Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pericardial effusion – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/symptoms-causes/syc-20353720

  Pericardial effusion can result from inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) after an illness or injury. In some settings, large effusions may be caused by certain cancers. A blockage of pericardial fluids or a collection of blood within the pericardium also can lead to this condition. […] Sometimes the cause can’t be determined (idiopathic pericarditis). […] Causes of pericardial effusion may include: […] Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus […] Cancer of the heart or pericardium […] Spread of cancer (metastasis), particularly lung cancer, breast cancer or Hodgkin’s lymphoma […] Radiation therapy for cancer if the heart was in the area of the radiation […] Chest trauma […] Inflammation of the pericardium following a heart attack or after heart surgery or a procedure where the heart’s lining is injured […] Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) […] Use of certain drugs or exposure to toxins […] Viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections […] Waste products in the blood due to kidney failure (uremia).

• #2 Pericardial Effusion: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17351-pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a buildup of fluid in the space around your heart. It can happen for many reasons, like infections, injuries or other medical conditions. If the buildup is severe or happens quickly, it can compress your heart and cause a life-threatening medical emergency. […] In developed countries, an unknown reason is the most common cause of a pericardial effusion. Tuberculosis is the most common cause in developing countries. […] Pericardial effusion has many different causes. It often happens along with (or because of) inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis). […] Possible causes of pericardial effusion include: Infections. Pericardial effusion often happens because of viral or bacterial infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. It can also happen because of fungal infections or parasites.

• #3 Pericardial Effusion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431089/

  Pericardial effusion is the accumulation of excess fluid in the sac surrounding the heart. […] The etiology of pericardial effusion varies widely and can be divided into several categories: Infectious: Pericardial effusion may be caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic pathogens. […] Inflammatory/rheumatologic: Numerous autoimmune disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren syndrome, can cause a pericardial effusion. […] Neoplastic: Metastatic disease and primary cardiac tumors can cause pericardial effusions. Lung cancer is the most common cause of malignant pericardial effusion. […] Trauma: Blunt, penetrating, and iatrogenic injury to the myocardium, aorta, or coronary vessels can lead to the accumulation of blood within the pericardial sac.

• #4 Pericardial Effusion: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is the buildup of an excess amount of fluid in your pericardium, which is the sac that surrounds your heart and keeps it stable as it beats in your chest. […] Causes of pericardial effusion include: […] Pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium). […] Infections, most often caused by viruses (such as HIV) and bacteria (such as tuberculosis), but they can be due to fungus or parasites, too. […] Autoimmune conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLS), rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren syndrome. […] Hormone disorders or problems, such as severe hypothyroidism, or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. […] Trauma or injury to your chest, such as those from a car crash or punctures from knives or bullets. […] Heart problems, such as a heart attack, heart failure, or aortic dissection (where the main blood vessel leading to your heart separates or tears).

• #5 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  Pericardial effusion is a common pericardial syndrome with an estimated incidence of 3% and a prevalence of 5.7–9%. […] From an etiological point of view, pericardial effusions may have infectious and non-infectious causes. Infections etiologies (mainly viral infections) account for 15–30% of cases and are characterized by the elevation of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cells. […] On the other hand, non-infectious causes of pericardial effusions include cancer (10–25%), iatrogenic causes (15–20%), and autoimmune/auto-inflammatory diseases (5–15%), while tuberculosis is the most common cause (>60%) in endemic areas. […] Despite extensive diagnostic work-up, unfortunately half of the cases in the Western world are finally classified as idiopathic, while in the subgroup of chronic, large, asymptomatic, idiopathic, non-inflammatory effusions, the possibility of unveiling a specific etiology is as low as 7%.

• #6 Pericardial effusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion

  A pericardial effusion occurs when the volume of fluid in the cavity exceeds the normal limit. […] Important etiologies of pericardial effusions are inflammatory and infectious (pericarditis), neoplastic, traumatic, and metabolic causes. […] Any process that leads to injury or inflammation of the pericardium or inhibits appropriate lymphatic drainage of the fluid from the pericardial cavity leads to fluid accumulation. […] Out of all the numerous causes of pericardial effusion, some of the leading causes are inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic and traumatic. […] These causes can be categorized into various classes, but an easy way to understand them is dividing them into inflammatory versus non-inflammatory. […] Infectious: Viral: coxsackie A and B viruses, HIV (seen in 5-43% of HIV patients), hepatitis viruses, parvovirus B19.

• #7 Pericardial effusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion

  Bacterial: Mycobacterium (tuberculosis), gram positive cocci (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), Mycoplasma, Neisseria (meningitides, gonorrhea), Coxiella burnetii. […] Tuberculosis is the leading cause of pericardial effusion in the developing world, with the mortality rate ranging from 17 to 40%. […] Cardiac inflammation: idiopathic pericarditis is the most common inflammatory cause of pericardial effusion in the United States. […] Autoimmune: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, scleroderma, Dressler’s syndrome, sarcoidosis. […] Neoplastic: pericardial effusions may present as primary manifestations of underlying malignancy. […] Metabolic: hypothyroidism (myxedema coma), severe protein deficiency. […] Traumatic: penetrating or blunt chest trauma, aortic dissection. […] Reduced lymphatic drainage: congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome.

• #8 Pericardial Effusion: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-overview

  In many cases, the underlying cause is not identified. However, this often relates to the lack of extensive diagnostic evaluation. […] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can lead to pericardial effusion through several mechanisms, including the following: Secondary bacterial infection, Opportunistic infection, Malignancy (Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma), „Capillary leak” syndrome, which is associated with effusions in other body cavities. […] The most common cause of infectious pericarditis and myocarditis is viral. Common etiologic organisms include coxsackievirus A and B, and hepatitis viruses. […] Neoplastic disease can involve the pericardium through the following mechanisms: Direct extension from mediastinal structures or the cardiac chamber, Retrograde extension from the lymphatic system, Hematologic seeding.

• #9 Pericardial effusion | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericardial-effusion?lang=us

  Pericardial effusions occur when excess fluid collects in the pericardial space (a normal pericardial sac contains approximately 30-50 mL of fluid). […] There is no single demographic affected, as there are many underlying causes of pericardial effusion. […] Etiology: idiopathic (presumed viral, post-viral or immune-related), inflammatory (systemic inflammatory conditions or connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjgren syndrome, vasculitis, familial Mediterranean fever), post-myocardial infarction: Dressler syndrome, infectious (viral, bacterial, tuberculosis), post-surgical or traumatic, related to thoracic aortic dissection, pulmonary arterial hypertension, radiotherapy, renal (end-stage renal disease, dialysis), malignancy (primary pericardial mesothelioma, metastatic lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, paraneoplastic), endocrine (hypothyroidism).

• #10 Pericardial Effusion: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17351-pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a buildup of fluid in the space around your heart. It can happen for many reasons, like infections, injuries or other medical conditions. If the buildup is severe or happens quickly, it can compress your heart and cause a life-threatening medical emergency. […] In developed countries, an unknown reason is the most common cause of a pericardial effusion. Tuberculosis is the most common cause in developing countries. […] Pericardial effusion has many different causes. It often happens along with (or because of) inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis). […] Possible causes of pericardial effusion include: Infections. Pericardial effusion often happens because of viral or bacterial infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. It can also happen because of fungal infections or parasites.

• #11 Pericardial effusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion

  Bacterial: Mycobacterium (tuberculosis), gram positive cocci (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), Mycoplasma, Neisseria (meningitides, gonorrhea), Coxiella burnetii. […] Tuberculosis is the leading cause of pericardial effusion in the developing world, with the mortality rate ranging from 17 to 40%. […] Cardiac inflammation: idiopathic pericarditis is the most common inflammatory cause of pericardial effusion in the United States. […] Autoimmune: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, scleroderma, Dressler’s syndrome, sarcoidosis. […] Neoplastic: pericardial effusions may present as primary manifestations of underlying malignancy. […] Metabolic: hypothyroidism (myxedema coma), severe protein deficiency. […] Traumatic: penetrating or blunt chest trauma, aortic dissection. […] Reduced lymphatic drainage: congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome.

• #12 Severe pericardial effusion etiologies

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2954-38352020000300071

  The etiology of pericardial effusion is highly variable around the world. […] Non-infectious etiologies were the most common causes of severe pericardial effusion (66.7%), followed by idiopathic (20.8%) and infectious causes (12.5%), being tuberculosis the most important. […] The main causes of severe pericardial effusion were non-infectious, unlike previous reports from developing countries where infectious diseases are considered the most common. […] Etiologies imply great variations according to regions, they are not the same in developed countries as in developing countries. […] In developing countries, more than 60% of the cases are infectious, represented in more than half of the cases by tuberculosis, especially in those regions where this mycobacterium is endemic. […] Among the infectious etiologies, the main one was tuberculosis, this is possibly explained because Colombia has an intermediate prevalence for this entity. […] In this study, idiopathic etiology was 20.8%, while in the world literature it is approximately 50%.

• #13 Pericardial Effusion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431089/

  Pericardial effusion is the accumulation of excess fluid in the sac surrounding the heart. […] The etiology of pericardial effusion varies widely and can be divided into several categories: Infectious: Pericardial effusion may be caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic pathogens. […] Inflammatory/rheumatologic: Numerous autoimmune disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren syndrome, can cause a pericardial effusion. […] Neoplastic: Metastatic disease and primary cardiac tumors can cause pericardial effusions. Lung cancer is the most common cause of malignant pericardial effusion. […] Trauma: Blunt, penetrating, and iatrogenic injury to the myocardium, aorta, or coronary vessels can lead to the accumulation of blood within the pericardial sac.

