Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pericardial Effusion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431089/

  Pericardial effusion is diagnosed using a combination of clinical evaluation and imaging techniques, with echocardiography being the primary method for confirming the presence of fluid around the heart. […] Treatment depends on the cause, size, and impact of the effusion. Small, asymptomatic effusions may simply be monitored, while larger or symptomatic effusions may require pericardiocentesis or surgical interventions. Addressing the underlying cause is key to preventing complications or recurrence. […] This activity for healthcare professionals is designed to enhance learners’ proficiency in evaluating and managing pericardial effusion. Participants gain a deeper understanding of the condition’s pathogenesis, possible causes, presentations, and evidence-based diagnostic and management strategies. Enhanced competence enables participants to collaborate within an interprofessional team, improving outcomes for patients with pericardial effusion.

• #2 Pericardial Effusion Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericardial-effusion-nursing-diagnosis/

  Pericardial effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space surrounding the heart. This nursing diagnosis focuses on identifying symptoms, preventing complications, and providing comprehensive care for patients with this potentially life-threatening condition. […] Pericardial effusion presents with various symptoms that nurses must monitor carefully. […] The following outcomes indicate successful management of pericardial effusion: The patient will maintain stable vital signs, The patient will report decreased dyspnea, The patient will demonstrate improved cardiac output, The patient will maintain adequate tissue perfusion, The patient will verbalize understanding of the condition, The patient will demonstrate compliance with the treatment plan, The patient will show no signs of cardiac tamponade.

• #3 Pericardial Effusion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431089/

  Pericardial effusion is diagnosed using a combination of clinical evaluation and imaging techniques, with echocardiography being the primary method for confirming the presence of fluid around the heart. […] Treatment depends on the cause, size, and impact of the effusion. Small, asymptomatic effusions may simply be monitored, while larger or symptomatic effusions may require pericardiocentesis or surgical interventions. Addressing the underlying cause is key to preventing complications or recurrence. […] This activity for healthcare professionals is designed to enhance learners’ proficiency in evaluating and managing pericardial effusion. Participants gain a deeper understanding of the condition’s pathogenesis, possible causes, presentations, and evidence-based diagnostic and management strategies. Enhanced competence enables participants to collaborate within an interprofessional team, improving outcomes for patients with pericardial effusion.

• #4 Pericardial effusion in an Indian context: clinical insights and dynamics from a tertiary care centre | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-024-04381-1

  Chronic kidney disease, closely followed by infections (mostly tuberculosis), are the frequent causes of PE in the present settings. […] Breathlessness is the most frequent clinical feature in the patients of PE. […] Fibrin strands, thickened pericardium, thickened fluid in echocardiography helps in diagnosing tubercular pericardial effusion. […] Cardiomegaly in chest x-ray or CT scans should further prompt towards diagnosing pericardial effusion. […] It is essential to incorporate these findings into the clinical practice. […] Patients presenting with breathlessness may be evaluated for the PE. […] CKD needs to be placed on par with tuberculosis while suspecting the etiology of the PE in the present settings. […] ADA levels in pericardial fluid (40 U/L) can be considered as a specific marker for tubercular PE.

• #5 Pericardial Effusion Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericardial-effusion-nursing-diagnosis/

  Monitor Cardiovascular Status: Assess vital signs, Monitor heart sounds, Check for pulsus paradoxus, Evaluate peripheral pulses, Monitor ECG changes. […] Assess Respiratory Function: Monitor breathing pattern, Check oxygen saturation, Assess for orthopnea, Document respiratory rate, Note the use of accessory muscles. […] Evaluate Fluid Status: Monitor intake and output, Check for edema, Assess jugular vein distention, Monitor daily weights, Document skin turgor. […] Monitor for Complications: Watch for signs of cardiac tamponade, Assess for decreased cardiac output, Monitor for hemodynamic instability, Check for signs of shock, Evaluate mental status changes. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Decreased Cardiac Output related to altered preload and cardiac filling as evidenced by tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, and fatigue.

• #6 Cardiac Tamponade (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568727/

  Describe the nursing management of patients with pericardial tamponade. […] Provide oxygen […] Bed rest with legs elevated […] Start two large-bore IVs […] Give medications as ordered […] Have fluids available for resuscitation […] ECG monitoring […] Ensure Chest x-ray and echo are done […] Have pericardiocentesis tray ready. […] If the patient has low blood pressure […] Diminished heart sounds […] Low oxygenation […] Altered mental status […] Thready pulse. […] The nurse must be aware of this disorder as time is of the essence. The condition can rapidly lead to hypotension, shock, and death. Once the condition is diagnosed, the patient is best monitored in the ICU until the fluid is evacuated from the pericardial sac. […] After treatment, the patient needs to be monitored to ensure that the fluid does not re-accumulate. If a drain is left in the pericardial sac, the nurse should monitor the drainage.

• #7 Pericardial Effusion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431089/

  Pericardial effusion is diagnosed using a combination of clinical evaluation and imaging techniques, with echocardiography being the primary method for confirming the presence of fluid around the heart. […] Treatment depends on the cause, size, and impact of the effusion. Small, asymptomatic effusions may simply be monitored, while larger or symptomatic effusions may require pericardiocentesis or surgical interventions. Addressing the underlying cause is key to preventing complications or recurrence. […] This activity for healthcare professionals is designed to enhance learners’ proficiency in evaluating and managing pericardial effusion. Participants gain a deeper understanding of the condition’s pathogenesis, possible causes, presentations, and evidence-based diagnostic and management strategies. Enhanced competence enables participants to collaborate within an interprofessional team, improving outcomes for patients with pericardial effusion.

