Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pinworm (threadworm) infection

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/pinworm-threadworm-infection

  The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] Pinworm infections predominantly affect paediatric populations, in which the prevalence is reported to be 1050 per cent in some groups. […] Pinworms are transmitted by direct transfer of infected eggs by hand from the anus to the mouth of the same or another person. They can also be transmitted indirectly through bedding, clothing, food or other articles. Spread is facilitated by overcrowding. […] Communicability continues as long as the eggs are being discharged onto the perianal area. The eggs can survive for several days in the right conditions. Reinfection from contaminated hands is common. […] Infection does not confer immunity. […] Public health education on the importance of handwashing may assist. […] Infectious diseases surveillance in Victoria.

• #2 Pinworm (parasite) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_(parasite)

  The pinworm has a worldwide distribution, and is the cause of the most common helminthiasis (parasitic worm infection) in the United States, western Europe, and Oceania. […] In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among children. […] Pinworms are particularly common in children, with prevalence rates in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. […] The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. […] Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #3 Pinworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_infection

  Pinworm infection occurs worldwide, and is the most common helminth (i.e., parasitic worm) infection in the United States and Western Europe. In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among people of all ages. Pinworms are particularly common in children with approximately 30% of children being infected and most commonly seen in children between 7 and 11 years old. The prevalence rates in children having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, enterobiasis is common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #4 Pinworms (Threadworms): Symptoms, How You Get Them & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21137-pinworms

  Enterobiasis is the most common type of worm infection in the United States. It affects approximately 40 million people in the U.S. and 1 billion people worldwide. […] Pinworm infections pass easily from person to person in places where children are in close contact, including daycare centers, preschools and schools. People who live in institutions also commonly get infected. […] Theyre highly contagious. Transmission is easy because the eggs can survive for a long time on surfaces or your fingers if you dont wash your hands. […] The most effective way to prevent a pinworm infection (or reinfection) is by preventing the eggs from reaching your childs (or your) mouth.

• #5 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305/The-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-pinworm-infection

  Rough estimates put the worldwide E. vermicularis infection rate at more than a billion people. […] Pinworm infection is also common in moderate climates and industrial countries, where it is seen at all social levels. […] Frequency analyses in children have been conducted for some European countries: a Norwegian study found that 18% of 395 children tested positive for Enterobius eggs using the Scotch tape test, with the highest prevalence (34%) among 6- to 11-year-olds. […] A recent German study conducted in the greater Berlin area showed that the rate of positive detections doubled during the period 2007-2017 (from 12.7% to 23.6%), with a seasonal peak between October and December. […] Despite a high disease incidence, there is surprisingly scant systematically proven knowledge on treatment not to mention a German-language guideline; therefore, since general practitioners, as well as infectious disease and pediatric outpatient departments, are nevertheless regularly confronted with enterobiasis, this article aims to summarize the current state of knowledge in order to ensure optimal diagnosis and treatment.

• #6 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis, also called pinworm, is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with most cases occurring in children. […] Describe the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection. […] The male to female infection frequency is 2 to 1. However, a female predominance of infection is seen in those between the ages of 5 and 14 years. It most commonly affects children younger than 18 years of age. It is also commonly seen in adults who take care of children and institutionalized children. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that there are about 40 million people estimated to have been infected in the United States. Transmission can occur via contact with contaminated clothes, bedding, personal care products, and furniture. Fecal-oral is the most common mode of transmission. Rarely, transmission can occur via inhalation mode when eggs are inhaled and then subsequently swallowed. […] Eradicating pinworms from institutions is very difficult and long term surveillance is required.

• #7 Enterobius (Pinworm) | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540202/all/Enterobius__Pinworm_?q=E+Hepatitis

  Epidemiology: worldwide, with 40 million cases per year. Infection is mostly seen in children. […] Most common nematode infection in the U.S. […] Increased prevalence with congestion, institutionalization, and poor sanitation. […] A larger family size is associated with increased risk.

• #8 Enterobiasis (Pinworm Infestation): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/997814-overview

  Prevalence is approximately 5-15% in the general population; however, this rate has declined in recent years. Prevalence rates are probably higher in institutionalized individuals. Humans are the only known host. […] Infestation rate increases with increased population density, and with personal habits such as thumb sucking and nail biting. […] E vermicularis infestation occurs worldwide. Prevalence data vary by country. […] A study that aimed to determine the extent of enterobiasis, strongyloidiasis, and other helminth infections in infants, preschool-aged, and school-aged children from rural coastal Tanzania reported that E vermicularis infestations were found in 4.2% of infants, 16.7%, of preschool-aged children, and 26.3% of school-aged children. […] A study of kindergarten students in the Republic of the Marshall Islands found that the overall prevalence of E vermicularis infestation was 22.4%. The prevalence was higher among boys (24.5%) than among girls (20.31%) in the study.

• #9 Enterobius/Enterobiasis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/enterobius-enterobiasis/

  Enterobiasis is the most common helminth infection in the United States and Western Europe. […] Prevalence in the United States: 5%-15% of the general population (approximately 40 million people). […] Worldwide: 60 million to 100 million infections annually. […] Prevalence in primary school children: 34.7%. […] 13% of children around the world have been infected with E. vermicularis.

