Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cataract – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539699/

  A cataract is a clouding or opacification of the normally clear lens of the eye or its capsule (surrounding transparent membrane) that obscures the passage of light through the lens to the retina of the eye. This blinding disease can affect infants, adults, and older people, but it predominates in the latter group. It can be bilateral and vary in severity. The disease process progresses gradually without affecting daily activities early on, but with time, especially after the fourth or fifth decade, the cataract will eventually mature, making the lens completely opaque to light and interfering with routine activities. Cataracts are a significant cause of blindness worldwide. Treatment options include correction with refractive glasses only at earlier stages, and if cataracts mature enough to interfere with routine activities, surgery may be advised, which is very fruitful.

• #2 Cataract – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Cataract

  A cataract is a clouding of the natural intraocular crystalline lens that focuses the light entering the eye onto the retina. […] Age-related cataract is the most common type, and the pathogenesis is multifactorial and not fully understood. […] In age-related cataract, the pathogenesis of cataract development is multifactorial and includes the following: Compaction and stiffening of the central lens material (nuclear sclerosis) as new layers of cortical (outer lens) fibers continue to proliferate over time; Abnormal changes in lens proteins (crystallins) resulting in their chemical and structural alteration, leading to loss of transparency; Pigmentation of lens proteins (yellow–brown); Changes in the ionic components of the lens. […] The exact mechanisms behind the pathologic migration or Wedl cell generation are not fully understood, although ionic uncoupling pathways, oxidative stress, and interleukin-induced LEC activation have all been suggested to play a role in pathogenesis.

• #3

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts

  A cataract is when your eye’s natural lens becomes cloudy. Proteins in your lens break down and cause things to look blurry, hazy or less colorful. […] Aging is the most common cause. This is due to normal eye changes that begin to happen after age 40. That is when normal proteins in the lens start to break down. This is what causes the lens to get cloudy. People over age 60 usually start to have some clouding of their lenses. However, vision problems may not happen until years later. […] Most age-related cataracts develop gradually. Other cataracts can develop more quickly, such as those in younger people or those in people with diabetes. Doctors cannot predict how quickly a persons cataract will develop. […] Cataracts can be removed only with surgery. […] During cataract surgery, your eye surgeon will remove your eyes cloudy natural lens. Then he or she will replace it with an artificial lens. This new lens is called an intraocular lens (or IOL).

• #4 The Pathophysiology of Cataract and Major Interventions to Retarding Its Progression: A Mini Review – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/AOVS/the-pathophysiology-of-cataract-and-major-interventions-to-retarding-its-progression-a-mini-review.html

  Cataracts are the principal cause of blindness, globally, affecting the older cohort (specifically those in their fifth decades and beyond). […] The pathophysiology of cataract is not fully understood albeit aldose-reductase inhibitors and antioxidants have proven beneficial in the prevention and management of this vision threatening condition in vitro and in vivo experimental studies. […] The lens is composed of specialized proteins (called crystallins), whose optical properties are dependent on the fine arrangement of their three-dimensional structure and hydration. […] However, as ageing takes place, oxidative stress occurs which reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system’s ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.

• #5 Senile Cataract (Age-Related Cataract): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210914-overview

  Senile cataract is a vision-impairing disease characterized by gradual, progressive thickening of the lens. It is the leading cause of blindness in the world today. […] The pathophysiology behind senile cataracts is complex and yet to be fully understood. In all probability, its pathogenesis is multifactorial involving complex interactions between various physiologic processes modulated by environmental, genetic, nutritional, and systemic factors. As the lens ages, its weight and thickness increases, whereas its accommodative power decreases. As the new cortical layers are added in a concentric pattern, the central nucleus is compressed and hardened in a process called nuclear sclerosis. […] Multiple mechanisms contribute to the progressive loss of transparency of the lens. The lens epithelium is believed to undergo age-related changes, particularly a decrease in lens epithelial cell density and an aberrant differentiation of lens fiber cells.