• #8 Cardiac Tamponade (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568727/

  Describe the nursing management of patients with pericardial tamponade. […] Provide oxygen […] Bed rest with legs elevated […] Start two large-bore IVs […] Give medications as ordered […] Have fluids available for resuscitation […] ECG monitoring […] Ensure Chest x-ray and echo are done […] Have pericardiocentesis tray ready. […] If the patient has low blood pressure […] Diminished heart sounds […] Low oxygenation […] Altered mental status […] Thready pulse. […] The nurse must be aware of this disorder as time is of the essence. The condition can rapidly lead to hypotension, shock, and death. Once the condition is diagnosed, the patient is best monitored in the ICU until the fluid is evacuated from the pericardial sac. […] After treatment, the patient needs to be monitored to ensure that the fluid does not re-accumulate. If a drain is left in the pericardial sac, the nurse should monitor the drainage.

• #9 Pericardiocentesis in cardiac tamponade: indications and practical aspects

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Pericardiocentesis-in-cardiac-tamponade-indications-and-practical-aspects

  Pericardiocentesis is the most useful therapeutic procedure for the early management or diagnosis of large, symptomatic pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. […] In haemodynamically unstable patients, an emergent procedure is mandatory because only the removal of fluid allows a normal ventricular filling and restores an adequate cardiac output. […] In case of pericardial effusion without haemodynamic compromise, pericardiocentesis is indicated for symptomatic moderate to large effusion non-responsive to medical therapy, or in case of a smaller effusion, when tuberculous, bacterial or neoplastic pericarditis is suspected, or in case of chronic (lasting more than three months), large pericardial effusion (20 mm on echocardiography in diastole). […] Prior preparation is essential for the safe performance of pericardiocentesis. The platelet count and coagulation profile should be checked.

• #10 Pericardiocentesis in cardiac tamponade: indications and practical aspects

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Pericardiocentesis-in-cardiac-tamponade-indications-and-practical-aspects

  Pericardiocentesis is the most useful therapeutic procedure for the early management or diagnosis of large, symptomatic pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. […] In haemodynamically unstable patients, an emergent procedure is mandatory because only the removal of fluid allows a normal ventricular filling and restores an adequate cardiac output. […] In case of pericardial effusion without haemodynamic compromise, pericardiocentesis is indicated for symptomatic moderate to large effusion non-responsive to medical therapy, or in case of a smaller effusion, when tuberculous, bacterial or neoplastic pericarditis is suspected, or in case of chronic (lasting more than three months), large pericardial effusion (20 mm on echocardiography in diastole). […] Prior preparation is essential for the safe performance of pericardiocentesis. The platelet count and coagulation profile should be checked.

• #11 Pericardiocentesis: Details & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22613-pericardiocentesis

  Pericardial effusions can lead to cardiac tamponade. This is a medical emergency because it can make your heart stop, which can be deadly within minutes to hours. […] A pericardiocentesis procedure treats pericardial effusion, or too much fluid in your pericardium. (A small amount of fluid is normal.) Your pericardium holds your heart in place and cushions it from outside movement. […] People with too much fluid in their pericardium may need a pericardiocentesis. […] After a provider diagnoses you with either a pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade, they’ll determine how severe your condition is and the best way to treat it. […] Most people will start to feel better quickly when a provider drains the fluid or immediately afterward. You’ll need to rest for 12 to 24 hours afterward while providers keep an eye on your condition. […] Your healthcare provider will schedule follow-up visits to ensure you don’t have any complications or additional need for treatment. Some people will need more than one procedure because pericardial effusions can happen more than once.

• #12 11. Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/11-pericardial-effusion-and-cardiac-tamponade/11-pericardial-effusion-and-cardiac-tamponade

  Pericardial effusion = fluid in the pericardial space. […] Cardiac tamponade = when pericardial effusion leads to increased pressure, impairing ventricular filling and resulting in decreased cardiac output. […] If you suspect tamponade, obtain a STAT bedside echo and prepare for possible pericardiocentesis. […] Treatment of tamponade: Pericardiocentesis, possibly with indwelling drain if reaccumulation is expected. […] Pericardial effusions without tamponade can usually be managed conservatively. […] If tapped, send fluid for: glucose, protein, LDH, cell-count/differential, gram stain/culture, AFB, cytology. […] Pericardial window by CT surgery should be entertained in cases where fluid is expected to continue to accumulate despite initial removal.

• #13 Cardiac Tamponade (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568727/

  The nurse must be aware of this disorder as time is of the essence. […] Once the condition is diagnosed, the patient is best monitored in the ICU until the fluid is evacuated from the pericardial sac. […] After treatment, the patient needs to be monitored to ensure that the fluid does not re-accumulate. If a drain is left in the pericardial sac, the nurse should monitor the drainage.

• #14 Pericardiocentesis: Details & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22613-pericardiocentesis

  Pericardial effusions can lead to cardiac tamponade. This is a medical emergency because it can make your heart stop, which can be deadly within minutes to hours. […] A pericardiocentesis procedure treats pericardial effusion, or too much fluid in your pericardium. (A small amount of fluid is normal.) Your pericardium holds your heart in place and cushions it from outside movement. […] People with too much fluid in their pericardium may need a pericardiocentesis. […] After a provider diagnoses you with either a pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade, they’ll determine how severe your condition is and the best way to treat it. […] Most people will start to feel better quickly when a provider drains the fluid or immediately afterward. You’ll need to rest for 12 to 24 hours afterward while providers keep an eye on your condition. […] Your healthcare provider will schedule follow-up visits to ensure you don’t have any complications or additional need for treatment. Some people will need more than one procedure because pericardial effusions can happen more than once.