• #14 Pericardial Disease

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/pericardial-disease/

  The etiology of a pericardial effusion can often be deduced from the clinical presentation (Box 1); for example, in patients who present with severe hypothyroidism, end-stage kidney failure, acute myocardial infarction, or who underwent a recent invasive cardiac procedure. The relative frequency of different etiologies of pericardial effusions depends on the geography and the patient population. […] Other common causes include infection, renal failure, myocardial infarction (MI), post-cardiac injury syndrome, malignancy, radiation, and trauma. […] The most common form of acute pericarditis is idiopathic, which accounts for about 90% of cases. […] Pericarditis associated with malignancy is caused mainly by metastatic disease. […] Recent or remote mediastinal radiation can cause pericarditis at any time from weeks to months after the exposure. […] Sharp or blunt trauma and invasive cardiac procedures such as electrophysiological ablation procedures, cardiac diagnostic, or interventional catheterization have been associated with pericardial irritation and inflammation.

• #15 A rare cause of pericardial disease | Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English edition)

  https://www.revportcardiol.org/en-a-rare-cause-pericardial-disease-articulo-S2174204913000263

  Primary cardiac tumors are relatively rare; secondary tumors are far more common (2040 times), occurring in 15% of malignant neoplasms. Of primary cardiac tumors, only 25% are malignant and diagnosis is usually difficult. […] Mesotheliomas are rare and extremely aggressive. They originate in serosa, including the pericardium, and are associated with asbestos exposure through mechanisms that are not fully understood. […] As would be expected, primary pericardial mesotheliomas are extremely rare (estimated incidence of 0.0022% in a study of 500000 autopsies) but even so they are the most common primary pericardial tumor. […] Few cases have been reported in the literature and antemortem diagnosis is infrequent. […] Clinical presentation can include the whole spectrum of manifestations of pericardial disease, from the mildest to the final stage of constrictive pericarditis.

• #16 Pericardial effusion | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/pericardial-effusion

  Radiation therapy for cancer that occurs near the heart can also cause pericardial effusion, as well as certain chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. […] A significant percentage of patients with lung cancer has a pericardial effusion caused by the spread of their cancer at the time of their death. Lung cancer is the most common cause of malignant pericardial effusions, accounting for 33 to 50 percent of cases, followed by breast cancer (12 to 25 percent) and hematological malignancies such as leukemia, Hodgkin disease, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (15 to 25 percent). […] The prognosis for cancer patients with malignant pericardial effusion is poor. One study showed that of patients diagnosed with malignant pericardial effusions, 86 percent died within a year of diagnosis. About one-third died within the first month. Patients with malignant pericardial effusion generally have a lifespan of two to seven months following diagnosis.

• #17 Pericardial effusion in oncological patients: current knowledge and principles of management | Cardio-Oncology | Full Text

  https://cardiooncologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40959-024-00207-3

  Cancer-related pericardial effusion is usually the consequence of secondary tumor localization to the pericardium. […] Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of metastatic pericardial effusion, also defined as malignant pericardial effusion, followed by breast cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, and hematological malignancies, especially B-cell lymphoma. […] Primary tumors of the pericardium are 100-1,000 times less frequent than secondary ones, with the prevalence ranging from 0.001 to 0.007%. […] Radiation therapy may cause acute pericardial effusion or lead to delayed pericardial effusion, developing months to decades following treatment, with an estimated rate of 10%, but as high as 50% in certain patient subsets. […] Anti-cancer drugs potentially causing pericardial effusion include anthracyclines, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, busulfan, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, arsenic trioxide, all-trans retinoic acid, and interleukin-2.

• #18 Pericardial effusion | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/pericardial-effusion

  Radiation therapy for cancer that occurs near the heart can also cause pericardial effusion, as well as certain chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. […] A significant percentage of patients with lung cancer has a pericardial effusion caused by the spread of their cancer at the time of their death. Lung cancer is the most common cause of malignant pericardial effusions, accounting for 33 to 50 percent of cases, followed by breast cancer (12 to 25 percent) and hematological malignancies such as leukemia, Hodgkin disease, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (15 to 25 percent). […] The prognosis for cancer patients with malignant pericardial effusion is poor. One study showed that of patients diagnosed with malignant pericardial effusions, 86 percent died within a year of diagnosis. About one-third died within the first month. Patients with malignant pericardial effusion generally have a lifespan of two to seven months following diagnosis.

• #19 Pericardial effusion | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/pericardial-effusion

  Radiation therapy for cancer that occurs near the heart can also cause pericardial effusion, as well as certain chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. […] A significant percentage of patients with lung cancer has a pericardial effusion caused by the spread of their cancer at the time of their death. Lung cancer is the most common cause of malignant pericardial effusions, accounting for 33 to 50 percent of cases, followed by breast cancer (12 to 25 percent) and hematological malignancies such as leukemia, Hodgkin disease, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (15 to 25 percent). […] The prognosis for cancer patients with malignant pericardial effusion is poor. One study showed that of patients diagnosed with malignant pericardial effusions, 86 percent died within a year of diagnosis. About one-third died within the first month. Patients with malignant pericardial effusion generally have a lifespan of two to seven months following diagnosis.

• #20 Pericarditis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/myocarditis-and-pericarditis/pericarditis

  Chronic pericarditis with large effusion (serous, serosanguineous, or bloody) is most commonly caused by metastatic tumors, most often by lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, leukemia, or lymphoma. […] Hypothyroidism may cause pericardial effusion and cholesterol pericarditis. […] Transient constrictive pericarditis is most commonly caused by infection or postpericardiotomy inflammation or is idiopathic. […] Fibrosis of the pericardium, sometimes leading to chronic constrictive pericarditis, may follow purulent pericarditis or accompany a systemic rheumatic disease. […] Hemopericardium (accumulation of blood within the pericardium) may lead to pericarditis or pericardial fibrosis; common causes include chest trauma, iatrogenic injury, and rupture of a thoracic aortic aneurysm.

• #21 Pericardial effusion in oncological patients: current knowledge and principles of management | Cardio-Oncology | Full Text

  https://cardiooncologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40959-024-00207-3

  Cancer-related pericardial effusion is usually the consequence of secondary tumor localization to the pericardium. […] Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of metastatic pericardial effusion, also defined as malignant pericardial effusion, followed by breast cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, and hematological malignancies, especially B-cell lymphoma. […] Primary tumors of the pericardium are 100-1,000 times less frequent than secondary ones, with the prevalence ranging from 0.001 to 0.007%. […] Radiation therapy may cause acute pericardial effusion or lead to delayed pericardial effusion, developing months to decades following treatment, with an estimated rate of 10%, but as high as 50% in certain patient subsets. […] Anti-cancer drugs potentially causing pericardial effusion include anthracyclines, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, busulfan, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, arsenic trioxide, all-trans retinoic acid, and interleukin-2.

• #22 Pericardial Effusion: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-overview

  In many cases, the underlying cause is not identified. However, this often relates to the lack of extensive diagnostic evaluation. […] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can lead to pericardial effusion through several mechanisms, including the following: Secondary bacterial infection, Opportunistic infection, Malignancy (Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma), „Capillary leak” syndrome, which is associated with effusions in other body cavities. […] The most common cause of infectious pericarditis and myocarditis is viral. Common etiologic organisms include coxsackievirus A and B, and hepatitis viruses. […] Neoplastic disease can involve the pericardium through the following mechanisms: Direct extension from mediastinal structures or the cardiac chamber, Retrograde extension from the lymphatic system, Hematologic seeding.

• #23 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  Pericardial effusion is a common pericardial syndrome with an estimated incidence of 3% and a prevalence of 5.7–9%. […] From an etiological point of view, pericardial effusions may have infectious and non-infectious causes. Infections etiologies (mainly viral infections) account for 15–30% of cases and are characterized by the elevation of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cells. […] On the other hand, non-infectious causes of pericardial effusions include cancer (10–25%), iatrogenic causes (15–20%), and autoimmune/auto-inflammatory diseases (5–15%), while tuberculosis is the most common cause (>60%) in endemic areas. […] Despite extensive diagnostic work-up, unfortunately half of the cases in the Western world are finally classified as idiopathic, while in the subgroup of chronic, large, asymptomatic, idiopathic, non-inflammatory effusions, the possibility of unveiling a specific etiology is as low as 7%.

• #24 Pericardial effusion | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericardial-effusion?lang=us

  Pericardial effusions occur when excess fluid collects in the pericardial space (a normal pericardial sac contains approximately 30-50 mL of fluid). […] There is no single demographic affected, as there are many underlying causes of pericardial effusion. […] Etiology: idiopathic (presumed viral, post-viral or immune-related), inflammatory (systemic inflammatory conditions or connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjgren syndrome, vasculitis, familial Mediterranean fever), post-myocardial infarction: Dressler syndrome, infectious (viral, bacterial, tuberculosis), post-surgical or traumatic, related to thoracic aortic dissection, pulmonary arterial hypertension, radiotherapy, renal (end-stage renal disease, dialysis), malignancy (primary pericardial mesothelioma, metastatic lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, paraneoplastic), endocrine (hypothyroidism).

• #25 Pericardial effusion – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/symptoms-causes/syc-20353720

  Pericardial effusion can result from inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) after an illness or injury. In some settings, large effusions may be caused by certain cancers. A blockage of pericardial fluids or a collection of blood within the pericardium also can lead to this condition. […] Sometimes the cause can’t be determined (idiopathic pericarditis). […] Causes of pericardial effusion may include: […] Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus […] Cancer of the heart or pericardium […] Spread of cancer (metastasis), particularly lung cancer, breast cancer or Hodgkin’s lymphoma […] Radiation therapy for cancer if the heart was in the area of the radiation […] Chest trauma […] Inflammation of the pericardium following a heart attack or after heart surgery or a procedure where the heart’s lining is injured […] Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) […] Use of certain drugs or exposure to toxins […] Viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections […] Waste products in the blood due to kidney failure (uremia).