• #10 Pinworm (parasite) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_(parasite)

  The pinworm has a worldwide distribution, and is the cause of the most common helminthiasis (parasitic worm infection) in the United States, western Europe, and Oceania. […] In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among children. […] Pinworms are particularly common in children, with prevalence rates in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. […] The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. […] Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #11 Pinworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_infection

  Pinworm infection occurs worldwide, and is the most common helminth (i.e., parasitic worm) infection in the United States and Western Europe. In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among people of all ages. Pinworms are particularly common in children with approximately 30% of children being infected and most commonly seen in children between 7 and 11 years old. The prevalence rates in children having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, enterobiasis is common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #12 Pinworm (parasite) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_(parasite)

  The pinworm has a worldwide distribution, and is the cause of the most common helminthiasis (parasitic worm infection) in the United States, western Europe, and Oceania. […] In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among children. […] Pinworms are particularly common in children, with prevalence rates in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. […] The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. […] Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #13 Pinworm (parasite) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_(parasite)

  The pinworm has a worldwide distribution, and is the cause of the most common helminthiasis (parasitic worm infection) in the United States, western Europe, and Oceania. […] In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among children. […] Pinworms are particularly common in children, with prevalence rates in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. […] The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. […] Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #14 Pinworm (parasite) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_(parasite)

  The pinworm has a worldwide distribution, and is the cause of the most common helminthiasis (parasitic worm infection) in the United States, western Europe, and Oceania. […] In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among children. […] Pinworms are particularly common in children, with prevalence rates in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. […] The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. […] Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #15 Pinworm (parasite) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_(parasite)

  The pinworm has a worldwide distribution, and is the cause of the most common helminthiasis (parasitic worm infection) in the United States, western Europe, and Oceania. […] In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among children. […] Pinworms are particularly common in children, with prevalence rates in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. […] The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. […] Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #16 Pinworm (parasite) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_(parasite)

  The pinworm has a worldwide distribution, and is the cause of the most common helminthiasis (parasitic worm infection) in the United States, western Europe, and Oceania. […] In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among children. […] Pinworms are particularly common in children, with prevalence rates in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark. […] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. […] The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class, race, or culture. […] Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.

• #17 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305/The-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-pinworm-infection

  Rough estimates put the worldwide E. vermicularis infection rate at more than a billion people. […] Pinworm infection is also common in moderate climates and industrial countries, where it is seen at all social levels. […] Frequency analyses in children have been conducted for some European countries: a Norwegian study found that 18% of 395 children tested positive for Enterobius eggs using the Scotch tape test, with the highest prevalence (34%) among 6- to 11-year-olds. […] A recent German study conducted in the greater Berlin area showed that the rate of positive detections doubled during the period 2007-2017 (from 12.7% to 23.6%), with a seasonal peak between October and December. […] Despite a high disease incidence, there is surprisingly scant systematically proven knowledge on treatment not to mention a German-language guideline; therefore, since general practitioners, as well as infectious disease and pediatric outpatient departments, are nevertheless regularly confronted with enterobiasis, this article aims to summarize the current state of knowledge in order to ensure optimal diagnosis and treatment.

• #18 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection (29.03.2019)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/206305/The-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-pinworm-infection

  Rough estimates put the worldwide E. vermicularis infection rate at more than a billion people. […] Pinworm infection is also common in moderate climates and industrial countries, where it is seen at all social levels. […] Frequency analyses in children have been conducted for some European countries: a Norwegian study found that 18% of 395 children tested positive for Enterobius eggs using the Scotch tape test, with the highest prevalence (34%) among 6- to 11-year-olds. […] A recent German study conducted in the greater Berlin area showed that the rate of positive detections doubled during the period 2007-2017 (from 12.7% to 23.6%), with a seasonal peak between October and December. […] Despite a high disease incidence, there is surprisingly scant systematically proven knowledge on treatment not to mention a German-language guideline; therefore, since general practitioners, as well as infectious disease and pediatric outpatient departments, are nevertheless regularly confronted with enterobiasis, this article aims to summarize the current state of knowledge in order to ensure optimal diagnosis and treatment.

• #19 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Pinworm infection, caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, is prevalent in temperate regions worldwide. It primarily affects children, with transmission often occurring to parents via their children. In the US, general prevalence in children ranges from 0.2-20%, whereas in institutional settings, it can be as high as 50-100%. […] E vermicularis is the most common helminthic infestation in the United States. General prevalence in children is reported to be 0.2-20%. Pinworm infection is most common in persons who live in crowded living conditions and in individuals who are institutionalized. […] Prevalence in institutionalized persons is reported to be 50-100%. A similar prevalence of pinworm infestation has been reported in European countries. […] The general prevalence of pinworm infection in some regions may be as high as 12%. Pinworm infection is most common in cosmopolitan areas in cool and temperate regions. Egg carrier rates vary by country, from 0.1-98.4%.

• #20 Threadworms: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/threadworms-pro

  How common are threadworms? (Epidemiology) This is the most common helminthic infection in the UK. An average GP practice of 10,000 patients would expect about 40 consultations a year for threadworms but many more simply buy medication from a pharmacist. It tends to affect family groups or institutions. […] Prevalence is highest between the ages of 5 and 9 years but all ages may be affected. Studies in asymptomatic children suggest that between 18 and 34% of children have threadworms.

