuries. […] Cataracts can arise as an effect of exposure to various types of radiation.
#71 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
Cataracts are most commonly due to aging but may also occur due to trauma or radiation exposure, be present from birth, or occur following eye surgery for other problems. […] Risk factors include diabetes, longstanding use of corticosteroid medication, smoking tobacco, prolonged exposure to sunlight, and alcohol. […] In addition to these, poor nutrition, obesity, chronic kidney disease, and autoimmune diseases have been recognized in various studies as contributing to the development of cataracts. […] Cataract formation is primarily driven by oxidative stress, which damages lens proteins, leading to their aggregation and the accumulation of clumps of protein or yellow-brown pigment in the lens. […] Age is the most common cause of cataracts. […] Lens proteins denature and degrade over time, and this process is accelerated by diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
#72 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
Cataracts are most commonly due to aging but may also occur due to trauma or radiation exposure, be present from birth, or occur following eye surgery for other problems. […] Risk factors include diabetes, longstanding use of corticosteroid medication, smoking tobacco, prolonged exposure to sunlight, and alcohol. […] In addition to these, poor nutrition, obesity, chronic kidney disease, and autoimmune diseases have been recognized in various studies as contributing to the development of cataracts. […] Cataract formation is primarily driven by oxidative stress, which damages lens proteins, leading to their aggregation and the accumulation of clumps of protein or yellow-brown pigment in the lens. […] Age is the most common cause of cataracts. […] Lens proteins denature and degrade over time, and this process is accelerated by diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
#73 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
Environmental factors, including toxins, radiation, and ultraviolet light have cumulative effects which are worsened by the loss of protective and restorative mechanisms due to alterations in gene expression and chemical processes within the eye. […] Oxidative stress associated with lipid peroxidation is an important pathogenic mechanism in cataract formation. […] Senile cataracts are associated with a decrease in antioxidant capacity in the lens. […] An increase in oxidative stress in the lens or a decrease in the ability to remove reactive oxygen species can lead to the lens becoming more opaque. […] Blunt trauma causes swelling, thickening, and whitening of the lens fibers. […] Cataracts may develop in 0.7 to 8.0% of cases following electrical injuries. […] Cataracts can arise as an effect of exposure to various types of radiation.
#74 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
Environmental factors, including toxins, radiation, and ultraviolet light have cumulative effects which are worsened by the loss of protective and restorative mechanisms due to alterations in gene expression and chemical processes within the eye. […] Oxidative stress associated with lipid peroxidation is an important pathogenic mechanism in cataract formation. […] Senile cataracts are associated with a decrease in antioxidant capacity in the lens. […] An increase in oxidative stress in the lens or a decrease in the ability to remove reactive oxygen species can lead to the lens becoming more opaque. […] Blunt trauma causes swelling, thickening, and whitening of the lens fibers. […] Cataracts may develop in 0.7 to 8.0% of cases following electrical injuries. […] Cataracts can arise as an effect of exposure to various types of radiation.
#75 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A traumatic cataract can occur following both blunt and penetrating eye injuries, as well as after electrocution, chemical burns, and exposure to radiation. […] Metabolic cataracts occur in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, galactosemia, Wilson disease, and myotonic dystrophy. […] Nuclear sclerosis is the yellowing and hardening of the central portion of the crystalline lens, and it occurs slowly over years. […] Cortical cataracts occur when the portion of lens fibers surrounding the nucleus become opacified. […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) are opacities located in the most posterior cortical layer, directly under the lens capsule. […] Anterior subcapsular cataracts can develop idiopathically, may be secondary to trauma, or may be iatrogenic. […] Diabetic snowflake cataracts appear as gray-white subcapsular opacities.
#76 What Causes Cataracts? | Belmont Eye Center
https://belmonteyecenter.com/what-causes-cataracts/
Cataracts are a common condition that affects the lens in our eyes, impairing vision over time. They form when proteins in the nucleus of the lens clump together, making it difficult for light to pass through and reach the center of the eye. […] Nuclear cataracts occur most often due to natural aging processes but can also form due to UV radiation, smoking, or medication side effects. […] Cataracts develop when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, resulting in vision changes. The most common reasons for cataracts are aging and ultraviolet radiation exposure. As we age, our eyes naturally go through a stage of development which can include the development of a cataract. Ultraviolet radiation exposure over a long period of time can also cause a person to develop cataracts. Other causes may include trauma to the eyes, certain medications, and even genetics.
#77 Cataracts: Surgery, symptoms, and causes
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/157510