• #6 Cataracts in Adults | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/cataracts-in-adults/

  Aging increases the thickness of the lens Lens A transparent, biconvex structure of the eye, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the iris and in front of the vitreous humor (vitreous body). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the ciliary body is crucial for ocular accommodation. Eye: Anatomy. […] Cortical layers are added cells become compressed in the center loss of transparency + stiffening of lens Lens A transparent, biconvex structure of the eye, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the iris and in front of the vitreous humor (vitreous body). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the ciliary body is crucial for ocular accommodation. Eye: Anatomy.

• #7 Senile Cataract (Age-Related Cataract): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210914-overview

  Consequently, progressive oxidative damage to the lens with aging takes place, leading to senile cataract development. Various studies showing an increase in products of oxidation (eg, oxidized glutathione) and a decrease in antioxidant vitamins and the enzyme superoxide dismutase underscore the important role of oxidative processes in cataractogenesis. […] Another mechanism involved is the conversion of soluble low-molecular weight cytoplasmic lens proteins to soluble high molecular weight aggregates, insoluble phases, and insoluble membrane-protein matrices. The resulting protein changes cause abrupt fluctuations in the refractive index of the lens, scatter light rays, and reduce transparency. Other areas being investigated include the role of nutrition in cataract development, particularly the involvement of glucose and trace minerals and vitamins.

• #8 Cataract – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract

  Cataracts are most commonly due to aging but may also occur due to trauma or radiation exposure, be present from birth, or occur following eye surgery for other problems. […] Cataract formation is primarily driven by oxidative stress, which damages lens proteins, leading to their aggregation and the accumulation of clumps of protein or yellow-brown pigment in the lens. This reduces the transmission of light to the retina at the back of the eye, impairing vision. Additionally, alterations in the lens’s metabolic processes, including imbalances in calcium and other ions, contribute to cataract development. […] Oxidative stress associated with lipid peroxidation is an important pathogenic mechanism in cataract formation. […] An increase in oxidative stress in the lens or a decrease in the ability to remove reactive oxygen species can lead to the lens becoming more opaque.

• #9

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/clinical-ophthalmology/fulltext/ajco-v3-id1067.php

  Oxidant damage to lens proteins and its accumulation is implicated in the formation of cataract. […] The integrity of lenticular membrane is one of the important factors that keep lens transparency. […] Lipid peroxidation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cataract because the lethal peroxidation products induce fragmentation of soluble lens proteins and damage critical membrane structures, epithelial cell apoptosis and correlating with an increase in lens opacity and changes in the refractive properties of the lens. […] A prolonged increase in the calcium concentration would be expected to activate proteases such as calpain and could induce the formation of protein aggregates and irreversible breakdown of important structural proteins and lead to lens opacification. […] The redox state of the cell is largely reliant on the trace elements iron and copper by virtue of their capability to go through reversible redox reactions and is maintained within strict physiological limits.

• #10 The Causation and Pathophysiology of Cataracts

  https://www.longdom.org/articles/the-causation-and-pathophysiology-of-cataracts-98212.html

  A cataract is a hazy spot in the eye’s lens that causes visual loss. Cataracts usually grow gradually and might damage one or both eyes. […] Cataracts are most usually caused by ageing, although they can also be caused by trauma or radiation exposure, be present from birth, or develop after eye surgery for other reasons. […] The underlying mechanism involves the buildup of clumps of protein or yellowbrown pigment in the lens, which limits light transmission to the retina at the rear of the eye. […] Oxidative stress is a major pathogenic factor in cataract development. Senile cataracts are related with a reduction in the lens’s antioxidant capability. An increase in oxidative stress or a decrease in the lens’s capacity to remove reactive oxygen species can cause the lens to become more opaque. […] Cataracts can develop as a result of several types of radiation exposure. X-rays, one form of ionizing radiation, may damage the DNA of lens cells. Ultraviolet light, notably UVB, is also believed to produce cataracts.