• #21 Threadworms: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/threadworms-pro

  How common are threadworms? (Epidemiology) This is the most common helminthic infection in the UK. An average GP practice of 10,000 patients would expect about 40 consultations a year for threadworms but many more simply buy medication from a pharmacist. It tends to affect family groups or institutions. […] Prevalence is highest between the ages of 5 and 9 years but all ages may be affected. Studies in asymptomatic children suggest that between 18 and 34% of children have threadworms.

• #22 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Of all age groups, school-aged children are most at risk for pinworm infections. In adults, pinworm infection is most common in parents aged 30-39 years, typically owing to transmission from their children aged 5-9 years. […] Overall, males are affected twice as often as females, except in people aged 5-14 years, when infection is predominantly in females. […] Risk factors for pinworms include living with a person who is egg-positive, eating before washing hands, and poor personal or group hygiene.

• #23 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Of all age groups, school-aged children are most at risk for pinworm infections. In adults, pinworm infection is most common in parents aged 30-39 years, typically owing to transmission from their children aged 5-9 years. […] Overall, males are affected twice as often as females, except in people aged 5-14 years, when infection is predominantly in females. […] Risk factors for pinworms include living with a person who is egg-positive, eating before washing hands, and poor personal or group hygiene.

• #24 Pinworm: A Common Human Parasite

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pinworm-a-common-human-parasite

  Pinworm infestation is linked to age, being most common in children of school age, followed by preschool children. […] Adults are the least common age-group to experience enterobiasis, with the exception of mothers whose children are infested. […] Children attending day care and other institutions are at greater risk for pinworm because of the high potential for transmission to those who are closely associated with the first case in the household. […] While some authors assert that pinworm crosses all social barriers, others state that poverty and poor personal hygiene increase the risk of infestation.

• #25 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Pinworm infection, caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, is prevalent in temperate regions worldwide. It primarily affects children, with transmission often occurring to parents via their children. In the US, general prevalence in children ranges from 0.2-20%, whereas in institutional settings, it can be as high as 50-100%. […] E vermicularis is the most common helminthic infestation in the United States. General prevalence in children is reported to be 0.2-20%. Pinworm infection is most common in persons who live in crowded living conditions and in individuals who are institutionalized. […] Prevalence in institutionalized persons is reported to be 50-100%. A similar prevalence of pinworm infestation has been reported in European countries. […] The general prevalence of pinworm infection in some regions may be as high as 12%. Pinworm infection is most common in cosmopolitan areas in cool and temperate regions. Egg carrier rates vary by country, from 0.1-98.4%.

• #26 Enterobiasis (Pinworm Infestation): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/997814-overview

  Prevalence is approximately 5-15% in the general population; however, this rate has declined in recent years. Prevalence rates are probably higher in institutionalized individuals. Humans are the only known host. […] Infestation rate increases with increased population density, and with personal habits such as thumb sucking and nail biting. […] E vermicularis infestation occurs worldwide. Prevalence data vary by country. […] A study that aimed to determine the extent of enterobiasis, strongyloidiasis, and other helminth infections in infants, preschool-aged, and school-aged children from rural coastal Tanzania reported that E vermicularis infestations were found in 4.2% of infants, 16.7%, of preschool-aged children, and 26.3% of school-aged children. […] A study of kindergarten students in the Republic of the Marshall Islands found that the overall prevalence of E vermicularis infestation was 22.4%. The prevalence was higher among boys (24.5%) than among girls (20.31%) in the study.

• #27 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis, also called pinworm, is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with most cases occurring in children. […] Describe the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection. […] The male to female infection frequency is 2 to 1. However, a female predominance of infection is seen in those between the ages of 5 and 14 years. It most commonly affects children younger than 18 years of age. It is also commonly seen in adults who take care of children and institutionalized children. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that there are about 40 million people estimated to have been infected in the United States. Transmission can occur via contact with contaminated clothes, bedding, personal care products, and furniture. Fecal-oral is the most common mode of transmission. Rarely, transmission can occur via inhalation mode when eggs are inhaled and then subsequently swallowed. […] Eradicating pinworms from institutions is very difficult and long term surveillance is required.

• #28 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Of all age groups, school-aged children are most at risk for pinworm infections. In adults, pinworm infection is most common in parents aged 30-39 years, typically owing to transmission from their children aged 5-9 years. […] Overall, males are affected twice as often as females, except in people aged 5-14 years, when infection is predominantly in females. […] Risk factors for pinworms include living with a person who is egg-positive, eating before washing hands, and poor personal or group hygiene.

• #29 Pinworm (Enterobiasis): Practice Essentials, Etiology, Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225652-overview

  Of all age groups, school-aged children are most at risk for pinworm infections. In adults, pinworm infection is most common in parents aged 30-39 years, typically owing to transmission from their children aged 5-9 years. […] Overall, males are affected twice as often as females, except in people aged 5-14 years, when infection is predominantly in females. […] Risk factors for pinworms include living with a person who is egg-positive, eating before washing hands, and poor personal or group hygiene.