Cataracts are the most common cause of vision loss worldwide. They usually take several years to develop but can lead to vision loss. […] However, some people develop them earlier due to genetic factors, and some are born with cataracts. Other causes include inflammation, glaucoma, and diabetes. […] Most cataracts happen because the fibers in the eyes lens become hardened as a person gets older. As a result, the nucleus of the lens becomes compressed. This is called nuclear sclerosis. […] Proteins in the lens begin to break down and clump together, and they take on a yellow-brown color. This affects the transparency of the lens and its ability to react as light passes through it.
#78 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A traumatic cataract can occur following both blunt and penetrating eye injuries, as well as after electrocution, chemical burns, and exposure to radiation. […] Metabolic cataracts occur in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, galactosemia, Wilson disease, and myotonic dystrophy. […] Nuclear sclerosis is the yellowing and hardening of the central portion of the crystalline lens, and it occurs slowly over years. […] Cortical cataracts occur when the portion of lens fibers surrounding the nucleus become opacified. […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) are opacities located in the most posterior cortical layer, directly under the lens capsule. […] Anterior subcapsular cataracts can develop idiopathically, may be secondary to trauma, or may be iatrogenic. […] Diabetic snowflake cataracts appear as gray-white subcapsular opacities.
#79 Cortical Cataracts – The Complete Patient Guide | United States
https://bestcataractsurgeons.com/complete-guide-to-cortical-cataracts/
A cataract is a clouding of the natural crystalline lens in the eye due to changes in the protein structure over time. […] The main cause of cortical cataracts, like most cataracts is advancing age. However, history of trauma/eye injury, uncontrolled diabetes and family history of cataract also play roles. Smoking and advanced myopia (nearsightedness) have also been implicated in the development of cortical cataracts. […] Trauma to the eyes can also result in cortical cataracts. Traumatic cataracts can also be more difficult to treat, and are at increased risk of complications.
#80 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A traumatic cataract can occur following both blunt and penetrating eye injuries, as well as after electrocution, chemical burns, and exposure to radiation. […] Metabolic cataracts occur in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, galactosemia, Wilson disease, and myotonic dystrophy. […] Nuclear sclerosis is the yellowing and hardening of the central portion of the crystalline lens, and it occurs slowly over years. […] Cortical cataracts occur when the portion of lens fibers surrounding the nucleus become opacified. […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) are opacities located in the most posterior cortical layer, directly under the lens capsule. […] Anterior subcapsular cataracts can develop idiopathically, may be secondary to trauma, or may be iatrogenic. […] Diabetic snowflake cataracts appear as gray-white subcapsular opacities.
#81
https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/cataracts/overview-of-cataract/
Most cataracts are caused by normal changes inside your eyes as you get older. Tiny protein molecules in your eye’s lens break down and start to clump together. As time goes on, it looks like cloudiness on your lens. […] Certain risk factors can cause cataracts or speed them up: People in your immediate family have had cataracts. You smoke. You have diabetes. You don’t wear sunglasses with complete UV protection in the sun. You’ve hurt your eye in the past. You’ve had eye surgery before. You’ve had radiation or chemotherapy treatments. You’ve taken steroid medicine for long periods. […] A nuclear cataract happens inside the center of the lens. Most are caused by aging. […] A posterior subcapsular cataract is on the back side of the lens, opposite your pupil. It usually develops faster than nuclear and cortical cataracts. This type is associated with diabetes.
#82 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts
Certain medical conditions, including diabetes, eczema, and glaucoma, may increase a persons risk of developing cataracts. However, natural aging is the most common cause. […] Natural eye changes due to aging are the most common cause of cataracts. Certain health conditions may also cause or increase a persons risk of developing them. […] Diseases and health conditions that can cause or contribute to cataracts include the following: […] Diabetes can cause cataracts in several ways. High blood sugar can cause the eyes lens to swell, leading to blurry vision. Over time, high blood sugar can cause structural changes in the lens, making cataracts develop earlier than in people without diabetes. […] Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, may lead to posterior subcapsular cataracts, a common type in younger people. It may also cause plaque to develop in the eye lens, affecting its shape and functioning.
#83 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A traumatic cataract can occur following both blunt and penetrating eye injuries, as well as after electrocution, chemical burns, and exposure to radiation. […] Metabolic cataracts occur in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, galactosemia, Wilson disease, and myotonic dystrophy. […] Nuclear sclerosis is the yellowing and hardening of the central portion of the crystalline lens, and it occurs slowly over years. […] Cortical cataracts occur when the portion of lens fibers surrounding the nucleus become opacified. […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) are opacities located in the most posterior cortical layer, directly under the lens capsule. […] Anterior subcapsular cataracts can develop idiopathically, may be secondary to trauma, or may be iatrogenic. […] Diabetic snowflake cataracts appear as gray-white subcapsular opacities.