• #15 Pericardial Effusion Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Aspirin/NSAIDs, Colchicine

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-treatment

  Patients with pericardial effusion who present with significant symptoms or cardiac tamponade require emergent treatment and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). The pericardial catheter (if placed) should be removed within 24-48 hours to avoid infection. Symptomatic patients should remain hospitalized until definitive treatment is accomplished and/or symptoms have resolved […] Patients should be educated with regard to symptoms of increasing pericardial effusion and should be evaluated whenever these symptoms begin to occur. Indications for echocardiography after diagnosis include the following: A follow-up imaging study to evaluate for recurrence/constriction – Repeat studies may be performed to answer specific clinical questions. The presence of large or rapidly accumulating effusions – To detect early signs of tamponade

• #16 Pericardiocentesis in cardiac tamponade: indications and practical aspects

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Pericardiocentesis-in-cardiac-tamponade-indications-and-practical-aspects

  Continuous arterial pressure monitoring is indicated to detect the presence of pulsus paradoxus and to detect and rapidly correct sudden haemodynamic instability. […] After appropriate disinfection of the operative field, a local anaesthetic is administered at the puncture site. […] A different approach utilises a needle carrier mounted on the transducer to advance the needle under continuous visualisation (real-time, echo-monitored procedure). […] Aspiration is repeated every four to six hours, and the catheter can be removed once the drainage has decreased to less than 25 to 30 ml in 24 hours. […] Medical management is only a temporary measure for tamponade patients while waiting for pericardiocentesis. […] Pericardiocentesis is a life-saving manoeuvre when cardiac tamponade with severe haemodynamic impairment occurs and must be performed with urgency. […] Pericardiocentesis can be a potentially life-saving procedure that carries a high risk of complications.

• #17 Pericardial Effusion Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericardial-effusion-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Monitor vital signs q2-4hRationale: Early detection of hemodynamic compromise, Assess for signs of cardiac tamponadeRationale: Prevents life-threatening complications, Position patient in semi-Fowlers positionRationale: Improves venous return and cardiac filling, Administer medications as orderedRationale: Supports cardiac function and reduces fluid accumulation. […] Desired Outcomes: The patient will maintain stable vital signs, The patient will show improved cardiac output, The patient will report decreased fatigue, The patient will demonstrate adequate tissue perfusion. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Impaired Gas Exchange related to decreased pulmonary blood flow as evidenced by dyspnea, decreased oxygen saturation, and orthopnea. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Monitor oxygen saturation continuouslyRationale: Ensures adequate oxygenation, Position patient for optimal breathingRationale: Maximizes respiratory efficiency, Administer oxygen therapy as orderedRationale: Improves tissue oxygenation.

• #18 Pericardial Effusion Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericardial-effusion-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Monitor vital signs q2-4hRationale: Early detection of hemodynamic compromise, Assess for signs of cardiac tamponadeRationale: Prevents life-threatening complications, Position patient in semi-Fowlers positionRationale: Improves venous return and cardiac filling, Administer medications as orderedRationale: Supports cardiac function and reduces fluid accumulation. […] Desired Outcomes: The patient will maintain stable vital signs, The patient will show improved cardiac output, The patient will report decreased fatigue, The patient will demonstrate adequate tissue perfusion. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Impaired Gas Exchange related to decreased pulmonary blood flow as evidenced by dyspnea, decreased oxygen saturation, and orthopnea. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Monitor oxygen saturation continuouslyRationale: Ensures adequate oxygenation, Position patient for optimal breathingRationale: Maximizes respiratory efficiency, Administer oxygen therapy as orderedRationale: Improves tissue oxygenation.

• #19 Pericardial Effusion Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericardial-effusion-nursing-diagnosis/

  Desired Outcomes: The patient will maintain oxygen saturation 95%, The patient will report decreased dyspnea, The patient will demonstrate an improved breathing pattern, The patient will show normal arterial blood gas values. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute Pain related to inflammation of the pericardium as evidenced by verbal reports of chest pain and restlessness. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess pain characteristics regularlyRationale: Monitors effectiveness of interventions, Administer analgesics as prescribedRationale: Provides pain relief, Assist with positioning for comfortRationale: Reduces pain and discomfort. […] Desired Outcomes: The patient will report decreased pain levels, The patient will demonstrate the use of pain management techniques, The patient will maintain the optimal comfort level.

• #20 Pericardial Effusion Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericardial-effusion-nursing-diagnosis/

  Desired Outcomes: The patient will maintain oxygen saturation 95%, The patient will report decreased dyspnea, The patient will demonstrate an improved breathing pattern, The patient will show normal arterial blood gas values. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute Pain related to inflammation of the pericardium as evidenced by verbal reports of chest pain and restlessness. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess pain characteristics regularlyRationale: Monitors effectiveness of interventions, Administer analgesics as prescribedRationale: Provides pain relief, Assist with positioning for comfortRationale: Reduces pain and discomfort. […] Desired Outcomes: The patient will report decreased pain levels, The patient will demonstrate the use of pain management techniques, The patient will maintain the optimal comfort level.

• #21 Pericardial Effusion Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericardial-effusion-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Anxiety related to uncertain prognosis and fear of complications as evidenced by expressed concerns and increased vital signs. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Provide clear, concise informationRationale: Reduces fear of the unknown, Teach relaxation techniquesRationale: Helps manage anxiety, Maintain calm environmentRationale: Reduces stress triggers. […] Desired Outcomes: The patient will demonstrate decreased anxiety, The patient will use effective coping mechanisms, The patient will verbalize understanding of the condition. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Risk for Activity Intolerance related to decreased cardiac output and impaired gas exchange. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess activity toleranceRationale: Prevents overexertion, Plan activities with rest periodsRationale: Conserves energy, Assist with ADLs as neededRationale: Maintains function while preventing exhaustion. […] Desired Outcomes: The patient will maintain activity tolerance, The patient will participate in ADLs without distress, The patient will demonstrate energy conservation techniques.