• #30 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis, also called pinworm, is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with most cases occurring in children. […] Describe the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection. […] The male to female infection frequency is 2 to 1. However, a female predominance of infection is seen in those between the ages of 5 and 14 years. It most commonly affects children younger than 18 years of age. It is also commonly seen in adults who take care of children and institutionalized children. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that there are about 40 million people estimated to have been infected in the United States. Transmission can occur via contact with contaminated clothes, bedding, personal care products, and furniture. Fecal-oral is the most common mode of transmission. Rarely, transmission can occur via inhalation mode when eggs are inhaled and then subsequently swallowed. […] Eradicating pinworms from institutions is very difficult and long term surveillance is required.

• #31 Enterobiasis (Pinworm Infestation): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/997814-overview

  Prevalence is approximately 5-15% in the general population; however, this rate has declined in recent years. Prevalence rates are probably higher in institutionalized individuals. Humans are the only known host. […] Infestation rate increases with increased population density, and with personal habits such as thumb sucking and nail biting. […] E vermicularis infestation occurs worldwide. Prevalence data vary by country. […] A study that aimed to determine the extent of enterobiasis, strongyloidiasis, and other helminth infections in infants, preschool-aged, and school-aged children from rural coastal Tanzania reported that E vermicularis infestations were found in 4.2% of infants, 16.7%, of preschool-aged children, and 26.3% of school-aged children. […] A study of kindergarten students in the Republic of the Marshall Islands found that the overall prevalence of E vermicularis infestation was 22.4%. The prevalence was higher among boys (24.5%) than among girls (20.31%) in the study.

• #32 Threadworms | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/threadworms/

  Threadworm infection most commonly affects young children because they often forget to wash their hands and share toys with other children. […] People who are in close contact with someone with a threadworm infection also have a high risk of infection. This is why all members of a household need to be treated when someone has a threadworm infection. […] Threadworms spread when their eggs are swallowed. They lay eggs around your bottom (anus) or vagina, which can cause an itchy bottom. The eggs get stuck on your fingers when you scratch. They can then pass on to anything you touch, including: […] Eggs can pass to other people when they touch these surfaces and then touch their mouth. The eggs can survive up to 2 weeks. The larvae hatch from the eggs in your gut after you swallow them, and take 1 to 2 months to mature into threadworms.

• #33 Threadworms

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/threadworms/

  Threadworms spread when their eggs are swallowed. They lay eggs around your bottom (anus), which make it itchy. The eggs get stuck on your fingers when you scratch. […] Eggs can pass to other people when they touch these surfaces and then touch their mouth. The eggs can survive up to 2 weeks. The larvae hatch from the eggs in your gut after you swallow them, and take 1 to 2 months to mature into threadworms. […] Children can get threadworms again after they’ve been treated for them if they get the eggs in their mouth. This is why it’s important to encourage children to wash their hands regularly.

• #34 Threadworms | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/threadworms/

  Threadworm infection most commonly affects young children because they often forget to wash their hands and share toys with other children. […] People who are in close contact with someone with a threadworm infection also have a high risk of infection. This is why all members of a household need to be treated when someone has a threadworm infection. […] Threadworms spread when their eggs are swallowed. They lay eggs around your bottom (anus) or vagina, which can cause an itchy bottom. The eggs get stuck on your fingers when you scratch. They can then pass on to anything you touch, including: […] Eggs can pass to other people when they touch these surfaces and then touch their mouth. The eggs can survive up to 2 weeks. The larvae hatch from the eggs in your gut after you swallow them, and take 1 to 2 months to mature into threadworms.

• #35 Worms fact sheet | NHMRCNHMRCNHMRC TaglineNHMRC Tagline

  https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/staying-healthy-guidelines/fact-sheets/worms

  Many types of worms can infect people. In Australia, threadworm (also called pinworm) is the most common worm in children, but worms can infect people of any age. Threadworms are small, white, thread-like worms that are 2 to 13 millimetres long. The worms only infect humans, so children cannot catch threadworms from pets. […] People get threadworms by swallowing worm eggs. Worm eggs are picked up and transferred to the mouth when an infected person scratches their bottom and then touches their mouth, or when they do not wash their hands properly after going to the toilet. This keeps this infection going. The eggs can also be transferred to bedding, clothes and other surfaces, where other people can pick them up. Eggs can survive on surfaces for up to 2 weeks. […] Not excluded – people with worms can attend the service.

• #36 Threadworms

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/threadworms/

  Threadworms spread when their eggs are swallowed. They lay eggs around your bottom (anus), which make it itchy. The eggs get stuck on your fingers when you scratch. […] Eggs can pass to other people when they touch these surfaces and then touch their mouth. The eggs can survive up to 2 weeks. The larvae hatch from the eggs in your gut after you swallow them, and take 1 to 2 months to mature into threadworms. […] Children can get threadworms again after they’ve been treated for them if they get the eggs in their mouth. This is why it’s important to encourage children to wash their hands regularly.