#84 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
Posterior polar cataracts are characterized by well-demarcated white opacities in the center of the posterior capsule. […] A traumatic cataract develops in the affected eye after an incident. […] Congenital cataracts can occur as unilateral or bilateral isolated findings or may be associated with systemic disease. […] Also known as a „Christmas tree” cataract, polychromatic cataracts consist of highly reflective, iridescent corneal crystals of various colors.
#85 Cataracts – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/cataracts
Cataracts are a condition where the lens (a part of the eye that focuses light) becomes cloudy. […] The lenses in the eyes are normally clear or transparent, but with age, the structure or chemical makeup of the lens changes, causing them to „cloud over.” […] Aging is the most common cause of cataracts. A few people are born with congenital cataracts, which usually affect both eyes. […] Traumatic cataracts refer to a condition that may appear immediately following an eye injury, or it may occur years later. […] Secondary cataracts are caused by the development of scar tissue following cataract surgery. […] Exposure to sunlight increases the risk of senile cataracts. Radiation from the sun, especially ultraviolet B (UVB) rays, damages the proteins in the lens. […] Cigarette smoke damages the proteins in the lens.
#86 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A traumatic cataract can occur following both blunt and penetrating eye injuries, as well as after electrocution, chemical burns, and exposure to radiation. […] Metabolic cataracts occur in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, galactosemia, Wilson disease, and myotonic dystrophy. […] Nuclear sclerosis is the yellowing and hardening of the central portion of the crystalline lens, and it occurs slowly over years. […] Cortical cataracts occur when the portion of lens fibers surrounding the nucleus become opacified. […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) are opacities located in the most posterior cortical layer, directly under the lens capsule. […] Anterior subcapsular cataracts can develop idiopathically, may be secondary to trauma, or may be iatrogenic. […] Diabetic snowflake cataracts appear as gray-white subcapsular opacities.
#87 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
Posterior polar cataracts are characterized by well-demarcated white opacities in the center of the posterior capsule. […] A traumatic cataract develops in the affected eye after an incident. […] Congenital cataracts can occur as unilateral or bilateral isolated findings or may be associated with systemic disease. […] Also known as a „Christmas tree” cataract, polychromatic cataracts consist of highly reflective, iridescent corneal crystals of various colors.
#88 Cataract | AOA
https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/cataract
Most cataracts develop in people over age 55, but they occasionally occur in infants and young children or as a result of trauma or medications. […] Most cataracts are due to age-related changes in the lens of the eye that cause it to become cloudy or opaque. However, other factors can contribute to cataract development, including: Diabetes mellitus. People with diabetes are at higher risk for cataracts. […] Rarely, cataracts are present at birth or develop shortly after. They may be inherited or develop due to an infection (such as rubella) in the mother during pregnancy. A cataract may also develop following an eye injury or surgery for another eye problem, such as glaucoma.
#89 Cataracts – Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/cataracts/what-are-cataracts
Cataracts form when protein builds up in the lens of your eye and makes it cloudy. This keeps light from passing through clearly. It can cause you to lose some of your eyesight. There are many types of cataracts. […] An injury or swelling in your eye can lead to one. So can a type of eczema called atopic dermatitis. […] When another condition or a medical treatment leads to a cataract, doctors call it secondary. Diabetes, taking steroids like prednisone, and even cataract surgery are possible causes. […] You can sometimes get cataracts if you spend too much time in the sun without eye protection. […] Many kinds of injuries can lead to a cataract. You can get one if you’re hit in the eye by a ball or get hurt from a burn, chemical, or splinter. The cataract could come on soon after the injury or not show up until years later. […] These congenital cataracts can be caused by a chromosomal problem like Down syndrome. They might also be hereditary, meaning a baby’s parent may have them. […] Doctors don’t know exactly what causes cataracts, so there’s no proven way to prevent them.
#90 Cataracts – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/cataracts
Cataracts are a condition where the lens (a part of the eye that focuses light) becomes cloudy. […] The lenses in the eyes are normally clear or transparent, but with age, the structure or chemical makeup of the lens changes, causing them to „cloud over.” […] Aging is the most common cause of cataracts. A few people are born with congenital cataracts, which usually affect both eyes. […] Traumatic cataracts refer to a condition that may appear immediately following an eye injury, or it may occur years later. […] Secondary cataracts are caused by the development of scar tissue following cataract surgery. […] Exposure to sunlight increases the risk of senile cataracts. Radiation from the sun, especially ultraviolet B (UVB) rays, damages the proteins in the lens. […] Cigarette smoke damages the proteins in the lens.