• #22 Pericardial Effusion Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericardial-effusion-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Anxiety related to uncertain prognosis and fear of complications as evidenced by expressed concerns and increased vital signs. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Provide clear, concise informationRationale: Reduces fear of the unknown, Teach relaxation techniquesRationale: Helps manage anxiety, Maintain calm environmentRationale: Reduces stress triggers. […] Desired Outcomes: The patient will demonstrate decreased anxiety, The patient will use effective coping mechanisms, The patient will verbalize understanding of the condition. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Risk for Activity Intolerance related to decreased cardiac output and impaired gas exchange. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess activity toleranceRationale: Prevents overexertion, Plan activities with rest periodsRationale: Conserves energy, Assist with ADLs as neededRationale: Maintains function while preventing exhaustion. […] Desired Outcomes: The patient will maintain activity tolerance, The patient will participate in ADLs without distress, The patient will demonstrate energy conservation techniques.

• #23 Pericardial Effusion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431089/

  The intervention chosen is based on the etiology of the pericardial effusion, the patient’s clinical status at the time of the intervention, and the expected clinical course. […] Patients should be educated that cardiac tamponade is a serious condition. Prompt medical attention is crucial if these symptoms occur, as timely treatment can prevent severe complications and improve outcomes. […] Pericardial effusions are managed by an interprofessional team that includes a cardiologist, radiologist, and cardiac surgeon.

• #24 Pericardial Effusion Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Aspirin/NSAIDs, Colchicine

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-treatment

  Patients with pericardial effusion who present with significant symptoms or cardiac tamponade require emergent treatment and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). The pericardial catheter (if placed) should be removed within 24-48 hours to avoid infection. Symptomatic patients should remain hospitalized until definitive treatment is accomplished and/or symptoms have resolved […] Patients should be educated with regard to symptoms of increasing pericardial effusion and should be evaluated whenever these symptoms begin to occur. Indications for echocardiography after diagnosis include the following: A follow-up imaging study to evaluate for recurrence/constriction – Repeat studies may be performed to answer specific clinical questions. The presence of large or rapidly accumulating effusions – To detect early signs of tamponade

• #25 Pericardial Effusion | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a buildup of too much fluid in the sac around your heart. This sac is called the pericardium. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the extra fluid, the amount of fluid, and your symptoms. Options include: […] Follow a heart-healthy lifestyle, take medicines as prescribed, and watch for changes in your symptoms. A heart-healthy lifestyle includes eating heart-healthy foods. Limit alcohol, sodium, and sugar. Be active. Stay at a weight that’s healthy for you. If you smoke or vape, try to quit. And try to get enough sleep.

• #26 Pericardial Effusion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431089/

  The intervention chosen is based on the etiology of the pericardial effusion, the patient’s clinical status at the time of the intervention, and the expected clinical course. […] Patients should be educated that cardiac tamponade is a serious condition. Prompt medical attention is crucial if these symptoms occur, as timely treatment can prevent severe complications and improve outcomes. […] Pericardial effusions are managed by an interprofessional team that includes a cardiologist, radiologist, and cardiac surgeon.

• #27 Pericardial Effusion Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Aspirin/NSAIDs, Colchicine

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-treatment

  Symptomatic patients requiring treatment (who are surgical candidates) should receive care at an institution with cardiothoracic surgery capabilities. […] A cardiologist should be involved in the care of patients with pericardial effusion. Cardiothoracic surgery may be required for recurrent or complicated cases.

• #28 Pericardial Effusion Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Aspirin/NSAIDs, Colchicine

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-treatment

  Symptomatic patients requiring treatment (who are surgical candidates) should receive care at an institution with cardiothoracic surgery capabilities. […] A cardiologist should be involved in the care of patients with pericardial effusion. Cardiothoracic surgery may be required for recurrent or complicated cases.

• #29 Pericardial Effusion | Clinical Heart and Vascular Center | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/pericardial-effusion/

  The specialized heart doctors at UT Southwestern Medical Center expertly diagnose and treat people with pericardial effusion, an accumulation of fluid around the heart. […] Our experienced team offers leading-edge procedures to treat pericardial effusion some of which can be performed with minimally invasive techniques. […] UT Southwesterns specialized thoracic surgeons offer leading-edge procedures to treat pericardial effusion some of which can be performed with minimally invasive techniques. Working closely with UT Southwestern cardiologists and heart surgeons, our team delivers comprehensive care all in one location and usually on the same day. […] Treatment for pericardial effusion depends on the amount of fluid that has accumulated and the cause of the disorder. A small amount of fluid around the heart might not require treatment or can be controlled with medications. However, for some patients, surgery is the most appropriate option.

• #30 Pericardial Effusion | Clinical Heart and Vascular Center | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/pericardial-effusion/

  Common treatments include: […] Fluid draining: This minimally invasive procedure drains the accumulated fluid, helps identify the cause of the accumulation, and relieves the pressure on the heart. This pressure relief might be temporary, and another draining procedure might be necessary. In that case, a temporary catheter can be placed. […] Thoracoscopic pericardial window surgery: This minimally invasive, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) enables surgeons to see a wider area of the pericardium and the pleural region through two to four tiny incisions and to create an opening (window) in the pericardium large enough for the fluid to drain internally and avoid collection in the pericardium. […] Pericardial window surgery (subxiphoid pericardiostomy): A four- to five-centimeter vertical linear incision is made at the highest point in the midline abdomen to open the pericardium and allow the fluid to drain internally or externally to relieve pressure on the heart. Very small drains that are placed to eliminate the fluid are removed in the outpatient clinic. This procedure can be performed in less than 30 minutes, and patients often can return home the next day.