• #37 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis, also called pinworm, is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with most cases occurring in children. […] Describe the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection. […] The male to female infection frequency is 2 to 1. However, a female predominance of infection is seen in those between the ages of 5 and 14 years. It most commonly affects children younger than 18 years of age. It is also commonly seen in adults who take care of children and institutionalized children. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that there are about 40 million people estimated to have been infected in the United States. Transmission can occur via contact with contaminated clothes, bedding, personal care products, and furniture. Fecal-oral is the most common mode of transmission. Rarely, transmission can occur via inhalation mode when eggs are inhaled and then subsequently swallowed. […] Eradicating pinworms from institutions is very difficult and long term surveillance is required.

• #38 Threadworms: Advice for Referrers | NHSGGC

  https://clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/rhc-for-health-professionals/guidelines/primary-care-referral-guidelines/medical-paediatric-pre-referral-guidance/threadworms-advice-for-referrers/

  Threadworm (Enterobius Vermicularis) is a parasitic infection that affects the human gut. It is the most common parasitic infection in the UK, usually affecting children under the age of 18 years. […] They are spread via the faecal-oral route when threadworm eggs are ingested. […] The eggs can survive for up to 2 weeks, so repeat infection is common. […] Any previous episodes of threadworm […] Which other members of household, if any, are displaying similar symptoms and if they have been treated. […] Threadworm eggs can survive for up to 2 weeks outside the body on underwear, bedding and other objects. Good hygiene measures will help to clear eggs from the body and home and therefore prevent re-infection. […] If re-infection occurs: Other causes of symptoms should be considered. […] However, in most cases strict hygiene measures have not been adhered to.

• #39 Threadworm Infection (Strongyloidosis) | Iowa State University

  https://vdl.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/threadworm-infection

  Three mechanisms tend to assure survival of the parasite. These include the ability of S. ransomi to survive for some time in a non-parasitic form, four possible routes of transmission, and the ability to achieve patency in piglets in only a few days. […] Parasitic larvae invade the host either by penetration of the skin (percutaneous), ingestion in feed (oral), ingestion in colostrum (transcolostral), or through direct invasion of developing fetuses (transplacental/perinatal). […] Larvae sequestered in muscle or in the mammary fat of sows are mobilized in the periparturient period and transmitted to piglets in colostrum. This is the most common route of transmission to neonatal piglets. […] Larvae that penetrate the skin enter the blood stream and are carried to the lungs. After breaking out into alveoli and tracheal migration to the pharynx, they are swallowed and reach the small intestine.

• #40 Is pinworm infection still a public health concern among children in resource-rich regions? Trends in pinworm infection prevalence and associated factors among children in Hualien County, Taiwan: a retrospective cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health |

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14641-4

  Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is a common intestinal parasitic infection in children. A gradual decrease in the prevalence of pinworm infection has been noted in resource-rich settings, such as Taiwan. […] The overall prevalence of pinworm infection gradually decreased from 2009 to 2018 among school-age children in Hualien. However, there was no declining trend in pinworm infection in rural areas. Pinworm infection remains a major public health concern among children in rural areas of Hualien. […] However, pinworm infection is still an important public health issue in some areas of resource-rich regions, regardless of the decreasing prevalence rates. […] This study revealed the prevalence, time-trend analysis, and associated sociodemographic factors among school-age children in Hualien, Taiwan, from 2009 to 2018. […] The non-obvious decline in the trend of pinworm infection rate in the rural areas of Hualien was an important finding of this study. […] This study highlighted the fact that pinworm infection remains a vital public issue among school-age children in the rural areas of Hualien.

• #41 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  Enterobiasis is a common and readily transmissible helminthic infection. […] The prevalence of enterobiasis fell rapidly and progressively, from 21% before mass medication to 1% after 3 years. […] Several researchers have experimented with mass medication for enterobiasis, but their studies have been marred by high rates of reinfection, lack of a cost-benefit analysis, short follow-ups, and inadequate surveillance data. […] We describe our positive experience with mass medication, a 3-year follow-up with surveillance, and a financial analysis. […] The initiation of mass medication in 1995 progressively reduced the prevalence from 21% in 1994 to 1% in 1998. […] Our study supports the recommendation of other investigators that for the effective control of enterobiasis, all household contacts should be treated with two anthelminth doses, 14 days apart. […] Despite mass medication, enterobiasis has not been eradicated in our center. […] To prevent reinfection, general control measures (hand washing, fingernail trimming, daily perineal cleaning, pica control, housekeeping, and the use of long pajamas instead of nightgowns) should be emphasized.

• #42 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  Enterobiasis is a common and readily transmissible helminthic infection. […] The prevalence of enterobiasis fell rapidly and progressively, from 21% before mass medication to 1% after 3 years. […] Several researchers have experimented with mass medication for enterobiasis, but their studies have been marred by high rates of reinfection, lack of a cost-benefit analysis, short follow-ups, and inadequate surveillance data. […] We describe our positive experience with mass medication, a 3-year follow-up with surveillance, and a financial analysis. […] The initiation of mass medication in 1995 progressively reduced the prevalence from 21% in 1994 to 1% in 1998. […] Our study supports the recommendation of other investigators that for the effective control of enterobiasis, all household contacts should be treated with two anthelminth doses, 14 days apart. […] Despite mass medication, enterobiasis has not been eradicated in our center. […] To prevent reinfection, general control measures (hand washing, fingernail trimming, daily perineal cleaning, pica control, housekeeping, and the use of long pajamas instead of nightgowns) should be emphasized.