#91 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
Posterior polar cataracts are characterized by well-demarcated white opacities in the center of the posterior capsule. […] A traumatic cataract develops in the affected eye after an incident. […] Congenital cataracts can occur as unilateral or bilateral isolated findings or may be associated with systemic disease. […] Also known as a „Christmas tree” cataract, polychromatic cataracts consist of highly reflective, iridescent corneal crystals of various colors.
#92 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
Posterior polar cataracts are characterized by well-demarcated white opacities in the center of the posterior capsule. […] A traumatic cataract develops in the affected eye after an incident. […] Congenital cataracts can occur as unilateral or bilateral isolated findings or may be associated with systemic disease. […] Also known as a „Christmas tree” cataract, polychromatic cataracts consist of highly reflective, iridescent corneal crystals of various colors.
#93 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A traumatic cataract can occur following both blunt and penetrating eye injuries, as well as after electrocution, chemical burns, and exposure to radiation. […] Metabolic cataracts occur in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, galactosemia, Wilson disease, and myotonic dystrophy. […] Nuclear sclerosis is the yellowing and hardening of the central portion of the crystalline lens, and it occurs slowly over years. […] Cortical cataracts occur when the portion of lens fibers surrounding the nucleus become opacified. […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) are opacities located in the most posterior cortical layer, directly under the lens capsule. […] Anterior subcapsular cataracts can develop idiopathically, may be secondary to trauma, or may be iatrogenic. […] Diabetic snowflake cataracts appear as gray-white subcapsular opacities.
#94 Cataracts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cataracts/symptoms-causes/syc-20353790
Most cataracts develop when aging or injury changes the tissue that makes up the eye’s lens. Proteins and fibers in the lens begin to break down. This causes vision to become hazy or cloudy. […] Some disorders passed down from parents that cause other health problems can increase your risk of cataracts. Cataracts also can be caused by other eye conditions, past eye surgery or medical conditions such as diabetes. Long-term use of steroid medicines also may cause cataracts to develop. […] As you age, the lenses in your eyes become less flexible, less clear and thicker. Aging and some medical conditions can cause proteins and fibers within the lenses to break down and clump together. This is what causes the clouding in the lenses. […] Factors that increase your risk of cataracts include: Increasing age. Diabetes. Getting too much sunlight. Smoking. Obesity. Family history of cataracts. Previous eye injury or inflammation. Previous eye surgery. Prolonged use of corticosteroid medicines. Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol.
#95 Understanding Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors | Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences
https://ophthalmology.wustl.edu/understanding-cataracts-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors/
Eye injuries can sometimes lead to the development of cataracts. […] Long-term use of corticosteroids and other medications can contribute to cataract formation. […] A family history of cataracts can increase your likelihood of developing the condition. […] While anyone can develop cataracts, certain factors can increase your risk. Understanding these risk factors can help you take preventive measures: […] People over 60 are at a higher risk. […] Without adequate eye protection, UV rays can damage the eyes lens. […] Conditions like diabetes and hypertension can elevate the risk. […] Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are significant risk factors. […] A diet lacking in antioxidants and certain vitamins can increase cataract risk. […] Being overweight can contribute to cataract formation. […] Previous eye surgery or injury can make you more susceptible to cataracts. […] A family history of cataracts can predispose you to the condition.
#96 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/
Cataracts are primarily associated with the natural aging process. As we age, proteins in the eyes lens begin to break down and clump together, causing the lens to become cloudy. Aging is the most significant risk factor for cataracts. This process is so common that cataracts are often considered a normal part of aging. […] While age is the primary risk factor for cataract development, several other factors can increase an individuals likelihood of developing cataracts or accelerate their progression: […] Numerous epidemiological studies show a positive association between smoking and cataract formation, with a higher correlation among current smokers and heavy smokers. […] Hypertension has been shown across multiple studies to be a significant risk factor for cataract formation. […] Population based studies found that individuals with diabetes have a threefold to fourfold increased risk of cataract before age 65 years.
#97 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/