• #26 Pericardial Effusion

  https://fpnotebook.com/CV/Pericardium/PrcrdlEfsn.htm

  Fluid collection around heart within pericardial sac. […] Benign Pericarditis. […] Connective Tissue Disease (esp. Rheumatoid Arthritis). […] Malignant Pericarditis (common, occurs in 20-40% of cancer patients). […] Also occurs as a complication of combination Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy. […] Most common metastatic cancer causes: Lung Cancer, Breast Cancer. […] Other cancer causes: Esophageal Cancer, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Melanoma. […] Hemopericardium: Heart surgery from post-operative Hemorrhage (common), Myocardial Infarction (free wall ventricular rupture), Aortic aneurysm, Aortic Dissection, Chest Trauma (especially penetrating Chest Injury), Anticoagulation. […] Chylopericardium (milky Pericardial Effusion): Heart surgery from post-operative lymph collection, Malignancy (lymphatic obstruction from heart).

• #27 Pericardial effusion | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericardial-effusion?lang=us

  Pericardial effusions occur when excess fluid collects in the pericardial space (a normal pericardial sac contains approximately 30-50 mL of fluid). […] There is no single demographic affected, as there are many underlying causes of pericardial effusion. […] Etiology: idiopathic (presumed viral, post-viral or immune-related), inflammatory (systemic inflammatory conditions or connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjgren syndrome, vasculitis, familial Mediterranean fever), post-myocardial infarction: Dressler syndrome, infectious (viral, bacterial, tuberculosis), post-surgical or traumatic, related to thoracic aortic dissection, pulmonary arterial hypertension, radiotherapy, renal (end-stage renal disease, dialysis), malignancy (primary pericardial mesothelioma, metastatic lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, paraneoplastic), endocrine (hypothyroidism).

• #28 Pericardial effusion | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericardial-effusion?lang=us

  Pericardial effusions occur when excess fluid collects in the pericardial space (a normal pericardial sac contains approximately 30-50 mL of fluid). […] There is no single demographic affected, as there are many underlying causes of pericardial effusion. […] Etiology: idiopathic (presumed viral, post-viral or immune-related), inflammatory (systemic inflammatory conditions or connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjgren syndrome, vasculitis, familial Mediterranean fever), post-myocardial infarction: Dressler syndrome, infectious (viral, bacterial, tuberculosis), post-surgical or traumatic, related to thoracic aortic dissection, pulmonary arterial hypertension, radiotherapy, renal (end-stage renal disease, dialysis), malignancy (primary pericardial mesothelioma, metastatic lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, paraneoplastic), endocrine (hypothyroidism).

• #29 Pericardial effusion | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericardial-effusion?lang=us

  Pericardial effusions occur when excess fluid collects in the pericardial space (a normal pericardial sac contains approximately 30-50 mL of fluid). […] There is no single demographic affected, as there are many underlying causes of pericardial effusion. […] Etiology: idiopathic (presumed viral, post-viral or immune-related), inflammatory (systemic inflammatory conditions or connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjgren syndrome, vasculitis, familial Mediterranean fever), post-myocardial infarction: Dressler syndrome, infectious (viral, bacterial, tuberculosis), post-surgical or traumatic, related to thoracic aortic dissection, pulmonary arterial hypertension, radiotherapy, renal (end-stage renal disease, dialysis), malignancy (primary pericardial mesothelioma, metastatic lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, paraneoplastic), endocrine (hypothyroidism).

• #30 Pericardial Effusion | Clinical Heart and Vascular Center | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/pericardial-effusion/

  Spread of cancer (metastasis), particularly lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or Hodgkin lymphoma […] Trauma or puncture wound near the heart […] Accumulation of blood in the pericardium after an injury or surgery […] Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) […] Viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections […] Waste products in the blood due to kidney failure (uremia) […] Heart attack […] Infection […] Rheumatic fever […] Sarcoidosis, inflammation of the body’s organs […] Whipple disease, a condition in which nutrients are not absorbed properly.

• #31 Pericardial Effusion: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pericardial-effusion

  There are many causes of a pericardial effusion which may be either local, as in acute pericarditis or chronic pericarditis, or systemic. Among the causes of pericardial effusion are: […] Infectious pericarditis: viral – eg, HIV, tuberculosis (TB), fungi, parasites, syphilis, bacterial. […] Malignancy (both primary and secondary): may develop from direct extension or metastatic spread of the underlying malignancy, from an opportunistic infection, or from a complication of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. […] Autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute rheumatic fever, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, scleroderma. […] Drug-induced – eg, hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil, phenytoin, anticoagulants, methysergide.

• #32 Pericardial Effusion | Clinical Heart and Vascular Center | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/pericardial-effusion/

  Spread of cancer (metastasis), particularly lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or Hodgkin lymphoma […] Trauma or puncture wound near the heart […] Accumulation of blood in the pericardium after an injury or surgery […] Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) […] Viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections […] Waste products in the blood due to kidney failure (uremia) […] Heart attack […] Infection […] Rheumatic fever […] Sarcoidosis, inflammation of the body’s organs […] Whipple disease, a condition in which nutrients are not absorbed properly.

• #33 Pericardial Effusion: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-overview

  Pericardial effusions are common after cardiac surgery. […] Less common causes of pericardial effusion include the following: Uremia, Myxedema, Severe pulmonary hypertension, Radiation therapy, Acute myocardial infarction – Including the complication of free wall rupture, Aortic dissection – Leading to hemorrhagic effusion from leakage into the pericardial sac, Trauma, Hyperlipidemia, Chylopericardium, Familial Mediterranean fever, Whipple disease, Hypersensitivity or autoimmune related -Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatic fever, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis, Drug associated – Eg, procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil, phenytoin, anticoagulants, methysergide.

• #34 Unveiling the causes of pericardial effusion in a contemporary case series of pericardiocentesis in Latin America | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19339-6

  Pericardial effusions requiring pericardiocentesis have multiple causes that vary among geographical regions and health contexts. […] The primary outcome was to determine the causes of pericardial effusions in these patients and the indication (diagnostic, therapeutic, or both). […] In the noninflammatory pericardial effusion group, there were 61 cases (53%), among which neoplastic pericardial effusion was the most frequent cause (n = 25, 40.9%). […] In the inflammatory group, there were 55 cases (47%), and the main cause was postpericardiectomy syndrome after cardiac surgery (n=31, 56.4%). […] The principal cause of pericardial effusion in patients who underwent pericardiocentesis was postpericardiectomy syndrome after cardiac surgery, followed by neoplastic pericardial effusion. […] Pericardial effusion of inflammatory cause was identified in 55 patients (47%). The principal etiology of inflammatory pericardial effusion was late pericardial effusion postcardiac surgery related to postpericardiectomy syndrome, which presented in 31 (56%) cases.

• #35 SciELO Brazil – Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ijcs/a/Mc5PDpXXcsXbX6rLDrYGwsp/

  In the overall sample, idiopathic pericardial effusion was the most frequent etiology (84 patients, 33.1%), followed by postsurgical (49 patients, 19.3%), neoplastic (43 patients, 16.9%), and postprocedural complications (angioplasty, ablation and pacemaker)(22 patients, 8.7%). […] However, when patients with and without tamponade were analyzed separately, we found a difference in etiology: in patients without tamponade, the most frequent causes were idiopathic (44.4%), postsurgical (17.6%), and neoplastic (16.2%), whereas in patients with tamponade, the most frequent causes were postprocedural (19.6%), idiopathic (18.8%), and neoplastic (17.9%). […] Our study found that cardiac procedures, such as angioplasty, pacemaker implantation and arrhythmia ablation, are important in the etiology of cardiac tamponade, and these procedures are increasingly performed.

• #36 Unveiling the causes of pericardial effusion in a contemporary case series of pericardiocentesis in Latin America | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19339-6

  Pericardial effusions requiring pericardiocentesis have multiple causes that vary among geographical regions and health contexts. […] The primary outcome was to determine the causes of pericardial effusions in these patients and the indication (diagnostic, therapeutic, or both). […] In the noninflammatory pericardial effusion group, there were 61 cases (53%), among which neoplastic pericardial effusion was the most frequent cause (n = 25, 40.9%). […] In the inflammatory group, there were 55 cases (47%), and the main cause was postpericardiectomy syndrome after cardiac surgery (n=31, 56.4%). […] The principal cause of pericardial effusion in patients who underwent pericardiocentesis was postpericardiectomy syndrome after cardiac surgery, followed by neoplastic pericardial effusion. […] Pericardial effusion of inflammatory cause was identified in 55 patients (47%). The principal etiology of inflammatory pericardial effusion was late pericardial effusion postcardiac surgery related to postpericardiectomy syndrome, which presented in 31 (56%) cases.

• #37 Unveiling the causes of pericardial effusion in a contemporary case series of pericardiocentesis in Latin America | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19339-6

  The second most common etiology was idiopathic pericarditis (n=8, 14.5%). […] Pericardial effusion of noninflammatory cause was identified in 61 patients (53%), with neoplastic etiology being the most common cause, with 25 (40.9%) cases. […] Early pericardial effusion postcardiac surgery was defined as pericardial effusion that presented during the first ten days after surgery with a possible relationship to microvascular bleeding and was classified as a noninflammatory cause (n=13, 21.3%). […] The main type of cardiac surgery related to pericardial effusion was aortic valve replacement (n=10), in which only 4 patients were classified as early pericardial effusion. […] The pericardial effusions after cardiac surgery, related to neoplastic disease and after a percutaneous coronary intervention, were the main etiologies in patients who underwent pericardiocentesis.

• #38 SciELO Brazil – Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ijcs/a/Mc5PDpXXcsXbX6rLDrYGwsp/

  In the overall sample, idiopathic pericardial effusion was the most frequent etiology (84 patients, 33.1%), followed by postsurgical (49 patients, 19.3%), neoplastic (43 patients, 16.9%), and postprocedural complications (angioplasty, ablation and pacemaker)(22 patients, 8.7%). […] However, when patients with and without tamponade were analyzed separately, we found a difference in etiology: in patients without tamponade, the most frequent causes were idiopathic (44.4%), postsurgical (17.6%), and neoplastic (16.2%), whereas in patients with tamponade, the most frequent causes were postprocedural (19.6%), idiopathic (18.8%), and neoplastic (17.9%). […] Our study found that cardiac procedures, such as angioplasty, pacemaker implantation and arrhythmia ablation, are important in the etiology of cardiac tamponade, and these procedures are increasingly performed.