• #11

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/clinical-ophthalmology/fulltext/ajco-v3-id1067.php

  Cataract is a serious eye disease accounts for the major cause of blindness globally. […] The major reason lies behind the formation of cataract is the damage induced by free radicals, reactive oxygen/ nitrogen species to the crystalline lens. […] Cataract is associated with the gradual reduction of visual quality and is accompanied by a series of pathways that associated with imbalance in oxidant-antioxidant status, membrane lipid peroxidation, defected cellular communication, ion imbalance, modification, aggregation and accumulation of proteins, lenticular cell death, inflammation etc. […] As lens is an organelle that exposed to light throughout the life time and prone to oxidative attack induced by reactive oxygen/ nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), it is equipped with an efficient antioxidant system for defending these oxidative/nitrosative stress.

• #12

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/clinical-ophthalmology/fulltext/ajco-v3-id1067.php

  Decline in the activity of all these enzymes and molecules are reported in the formation of cataract. […] NFB-mediated pathway is reported to present in lens epithelial cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide and UV stress indicating its role in cataractogenesis. […] Oxidative stress is a predominant extracellular stimulus that activates MAPK pathways and many reports confirms the involvement of MAPK pathway in lens epithelial cell death and cataract formation through the disorganization of gap junctions and cytoskeletal assembly in the lens. […] Proper arrangement of lens proteins plays the major role in the maintenance of transparency and modification of structural and functional proteins in the lens as a result of oxidation, proteolysis, transamidation, carbamylation, phosphorylation etc. is reported in the lens opacity.

• #13 Biology of Cataracts and Opportunities for Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6791712/

  Lens crystallins show multiple types of modifications with aging of the lens. […] Alterations of lens crystallins include proteolysis, an increase in disulfide bridges, phosphorylation, nonenzymatic glycosylation, carbamylation, deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues, and racemization of aspartic acid residues among others. […] The risk of age-related nuclear cataract is increased by exposure to certain environmental factors such as elevated blood glucose levels, cigarette smoking or chronic exposure to wood smoke, or obesity. […] Similarly, the risk of age related cortical cataracts is increased by ultraviolet light and elevated glucose levels, and the risk of age related PSC is increased by smoking, diabetes, radiation, corticosteroids, and some other drugs. […] Age-related cataracts, while not having as severe an impact on each affected individual as congenital cataracts, have a much greater overall burden on the population because they are extremely common.

• #14 Cataracts – Life Extension

  https://www.lifeextension.com/protocols/eye-ear/cataracts?srsltid=AfmBOopHhdsc1RBtIZU5DT39yZrYXcdHBREOHYvtof6iVEZM7VDcmRtu

  Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness and are generally treated with surgery. The formation of cataracts is associated with diabetes, but many people may not be aware that higher-than-normal blood glucose levels, even if not clinically considered diabetes, can contribute to cataracts. […] Cataracts are opacities that form in the lens of the eye, causing visual obstruction. They arise when proteins in the eye form aggregates due to incorrect three-dimensional structure. There are several factors that cause proteins to aggregate, including oxidative stress and glycation. […] The lens of the eye is particularly susceptible to glycation reactions, in which high glucose concentrations damage proteins and contribute to tissue dysfunction. A number of human studies have associated higher-than-normal glucose levels with substantially increased risk of various types of cataract.

• #15 Biology of Cataracts and Opportunities for Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6791712/

  Most age-related cataracts result from accumulation of HMW protein aggregates large enough to scatter light, with the lens cell architecture largely preserved. […] At least some congenital cataracts result from mutations causing severe insults to crystallin stability or dramatic loss of lens cell homeostasis, often with resulting activation of the UPR followed by apoptosis. […] In contrast, progressive or age-related cataracts proceed through a gradual but progressive denaturation of -crystallins that complex with -crystallin until this buffer is exhausted.

• #16 The Pathophysiology of Cataract and Major Interventions to Retarding Its Progression: A Mini Review – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/AOVS/the-pathophysiology-of-cataract-and-major-interventions-to-retarding-its-progression-a-mini-review.html

  It is extensively recognized that oxidative stress is a significant factor in the genesis of senile cataract (the commonest cataract type), both in experimental animals and in cultured lens models. […] The enzyme aldose reductase catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol through the polyol pathway, a process linked to the development of diabetic cataract. […] Oxidative stress and osmotic imbalance can also result from nutritional and trace metals deficiencies, smoking, toxic substances including drugs abuses, alcohol etc., radiation (ultraviolet, electromagnetic waves etc). Leading to cataract formation. […] Since free radicals are principally implicated in cataract formation, major interventions in retarding cataract progression are targeted at annulling oxidation. […] Antioxidants and aldose reductase inhibitors have been the mainstay of interventions that have been explored in the management of cataract progression.