Cataracts are primarily associated with the natural aging process. As we age, proteins in the eyes lens begin to break down and clump together, causing the lens to become cloudy. Aging is the most significant risk factor for cataracts. This process is so common that cataracts are often considered a normal part of aging. […] While age is the primary risk factor for cataract development, several other factors can increase an individuals likelihood of developing cataracts or accelerate their progression: […] Numerous epidemiological studies show a positive association between smoking and cataract formation, with a higher correlation among current smokers and heavy smokers. […] Hypertension has been shown across multiple studies to be a significant risk factor for cataract formation. […] Population based studies found that individuals with diabetes have a threefold to fourfold increased risk of cataract before age 65 years.
#98 Cataracts and Exposure To Sunlight | Byrd and Wyandotte Eye Clinic
https://www.byrdeyeclinic.com/eye-care-resources/can-sunlight-cause-cataracts
Most people know that they are supposed to protect their eyes from the suns harmful UV rays, but many dont know exactly why. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and to UV rays has been associated with an increased risk with numerous eye conditions, including cataracts. […] Although there are numerous possible causes of cataracts, most cataracts are age related. Nevertheless, the World Health Organization estimates that up to 20 percent of cataracts worldwide may be caused by overexposure to UV radiation. This means that up to one out of every five instances of cataracts could be prevented with proper eye protection or reduced exposure to sunlight. […] A 2014 study conducted by the National Eye Institute found that UV light triggers protein damage in the lens in much the same way that oxygen does in the case of age-related cataract formation. Age-related cataracts form due to oxidative stress, a chemical reaction that is tied to aging. Oxidative stress causes the proteins of the eyes natural lenses to start clumping together. Over time, they form a cataract. […] The effects of UV radiation are cumulative. People most likely to suffer from cataracts due to exposure to sunlight are those who spend hours outdoors on a more-or-less everyday basis.
#99 Cataracts Causes Santa Rosa CA – Sonoma County
https://www.see-eci.com/our-services/cataracts/what-causes-cataract/
Any physical trauma experienced by the eye can cause swelling and thickening of the lens on top of a white, clouding effect. […] One of the biggest causes of early-onset cataracts is excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, especially from the sun. […] Lifelong smokers have been shown to develop cataracts at roughly twice the rate of the general population. […] Several metabolic or nutritional diseases, such as hyperparathyroidism, as well as infections that involve the eyes, have shown potential links.
#100 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/
Certain medications have been linked to an increased risk of developing cataracts. Prolonged use of steroid and corticosteroid medications, commonly used for inflammation, top this list. […] While moderate alcohol consumption was not shown to impact the risk of cataracts, studies indicate that there is a significant increase in cataract risk with those that had a high alcohol intake. […] Individuals with a family history of cataracts may be at higher risk of developing them earlier in life. […] While the link between diet, exercise, and cataracts is not fully understood, a study of 27 thousand non-diabetic adults showed a significantly lower incidence of cataracts in participants that followed healthy eating and exercise lifestyles. […] Myopia, or nearsightedness, may increase the risk of cataracts, especially nuclear and posterior subcapsular types. […] Postmenopausal women may benefit from estrogens potential protective role against cataracts, though its effect is modest.
#101 Causes Of Cataracts | Understanding What Causes Cataracts
https://bestcataractsurgeons.com/causes-of-cataracts/
This article explores the many different causes of cataracts. […] Cataracts form when proteins in the eyeâs natural lens degrade over time, causing the lens to become cloudy and impair vision. This process occurs naturally with aging, and also can be accelerated by several factors such as UV exposure, diabetes, certain medications like corticosteroids, and physical eye trauma. […] By far the most common reason for cataract development is due to advancing age. […] The most common medication that causes cataracts are oral, intravenous, and inhaled steroids. […] Blunt forces to the eye or surrounding face can cause a special type of traumatic cataract called a âstellate cataractâ. […] The list of medical conditions that can cause a cataract is extensive, but the most common medical condition that causes cataracts is diabetes. […] There are a variety of metabolic disorders that can result in early cataracts. […] In rare circumstances an infant can be born with cataracts, these are called congenital cataracts. […] Yes. According to the FDAâs website, smoking cigarettes can, in fact, cause cataracts.
#102 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract
A traumatic cataract can occur following both blunt and penetrating eye injuries, as well as after electrocution, chemical burns, and exposure to radiation. […] Metabolic cataracts occur in patients with uncontrolled diabetes, galactosemia, Wilson disease, and myotonic dystrophy. […] Nuclear sclerosis is the yellowing and hardening of the central portion of the crystalline lens, and it occurs slowly over years. […] Cortical cataracts occur when the portion of lens fibers surrounding the nucleus become opacified. […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC) are opacities located in the most posterior cortical layer, directly under the lens capsule. […] Anterior subcapsular cataracts can develop idiopathically, may be secondary to trauma, or may be iatrogenic. […] Diabetic snowflake cataracts appear as gray-white subcapsular opacities.