• #31 Pericardial effusion | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion can put pressure on the heart, affecting how the heart works. If untreated, it may lead to heart failure or death in extreme cases. […] Treatment for pericardial effusion depends on: […] Your health care provider may recommend procedures to drain a pericardial effusion or prevent future fluid buildup if: […] Drainage procedures or surgery to treat pericardial effusion may include: […] A health care provider uses a needle to enter the pericardial space and then inserts a small tube (catheter) to drain the fluid. […] If pericardial effusion signs and symptoms do occur, they might include: […] Call 911 or your local emergency number if you feel chest pain that lasts more than a few minutes, if your breathing is difficult or painful, or if you have an unexplained fainting spell. […] Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions, including:

• #32 Pericardial effusion and tamponade – Diagnosis and Treatment Summary : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/pericardial-effusion-and-tamponade-diagnosis-and-treatment-summary/

  Pericardial fluid drainage can be diagnostic as well therapeutic. […] In ED done for urgent relief of hemodynamic compromise using percutaneous catheter (pericardiocentesis) under US guidance. […] The indications for urgent pericardial fluid drainage depend on the patient’s hemodynamic compromise. […] If clinical and point-of-care cardiac ultrasound findings indicate hemodynamic compromise → urgent pericardial drainage is needed. […] Pericardiocentesis under echocardiographic guidance is recommended for most patients. […] Patients with small to moderate pericardial effusions who are hemodynamically stable and without a need for diagnostic fluid sampling can be monitored with serial examinations and echocardiograms.

• #33 Pericardial Effusion | Clinical Heart and Vascular Center | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/pericardial-effusion/

  Common treatments include: […] Fluid draining: This minimally invasive procedure drains the accumulated fluid, helps identify the cause of the accumulation, and relieves the pressure on the heart. This pressure relief might be temporary, and another draining procedure might be necessary. In that case, a temporary catheter can be placed. […] Thoracoscopic pericardial window surgery: This minimally invasive, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) enables surgeons to see a wider area of the pericardium and the pleural region through two to four tiny incisions and to create an opening (window) in the pericardium large enough for the fluid to drain internally and avoid collection in the pericardium. […] Pericardial window surgery (subxiphoid pericardiostomy): A four- to five-centimeter vertical linear incision is made at the highest point in the midline abdomen to open the pericardium and allow the fluid to drain internally or externally to relieve pressure on the heart. Very small drains that are placed to eliminate the fluid are removed in the outpatient clinic. This procedure can be performed in less than 30 minutes, and patients often can return home the next day.

• #34 Pericardial Window

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/surgery/thoracic-surgery/thoracic-tests-and-procedures/pericardial-window/

  Patients having Pericardial Window typically stay in the hospital 5-7 days. There is one tube draining fluid around the heart. When the tube is removed, the patient can expect to go home. They usually have a PCA for pain which is transitioned to oral pain medications when the tube is removed. Patients start with a clear liquid diet and are advanced to a regular diet if they tolerate clear liquids. Patients are encouraged to be out of bed and walk as much as possible.

• #35 Pericardial Window

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/surgery/thoracic-surgery/thoracic-tests-and-procedures/pericardial-window/

  Patients having Pericardial Window typically stay in the hospital 5-7 days. There is one tube draining fluid around the heart. When the tube is removed, the patient can expect to go home. They usually have a PCA for pain which is transitioned to oral pain medications when the tube is removed. Patients start with a clear liquid diet and are advanced to a regular diet if they tolerate clear liquids. Patients are encouraged to be out of bed and walk as much as possible.

• #36 Pericardial Effusion: Definition, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/heart-health/pericardial-effusion

  Medications to treat pericardial effusion and its symptoms depend on the underlying cause. They may include anti-inflammatories, colchicine, steroids, pain relievers, therapies to address an underlying cause, such as antibiotics for a bacterial infection or anticancer drugs if cancer is present. […] Surgical procedures may also be part of pericardial effusion treatment. These procedures include but are not limited to the following: Pericardiocentesis: A physician removes excess fluid through the chest wall to relieve symptoms and evaluate the fluid. This procedure may also help stabilize heart function if it is in cardiac tamponade. […] Recovery after pericardial effusion depends on the type and severity of the effusion and the underlying cause of it. When it is due to pericarditis (inflammation), treatment usually resolves the condition, but it may take weeks to months.

• #37 Pericardial Effusion: Definition, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/heart-health/pericardial-effusion

  Medications to treat pericardial effusion and its symptoms depend on the underlying cause. They may include anti-inflammatories, colchicine, steroids, pain relievers, therapies to address an underlying cause, such as antibiotics for a bacterial infection or anticancer drugs if cancer is present. […] Surgical procedures may also be part of pericardial effusion treatment. These procedures include but are not limited to the following: Pericardiocentesis: A physician removes excess fluid through the chest wall to relieve symptoms and evaluate the fluid. This procedure may also help stabilize heart function if it is in cardiac tamponade. […] Recovery after pericardial effusion depends on the type and severity of the effusion and the underlying cause of it. When it is due to pericarditis (inflammation), treatment usually resolves the condition, but it may take weeks to months.

• #38 Pericardial Effusion – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/pericardial-effusion.html

  Pericardial effusion is a buildup of fluid in the pericardium. The fluid buildup puts pressure on your heart. This makes it difficult for your heart to pump. […] Treatment depends on the cause of your pericardial effusion. You may need any of the following: Antibiotics help treat an infection caused by bacteria. Steroids help decrease swelling. NSAIDs help decrease swelling and pain or fever. Pericardial drainage relieves pressure on your heart so it can pump normally. A catheter is inserted into the pericardium to drain fluid. […] You have the right to help plan your care. Learn about your health condition and how it may be treated. Discuss treatment options with your healthcare providers to decide what care you want to receive. You always have the right to refuse treatment.

• #39 Pericardial Effusion: Definition, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/heart-health/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is an accumulation of fluid around the heart. The pericardium is a sac surrounding the heart. A small amount of fluid inside the pericardium is normal, but too much fluid can cause problems. This article discusses the symptoms, causes, and treatments associated with pericardial effusion. […] Treating pericardial effusion can range from monitoring the effusion for changes to undergoing emergency surgery. Treatment depends on the cause of the effusion, the type and amount of fluid present, and the effect it is having on heart function. […] Getting regular echocardiograms to track trends in the development of pericardial effusion may be appropriate for small or asymptomatic effusions, meaning those not causing symptoms. These effusions may be discovered incidentally during tests for another reason.