• #39 Pericardial Effusion | Clinical Heart and Vascular Center | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/pericardial-effusion/

  Pericardial effusion (fluid around the heart) is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, which is between the heart and the pericardium (the membrane sac that envelops the heart). […] There are many causes of pericardial effusion, such as: Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus […] Cancer of the pericardium or heart […] Certain prescription drugs, such as hydralazine, a medication for high blood pressure; isoniazid, a tuberculosis drug; and phenytoin, a medication for epileptic seizures […] Chemotherapy drugs, such as doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide […] Blockage of the flow of pericardial fluids […] Inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) following heart surgery or a heart attack […] Radiation therapy for cancer if the heart was within the field of radiation

• #40 Pericardial effusion in oncological patients: current knowledge and principles of management | Cardio-Oncology | Full Text

  https://cardiooncologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40959-024-00207-3

  Cancer-related pericardial effusion is usually the consequence of secondary tumor localization to the pericardium. […] Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of metastatic pericardial effusion, also defined as malignant pericardial effusion, followed by breast cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, and hematological malignancies, especially B-cell lymphoma. […] Primary tumors of the pericardium are 100-1,000 times less frequent than secondary ones, with the prevalence ranging from 0.001 to 0.007%. […] Radiation therapy may cause acute pericardial effusion or lead to delayed pericardial effusion, developing months to decades following treatment, with an estimated rate of 10%, but as high as 50% in certain patient subsets. […] Anti-cancer drugs potentially causing pericardial effusion include anthracyclines, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, busulfan, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, arsenic trioxide, all-trans retinoic acid, and interleukin-2.

• #41 Pericardial Effusion: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pericardial-effusion

  There are many causes of a pericardial effusion which may be either local, as in acute pericarditis or chronic pericarditis, or systemic. Among the causes of pericardial effusion are: […] Infectious pericarditis: viral – eg, HIV, tuberculosis (TB), fungi, parasites, syphilis, bacterial. […] Malignancy (both primary and secondary): may develop from direct extension or metastatic spread of the underlying malignancy, from an opportunistic infection, or from a complication of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. […] Autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute rheumatic fever, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, scleroderma. […] Drug-induced – eg, hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil, phenytoin, anticoagulants, methysergide.

• #42 Pericardial effusion in oncological patients: current knowledge and principles of management | Cardio-Oncology | Full Text

  https://cardiooncologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40959-024-00207-3

  Cancer-related pericardial effusion is usually the consequence of secondary tumor localization to the pericardium. […] Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of metastatic pericardial effusion, also defined as malignant pericardial effusion, followed by breast cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, and hematological malignancies, especially B-cell lymphoma. […] Primary tumors of the pericardium are 100-1,000 times less frequent than secondary ones, with the prevalence ranging from 0.001 to 0.007%. […] Radiation therapy may cause acute pericardial effusion or lead to delayed pericardial effusion, developing months to decades following treatment, with an estimated rate of 10%, but as high as 50% in certain patient subsets. […] Anti-cancer drugs potentially causing pericardial effusion include anthracyclines, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, busulfan, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, arsenic trioxide, all-trans retinoic acid, and interleukin-2.

• #43 Pericardial Effusion: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-overview

  Pericardial effusions are common after cardiac surgery. […] Less common causes of pericardial effusion include the following: Uremia, Myxedema, Severe pulmonary hypertension, Radiation therapy, Acute myocardial infarction – Including the complication of free wall rupture, Aortic dissection – Leading to hemorrhagic effusion from leakage into the pericardial sac, Trauma, Hyperlipidemia, Chylopericardium, Familial Mediterranean fever, Whipple disease, Hypersensitivity or autoimmune related -Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatic fever, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis, Drug associated – Eg, procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil, phenytoin, anticoagulants, methysergide.

• #44 Pericardial effusion and tamponade – Diagnosis and Treatment Summary : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/pericardial-effusion-and-tamponade-diagnosis-and-treatment-summary/

  Pericardial effusions may develop rapidly (acute) or more gradually (subacute or chronic). […] Etiology: Infection – acute pericarditis (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic). Autoimmune disease – e.g. lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjögren syndrome. Post-myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery. Neoplasm – metastatic (e.g. lung, breast) more common than primary. Trauma – blunt or penetrating, iatrogenic. Metabolic – hypothyroidism, uremia. Mediastinal radiation. Cardiac causes – postcardiac injury syndrome, myocarditis, dissecting aortic aneurysm. Medications. […] Often the cause of the pericardial effusion is evident based on history.

• #45

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00059-011-3428-5

  Causes of pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis are very complex; a summary of 140 patients, especially those having iatrogenic pericardial effusion, is rare. […] In China, most moderate to large pericardial effusions requiring pericardiocentesis and drainage were exudates and bloody, which were mainly caused by malignancy and tuberculosis. However, the incidence of iatrogenic pericardial effusion has been increasing and should not be ignored.

• #46 Pericardial Effusion: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17351-pericardial-effusion

  Cancer. Tumors in your heart or that spread from elsewhere in your body can damage your pericardium. […] Immune system conditions or inflammatory disorders. These include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjögren’s syndrome. […] Hormonal disorders or problems. An example of this is hypothyroidism (where your thyroid gland isn’t producing enough thyroid hormone). […] Trauma. Injuries to your chest, including blunt impacts (like car crashes) and punctures from knives or bullets, can cause pericardial effusion. […] Heart or circulatory problems. These include heart attacks, heart valve disease or aortic dissection (where layers on the inside of your aorta separate or tear). […] Medical causes. Pericardial effusion can happen after heart surgery, radiation therapy for cancer or as a side effect of some medications. […] Other. Pericardial effusion can also happen with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, kidney failure or liver cirrhosis.

• #47 Pericardial Effusion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431089/

  Cardiac: Pericardial effusion can arise after a myocardial infarction (referred to as Dressler syndrome), cardiac surgery, or cardiac wall rupture. […] Vascular: A type A aortic dissection can be complicated by cardiac tamponade. […] Idiopathic: Many cases of pericardial effusion are idiopathic. […] Other: This category includes radiation, chronic kidney disease, renal failure, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, hypothyroidism leading to myxedema, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and drug-induced. […] Pericardial effusion has diverse etiologies that may be identified with good clinical evaluation and appropriate use of diagnostic examinations. Understanding these varied origins is crucial for effective treatment.

• #48 Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pericardial-effusion-and-cardiac-tamponade/

  Pericardial effusion is the acute or chronic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space (between the parietal and the visceral pericardium) and is often associated with a variety of underlying disorders. […] The fluid can be either bloody (e.g., following aortic dissection) or serous (usually idiopathic). […] Hemopericardium: accumulation of blood in pericardial space. […] Cardiac wall rupture (e.g., complication of myocardial infarction). […] Chest trauma (traumatic cardiac tamponade). […] Aortic dissection. […] Cardiac surgery (e.g., heart valve surgery, coronary bypass surgery). […] Serous or serosanguinous pericardial effusion. […] Idiopathic. […] Acute pericarditis (especially viral, but also fungal, tuberculous or bacterial). […] Malignancy. […] Postpericardiotomy syndrome. […] Uremia. […] Autoimmune disorders. […] Hypothyroidism. […] Right heart failure.

• #49 Pericardial effusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion

  Bacterial: Mycobacterium (tuberculosis), gram positive cocci (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), Mycoplasma, Neisseria (meningitides, gonorrhea), Coxiella burnetii. […] Tuberculosis is the leading cause of pericardial effusion in the developing world, with the mortality rate ranging from 17 to 40%. […] Cardiac inflammation: idiopathic pericarditis is the most common inflammatory cause of pericardial effusion in the United States. […] Autoimmune: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, scleroderma, Dressler’s syndrome, sarcoidosis. […] Neoplastic: pericardial effusions may present as primary manifestations of underlying malignancy. […] Metabolic: hypothyroidism (myxedema coma), severe protein deficiency. […] Traumatic: penetrating or blunt chest trauma, aortic dissection. […] Reduced lymphatic drainage: congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome.

• #50 Pericardial Effusion: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17351-pericardial-effusion

  Cancer. Tumors in your heart or that spread from elsewhere in your body can damage your pericardium. […] Immune system conditions or inflammatory disorders. These include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjögren’s syndrome. […] Hormonal disorders or problems. An example of this is hypothyroidism (where your thyroid gland isn’t producing enough thyroid hormone). […] Trauma. Injuries to your chest, including blunt impacts (like car crashes) and punctures from knives or bullets, can cause pericardial effusion. […] Heart or circulatory problems. These include heart attacks, heart valve disease or aortic dissection (where layers on the inside of your aorta separate or tear). […] Medical causes. Pericardial effusion can happen after heart surgery, radiation therapy for cancer or as a side effect of some medications. […] Other. Pericardial effusion can also happen with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, kidney failure or liver cirrhosis.

• #51 Pericardial Effusion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431089/

  Cardiac: Pericardial effusion can arise after a myocardial infarction (referred to as Dressler syndrome), cardiac surgery, or cardiac wall rupture. […] Vascular: A type A aortic dissection can be complicated by cardiac tamponade. […] Idiopathic: Many cases of pericardial effusion are idiopathic. […] Other: This category includes radiation, chronic kidney disease, renal failure, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, hypothyroidism leading to myxedema, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and drug-induced. […] Pericardial effusion has diverse etiologies that may be identified with good clinical evaluation and appropriate use of diagnostic examinations. Understanding these varied origins is crucial for effective treatment.