• #17 Volume 1, Chapter 72B. Pathogenesis of Cataracts

  http://www.oculist.net/downaton502/prof/ebook/duanes/pages/v1/v1c072b.html

  The epithelium, a single layer of cells on the anterior surface of the lens, is crucial to the homeostasis of the entire organ. […] However, it is likely that in many cataracts where opacification occurs in other parts of the lens that the process leading to cataract actually originates with events occurring in the epithelium. […] The processes whereby lens epithelial cells proliferate and differentiate into lens fiber cells and the manner in which those fibers are arranged into a functional, continuously growing lens are complex and highly regulated but poorly understood. It is clear that any derangement in this process leads to lens opacity. […] The initial action of aldose reductase triggers a series of events resulting in opacification of the lens. […] The most convincing evidence implicating aldose reductase in diabetic cataract formation has evolved from the use of aldose reductase inhibitors. […] The role of the enzyme aldose reductase as the initiator of cataract formation in animal models of diabetes was discussed above. Many agents have been developed that inhibit aldose reductase and that also have been shown to block cataract formation in diabetic or galactose-fed rats and dogs.

• #18 Current Approach to the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cataracts

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6317

  The sorbitol pathway, also known as the polyol pathway, is the main pathway involved in diabetic cataract formation. An increased accumulation of sorbitol and a lower concentration of fructose in the lens result in a hyperosmotic effect, which results in the fluid moving into the interior of the lens to equalize the osmotic gradient. […] Evidence of the involvement of oxidative stress in the development of diabetic cataracts is also available. The induction of this process in diabetes results from a variety of mechanisms. Hyperglycemia may lead to auto-oxidation of glucose and non-enzymatic glycation, collectively referred to as glycoxidation, resulting in the overproduction of free oxygen radicals in the lens. […] Recent studies on the autophagy lysosomal pathway indicate its great importance in the formation of cataracts in hyperglycemia. This pathway is known to play an essential role in lens embryogenesis, being responsible for the autophagy of the nucleus and cell organelles during the differentiation of lens epithelial cells into lens fiber cells, ultimately forming the organelle-free zone.

• #19 EyeRounds.org: Diabetic White Cataract

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/304-Diabetic_White_Cataract.htm

  Cataracts are a well-known consequence of untreated diabetes mellitus, and a common cause of visual impairment. Cataracts are 3-4 times more common in young diabetic patients compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. […] While several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the earlier and more rapid onset of cataracts in diabetic patients, the primary risk factors include poor glycemic control and longer duration of disease. […] The activation of the polyol (sorbitol) pathway of intralenticular glucose metabolism in chronic states of hyperglycemia is thought to play a crucial role in the development of the diabetic cataract. […] Eventually, retained sorbitol and fructose increases the osmotic pressure within the lens, causing lens fiber swelling and opacification, both contributing to the development of a white cataract.

• #20 Biology of Cataracts and Opportunities for Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6791712/

  Since lens fiber cells lack ribosomes and other organelles, they cannot repair or replace damaged or modified proteins. […] The central nuclear fiber cells, are mostly dependent on glycolysis as an intrinsic energy source, which limits the energy available to them for these homeostatic activities. […] Thus, the lens represents a delicately balanced anatomical and biochemical system, disruption of any part of which can result in loss of lens transparency or cataracts. […] Breakdown of the lens microarchitecture, including vacuole formation and disarray and degeneration of the lens fiber cells, results in large fluctuations in optical density, causing light scattering and hence cataract. […] Age-related cataracts usually represent the effects of various combinations and cumulative damage of environmental effects acting in concert with the genetic predisposition encoded in genes for lens proteins.