#103 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
The genetic component is strong in the development of cataracts, most commonly through mechanisms that protect and maintain the lens. […] Cigarette smoking has been shown to increase the risk of age-related cataract and nuclear cataract. […] Low vitamin C intake and serum levels have been associated with greater cataract rates. […] Some medications, such as systemic, topical, or inhaled corticosteroids, may increase the risk of cataract development. […] Nearly every person who undergoes a vitrectomy without ever having had cataract surgery will experience progression of nuclear sclerosis after the operation. […] Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can have several side effects, including the long-term development of cataracts.
#104 10 Things That Cause Cataracts | Blog | New York Laser Vision
https://www.nylaservision.com/blog/10-things-that-cause-cataracts/
Prolonged exposure to the sun’s UV rays can harm your eye’s lens and heighten the possibility of developing cataracts. […] Research has revealed a link between obesity and the emergence of cataracts. […] Cataracts can result from blunt or penetrating ocular trauma, chemical burns, electric shock, or exposure to ionizing radiation. […] Long-term alcohol consumption may increase the chance of developing cataracts. […] Certain medications can lead to the development of cataracts in various ways. […] The development of cataracts can be caused by poor nutrition.
#105 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/
Certain medications have been linked to an increased risk of developing cataracts. Prolonged use of steroid and corticosteroid medications, commonly used for inflammation, top this list. […] While moderate alcohol consumption was not shown to impact the risk of cataracts, studies indicate that there is a significant increase in cataract risk with those that had a high alcohol intake. […] Individuals with a family history of cataracts may be at higher risk of developing them earlier in life. […] While the link between diet, exercise, and cataracts is not fully understood, a study of 27 thousand non-diabetic adults showed a significantly lower incidence of cataracts in participants that followed healthy eating and exercise lifestyles. […] Myopia, or nearsightedness, may increase the risk of cataracts, especially nuclear and posterior subcapsular types. […] Postmenopausal women may benefit from estrogens potential protective role against cataracts, though its effect is modest.
#106 Cataract Causes | Stanford Health Care
https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/cataract/causes.html
A cataract occurs when the lens inside your eye gets cloudy. Things linked to clouding include: […] Aging. But changes caused by aging don’t always lead to cataracts. […] Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This includes UV light from sunlight, tanning booths, or sun lamps. […] Diabetes, especially when the blood sugar levels are above the safe range. This can cause changes in the eye that can cause cataracts. […] Diseases inside the eye. These include glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal detachment, and long-term uveitis. […] Long-term use of steroid medicines. […] Frequent X-rays or radiation treatments to the head. […] Family history. A person may inherit the tendency to get cataracts. […] Vitrectomy. People who have had the vitreous gel removed from their eye (vitrectomy) have a higher risk of cataracts. […] Eye injury. Injury-related cataracts are rare. But injury is a leading cause of cataracts in children. […] Being born with cataracts (congenital). Some children are born with them.
#107 Cataracts | Better Health Channel
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cataracts
Cataracts are a common cause of low vision in the elderly. […] Sun protection and quitting smoking may help to prevent or delay cataracts. […] Most cataracts develop as part of the ageing process. Long term and unprotected exposure to UV sunlight, smoking, diabetes and long term corticosteroid use are among increased risk factors for developing cataract. […] Wearing sunglasses to protect from prolonged direct exposure to UV sunlight, not smoking and good diabetes control if you suffer from diabetes may assist to prevent the early development of cataract.
#108 Causes and Risk Factors of Cataract – Zeiss
https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/en/eye-surgery/cataract-surgery/causes-and-risk-factors-of-cataract.html
Cataracts are caused by a gradual clouding of the natural lens of the eye. A healthy lens focuses light onto the retina for a clear image. If it becomes increasingly cloudy, the eye is no longer able to produce a clear picture just like a foggy camera lens. […] The most common factor causing this, is increasing age, but some may also be related to genetics or health problems, such as other ocular conditions, diabetes, trauma or past eye surgery. Long-term use of steroid medications, can also contribute to clouding of the crystalline lens. […] Even though there is a significant controversy about whether cataracts can be prevented and there are no studies to prove the effectiveness of preventive measures, experts suggest some strategies that may be helpful: […] Reduce alcohol intake and cigarette consumption, because excessive alcohol intake and smoking can increase the risk of cataracts.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Orbishttps://www.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/cataracts