• #52 Pericardial Effusion: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-overview

  Pericardial effusions are common after cardiac surgery. […] Less common causes of pericardial effusion include the following: Uremia, Myxedema, Severe pulmonary hypertension, Radiation therapy, Acute myocardial infarction – Including the complication of free wall rupture, Aortic dissection – Leading to hemorrhagic effusion from leakage into the pericardial sac, Trauma, Hyperlipidemia, Chylopericardium, Familial Mediterranean fever, Whipple disease, Hypersensitivity or autoimmune related -Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatic fever, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis, Drug associated – Eg, procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil, phenytoin, anticoagulants, methysergide.

• #53 Pericardial Effusion: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-overview

  Pericardial effusions are common after cardiac surgery. […] Less common causes of pericardial effusion include the following: Uremia, Myxedema, Severe pulmonary hypertension, Radiation therapy, Acute myocardial infarction – Including the complication of free wall rupture, Aortic dissection – Leading to hemorrhagic effusion from leakage into the pericardial sac, Trauma, Hyperlipidemia, Chylopericardium, Familial Mediterranean fever, Whipple disease, Hypersensitivity or autoimmune related -Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatic fever, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis, Drug associated – Eg, procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil, phenytoin, anticoagulants, methysergide.

• #54 Pericardial effusion: causes and clinical outcomes in dogs (Proceedings)

  https://www.dvm360.com/view/pericardial-effusion-causes-and-clinical-outcomes-dogs-proceedings-0

  Pericardial effusion is a fairly common acquired heart disease in dogs, and prevalence has been reported to be 0.43% (or 1 dog per 233 cases) of dogs presenting to a referral veterinary hospital, and accounts for approximately 7% of dogs with clinical signs of cardiac disease. […] It is a multi-etiologic disorder (including infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic causes) with a wide spectrum of prognoses ranging from good to grave. […] Neoplasia was the most common cause of pericardial effusion (71% of dogs). Hemangiosarcoma was the most common etiology of pericardial effusion (34%), followed by idiopathic pericarditis (20%), mesothelioma (14%), chemodectoma (8%), thyroid adenocarcinoma (6%), infective pericarditis (5%), lymphoma (3%), sarcoma (2%), and 1 case of each of the following: carcinomatosis, ruptured left atrium secondary to severe mitral regurgitation, sterile foreign body, and granuloma. […] 3 of 5 cases of infective pericarditis were caused by fox tail foreign bodies with secondary bacterial infections.

• #55 Pericardial Effusion: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17351-pericardial-effusion

  Cancer. Tumors in your heart or that spread from elsewhere in your body can damage your pericardium. […] Immune system conditions or inflammatory disorders. These include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjögren’s syndrome. […] Hormonal disorders or problems. An example of this is hypothyroidism (where your thyroid gland isn’t producing enough thyroid hormone). […] Trauma. Injuries to your chest, including blunt impacts (like car crashes) and punctures from knives or bullets, can cause pericardial effusion. […] Heart or circulatory problems. These include heart attacks, heart valve disease or aortic dissection (where layers on the inside of your aorta separate or tear). […] Medical causes. Pericardial effusion can happen after heart surgery, radiation therapy for cancer or as a side effect of some medications. […] Other. Pericardial effusion can also happen with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, kidney failure or liver cirrhosis.

• #56

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion causes can include: […] Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus […] Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) […] Cancer radiation therapy when the heart is within the radiation field […] Metastatic cancer (cancer that started in one body part and spread), especially lung cancer, breast cancer or leukemia […] Viral, bacterial or fungal infections […] Kidney failure.

• #57 Pericardial effusion – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/symptoms-causes/syc-20353720

  Pericardial effusion can result from inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) after an illness or injury. In some settings, large effusions may be caused by certain cancers. A blockage of pericardial fluids or a collection of blood within the pericardium also can lead to this condition. […] Sometimes the cause can’t be determined (idiopathic pericarditis). […] Causes of pericardial effusion may include: […] Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus […] Cancer of the heart or pericardium […] Spread of cancer (metastasis), particularly lung cancer, breast cancer or Hodgkin’s lymphoma […] Radiation therapy for cancer if the heart was in the area of the radiation […] Chest trauma […] Inflammation of the pericardium following a heart attack or after heart surgery or a procedure where the heart’s lining is injured […] Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) […] Use of certain drugs or exposure to toxins […] Viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections […] Waste products in the blood due to kidney failure (uremia).

• #58 Pericardial effusion – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/symptoms-causes/syc-20353720

  Pericardial effusion can result from inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) after an illness or injury. In some settings, large effusions may be caused by certain cancers. A blockage of pericardial fluids or a collection of blood within the pericardium also can lead to this condition. […] Sometimes the cause can’t be determined (idiopathic pericarditis). […] Causes of pericardial effusion may include: […] Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus […] Cancer of the heart or pericardium […] Spread of cancer (metastasis), particularly lung cancer, breast cancer or Hodgkin’s lymphoma […] Radiation therapy for cancer if the heart was in the area of the radiation […] Chest trauma […] Inflammation of the pericardium following a heart attack or after heart surgery or a procedure where the heart’s lining is injured […] Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) […] Use of certain drugs or exposure to toxins […] Viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections […] Waste products in the blood due to kidney failure (uremia).

• #59 Pericardial Effusion | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is the buildup of extra fluid in the space around the heart. […] A number of conditions can cause excess fluid and inflammation in the pericardial sac, such as: Cancer (spread from another part of the body or from the heart tissue itself), Infection of the pericardial sac, such as from viral or bacterial infections, Inflammation of the pericardial sac (for example, because of a heart attack), Injury (including those from medical procedures on the heart), Immune system problems, Metabolic causes, like kidney failure with uremia, Reactions to certain medicines, Radiation. […] Sometimes the cause of fluid buildup is unknown.

• #60 Pericardial Effusion: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17351-pericardial-effusion

  Cancer. Tumors in your heart or that spread from elsewhere in your body can damage your pericardium. […] Immune system conditions or inflammatory disorders. These include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjögren’s syndrome. […] Hormonal disorders or problems. An example of this is hypothyroidism (where your thyroid gland isn’t producing enough thyroid hormone). […] Trauma. Injuries to your chest, including blunt impacts (like car crashes) and punctures from knives or bullets, can cause pericardial effusion. […] Heart or circulatory problems. These include heart attacks, heart valve disease or aortic dissection (where layers on the inside of your aorta separate or tear). […] Medical causes. Pericardial effusion can happen after heart surgery, radiation therapy for cancer or as a side effect of some medications. […] Other. Pericardial effusion can also happen with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, kidney failure or liver cirrhosis.

• #61 Pericardial Effusion: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-overview

  Pericardial effusions are common after cardiac surgery. […] Less common causes of pericardial effusion include the following: Uremia, Myxedema, Severe pulmonary hypertension, Radiation therapy, Acute myocardial infarction – Including the complication of free wall rupture, Aortic dissection – Leading to hemorrhagic effusion from leakage into the pericardial sac, Trauma, Hyperlipidemia, Chylopericardium, Familial Mediterranean fever, Whipple disease, Hypersensitivity or autoimmune related -Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatic fever, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis, Drug associated – Eg, procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil, phenytoin, anticoagulants, methysergide.

• #62 Pericardial effusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion

  Bacterial: Mycobacterium (tuberculosis), gram positive cocci (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), Mycoplasma, Neisseria (meningitides, gonorrhea), Coxiella burnetii. […] Tuberculosis is the leading cause of pericardial effusion in the developing world, with the mortality rate ranging from 17 to 40%. […] Cardiac inflammation: idiopathic pericarditis is the most common inflammatory cause of pericardial effusion in the United States. […] Autoimmune: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, scleroderma, Dressler’s syndrome, sarcoidosis. […] Neoplastic: pericardial effusions may present as primary manifestations of underlying malignancy. […] Metabolic: hypothyroidism (myxedema coma), severe protein deficiency. […] Traumatic: penetrating or blunt chest trauma, aortic dissection. […] Reduced lymphatic drainage: congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome.

• #63 Pericardial Effusion: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17351-pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a buildup of fluid in the space around your heart. It can happen for many reasons, like infections, injuries or other medical conditions. If the buildup is severe or happens quickly, it can compress your heart and cause a life-threatening medical emergency. […] In developed countries, an unknown reason is the most common cause of a pericardial effusion. Tuberculosis is the most common cause in developing countries. […] Pericardial effusion has many different causes. It often happens along with (or because of) inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis). […] Possible causes of pericardial effusion include: Infections. Pericardial effusion often happens because of viral or bacterial infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. It can also happen because of fungal infections or parasites.

• #64 Pericardial effusion – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/symptoms-causes/syc-20353720

  Pericardial effusion can result from inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) after an illness or injury. In some settings, large effusions may be caused by certain cancers. A blockage of pericardial fluids or a collection of blood within the pericardium also can lead to this condition. […] Sometimes the cause can’t be determined (idiopathic pericarditis). […] Causes of pericardial effusion may include: […] Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus […] Cancer of the heart or pericardium […] Spread of cancer (metastasis), particularly lung cancer, breast cancer or Hodgkin’s lymphoma […] Radiation therapy for cancer if the heart was in the area of the radiation […] Chest trauma […] Inflammation of the pericardium following a heart attack or after heart surgery or a procedure where the heart’s lining is injured […] Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) […] Use of certain drugs or exposure to toxins […] Viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections […] Waste products in the blood due to kidney failure (uremia).

• #65 Pericardial Effusion: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/pericardial-effusion

  Side effects from medical treatments, such as heart surgery, radiation therapy for cancer, or certain medications. […] Complications from medical conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, kidney failure, or liver cirrhosis. […] In some cases, your doctor may not be able to find a cause. Your doctor may call these idiopathic pericardial effusions.