• #21 Pathogenesis of Cataracts | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/pathogenesis-of-cataracts/

  To begin to understand the pathogenesis of cataract, it is necessary to recognize that it is not a single disease. Even aging-related cataracts vary greatly in the location of the opacity in the lens, the morphology and appearance of the opaque region, and the rate of progression of opacification. […] Most current knowledge about the pathogenesis of cataract has come from the study of live animal or in vitro models using animal lenses or lens cells in culture, because intact human cataract tissue has become very difficult to obtain with the advent of phacoemulsification procedures. […] Aging-Related Cataracts: General Features It would be a gross oversimplification to consider aging-related cataract as a single disease. There appear to be three major types of aging-related cataracts cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular which differ in both the location in which the opacity initially appears and in the pathology underlying the opacification.

• #22 Pathogenesis of Cataracts | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/pathogenesis-of-cataracts/

  The Genetic Factor Although the significance of genetics in congenital cataract is very well established with some three dozen genes identified in which mutations can cause human cataract, the role of genetics in aging-related cataract is less well defined. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that a positive family history is a major risk factor for aging-related cataract. […] Nuclear Cataract Nuclear cataracts are the most common form of aging-related lens opacity; because of their central location in the lens, such opacities have a severe impact on vision. Nuclear cataracts are characterized by increased pigmentation, increased modification of lens proteins, and a general hardening or stiffening of the nuclear region of the lens (nuclear sclerosis). […] The most prominent molecular feature of nuclear cataract is oxidation, which is evident in the modifications occurring to the lens crystallins (and other lens proteins) and in the decreases seen in the critical cellular reducing compound glutathione.

• #23 Pathogenesis of Cataracts | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/pathogenesis-of-cataracts/

  Thus, compelling data from different laboratories, derived from a variety of experimental approaches, model systems, and clinical findings indicate that aging-related nuclear cataract is an oxidative disease and that the level of molecular oxygen to which the lens is exposed is a critical determinant in its etiology. […] Cortical Cataracts Age-related cortical cataracts are less common than nuclear cataracts in whites, but are more common than nuclear cataracts in Asians and Africans. Epidemiologic studies have linked cortical cataracts to UV damage from sunlight, aging, and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, diarrhea, and dehydration.

• #24 Senile Cataract (Age-Related Cataract): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210914-overview

  Senile cataract can be classified into 3 main types: nuclear cataract, cortical cataract, and posterior subcapsular cataract. Nuclear cataracts result from excessive nuclear sclerosis and yellowing, with consequent formation of a central lenticular opacity. In some instances, the nucleus can become very opaque and brown, termed a brunescent nuclear cataract. Changes in the ionic composition of the lens cortex and the eventual change in hydration of the lens fibers produce a cortical cataract. Formation of granular and plaquelike opacities in the posterior subcapsular cortex often heralds the formation of posterior subcapsular cataracts.

• #25 Chapter 10: Introduction to the lens and cataract surgery – TimRoot.com

  https://timroot.com/cataract/

  Cataracts can form at different layers within the lens, and the location can give you clues to the causative insult and explain specific visual complaints. […] The lens begins as a clear magnifying glass inside your eye, but with time can opacify. Most cataracts are of idiopathic etiology, though there are many associated conditions that lead to both congenital and environmentally induced lens opacities. […] Nuclear sclerotic cataracts (NSCs) are the most common type of cataract and many consider them to be a normal maturation of the lens. Over time, the lens becomes larger and brunescent (yellow or brown) especially in the denser central nucleus. […] The PSC cataract forms on the back of the lens, on the inner surface of the posterior capsule bag. These cataracts tend to occur in patients on steroids, with diabetes, and those with history of ocular inflammation.

• #26 Association between Life’s Essential 8 and cataract among US adults | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-63973-1

  High blood sugar level (including diabetes) has long been recognized as an important risk factor for cataract occurrence and progression. […] The pathogenesis of diabetic cataracts is complex and involves many factors. […] The mainstream theories mainly include three theories. First is the polyol pathway. […] The second is oxidative stress. […] The third is non-enzymatic glycation. […] Better CVH is associated with a lower cataract risk. Adhering to the healthy lifestyle recommended by LE8 (especially when it comes to PA, sleep, and blood glucose) may reduce the occurrence of cataracts. […] Our findings suggest that interventions to prevent cardiovascular diseases hold promise for reducing the disease burden of cataract.

