Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/about/index.html

  The symptoms of anthrax depend on the type of infection. Symptoms show up anywhere from one day to more than two months after you’re exposed to the bacteria that cause anthrax. If you don’t get proper treatment, all types of anthrax have the potential to spread through your body and cause severe illness and death. […] Cutaneous anthrax shows up as telltale black sores of anthrax infection. Symptoms include: Group of itchy, small blisters or bumps, Large amount of swelling around the sore, Painless sore commonly on the face, neck, arms, or hand that has a black center, Sore appears after the bumps have gone down, For injection anthrax, infected sores (abscesses) deep under the skin or muscle at the injection site. […] Inhalation anthrax can occur when a person breathes in anthrax spores. It’s the deadliest form of the disease. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, Heavy sweats, Chest pain, cough, or shortness of breath, Confusion or dizziness, Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains, Headache or body aches, Extreme tiredness.

• #2 Clinical Overview of Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Anthrax can cause severe illness and death if not treated quickly after symptoms develop. […] The symptoms of anthrax depend on the type of infection and can take anywhere from one day to more than two months to present. All types of anthrax have the potential, if untreated, to spread throughout the body and cause severe illness and death. […] Infection usually develops from one to seven days after exposure. […] Without treatment, up to 20% of people with cutaneous anthrax die. With appropriate antibiotic treatment, almost all patients with cutaneous anthrax survive. […] Infection usually develops within a week after exposure, but it can take up to two months. […] Without treatment, inhalation anthrax is almost always fatal. However, with aggressive treatment, about 55 percent of patients survive.

• #3 Anthrax – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax

  Medical condition Symptoms Skin form: small blister with surrounding swelling […] Inhalational form: fever, chest pain, shortness of breath […] Intestinal form: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain […] Injection form: fever, abscess. Usual onset 1 day to 2 months post contact. The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center. The inhalation form presents with fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The intestinal form presents with diarrhea (which may contain blood), abdominal pains, nausea, and vomiting. […] Cutaneous anthrax presents as a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center (eschar). The black eschar often shows up as a large, painless, necrotic ulcer. In general, cutaneous infections form within the site of spore penetration two to five days after exposure.

• #4 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Anthrax is a zoonotic infection caused by the gram-positive rod Bacillus anthracis. Most cases of anthrax are cutaneous (95%); the remaining cases are inhalational (5%) and gastrointestinal (1%). Anthrax caused by inhalation is usually fatal, and symptoms usually begin days after exposure. Bioterrorism must be suspected in any case of inhalational anthrax. […] Depending on the route of exposure to B anthracis spores, patients may present with cutaneous, respiratory, or GI complaints. Exposure may be via handling of sick animals or contaminated wool, hair, or hides; inhalation; or ingestion of contaminated meat. […] Cutaneous anthrax develops 2-5 days (range, 1-7 days) postexposure. Lesions most commonly develop at lacerations, abrasions, or insect bites on exposed areas of skin; most commonly affects upper extremities but may arise anywhere on the body. Infection begins as a pruritic papule that enlarges within 24-48 hours to form a 1-cm vesicle; this then becomes an ulcer surrounded by an edematous halo. Resultant lesions are usually 2-3 cm in diameter with a round, regular, raised edge. Lesions may become edematous and necrotic but are usually not purulent. They are painless but on occasion are slightly pruritic. Regional lymphadenopathy may occur and may be painful. The ulcer and edema evolve into a black eschar within 7-10 days and then last for 7-14 days before separating and leaving a scar. Lymphadenopathy may be persistent. With neck lesions, edema and lymphadenopathy may impinge on the airway and cause stridor and respiratory compromise.

• #5 Anthrax Fact Sheet

  https://health.westchestergov.com/135-diseases/1762-anthrax-fact-sheet

  Symptoms usually develop between one and seven days after exposure but prolonged periods up to 12 days for cutaneous (skin) anthrax and 60 days for inhalation anthrax are possible, though rare. […] What are the symptoms of anthrax? […] Skin (cutaneous) – This is the most common form of anthrax. Infection requires a break in the skin. The first symptoms include itching where the skin has been exposed. Then, a large boil or sore appears. The sore becomes covered by a black scab. If not treated, the infection can spread to the lymph nodes and bloodstream. […] Inhalation (lung) – Inhalation anthrax has been very rare in the US. First symptoms include fever, fatigue, malaise, and a cough or chest pain. High fever, rapid pulse, and severe difficulty breathing follow in two to five days. Inhalation anthrax is often fatal. […] Gastrointestinal – This form occurs only after eating infected, undercooked meat. First symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, loose watery bowel movements, and vomiting with blood.

• #6 Anthrax – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/symptoms-causes/syc-20356203

  Signs and symptoms, which depend on how you’re infected, can include skin sores, vomiting and shock. […] In most cases, symptoms develop within six days of exposure to the bacteria. However, it’s possible for inhalation anthrax symptoms to take more than six weeks to appear. […] Signs and symptoms include: A raised, itchy bump resembling an insect bite that quickly develops into a painless sore with a black center, Swelling in the sore and nearby lymph glands, Sometimes, flu-like symptoms including fever and headache. […] Signs and symptoms include: Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Headache, Loss of appetite, Fever, Severe, bloody diarrhea in the later stages of the disease, Sore throat and difficulty swallowing, Swollen neck. […] Initial signs and symptoms include: Flu-like symptoms for a few hours or days, such as sore throat, mild fever, fatigue and muscle aches, Mild chest discomfort, Shortness of breath, Nausea, Coughing up blood, Painful swallowing, High fever, Trouble breathing, Shock an acute medical condition involving collapse of the circulatory system, Meningitis. […] Initial signs and symptoms include: Redness at the area of injection (without an area that changes to black), Significant swelling, Shock, Multiple organ failure, Meningitis.