• #66 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  Pericardial effusion is a common pericardial syndrome with an estimated incidence of 3% and a prevalence of 5.7–9%. […] From an etiological point of view, pericardial effusions may have infectious and non-infectious causes. Infections etiologies (mainly viral infections) account for 15–30% of cases and are characterized by the elevation of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cells. […] On the other hand, non-infectious causes of pericardial effusions include cancer (10–25%), iatrogenic causes (15–20%), and autoimmune/auto-inflammatory diseases (5–15%), while tuberculosis is the most common cause (>60%) in endemic areas. […] Despite extensive diagnostic work-up, unfortunately half of the cases in the Western world are finally classified as idiopathic, while in the subgroup of chronic, large, asymptomatic, idiopathic, non-inflammatory effusions, the possibility of unveiling a specific etiology is as low as 7%.

• #67 Severe pericardial effusion etiologies

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2954-38352020000300071

  The etiology of pericardial effusion is highly variable around the world. […] Non-infectious etiologies were the most common causes of severe pericardial effusion (66.7%), followed by idiopathic (20.8%) and infectious causes (12.5%), being tuberculosis the most important. […] The main causes of severe pericardial effusion were non-infectious, unlike previous reports from developing countries where infectious diseases are considered the most common. […] Etiologies imply great variations according to regions, they are not the same in developed countries as in developing countries. […] In developing countries, more than 60% of the cases are infectious, represented in more than half of the cases by tuberculosis, especially in those regions where this mycobacterium is endemic. […] Among the infectious etiologies, the main one was tuberculosis, this is possibly explained because Colombia has an intermediate prevalence for this entity. […] In this study, idiopathic etiology was 20.8%, while in the world literature it is approximately 50%.

• #68 SciELO Brazil – Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ijcs/a/Mc5PDpXXcsXbX6rLDrYGwsp/

  In the overall sample, idiopathic pericardial effusion was the most frequent etiology (84 patients, 33.1%), followed by postsurgical (49 patients, 19.3%), neoplastic (43 patients, 16.9%), and postprocedural complications (angioplasty, ablation and pacemaker)(22 patients, 8.7%). […] However, when patients with and without tamponade were analyzed separately, we found a difference in etiology: in patients without tamponade, the most frequent causes were idiopathic (44.4%), postsurgical (17.6%), and neoplastic (16.2%), whereas in patients with tamponade, the most frequent causes were postprocedural (19.6%), idiopathic (18.8%), and neoplastic (17.9%). […] Our study found that cardiac procedures, such as angioplasty, pacemaker implantation and arrhythmia ablation, are important in the etiology of cardiac tamponade, and these procedures are increasingly performed.

• #69 Pericardial effusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion

  Bacterial: Mycobacterium (tuberculosis), gram positive cocci (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), Mycoplasma, Neisseria (meningitides, gonorrhea), Coxiella burnetii. […] Tuberculosis is the leading cause of pericardial effusion in the developing world, with the mortality rate ranging from 17 to 40%. […] Cardiac inflammation: idiopathic pericarditis is the most common inflammatory cause of pericardial effusion in the United States. […] Autoimmune: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, scleroderma, Dressler’s syndrome, sarcoidosis. […] Neoplastic: pericardial effusions may present as primary manifestations of underlying malignancy. […] Metabolic: hypothyroidism (myxedema coma), severe protein deficiency. […] Traumatic: penetrating or blunt chest trauma, aortic dissection. […] Reduced lymphatic drainage: congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome.

• #70 Severe pericardial effusion etiologies

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2954-38352020000300071

  The etiology of pericardial effusion is highly variable around the world. […] Non-infectious etiologies were the most common causes of severe pericardial effusion (66.7%), followed by idiopathic (20.8%) and infectious causes (12.5%), being tuberculosis the most important. […] The main causes of severe pericardial effusion were non-infectious, unlike previous reports from developing countries where infectious diseases are considered the most common. […] Etiologies imply great variations according to regions, they are not the same in developed countries as in developing countries. […] In developing countries, more than 60% of the cases are infectious, represented in more than half of the cases by tuberculosis, especially in those regions where this mycobacterium is endemic. […] Among the infectious etiologies, the main one was tuberculosis, this is possibly explained because Colombia has an intermediate prevalence for this entity. […] In this study, idiopathic etiology was 20.8%, while in the world literature it is approximately 50%.

• #71 :: KCJ :: Korean Circulation Journal

  https://e-kcj.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725

  Pericardial effusion can develop from any pericardial disease, including pericarditis and several systemic disorders, such as malignancies, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic renal failure, thyroid diseases, and autoimmune diseases. […] The clinical causes of pericardial effusion are very diverse and include malignancies of other organs, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic renal failure, thyroid disease, autoimmune disease, and iatrogenic and idiopathic causes. […] The development of a pericardial effusion may have important implications for the prognosis (as in patients with intrathoracic malignancy) or diagnosis (as in myopericarditis or acute pericarditis), or both (as in dissection of the ascending aorta). […] In Korea, lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis are predominant causes of large pericardial effusion. […] The causes of large pericardial effusions, requiring invasive pericardiocentesis or pericardiotomy, vary according to the times, status of the countries, and the location, size, and facilities of the hospital.

• #72 Pericardial Effusion: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17351-pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a buildup of fluid in the space around your heart. It can happen for many reasons, like infections, injuries or other medical conditions. If the buildup is severe or happens quickly, it can compress your heart and cause a life-threatening medical emergency. […] In developed countries, an unknown reason is the most common cause of a pericardial effusion. Tuberculosis is the most common cause in developing countries. […] Pericardial effusion has many different causes. It often happens along with (or because of) inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis). […] Possible causes of pericardial effusion include: Infections. Pericardial effusion often happens because of viral or bacterial infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. It can also happen because of fungal infections or parasites.

• #73 SciELO Brazil – Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ijcs/a/Mc5PDpXXcsXbX6rLDrYGwsp/

  Pericardial effusion is a relatively common finding and can progress to cardiac tamponade; etiological diagnosis is important for guiding treatment decisions. […] Among pericardial effusion patients without tamponade, the most frequent etiologies were: idiopathic (44.4%) and postsurgical (17.6%), while among those with tamponade, the most frequent etiologies were postsurgical (21.4%) and postprocedural (19.6%). […] There is an etiological difference between pericardial effusion patients with and without cardiac tamponade. An idiopathic etiology is more common among those without tamponade, while postinterventional/postsurgical is more common among those with tamponade. […] Some of the etiologies of pericardial effusion include neoplasm, infection, and tuberculosis in developing countries. It has been closely related to immunodepression, iatrogenesis, connective tissue diseases, and postsurgical complications. Moreover, the etiology of many patients is idiopathic.

• #74 Pericardial effusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion

  Bacterial: Mycobacterium (tuberculosis), gram positive cocci (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), Mycoplasma, Neisseria (meningitides, gonorrhea), Coxiella burnetii. […] Tuberculosis is the leading cause of pericardial effusion in the developing world, with the mortality rate ranging from 17 to 40%. […] Cardiac inflammation: idiopathic pericarditis is the most common inflammatory cause of pericardial effusion in the United States. […] Autoimmune: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, scleroderma, Dressler’s syndrome, sarcoidosis. […] Neoplastic: pericardial effusions may present as primary manifestations of underlying malignancy. […] Metabolic: hypothyroidism (myxedema coma), severe protein deficiency. […] Traumatic: penetrating or blunt chest trauma, aortic dissection. […] Reduced lymphatic drainage: congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome.

• #75 Asymptomatic Chronic Large Pericardial Effusions: To Drain or to Observe?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/13/3887

  Pericardial effusion is a common pericardial syndrome with an estimated incidence of 3% and a prevalence of 5.7–9%. […] From an etiological point of view, pericardial effusions may have infectious and non-infectious causes. Infections etiologies (mainly viral infections) account for 15–30% of cases and are characterized by the elevation of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cells. […] On the other hand, non-infectious causes of pericardial effusions include cancer (10–25%), iatrogenic causes (15–20%), and autoimmune/auto-inflammatory diseases (5–15%), while tuberculosis is the most common cause (>60%) in endemic areas. […] Despite extensive diagnostic work-up, unfortunately half of the cases in the Western world are finally classified as idiopathic, while in the subgroup of chronic, large, asymptomatic, idiopathic, non-inflammatory effusions, the possibility of unveiling a specific etiology is as low as 7%.

• #76 Unveiling the causes of pericardial effusion in a contemporary case series of pericardiocentesis in Latin America | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19339-6

  Pericardial effusions requiring pericardiocentesis have multiple causes that vary among geographical regions and health contexts. […] The primary outcome was to determine the causes of pericardial effusions in these patients and the indication (diagnostic, therapeutic, or both). […] In the noninflammatory pericardial effusion group, there were 61 cases (53%), among which neoplastic pericardial effusion was the most frequent cause (n = 25, 40.9%). […] In the inflammatory group, there were 55 cases (47%), and the main cause was postpericardiectomy syndrome after cardiac surgery (n=31, 56.4%). […] The principal cause of pericardial effusion in patients who underwent pericardiocentesis was postpericardiectomy syndrome after cardiac surgery, followed by neoplastic pericardial effusion. […] Pericardial effusion of inflammatory cause was identified in 55 patients (47%). The principal etiology of inflammatory pericardial effusion was late pericardial effusion postcardiac surgery related to postpericardiectomy syndrome, which presented in 31 (56%) cases.

• #77 SciELO Brazil – Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ijcs/a/Mc5PDpXXcsXbX6rLDrYGwsp/

  In the overall sample, idiopathic pericardial effusion was the most frequent etiology (84 patients, 33.1%), followed by postsurgical (49 patients, 19.3%), neoplastic (43 patients, 16.9%), and postprocedural complications (angioplasty, ablation and pacemaker)(22 patients, 8.7%). […] However, when patients with and without tamponade were analyzed separately, we found a difference in etiology: in patients without tamponade, the most frequent causes were idiopathic (44.4%), postsurgical (17.6%), and neoplastic (16.2%), whereas in patients with tamponade, the most frequent causes were postprocedural (19.6%), idiopathic (18.8%), and neoplastic (17.9%). […] Our study found that cardiac procedures, such as angioplasty, pacemaker implantation and arrhythmia ablation, are important in the etiology of cardiac tamponade, and these procedures are increasingly performed.