• #27

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2014/62020/etiopathogenesis_of_cataract__an_appraisal.2.aspx

  This term refers to cataracts that are secondary to local eye as well as systematic inflammatory and degenerative diseases. […] These cataracts occur due to endocrine disorders and biochemical abnormalities. Galactosemic and diabetic cataracts are common example of this kind of cataract. […] Many drugs can contribute to cataracts, including corticosteroids (such as prednisolone and cortisone), tranquilizers, radiomimetic drugs, quinoline, methotrexate, oral contraceptives, miotics, ergot, sulfanilamide, streptozotocin, methoxsalen, accutane, epinephrine psoralen, thiazide etc. […] Cataract is more prevalent in post-menopausal women than in men at similar ages; this implies that hormonal differences are involved and suggests a possible role for estrogen. Estrogen receptors have been detected in the cataractous eye’s lens.

• #28

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/clinical-ophthalmology/fulltext/ajco-v3-id1067.php

  Oxidant damage to lens proteins and its accumulation is implicated in the formation of cataract. […] The integrity of lenticular membrane is one of the important factors that keep lens transparency. […] Lipid peroxidation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cataract because the lethal peroxidation products induce fragmentation of soluble lens proteins and damage critical membrane structures, epithelial cell apoptosis and correlating with an increase in lens opacity and changes in the refractive properties of the lens. […] A prolonged increase in the calcium concentration would be expected to activate proteases such as calpain and could induce the formation of protein aggregates and irreversible breakdown of important structural proteins and lead to lens opacification. […] The redox state of the cell is largely reliant on the trace elements iron and copper by virtue of their capability to go through reversible redox reactions and is maintained within strict physiological limits.

• #29 Tufts University Researchers Identify Mechanism Involved in Causing Cataracts in Mice | Tufts Now

  https://now.tufts.edu/2015/01/12/tufts-university-researchers-identify-mechanism-involved-causing-cataracts-mice

  Cataract is one of the most common eye diseases, becoming more prevalent as people age. […] Now, a team of scientists has established that a breakdown in communication between two biochemical pathways in the eye is involved in causing cataracts. […] Cataracts are caused in part by the accumulation of abnormal proteins. […] The authors noticed when the ubiquitin pathway falters calcium flows into the cells of the lens, causing a third pathway to activate. It is this third pathway that causes cataract-related damage in the eye. […] We discovered that the ubiquitin pathway and the calpain pathway communicate with one another. When their conversation goes awry, cells start a vicious cycle in which proteins are improperly degraded. This leads to alterations in proteins and the beginning of the clouding of the lens that signals the onset of cataract.

• #30 Tufts University Researchers Identify Mechanism Involved in Causing Cataracts in Mice | Tufts Now

  https://now.tufts.edu/2015/01/12/tufts-university-researchers-identify-mechanism-involved-causing-cataracts-mice

  The newfound relationship between the ubiquitin and calpain pathways provides a new avenue for researching drugs and dietary approaches that could prolong the function of these pathways and delay the onset of cataract. […] If it is, that would provide the opportunity to learn more about how abnormal proteins may accumulate in other disease states that are similar to cataract, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons.

• #31

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/clinical-ophthalmology/fulltext/ajco-v3-id1067.php

  Accumulation of these metals may disrupt the intracellular redox status, alter protein conformation and inhibit protein function through metal substitution and interactions with sulfhydryl groups by catalyzing the formation of reactive hydroxyl radicals via Fenton reaction. […] Inflammation is a series complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli; although Inflammation is a protective response, it is reported in various diseases. […] The cells have a relatively long life span under normal physiological conditions, the factors such as oxidative stress alter the viability of lenticular epithelia resulting in lens opacification. […] Enormous number researches confirmed the role of lens epithelial cell death as the key biochemical event underlying the process of cataractogenesis through a series of events mentioned above.