• #40 Pericardial effusion and tamponade – Diagnosis and Treatment Summary : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/pericardial-effusion-and-tamponade-diagnosis-and-treatment-summary/

  Pericardial fluid drainage can be diagnostic as well therapeutic. […] In ED done for urgent relief of hemodynamic compromise using percutaneous catheter (pericardiocentesis) under US guidance. […] The indications for urgent pericardial fluid drainage depend on the patient’s hemodynamic compromise. […] If clinical and point-of-care cardiac ultrasound findings indicate hemodynamic compromise → urgent pericardial drainage is needed. […] Pericardiocentesis under echocardiographic guidance is recommended for most patients. […] Patients with small to moderate pericardial effusions who are hemodynamically stable and without a need for diagnostic fluid sampling can be monitored with serial examinations and echocardiograms.

• #41 Pericardial effusion and tamponade – Diagnosis and Treatment Summary : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/pericardial-effusion-and-tamponade-diagnosis-and-treatment-summary/

  Pericardial fluid drainage can be diagnostic as well therapeutic. […] In ED done for urgent relief of hemodynamic compromise using percutaneous catheter (pericardiocentesis) under US guidance. […] The indications for urgent pericardial fluid drainage depend on the patient’s hemodynamic compromise. […] If clinical and point-of-care cardiac ultrasound findings indicate hemodynamic compromise → urgent pericardial drainage is needed. […] Pericardiocentesis under echocardiographic guidance is recommended for most patients. […] Patients with small to moderate pericardial effusions who are hemodynamically stable and without a need for diagnostic fluid sampling can be monitored with serial examinations and echocardiograms.

• #42 Cardiac Tamponade Triad: The Signs and How to Treat It

  https://nursingcecentral.com/cardiac-tamponade-triad-the-signs-and-how-to-treat-it/

  The fluid that builds up around the heart may come from a number of different conditions. […] A common cause of pericardial effusion fluid in the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart is pericarditis. […] Pericardial effusions can occur during or after procedures involving the heart or pericardium. […] The classic symptoms of the cardiac tamponade triad (also commonly referred to as Becks triad) are hypotension, elevated jugular venous distension, and muffled heart sounds, as highlighted by the American Heart Association (AHA). […] The best initial intervention for cardiac tamponade is an IV fluid bolus. […] A fluid bolus is a great temporizing measure, but the curative treatment is a pericardiocentesis. […] Removing the fluid from the body relieves the pressure on the heart, and cardiac function returns to normal very quickly. […] The best treatments for a confirmed tamponade are IV fluids and pericardiocentesis.

• #43 Cardiac Tamponade (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568727/

  Describe the nursing management of patients with pericardial tamponade. […] Provide oxygen […] Bed rest with legs elevated […] Start two large-bore IVs […] Give medications as ordered […] Have fluids available for resuscitation […] ECG monitoring […] Ensure Chest x-ray and echo are done […] Have pericardiocentesis tray ready. […] If the patient has low blood pressure […] Diminished heart sounds […] Low oxygenation […] Altered mental status […] Thready pulse. […] The nurse must be aware of this disorder as time is of the essence. The condition can rapidly lead to hypotension, shock, and death. Once the condition is diagnosed, the patient is best monitored in the ICU until the fluid is evacuated from the pericardial sac. […] After treatment, the patient needs to be monitored to ensure that the fluid does not re-accumulate. If a drain is left in the pericardial sac, the nurse should monitor the drainage.

• #44 Cardiac Tamponade Triad: The Signs and How to Treat It

  https://nursingcecentral.com/cardiac-tamponade-triad-the-signs-and-how-to-treat-it/

  The fluid that builds up around the heart may come from a number of different conditions. […] A common cause of pericardial effusion fluid in the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart is pericarditis. […] Pericardial effusions can occur during or after procedures involving the heart or pericardium. […] The classic symptoms of the cardiac tamponade triad (also commonly referred to as Becks triad) are hypotension, elevated jugular venous distension, and muffled heart sounds, as highlighted by the American Heart Association (AHA). […] The best initial intervention for cardiac tamponade is an IV fluid bolus. […] A fluid bolus is a great temporizing measure, but the curative treatment is a pericardiocentesis. […] Removing the fluid from the body relieves the pressure on the heart, and cardiac function returns to normal very quickly. […] The best treatments for a confirmed tamponade are IV fluids and pericardiocentesis.

• #45 Responding to a Cardiac Emergency: Pericardial Effusion in Canine Patients | Today’s Veterinary Nurse

  https://todaysveterinarynurse.com/emergency-medicine-critical-care/todays-technician-responding-to-a-cardiac-emergency-pericardial-effusion-in-canine-patients/

  Places a peripheral IV catheter in the cephalic vein […] Shaves and scrubs a square over the fourth and fifth intercostal space, where the cardiac apex beat is palpated […] Watches the ECG to monitor for any arrhythmias while the procedure is being performed; a critical component to the process. […] Once pericardiocentesis has been performed, signs associated with right-sided congestive heart failure tend to subside very quickly. When pericardial effusion is secondary to diseases causing congestive heart failure, congenital malformations, or hypoalbuminemia, the patient often improves once the underlying condition has been treated. […] Complications of pericardiocentesis include cardiac injury or puncture resulting in arrhythmias, pneumothorax or hemorrhage due to lung laceration, coronary artery laceration, and potential for dispersion of infection or neoplastic cells into the pleural space.