#2 Cataracts And Glaucoma – Glaucoma Research Foundationhttps://glaucoma.org/articles/cataracts-and-glaucoma

#3 Cataract – EyeWikihttps://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#4 Causes of Cataracts | Ausmedhttps://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/cataracts

#5 Cataracts Surgery, First Signs, Symptoms, Types & Treatmenthttps://www.medicinenet.com/cataracts/article.htm

#6 Causes of Cataracts | National Eye Institutehttps://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts/causes-cataracts

#7https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts

#8 Cataracts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinichttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cataracts/symptoms-causes/syc-20353790

#9 Cataracts: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment Optionshttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8589-cataracts-age-related

#10 Cataract – EyeWikihttps://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#11https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts

#12 Understanding Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors | Ophthalmology & Visual Scienceshttps://ophthalmology.wustl.edu/understanding-cataracts-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors/

#13 Cataract – Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#14 Cataracts: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment Optionshttps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8589-cataracts-age-related

#15 Congenital Cataract: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiologyhttps://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210837-overview

#16https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/childhood-cataracts/causes/

#17 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategieshttps://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/

#18 Cataracts & Diabetes: Causes, Prevention & Treatmenthttps://diabetes.org/health-wellness/eye-health/curious-about-cataracts

#19 Which diseases cause cataracts?https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#20 Canine cataracts | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicinehttps://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/canine-cataracts

#21 Cataract – EyeWikihttps://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#22 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategieshttps://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/

#23 Our Officeshttps://associatedretinaconsultants.com/what-causes-cataracts-2/

#24 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegrahttps://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/

#25 Which diseases cause cataracts?https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#26 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegrahttps://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/

#27 Which diseases cause cataracts?https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#28 Which diseases cause cataracts?https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#29 Which diseases cause cataracts?https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#30 Cataracts Surgery, First Signs, Symptoms, Types & Treatmenthttps://www.medicinenet.com/cataracts/article.htm

#31 Which diseases cause cataracts?https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#32 Cataracts Surgery, First Signs, Symptoms, Types & Treatmenthttps://www.medicinenet.com/cataracts/article.htm

#33 Cataract – EyeWikihttps://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#34 Cataract Causes | Stanford Health Carehttps://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/cataract/causes.html

#35 Cataract | AOAhttps://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/cataract

#36 Cataract – EyeWikihttps://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#37 Cataract – Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#38 Causes Of Cataracts | Understanding What Causes Cataractshttps://bestcataractsurgeons.com/causes-of-cataracts/

#39 Cataract – Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#40https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts

#41 Causes Of Cataracts | Understanding What Causes Cataractshttps://bestcataractsurgeons.com/causes-of-cataracts/

#42https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts

#43 Cataracts – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.comhttps://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/cataracts

#44 Cataract: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Early signs | MedPark Hospitalhttps://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/cataract

#45 Cataract: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Early signs | MedPark Hospitalhttps://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/cataract

#46 Cataracts and Exposure To Sunlight | Byrd and Wyandotte Eye Clinichttps://www.byrdeyeclinic.com/eye-care-resources/can-sunlight-cause-cataracts

#47 Cataracts and Exposure To Sunlight | Byrd and Wyandotte Eye Clinichttps://www.byrdeyeclinic.com/eye-care-resources/can-sunlight-cause-cataracts

#48 The Causation and Pathophysiology of Cataractshttps://www.longdom.org/articles/the-causation-and-pathophysiology-of-cataracts-98212.html

#49 Cataract: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Early signs | MedPark Hospitalhttps://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/cataract

Zaćma
Etiologia i przyczyny

#1 Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Orbis
https://www.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/cataracts

#2 Cataracts And Glaucoma – Glaucoma Research Foundation
https://glaucoma.org/articles/cataracts-and-glaucoma

#3 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#4 Causes of Cataracts | Ausmed
https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/cataracts

#5 Cataracts Surgery, First Signs, Symptoms, Types & Treatment
https://www.medicinenet.com/cataracts/article.htm

#6 Causes of Cataracts | National Eye Institute
https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts/causes-cataracts