• #78 Pericardial effusion in oncological patients: current knowledge and principles of management | Cardio-Oncology | Full Text

  https://cardiooncologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40959-024-00207-3

  Cancer-related pericardial effusion is commonly the result of localization of lung and breast cancer, melanoma, or lymphoma to the pericardium via direct invasion, lymphatic dissemination, or hematogenous spread. […] Several cancer therapies may also cause pericardial effusion, most often during or shortly after administration. […] Other diseases, such as infections, and, rarely, primary tumors of the pericardium complete the spectrum of the possible etiologies of pericardial effusion in oncological patients. […] Pericardial effusion secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitors typically responds to corticosteroid therapy. […] In case of newly found pericardial effusion in individuals without active cancer and/or recent cancer treatment, a history of malignancy, unremitting or recurrent course, large effusion or presentation with cardiac tamponade, incomplete response to empirical therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, and hemorrhagic fluid at pericardiocentesis suggest a neoplastic etiology.

• #79 Pericardial Effusion: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a condition that happens when an abnormally large amount of fluid gathers in the pericardium, which is the thin sac that surrounds the heart. The presence of this fluid might be caused by a variety of circumstances, including an infection, trauma, or even some types of cancer. […] There are three main types of pericardial effusion: transudative, exudative, and haemorrhagic. […] Transudative pericardial effusions are caused by an imbalance between pressure and the volume of fluid in the pericardial space. […] Exudative effusions occur when there is inflammation or infection in the pericardium due to an underlying medical condition such as cancer or autoimmune disease. […] Hemorrhagic pericardial effusions are caused by bleeding into the pericardial space due to trauma or rupture of a vessel in this area.

• #80 Pericardial Effusion: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a condition that happens when an abnormally large amount of fluid gathers in the pericardium, which is the thin sac that surrounds the heart. The presence of this fluid might be caused by a variety of circumstances, including an infection, trauma, or even some types of cancer. […] There are three main types of pericardial effusion: transudative, exudative, and haemorrhagic. […] Transudative pericardial effusions are caused by an imbalance between pressure and the volume of fluid in the pericardial space. […] Exudative effusions occur when there is inflammation or infection in the pericardium due to an underlying medical condition such as cancer or autoimmune disease. […] Hemorrhagic pericardial effusions are caused by bleeding into the pericardial space due to trauma or rupture of a vessel in this area.

• #81 Pericardial Effusion – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/cardiothoracic/pericardialeffusion/

  Pericardial effusion is where excess fluid collects within the pericardial sac. […] Increased venous pressure can reduce drainage from the pericardial cavity, resulting in a transudative effusion. This may occur in: Congestive heart failure, Pulmonary hypertension. […] Exudative effusions may occur in any inflammatory process affecting the pericardium (pericarditis), such as in: Infection (e.g., tuberculosis, HIV, coxsackievirus, EpsteinBarr virus and other viruses), Autoimmune and inflammatory conditions (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis), Injury to the pericardium (e.g., after myocardial infarction, open heart surgery or trauma), Uraemia (raised urea) secondary to renal impairment, Cancer, Medications (e.g., methotrexate). […] Rupture of the heart or aorta can cause bleeding into the pericardial cavity, resulting in a rapid-onset cardiac tamponade. Rupture may be the result of: Myocardial infarction, Trauma, Aortic dissection (type A).

• #82 Pericardial Effusion: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a condition that happens when an abnormally large amount of fluid gathers in the pericardium, which is the thin sac that surrounds the heart. The presence of this fluid might be caused by a variety of circumstances, including an infection, trauma, or even some types of cancer. […] There are three main types of pericardial effusion: transudative, exudative, and haemorrhagic. […] Transudative pericardial effusions are caused by an imbalance between pressure and the volume of fluid in the pericardial space. […] Exudative effusions occur when there is inflammation or infection in the pericardium due to an underlying medical condition such as cancer or autoimmune disease. […] Hemorrhagic pericardial effusions are caused by bleeding into the pericardial space due to trauma or rupture of a vessel in this area.

• #83 Responding to a Cardiac Emergency: Pericardial Effusion in Canine Patients | Today’s Veterinary Practice

  https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/cardiology/todays-technicianresponding-to-a-cardiac-emergencypericardial-effusion-in-canine-patients/

  Pericardial effusion is considered a cardiac emergency situation that is most commonly seen in canine patients. […] An acquired cause of pericardial effusion is pericarditis, which stems from neoplastic, immune, inflammatory, and, occasionally, infectious disease processes. […] Neoplastic processes are the most common cause of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade: […] Congestive heart failure, uremia, and decreased oncotic pressure can result in small-volume pericardial effusion, usually without cardiac tamponade. […] Hemorrhagic pericardial effusions in canine patients are commonly caused by hemangiosarcoma. […] Less common causes of hemorrhagic pericardial effusion include left atrial rupture, coagulopathy, penetrating trauma, and uremic pericarditis. […] Causes of transudative effusions include congestive heart failure, hypoalbuminemia, peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia, pericardial cysts, and certain toxemias. […] Exudative effusions appear cloudy to opaque, with a protein concentration > 3 g/dL and specific gravity > 1.015.

• #84 Pericardial Effusion: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pericardial-effusion

  Pericardial effusion is a condition that happens when an abnormally large amount of fluid gathers in the pericardium, which is the thin sac that surrounds the heart. The presence of this fluid might be caused by a variety of circumstances, including an infection, trauma, or even some types of cancer. […] There are three main types of pericardial effusion: transudative, exudative, and haemorrhagic. […] Transudative pericardial effusions are caused by an imbalance between pressure and the volume of fluid in the pericardial space. […] Exudative effusions occur when there is inflammation or infection in the pericardium due to an underlying medical condition such as cancer or autoimmune disease. […] Hemorrhagic pericardial effusions are caused by bleeding into the pericardial space due to trauma or rupture of a vessel in this area.

• #85 Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pericardial-effusion-and-cardiac-tamponade/

  Pericardial effusion is the acute or chronic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space (between the parietal and the visceral pericardium) and is often associated with a variety of underlying disorders. […] The fluid can be either bloody (e.g., following aortic dissection) or serous (usually idiopathic). […] Hemopericardium: accumulation of blood in pericardial space. […] Cardiac wall rupture (e.g., complication of myocardial infarction). […] Chest trauma (traumatic cardiac tamponade). […] Aortic dissection. […] Cardiac surgery (e.g., heart valve surgery, coronary bypass surgery). […] Serous or serosanguinous pericardial effusion. […] Idiopathic. […] Acute pericarditis (especially viral, but also fungal, tuberculous or bacterial). […] Malignancy. […] Postpericardiotomy syndrome. […] Uremia. […] Autoimmune disorders. […] Hypothyroidism. […] Right heart failure.

• #86 Pericardial effusion in oncological patients: current knowledge and principles of management | Cardio-Oncology | Full Text

  https://cardiooncologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40959-024-00207-3

  Pericardial effusion has also been increasingly reported after initiation of immune checkpoint inhibitors. […] Pericardial effusion is more frequent in males than females with the ratio being 1.3:1. […] Several other comorbidities and conditions can lead to pericardial effusion in cancer patients, such as pneumonia/empyema and connective tissue disease, as well as thoracic procedures and interventions. […] In retrospective cohorts with severe pericardial effusion requiring drainage, the frequency of pericardial effusion not attributed to cancer or cancer treatment was 42-58%.

• #87 SciELO Brazil – Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ijcs/a/Mc5PDpXXcsXbX6rLDrYGwsp/

  Pericardial effusion is a relatively common finding and can progress to cardiac tamponade; etiological diagnosis is important for guiding treatment decisions. […] Among pericardial effusion patients without tamponade, the most frequent etiologies were: idiopathic (44.4%) and postsurgical (17.6%), while among those with tamponade, the most frequent etiologies were postsurgical (21.4%) and postprocedural (19.6%). […] There is an etiological difference between pericardial effusion patients with and without cardiac tamponade. An idiopathic etiology is more common among those without tamponade, while postinterventional/postsurgical is more common among those with tamponade. […] Some of the etiologies of pericardial effusion include neoplasm, infection, and tuberculosis in developing countries. It has been closely related to immunodepression, iatrogenesis, connective tissue diseases, and postsurgical complications. Moreover, the etiology of many patients is idiopathic.

• #88 Pericardial Effusion: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-overview

  Pericardial effusion is the presence of an abnormal amount of fluid and/or an abnormal character to fluid in the pericardial space. It can be caused by a variety of local and systemic disorders, or it may be idiopathic. […] The cause of abnormal fluid production depends on the underlying etiology, but it is usually secondary to injury or insult to the pericardium (ie, pericarditis). Transudative fluids result from obstruction of fluid drainage, which occurs through lymphatic channels. Exudative fluids occur secondary to inflammatory, infectious, malignant, or autoimmune processes within the pericardium. […] In up to 60% of cases, pericardial effusion is related to a known or suspected underlying process. Therefore, the diagnostic approach should give strong consideration to coexisting medical conditions.

• #89 Pericardial effusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion

  A pericardial effusion occurs when the volume of fluid in the cavity exceeds the normal limit. […] Important etiologies of pericardial effusions are inflammatory and infectious (pericarditis), neoplastic, traumatic, and metabolic causes. […] Any process that leads to injury or inflammation of the pericardium or inhibits appropriate lymphatic drainage of the fluid from the pericardial cavity leads to fluid accumulation. […] Out of all the numerous causes of pericardial effusion, some of the leading causes are inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic and traumatic. […] These causes can be categorized into various classes, but an easy way to understand them is dividing them into inflammatory versus non-inflammatory. […] Infectious: Viral: coxsackie A and B viruses, HIV (seen in 5-43% of HIV patients), hepatitis viruses, parvovirus B19.