• #46 POCUS Evaluation of Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade – Point-of-Care Ultrasound Certification Academy

  https://www.pocus.org/pocus-evaluation-of-pericardial-effusion-and-tamponade/

  Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space is sufficient to compress the heart and impair its ability to fill with blood. This leads to a reduction in cardiac output and can result in circulatory collapse if not promptly treated. […] The management approach depends on the severity of the effusion and the presence of tamponade. Small asymptomatic effusions without evidence of tamponade physiology may be managed conservatively with treatment of the underlying cause. Large effusions or tamponade require urgent pericardiocentesis. Recurrent effusions may require more definitive interventions such as pericardial window creation or pericardiectomy. […] Pericardiocentesis is the procedure for draining fluid present in the pericardial sac. It is best performed under ultrasound guidance. It is generally safe when performed by an experienced physician. It does have potential risks of cardiac puncture, arrhythmias, coronary artery puncture, hemothorax, pneumothorax and hepatic injury when using a subxiphoid approach. Be aware of pericardial decompression syndrome (PDS) following pericardiocentesis. Even though it is a rare complication, we must be aware of it. The exact mechanism is not well understood. It would be safer to remove up to 1 liter of pericardial fluid at a time with close monitoring of the patient up to 48 hours following the procedure.

• #47 Responding to a Cardiac Emergency: Pericardial Effusion in Canine Patients | Today’s Veterinary Nurse

  https://todaysveterinarynurse.com/emergency-medicine-critical-care/todays-technician-responding-to-a-cardiac-emergency-pericardial-effusion-in-canine-patients/

  Places a peripheral IV catheter in the cephalic vein […] Shaves and scrubs a square over the fourth and fifth intercostal space, where the cardiac apex beat is palpated […] Watches the ECG to monitor for any arrhythmias while the procedure is being performed; a critical component to the process. […] Once pericardiocentesis has been performed, signs associated with right-sided congestive heart failure tend to subside very quickly. When pericardial effusion is secondary to diseases causing congestive heart failure, congenital malformations, or hypoalbuminemia, the patient often improves once the underlying condition has been treated. […] Complications of pericardiocentesis include cardiac injury or puncture resulting in arrhythmias, pneumothorax or hemorrhage due to lung laceration, coronary artery laceration, and potential for dispersion of infection or neoplastic cells into the pleural space.

• #48 POCUS Evaluation of Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade – Point-of-Care Ultrasound Certification Academy

  https://www.pocus.org/pocus-evaluation-of-pericardial-effusion-and-tamponade/

  Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space is sufficient to compress the heart and impair its ability to fill with blood. This leads to a reduction in cardiac output and can result in circulatory collapse if not promptly treated. […] The management approach depends on the severity of the effusion and the presence of tamponade. Small asymptomatic effusions without evidence of tamponade physiology may be managed conservatively with treatment of the underlying cause. Large effusions or tamponade require urgent pericardiocentesis. Recurrent effusions may require more definitive interventions such as pericardial window creation or pericardiectomy. […] Pericardiocentesis is the procedure for draining fluid present in the pericardial sac. It is best performed under ultrasound guidance. It is generally safe when performed by an experienced physician. It does have potential risks of cardiac puncture, arrhythmias, coronary artery puncture, hemothorax, pneumothorax and hepatic injury when using a subxiphoid approach. Be aware of pericardial decompression syndrome (PDS) following pericardiocentesis. Even though it is a rare complication, we must be aware of it. The exact mechanism is not well understood. It would be safer to remove up to 1 liter of pericardial fluid at a time with close monitoring of the patient up to 48 hours following the procedure.

• #49 Responding to a Cardiac Emergency: Pericardial Effusion in Canine Patients | Today’s Veterinary Nurse

  https://todaysveterinarynurse.com/emergency-medicine-critical-care/todays-technician-responding-to-a-cardiac-emergency-pericardial-effusion-in-canine-patients/

  When pericardial effusion recurs after one or more pericardiocentesis procedures, pericardiectomy can be considered. […] A minimally invasive option is available: the application of percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy in which a balloon catheter is inserted percutaneously into the pericardial sac and inflated until it tears the pericardium, resulting in drainage of pericardial fluid into the pleural cavity. […] The ability to recognize potential history and clinical signs consistent with pericardial effusion can greatly improve the technician’s triage skills. Rapid detection of clinical signs of pericardial effusion, along with swift implementation of treatment, can lead to a more successful outcome for the patient.

• #50 FF #209 Malignant Pericardial Effusions | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/malignant-pericardial-effusions/

  Malignant pericardial effusions (MPEs) are a rare complication of advanced cancer, but are associated with high morbidity and mortality. This Fast Fact discusses the diagnosis and management of MPEs. […] An echocardiogram is indicated whenever a MPE is suspected. Not only does it confirm the presence of an effusion, but its findings can dictate whether or not urgent treatment is indicated (e.g. if signs of tamponade are evident). A diagnostic pericardiocentesis or pericardial biopsy is sometimes needed to confirm the cause of the effusion. […] Pericardiocentesis results in immediate symptom relief in most patients, however the effusion may re-accumulate, requiring repeat pericardiocentesis (within 1-2 weeks in some series). […] The treatment of MPEs depends on how urgently treatment is needed, the likelihood of the tumor responding to anti-neoplastic treatments, and the anticipated survival of the patient. A multidisciplinary approach to decision-making, involving input from medical and radiation oncology, cardiology, and thoracic surgery is recommended. Simple pericardiocentesis may be appropriate for patients with short prognoses (<1 month), particularly if their MPE is not expected to re-accumulate in their remaining life-span. A symptomatic patient with no signs of tamponade and a chemotherapy-sensitive tumor such as untreated breast cancer may receive a durable response from a pericardiocentesis for symptom relief, followed by chemotherapy. Patients with longer prognoses (>1 month) who are expected to re-accumulate their MPEs will likely benefit most from sclerosis or surgical decompression; there is no clear evidence currently suggesting one strategy is superior to the other. Symptom directed care without specific intervention for the MPE is an appropriate option for patients with very short prognoses and for those who decline more invasive treatments.