#7
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts

#8 Cataracts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cataracts/symptoms-causes/syc-20353790

#9 Cataracts: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment Options
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8589-cataracts-age-related

#10 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#11
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts

#12 Understanding Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors | Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences
https://ophthalmology.wustl.edu/understanding-cataracts-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors/

#13 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#14 Cataracts: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment Options
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8589-cataracts-age-related

#15 Congenital Cataract: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210837-overview

#16
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/childhood-cataracts/causes/

#17 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/

#18 Cataracts & Diabetes: Causes, Prevention & Treatment
https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/eye-health/curious-about-cataracts

#19 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#20 Canine cataracts | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/canine-cataracts

#21 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#22 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/

#23 Our Offices
https://associatedretinaconsultants.com/what-causes-cataracts-2/

#24 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/

#25 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#26 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/

#27 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#28 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#29 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#30 Cataracts Surgery, First Signs, Symptoms, Types & Treatment
https://www.medicinenet.com/cataracts/article.htm

#31 Which diseases cause cataracts?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diseases-that-cause-cataracts

#32 Cataracts Surgery, First Signs, Symptoms, Types & Treatment
https://www.medicinenet.com/cataracts/article.htm

#33 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#34 Cataract Causes | Stanford Health Care
https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/cataract/causes.html

#35 Cataract | AOA
https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/cataract

#36 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#37 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#38 Causes Of Cataracts | Understanding What Causes Cataracts
https://bestcataractsurgeons.com/causes-of-cataracts/

#39 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#40
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts

#41 Causes Of Cataracts | Understanding What Causes Cataracts
https://bestcataractsurgeons.com/causes-of-cataracts/

#42
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts

#43 Cataracts – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/cataracts

#44 Cataract: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Early signs | MedPark Hospital
https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/cataract

#45 Cataract: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Early signs | MedPark Hospital
https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/cataract

#46 Cataracts and Exposure To Sunlight | Byrd and Wyandotte Eye Clinic
https://www.byrdeyeclinic.com/eye-care-resources/can-sunlight-cause-cataracts

#47 Cataracts and Exposure To Sunlight | Byrd and Wyandotte Eye Clinic
https://www.byrdeyeclinic.com/eye-care-resources/can-sunlight-cause-cataracts

#48 The Causation and Pathophysiology of Cataracts
https://www.longdom.org/articles/the-causation-and-pathophysiology-of-cataracts-98212.html

#49 Cataract: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Early signs | MedPark Hospital
https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/cataract

#50 Cataracts & Diabetes: Causes, Prevention & Treatment
https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/eye-health/curious-about-cataracts

#51 Cataracts Causes Santa Rosa CA – Sonoma County
https://www.see-eci.com/our-services/cataracts/what-causes-cataract/

#52 Cataracts – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/cataracts

#53 Causes Of Cataracts | Understanding What Causes Cataracts
https://bestcataractsurgeons.com/causes-of-cataracts/

#54 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/

#55 Understanding Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors | Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences
https://ophthalmology.wustl.edu/understanding-cataracts-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors/

#56 Cataracts: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies
https://windsor.refocuseyedoctors.com/services/cataracts/cataracts-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/

#57 Cataracts – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/cataracts

#58 10 Things That Cause Cataracts | Blog | New York Laser Vision
https://www.nylaservision.com/blog/10-things-that-cause-cataracts/

#59 Cataracts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cataracts/symptoms-causes/syc-20353790

#60
https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/cataracts/overview-of-cataract/

#61
https://www.sightsaversusa.org/eye-conditions/cataracts/childhood-cataracts/

#62 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/

#63
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/childhood-cataracts/causes/

#64 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/

#65 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/

#66 What Causes Cataracts? | The Causes of Cataracts | Optegra
https://www.optegra.com/eye-health-blog/cataracts/why-do-cataracts-happen/

#67 Cataracts: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Orbis
https://www.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/cataracts

#68 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#69 Cataract: Types, Causes and Risk Factors
https://www.healthline.com/health/cataract

#70 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#71 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#72 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#73 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#74 Cataract – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

#75 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#76 What Causes Cataracts? | Belmont Eye Center
https://belmonteyecenter.com/what-causes-cataracts/

#77 Cataracts: Surgery, symptoms, and causes
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/157510

#78 Cataract – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Cataract

#79 Cortical Cataracts – The Complete Patient Guide | United States
https://bestcataractsurgeons.com/complete-guide-to-cortical-cataracts/