• #43 BugBitten Threadworm: underdiagnosed and underreported in Texas?

  https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2021/02/26/threadworm-underdiagnosed-and-underreported-in-texas/

  Worm infections are often associated with low and middle income countries, but mounting evidence suggests that intestinal parasites are found in some United States communities. […] However, the true extent and burden of the disease is not well understood. […] This study reports the highest prevalence of S. stercoralis antibody ever recorded in the US. However, the sample size is low. High prevalence has been recorded in some communities in Alabama and institutionalized people. Together these studies suggest threadworms are underreported in the US. There is an opportunity for increasing awareness of this disease within the community and the health care providers for this community and similar communities. There is a need to increase diagnostic effort to identify and effectively treat these diseases, particularly given the high prevalence.

• #44 BugBitten Threadworm: underdiagnosed and underreported in Texas?

  https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2021/02/26/threadworm-underdiagnosed-and-underreported-in-texas/

  Worm infections are often associated with low and middle income countries, but mounting evidence suggests that intestinal parasites are found in some United States communities. […] However, the true extent and burden of the disease is not well understood. […] This study reports the highest prevalence of S. stercoralis antibody ever recorded in the US. However, the sample size is low. High prevalence has been recorded in some communities in Alabama and institutionalized people. Together these studies suggest threadworms are underreported in the US. There is an opportunity for increasing awareness of this disease within the community and the health care providers for this community and similar communities. There is a need to increase diagnostic effort to identify and effectively treat these diseases, particularly given the high prevalence.

• #45 Do Not Let Pinworms Spoil Your Experiments

  https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/jax-blog/2015/february/do-not-let-pinworms-spoil-your-experiments

  Pinworm outbreaks occur when the parasites take residence in the gastrointestinal tracts of the animals, and although even low-barrier rooms at JAX are pinworm-free, it is a relatively common occurrence in research facilities worldwide. […] Because pinworm eggs are intermittently shed in the feces of infected animals, testing feces at multiple time points or from multiple individuals at a single time point is recommended for more effective surveillance. […] JAX maintains strict protocols for the surveillance and monitoring of pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens in all of our facilities. The last pinworm infection at JAX dates back to the 1970s. Should an outbreak occur, pinworms are one of the pathogens excluded from all JAX mouse rooms, and therefore, all mice shipments would stop to contain the infection.

• #46 Pinworm (threadworm) infection

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/pinworm-threadworm-infection

  The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] Pinworm infections predominantly affect paediatric populations, in which the prevalence is reported to be 1050 per cent in some groups. […] Pinworms are transmitted by direct transfer of infected eggs by hand from the anus to the mouth of the same or another person. They can also be transmitted indirectly through bedding, clothing, food or other articles. Spread is facilitated by overcrowding. […] Communicability continues as long as the eggs are being discharged onto the perianal area. The eggs can survive for several days in the right conditions. Reinfection from contaminated hands is common. […] Infection does not confer immunity. […] Public health education on the importance of handwashing may assist. […] Infectious diseases surveillance in Victoria.

• #47 Threadworms: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/itchy-bottom-pruritus-ani/threadworms

  Threadworms infect the gut and lay eggs around the anus which causes itchiness. Threadworms are common but do not cause severe problems. […] All household members should be treated at the same time, including those without symptoms. […] If one member of a household is infected, it is common for others also to be infected. So, everyone needs treatment. […] This is why a child may have recurring threadworms, even if the home and personal hygiene are of a very high standard.

• #48 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  Enterobiasis is a common and readily transmissible helminthic infection. […] The prevalence of enterobiasis fell rapidly and progressively, from 21% before mass medication to 1% after 3 years. […] Several researchers have experimented with mass medication for enterobiasis, but their studies have been marred by high rates of reinfection, lack of a cost-benefit analysis, short follow-ups, and inadequate surveillance data. […] We describe our positive experience with mass medication, a 3-year follow-up with surveillance, and a financial analysis. […] The initiation of mass medication in 1995 progressively reduced the prevalence from 21% in 1994 to 1% in 1998. […] Our study supports the recommendation of other investigators that for the effective control of enterobiasis, all household contacts should be treated with two anthelminth doses, 14 days apart. […] Despite mass medication, enterobiasis has not been eradicated in our center. […] To prevent reinfection, general control measures (hand washing, fingernail trimming, daily perineal cleaning, pica control, housekeeping, and the use of long pajamas instead of nightgowns) should be emphasized.

• #49 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  Enterobiasis is a common and readily transmissible helminthic infection. […] The prevalence of enterobiasis fell rapidly and progressively, from 21% before mass medication to 1% after 3 years. […] Several researchers have experimented with mass medication for enterobiasis, but their studies have been marred by high rates of reinfection, lack of a cost-benefit analysis, short follow-ups, and inadequate surveillance data. […] We describe our positive experience with mass medication, a 3-year follow-up with surveillance, and a financial analysis. […] The initiation of mass medication in 1995 progressively reduced the prevalence from 21% in 1994 to 1% in 1998. […] Our study supports the recommendation of other investigators that for the effective control of enterobiasis, all household contacts should be treated with two anthelminth doses, 14 days apart. […] Despite mass medication, enterobiasis has not been eradicated in our center. […] To prevent reinfection, general control measures (hand washing, fingernail trimming, daily perineal cleaning, pica control, housekeeping, and the use of long pajamas instead of nightgowns) should be emphasized.