• #90 Etiology of pericardial disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-of-pericardial-disease

  Etiology of pericardial disease […] Although the etiology is varied and complex, the pericardium has a relatively non-specific response to these different causes with inflammation of the pericardial layers and possible increased production of pericardial fluid. […] Chronic inflammation with fibrosis and calcification can lead to a rigid, usually thickened and calcified pericardium, with possible progression to pericardial constriction. […] In other cases, the effusion and its clinical consequences (ie, cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis) are of primary importance. […] Diseases of the pericardium present clinically in one of several ways: Pericardial effusion without major hemodynamic compromise.

• #91 Pericardial effusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusion

  Bacterial: Mycobacterium (tuberculosis), gram positive cocci (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), Mycoplasma, Neisseria (meningitides, gonorrhea), Coxiella burnetii. […] Tuberculosis is the leading cause of pericardial effusion in the developing world, with the mortality rate ranging from 17 to 40%. […] Cardiac inflammation: idiopathic pericarditis is the most common inflammatory cause of pericardial effusion in the United States. […] Autoimmune: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, scleroderma, Dressler’s syndrome, sarcoidosis. […] Neoplastic: pericardial effusions may present as primary manifestations of underlying malignancy. […] Metabolic: hypothyroidism (myxedema coma), severe protein deficiency. […] Traumatic: penetrating or blunt chest trauma, aortic dissection. […] Reduced lymphatic drainage: congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome.

• #92 Pericardial Effusion: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157325-overview

  Pericardial effusion is the presence of an abnormal amount of fluid and/or an abnormal character to fluid in the pericardial space. It can be caused by a variety of local and systemic disorders, or it may be idiopathic. […] The cause of abnormal fluid production depends on the underlying etiology, but it is usually secondary to injury or insult to the pericardium (ie, pericarditis). Transudative fluids result from obstruction of fluid drainage, which occurs through lymphatic channels. Exudative fluids occur secondary to inflammatory, infectious, malignant, or autoimmune processes within the pericardium. […] In up to 60% of cases, pericardial effusion is related to a known or suspected underlying process. Therefore, the diagnostic approach should give strong consideration to coexisting medical conditions.

• #93 Overview of Pericardial Disease – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/pericardial-disease-and-myocarditis/overview-of-pericardial-disease

  The most common disorder of the pericardium is inflammation (pericarditis). […] Other disorders of the pericardium may result from infections, injuries, medications, or the spread of cancer. […] Pericardial effusion is accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. […] Hemopericardium (accumulation of blood within the pericardium) may lead to pericarditis, pericardial fibrosis, or cardiac tamponade. Common causes include chest injury, injury as a result of medical procedures such as cardiac catheterization and pacemaker insertion, and rupture of a thoracic aortic aneurysm.

• #94 Etiology of pericardial disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-of-pericardial-disease

  Etiology of pericardial disease […] Although the etiology is varied and complex, the pericardium has a relatively non-specific response to these different causes with inflammation of the pericardial layers and possible increased production of pericardial fluid. […] Chronic inflammation with fibrosis and calcification can lead to a rigid, usually thickened and calcified pericardium, with possible progression to pericardial constriction. […] In other cases, the effusion and its clinical consequences (ie, cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis) are of primary importance. […] Diseases of the pericardium present clinically in one of several ways: Pericardial effusion without major hemodynamic compromise.

• #95 11. Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/11-pericardial-effusion-and-cardiac-tamponade/11-pericardial-effusion-and-cardiac-tamponade

  Causes of pericardial effusion: malignancy, pericarditis, myocarditis, heart failure, aortic dissection, post MI or cardiac surgery, trauma, uremia, autoimmune, myxedema, infection (TB, HIV), and often idiopathic. […] Development of cardiac tamponade is more correlated with how quickly fluid accumulates, rather than the absolute size of the pericardial effusion.

• #96 11. Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/11-pericardial-effusion-and-cardiac-tamponade/11-pericardial-effusion-and-cardiac-tamponade

  Causes of pericardial effusion: malignancy, pericarditis, myocarditis, heart failure, aortic dissection, post MI or cardiac surgery, trauma, uremia, autoimmune, myxedema, infection (TB, HIV), and often idiopathic. […] Development of cardiac tamponade is more correlated with how quickly fluid accumulates, rather than the absolute size of the pericardial effusion.

• #97 Chronic Pericardial Effusion: Causes and Management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36773704/

  Chronic pericardial effusion is a common pericardial syndrome whose approach has been well standardised in recent years. […] Pericardial effusions may present either as an isolated finding or in the context of a specific etiology including autoimmune, neoplastic, or metabolic disease. […] Prognosis of chronic pericardial effusions depends largely on the underlying etiology.

• #98 Evaluation of pericardial effusion – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/458

  Pericardial effusion is present when the fluid in the pericardial space exceeds its physiologic amount (50 mL). […] The significance of effusions lies in their relationship to an underlying disease state and in their potential to affect a patient’s hemodynamics. […] The development of a pericardial effusion often has important implications for the diagnosis and/or prognosis of the underlying disease. […] Common causes of pericardial effusion include malignancy, viral pericarditis, iatrogenic factors, idiopathic causes, congestive heart failure, and uremia. […] Uncommon causes include bacterial pericarditis, tuberculous pericarditis, fungal pericarditis, Chagas disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, post-myocardial infarction syndrome (Dressler phenomenon), drug-induced causes, cardiac amyloidosis, hypothyroidism, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, aortic dissection, trauma, and radiation exposure.

• #99 Pericardial effusion – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353724

  Treatment for pericardial effusion depends on: […] The cause of pericardial effusion […] If you don’t have cardiac tamponade or there’s no immediate threat of cardiac tamponade, your health care provider might prescribe one of the following medications to treat inflammation of the pericardium: […] Your health care provider may recommend procedures to drain a pericardial effusion or prevent future fluid buildup if: […] A large effusion is causing symptoms and increasing the risk of cardiac tamponade […] If pericardial effusions continue to occur despite drainage procedures, a surgeon may recommend removing all or part of the pericardium.

• #100

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abr9813

  Pericardial effusion is a buildup of too much fluid in the sac around your heart. This sac is called the pericardium. […] Extra fluid can be caused by many things, including pericarditis (inflammation of the sac), heart attack, surgery, kidney failure, infection, some cancers, and certain diseases such as lupus. Sometimes the cause is not known. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the extra fluid, the amount of fluid, and your symptoms. Options include: […] Medicine to treat the cause of the effusion, if the cause is known.

• #101 Chronic Pericardial Effusion: Causes and Management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36773704/

  Chronic pericardial effusion is a common pericardial syndrome whose approach has been well standardised in recent years. […] Pericardial effusions may present either as an isolated finding or in the context of a specific etiology including autoimmune, neoplastic, or metabolic disease. […] Prognosis of chronic pericardial effusions depends largely on the underlying etiology.

• #102 SciELO Brazil – Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade: Etiology and Evolution in the Contemporary Era

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ijcs/a/Mc5PDpXXcsXbX6rLDrYGwsp/

  In cancer patients, pericardial effusion can develop through various mechanisms, such as direct extension or metastatic dissemination, or as a complication of systemic tumor treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, although it may also be due to an opportunistic infection. Thus, neoplastic diseases are a significant etiology of pericardial effusion or tamponade. […] Despite progressive improvement in tuberculosis prevention, this etiology is still prevalent in our country. […] In evaluating the clinical course of patients, mortality is related to etiology and the presence or absence of tamponade.

• #103 Pericardial Effusion: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/pericardial-effusion/

  Pericardial effusion can be caused by almost any disease or health condition that affects the pericardium, including: 1 4 […] Pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium) […] A wide range of health conditions can cause pericardial effusion. Possible causes include the following: 1 9 […] Pericarditis (acute or chronic) […] In many cases of pericardial effusion the cause of the fluid buildup is unknown. This is called idiopathic pericardial effusion. […] Pericardial effusion can be caused by many different conditions that affect the membrane of the heart, resulting in pericarditis. These include: […] Viral and bacterial infections such as tuberculosis […] In some cases, large effusions may recur or persist for longer than six months and require ongoing medical treatment. 1 The affected individual may not experience any symptoms or problems. However, because pericardial effusion may lead to cardiac tamponade, going for regular check-ups and ensuring careful management of heart health is critical.

• #104 Cardiac tamponade: a clinical challenge

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Cardiac-tamponade-a-clinical-challenge

  The causes of pericardial fluid accumulation leading to cardiac tamponade are idiopathic, infectious, immune-inflammatory, neoplastic disease, post-cardiac surgery, trauma, renal failure, aortic dissection and miscellaneous (chronic renal failure, thyroid disease, amyloidosis). The most common causes of tamponade are pericarditis (infection and non-infection), iatrogenic (cardiac invasive procedures and post-surgery), and malignancy. […] More rare causes are collagen diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma), radiation, aortic dissection, uraemia, post-myocardial infarction and bacterial infection. […] Causes of effusion with a high incidence of progression to tamponade include bacterial, fungal, human immunodeficiency virus-associated infections, bleeding, and cancer involvement.

• #105 Pericardial effusion | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/pericardial-effusion

  Radiation therapy for cancer that occurs near the heart can also cause pericardial effusion, as well as certain chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. […] A significant percentage of patients with lung cancer has a pericardial effusion caused by the spread of their cancer at the time of their death. Lung cancer is the most common cause of malignant pericardial effusions, accounting for 33 to 50 percent of cases, followed by breast cancer (12 to 25 percent) and hematological malignancies such as leukemia, Hodgkin disease, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (15 to 25 percent). […] The prognosis for cancer patients with malignant pericardial effusion is poor. One study showed that of patients diagnosed with malignant pericardial effusions, 86 percent died within a year of diagnosis. About one-third died within the first month. Patients with malignant pericardial effusion generally have a lifespan of two to seven months following diagnosis.

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