• #32

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts

  A cataract is when your eye’s natural lens becomes cloudy. Proteins in your lens break down and cause things to look blurry, hazy or less colorful. […] Aging is the most common cause. This is due to normal eye changes that begin to happen after age 40. That is when normal proteins in the lens start to break down. This is what causes the lens to get cloudy. People over age 60 usually start to have some clouding of their lenses. However, vision problems may not happen until years later. […] Most age-related cataracts develop gradually. Other cataracts can develop more quickly, such as those in younger people or those in people with diabetes. Doctors cannot predict how quickly a persons cataract will develop. […] Cataracts can be removed only with surgery. […] During cataract surgery, your eye surgeon will remove your eyes cloudy natural lens. Then he or she will replace it with an artificial lens. This new lens is called an intraocular lens (or IOL).

• #33 Focus on molecular mechanisms underlying cataract development

  https://www.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/focus-on-molecular-mechanisms-underlying-cataract-development

  Identifying the genetic variants causing congenital cataracts has not only improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of infantile cataracts, the most frequent treatable cause of childhood blindness, but also their more common counterpart, adult-onset cataracts. […] Such insults cause changes to the biomolecules and trigger homeostatic imbalance in the lens, leading to protein aggregation and cataracts, thus increasing light scatter to affect refraction and cause loss of vision. […] The timing of the appearance of cataracts, either during infancy or at other life stages, depends on whether they are due to a harmful sequence variant or primarily due to accumulated biomolecular damage. […] Effective therapeutic approaches have yet to be established for preventing or mitigating the cataract process. […] The identification of genetic variants causing congenital cataracts and the elucidation of their impact on the lens is of vital importance to develop new therapies for cataracts.

• #34 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Causes, Morphology, and Visual Effects of Cataract | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/epidemiology-pathophysiology-causes-morphology-and-visual-effects-of-cataract/

  The prevalence, distribution, strategies to reduce the cataract prevalence and the disordered physiological processes, causes, and different forms of cataract are discussed. […] Factors in cataract pathogenesis include lens protein oxidation, mitochondrial function, failure of protective mechanisms, protein modification, and abnormalities of calcium metabolism, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. […] An accumulation of environmental insults (e.g., ultraviolet light, toxins, drugs, and systemic diseases) results in age-related cataracts. […] The transparency of the lens is dependent on the regular organization of the lens cells and intracellular lens proteins. […] Genetic, metabolic, nutritional, and environmental insults and ocular and systemic diseases disrupt cellular organization and intracellular homeostasis, eventually causing light scattering and absorption, which compromise vision.

• #35 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Causes, Morphology, and Visual Effects of Cataract | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/epidemiology-pathophysiology-causes-morphology-and-visual-effects-of-cataract/

  Much is still unknown about cataractogenesis, but many of the important components are becoming clearer. […] Oxidation is a key feature in the pathogenesis of most cataracts. […] Free radicals can adversely affect nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, altering the normal redox status and leading to increased oxidative stress and cataracts. […] A steep oxygen gradient occurs from the outer part of the lens to the center. […] However, in older people, mitochondrial function diminishes and superoxide production by the mitochondria increases, resulting in increased nuclear oxygen and superoxide levels. […] Failure of these protective mechanisms, a shortage of antioxidants, and increased free radicals result in cell membrane and protein damage. […] The cumulative effect of many environmental factors (UV light, x-irradiation, toxins, metals, corticosteroids, drugs, and diseases, including diabetes) causes age-related cataracts. […] Protein modification, oxidation, conformational changes, aggregation, formation of the nuclear barrier, increased proteolysis, defective calcium metabolism, and defense mechanisms occur with increasing age.

• #36

  https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/3542

  Cataracts result in significant vision reduction. […] We tried to understand, in details, the pathogenesis of cataracts, with special focus on how ageing is a contributory factor in its development. […] Several changes, including oxidative stress, reduction in reductive enzymes, lens elasticity, and specific age related degeneration play major roles in its pathophysiology.

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