• #50 Threadworms: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/itchy-bottom-pruritus-ani/threadworms

  Threadworms infect the gut and lay eggs around the anus which causes itchiness. Threadworms are common but do not cause severe problems. […] All household members should be treated at the same time, including those without symptoms. […] If one member of a household is infected, it is common for others also to be infected. So, everyone needs treatment. […] This is why a child may have recurring threadworms, even if the home and personal hygiene are of a very high standard.

• #51 Threadworms: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/itchy-bottom-pruritus-ani/threadworms

  Threadworms infect the gut and lay eggs around the anus which causes itchiness. Threadworms are common but do not cause severe problems. […] All household members should be treated at the same time, including those without symptoms. […] If one member of a household is infected, it is common for others also to be infected. So, everyone needs treatment. […] This is why a child may have recurring threadworms, even if the home and personal hygiene are of a very high standard.

• #52 Threadworms have love-hate relationship with carbon dioxide | UCLA

  https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/skin-penetrating-nematodes-have-love-hate-relationship-with-carbon-dioxide

  Globally, over 600 million people are infected with the skin-penetrating threadworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation infrastructure. […] Infections are treated with ivermectin, but some nematodes are starting to develop resistance to this first-line drug. […] UCLA researchers report that S. stercoralis threadworms respond differently to carbon dioxide at different stages in their life cycle. […] The identification of chemosensory mechanisms that shape the interaction between parasitic nematodes and their human hosts may help scientists design new drugs that target the CO2-sensing pathway.

• #53 Epidemiology and control of enterobiasis in a developmental center

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070873/

  Enterobiasis is a common and readily transmissible helminthic infection. […] The prevalence of enterobiasis fell rapidly and progressively, from 21% before mass medication to 1% after 3 years. […] Several researchers have experimented with mass medication for enterobiasis, but their studies have been marred by high rates of reinfection, lack of a cost-benefit analysis, short follow-ups, and inadequate surveillance data. […] We describe our positive experience with mass medication, a 3-year follow-up with surveillance, and a financial analysis. […] The initiation of mass medication in 1995 progressively reduced the prevalence from 21% in 1994 to 1% in 1998. […] Our study supports the recommendation of other investigators that for the effective control of enterobiasis, all household contacts should be treated with two anthelminth doses, 14 days apart. […] Despite mass medication, enterobiasis has not been eradicated in our center. […] To prevent reinfection, general control measures (hand washing, fingernail trimming, daily perineal cleaning, pica control, housekeeping, and the use of long pajamas instead of nightgowns) should be emphasized.

• #54 Worms fact sheet | NHMRCNHMRCNHMRC TaglineNHMRC Tagline

  https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/staying-healthy-guidelines/fact-sheets/worms

  Ensure staff and children have good hand hygiene, especially after touching animals and before preparing or eating food. […] To minimise the chance of your child getting any kind of worms, make sure they wash their hands thoroughly and often. This is especially important after going to the toilet or touching animals, and before eating.

• #55 Threadworms: Advice for Referrers | NHSGGC

  https://clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/rhc-for-health-professionals/guidelines/primary-care-referral-guidelines/medical-paediatric-pre-referral-guidance/threadworms-advice-for-referrers/

  Threadworm (Enterobius Vermicularis) is a parasitic infection that affects the human gut. It is the most common parasitic infection in the UK, usually affecting children under the age of 18 years. […] They are spread via the faecal-oral route when threadworm eggs are ingested. […] The eggs can survive for up to 2 weeks, so repeat infection is common. […] Any previous episodes of threadworm […] Which other members of household, if any, are displaying similar symptoms and if they have been treated. […] Threadworm eggs can survive for up to 2 weeks outside the body on underwear, bedding and other objects. Good hygiene measures will help to clear eggs from the body and home and therefore prevent re-infection. […] If re-infection occurs: Other causes of symptoms should be considered. […] However, in most cases strict hygiene measures have not been adhered to.

• #56 Chronic strongyloidiasis – Don’t look and you won’t find

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2016/january-february/chronic-strongyloidiasis-don-t-look-and-you-won-t

  Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients from rural and remote areas in Australia should not be given immunosuppressive treatment without being tested or treated prophylactically for strongyloidiasis. […] Control strategies in endemic communities are now possible with improved diagnostic testing and effective treatment regimens. Some health services in endemic communities have incorporated strongyloides serology into biennial adult health checks to ensure better management of patients with chronic strongyloidiasis.

• #57 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis, also called pinworm, is one of the most common helminth infections in the world, with most cases occurring in children. […] Describe the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis infection. […] The male to female infection frequency is 2 to 1. However, a female predominance of infection is seen in those between the ages of 5 and 14 years. It most commonly affects children younger than 18 years of age. It is also commonly seen in adults who take care of children and institutionalized children. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data indicates that there are about 40 million people estimated to have been infected in the United States. Transmission can occur via contact with contaminated clothes, bedding, personal care products, and furniture. Fecal-oral is the most common mode of transmission. Rarely, transmission can occur via inhalation mode when eggs are inhaled and then subsequently swallowed. […] Eradicating pinworms from institutions is very difficult and long term surveillance is required.