• #51 FF #209 Malignant Pericardial Effusions | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/malignant-pericardial-effusions/

  Malignant pericardial effusions (MPEs) are a rare complication of advanced cancer, but are associated with high morbidity and mortality. This Fast Fact discusses the diagnosis and management of MPEs. […] An echocardiogram is indicated whenever a MPE is suspected. Not only does it confirm the presence of an effusion, but its findings can dictate whether or not urgent treatment is indicated (e.g. if signs of tamponade are evident). A diagnostic pericardiocentesis or pericardial biopsy is sometimes needed to confirm the cause of the effusion. […] Pericardiocentesis results in immediate symptom relief in most patients, however the effusion may re-accumulate, requiring repeat pericardiocentesis (within 1-2 weeks in some series). […] The treatment of MPEs depends on how urgently treatment is needed, the likelihood of the tumor responding to anti-neoplastic treatments, and the anticipated survival of the patient. A multidisciplinary approach to decision-making, involving input from medical and radiation oncology, cardiology, and thoracic surgery is recommended. Simple pericardiocentesis may be appropriate for patients with short prognoses (<1 month), particularly if their MPE is not expected to re-accumulate in their remaining life-span. A symptomatic patient with no signs of tamponade and a chemotherapy-sensitive tumor such as untreated breast cancer may receive a durable response from a pericardiocentesis for symptom relief, followed by chemotherapy. Patients with longer prognoses (>1 month) who are expected to re-accumulate their MPEs will likely benefit most from sclerosis or surgical decompression; there is no clear evidence currently suggesting one strategy is superior to the other. Symptom directed care without specific intervention for the MPE is an appropriate option for patients with very short prognoses and for those who decline more invasive treatments.

• #52 FF #209 Malignant Pericardial Effusions | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/malignant-pericardial-effusions/

  Malignant pericardial effusions (MPEs) are a rare complication of advanced cancer, but are associated with high morbidity and mortality. This Fast Fact discusses the diagnosis and management of MPEs. […] An echocardiogram is indicated whenever a MPE is suspected. Not only does it confirm the presence of an effusion, but its findings can dictate whether or not urgent treatment is indicated (e.g. if signs of tamponade are evident). A diagnostic pericardiocentesis or pericardial biopsy is sometimes needed to confirm the cause of the effusion. […] Pericardiocentesis results in immediate symptom relief in most patients, however the effusion may re-accumulate, requiring repeat pericardiocentesis (within 1-2 weeks in some series). […] The treatment of MPEs depends on how urgently treatment is needed, the likelihood of the tumor responding to anti-neoplastic treatments, and the anticipated survival of the patient. A multidisciplinary approach to decision-making, involving input from medical and radiation oncology, cardiology, and thoracic surgery is recommended. Simple pericardiocentesis may be appropriate for patients with short prognoses (<1 month), particularly if their MPE is not expected to re-accumulate in their remaining life-span. A symptomatic patient with no signs of tamponade and a chemotherapy-sensitive tumor such as untreated breast cancer may receive a durable response from a pericardiocentesis for symptom relief, followed by chemotherapy. Patients with longer prognoses (>1 month) who are expected to re-accumulate their MPEs will likely benefit most from sclerosis or surgical decompression; there is no clear evidence currently suggesting one strategy is superior to the other. Symptom directed care without specific intervention for the MPE is an appropriate option for patients with very short prognoses and for those who decline more invasive treatments.

• #53

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abr9813

  Pericardial effusion is a buildup of too much fluid in the sac around your heart. This sac is called the pericardium. Normally, there is a small amount of fluid between this sac and your heart. This fluid surrounds and helps cushion your heart. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the extra fluid, the amount of fluid, and your symptoms. Options include: […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.

• #54 Pericardial Effusion | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a buildup of too much fluid in the sac around your heart. This sac is called the pericardium. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the extra fluid, the amount of fluid, and your symptoms. Options include: […] Follow a heart-healthy lifestyle, take medicines as prescribed, and watch for changes in your symptoms. A heart-healthy lifestyle includes eating heart-healthy foods. Limit alcohol, sodium, and sugar. Be active. Stay at a weight that’s healthy for you. If you smoke or vape, try to quit. And try to get enough sleep.

• #55 Pericardial Effusion | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a buildup of too much fluid in the sac around your heart. This sac is called the pericardium. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the extra fluid, the amount of fluid, and your symptoms. Options include: […] Follow a heart-healthy lifestyle, take medicines as prescribed, and watch for changes in your symptoms. A heart-healthy lifestyle includes eating heart-healthy foods. Limit alcohol, sodium, and sugar. Be active. Stay at a weight that’s healthy for you. If you smoke or vape, try to quit. And try to get enough sleep.

• #56 Cardiac Tamponade (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568727/

  The nurse must be aware of this disorder as time is of the essence. […] Once the condition is diagnosed, the patient is best monitored in the ICU until the fluid is evacuated from the pericardial sac. […] After treatment, the patient needs to be monitored to ensure that the fluid does not re-accumulate. If a drain is left in the pericardial sac, the nurse should monitor the drainage.

• #57 Cardiac Tamponade (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568727/

  The nurse must be aware of this disorder as time is of the essence. […] Once the condition is diagnosed, the patient is best monitored in the ICU until the fluid is evacuated from the pericardial sac. […] After treatment, the patient needs to be monitored to ensure that the fluid does not re-accumulate. If a drain is left in the pericardial sac, the nurse should monitor the drainage.

• #58 Responding to a Cardiac Emergency: Pericardial Effusion in Canine Patients | Today’s Veterinary Nurse

  https://todaysveterinarynurse.com/emergency-medicine-critical-care/todays-technician-responding-to-a-cardiac-emergency-pericardial-effusion-in-canine-patients/

  When pericardial effusion recurs after one or more pericardiocentesis procedures, pericardiectomy can be considered. […] A minimally invasive option is available: the application of percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy in which a balloon catheter is inserted percutaneously into the pericardial sac and inflated until it tears the pericardium, resulting in drainage of pericardial fluid into the pleural cavity. […] The ability to recognize potential history and clinical signs consistent with pericardial effusion can greatly improve the technician’s triage skills. Rapid detection of clinical signs of pericardial effusion, along with swift implementation of treatment, can lead to a more successful outcome for the patient.

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