• #58 Do Not Let Pinworms Spoil Your Experiments

  https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/jax-blog/2015/february/do-not-let-pinworms-spoil-your-experiments

  Pinworm outbreaks occur when the parasites take residence in the gastrointestinal tracts of the animals, and although even low-barrier rooms at JAX are pinworm-free, it is a relatively common occurrence in research facilities worldwide. […] Because pinworm eggs are intermittently shed in the feces of infected animals, testing feces at multiple time points or from multiple individuals at a single time point is recommended for more effective surveillance. […] JAX maintains strict protocols for the surveillance and monitoring of pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens in all of our facilities. The last pinworm infection at JAX dates back to the 1970s. Should an outbreak occur, pinworms are one of the pathogens excluded from all JAX mouse rooms, and therefore, all mice shipments would stop to contain the infection.

• #59 Threadworms: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/itchy-bottom-pruritus-ani/threadworms

  Threadworms infect the gut and lay eggs around the anus which causes itchiness. Threadworms are common but do not cause severe problems. […] All household members should be treated at the same time, including those without symptoms. […] If one member of a household is infected, it is common for others also to be infected. So, everyone needs treatment. […] This is why a child may have recurring threadworms, even if the home and personal hygiene are of a very high standard.

• #60 Is pinworm infection still a public health concern among children in resource-rich regions? Trends in pinworm infection prevalence and associated factors among children in Hualien County, Taiwan: a retrospective cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health |

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14641-4

  Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is a common intestinal parasitic infection in children. A gradual decrease in the prevalence of pinworm infection has been noted in resource-rich settings, such as Taiwan. […] The overall prevalence of pinworm infection gradually decreased from 2009 to 2018 among school-age children in Hualien. However, there was no declining trend in pinworm infection in rural areas. Pinworm infection remains a major public health concern among children in rural areas of Hualien. […] However, pinworm infection is still an important public health issue in some areas of resource-rich regions, regardless of the decreasing prevalence rates. […] This study revealed the prevalence, time-trend analysis, and associated sociodemographic factors among school-age children in Hualien, Taiwan, from 2009 to 2018. […] The non-obvious decline in the trend of pinworm infection rate in the rural areas of Hualien was an important finding of this study. […] This study highlighted the fact that pinworm infection remains a vital public issue among school-age children in the rural areas of Hualien.

• #61 BugBitten Threadworm: underdiagnosed and underreported in Texas?

  https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2021/02/26/threadworm-underdiagnosed-and-underreported-in-texas/

  Worm infections are often associated with low and middle income countries, but mounting evidence suggests that intestinal parasites are found in some United States communities. […] However, the true extent and burden of the disease is not well understood. […] This study reports the highest prevalence of S. stercoralis antibody ever recorded in the US. However, the sample size is low. High prevalence has been recorded in some communities in Alabama and institutionalized people. Together these studies suggest threadworms are underreported in the US. There is an opportunity for increasing awareness of this disease within the community and the health care providers for this community and similar communities. There is a need to increase diagnostic effort to identify and effectively treat these diseases, particularly given the high prevalence.

• #62 EMVERM® (mebendazole)—What Are Pinworms?

  https://www.emverm.com/what-are-pinworms/

  PINWORM infection is 3x more common than head lice. […] In fact, pinworm is one of the most common parasitic worm infections worldwide and is the most common parasitic worm infection in the United States. […] Pinworm infections happen more often than head lice infestations among young children in the United States. […] In fact, pinworm infection is approximately 3 times more common than head lice.

• #63 Pinworm (threadworm) infection

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/pinworm-threadworm-infection

  The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] The pinworm is the most common helminth parasite of temperate regions. These infections are found worldwide and affect all socioeconomic groups. […] Pinworm infections predominantly affect paediatric populations, in which the prevalence is reported to be 1050 per cent in some groups. […] Pinworms are transmitted by direct transfer of infected eggs by hand from the anus to the mouth of the same or another person. They can also be transmitted indirectly through bedding, clothing, food or other articles. Spread is facilitated by overcrowding. […] Communicability continues as long as the eggs are being discharged onto the perianal area. The eggs can survive for several days in the right conditions. Reinfection from contaminated hands is common. […] Infection does not confer immunity. […] Public health education on the importance of handwashing may assist. […] Infectious diseases surveillance in Victoria.

• #64 Threadworms

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/threadworms/

  Threadworms spread when their eggs are swallowed. They lay eggs around your bottom (anus), which make it itchy. The eggs get stuck on your fingers when you scratch. […] Eggs can pass to other people when they touch these surfaces and then touch their mouth. The eggs can survive up to 2 weeks. The larvae hatch from the eggs in your gut after you swallow them, and take 1 to 2 months to mature into threadworms. […] Children can get threadworms again after they’ve been treated for them if they get the eggs in their mouth. This is why it’s important to encourage children to wash their hands regularly.

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