• #7 FloridaHealthFinder | Anthrax | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/001325

  Symptoms of anthrax differ, depending on the type of anthrax. […] Symptoms of cutaneous anthrax start 1 to 7 days after exposure: An itchy sore develops that is similar to an insect bite. This sore may blister and form a black ulcer (sore or eschar). The sore is usually painless, but it is often surrounded by swelling. A scab often forms, and then dries and falls off within 2 weeks. Complete healing can take longer. […] Symptoms of inhalation anthrax: Begins with fever, malaise, headache, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Fever and shock may occur later. […] Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax usually occur within 1 week and may include: Abdominal pain, Bloody diarrhea, Diarrhea, Fever, Mouth sores, Nausea and vomiting (the vomit may contain blood). […] Symptoms of injection anthrax are similar to those of cutaneous anthrax. In addition, the skin or muscle beneath the injection site may get infected.

• #8

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/emergency-preparedness-response/public-health-care-system-preparedness/anthrax.html

  Anthrax can cause three forms of disease: 1) cutaneous (skin); 2) gastrointestinal (digestive system); and 3) inhalational anthrax (lungs) […] […] Cutaneous anthrax usually begins with itching. A small sore develops about seven days after a person has been infected with anthrax. This sore can look like an insect or spider bite. The sore will turn into a blister within one to two days. The blister then becomes a skin ulcer with a black area in the center. (The sore, blister and ulcer do not hurt.) Patients also may have fever, malaise and headaches. […] […] The first symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax are nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrhea and fever. Bad stomach pain follows. […] […] The first symptoms of inhalational anthrax are like cold or flu symptoms. They can include a sore throat, mild fever and muscle aches. Later symptoms include cough, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, lack of energy and muscle aches. Babies will exhibit poor feeding/sucking habits. […]

• #9 About Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/about/index.html

  The symptoms of anthrax depend on the type of infection. Symptoms show up anywhere from one day to more than two months after you’re exposed to the bacteria that cause anthrax. If you don’t get proper treatment, all types of anthrax have the potential to spread through your body and cause severe illness and death. […] Cutaneous anthrax shows up as telltale black sores of anthrax infection. Symptoms include: Group of itchy, small blisters or bumps, Large amount of swelling around the sore, Painless sore commonly on the face, neck, arms, or hand that has a black center, Sore appears after the bumps have gone down, For injection anthrax, infected sores (abscesses) deep under the skin or muscle at the injection site. […] Inhalation anthrax can occur when a person breathes in anthrax spores. It’s the deadliest form of the disease. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, Heavy sweats, Chest pain, cough, or shortness of breath, Confusion or dizziness, Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains, Headache or body aches, Extreme tiredness.

• #10

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/anthrax

  Cutaneous anthrax develops usually between 1-7 days after skin exposure. […] Most often anthrax starts as a localised infection on exposed skin (usually face, hands or arms). […] It looks like an insect bite and is known as a „malignant pustule”. Usually painless, an itchy bump appears with surrounding redness. After a day or so, it blisters then ulcerates. At this stage, it is about 13 cm in diameter and circular in shape, surrounded by small blisters and marked swelling of the surrounding skin. […] Characteristically, the ulcer develops a black scab, which is called a necrotic eschar. Within a couple of weeks, the infection heals leaving a scar. […] The infection occasionally results in a red streak tracking to nearby lymph glands (lymphangitis). These lymph nodes then often swell and become sore.

• #11 Anthrax – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/symptoms-causes/syc-20356203

  Signs and symptoms, which depend on how you’re infected, can include skin sores, vomiting and shock. […] In most cases, symptoms develop within six days of exposure to the bacteria. However, it’s possible for inhalation anthrax symptoms to take more than six weeks to appear. […] Signs and symptoms include: A raised, itchy bump resembling an insect bite that quickly develops into a painless sore with a black center, Swelling in the sore and nearby lymph glands, Sometimes, flu-like symptoms including fever and headache. […] Signs and symptoms include: Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Headache, Loss of appetite, Fever, Severe, bloody diarrhea in the later stages of the disease, Sore throat and difficulty swallowing, Swollen neck. […] Initial signs and symptoms include: Flu-like symptoms for a few hours or days, such as sore throat, mild fever, fatigue and muscle aches, Mild chest discomfort, Shortness of breath, Nausea, Coughing up blood, Painful swallowing, High fever, Trouble breathing, Shock an acute medical condition involving collapse of the circulatory system, Meningitis. […] Initial signs and symptoms include: Redness at the area of injection (without an area that changes to black), Significant swelling, Shock, Multiple organ failure, Meningitis.

• #12 About Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/about/index.html

  The symptoms of anthrax depend on the type of infection. Symptoms show up anywhere from one day to more than two months after you’re exposed to the bacteria that cause anthrax. If you don’t get proper treatment, all types of anthrax have the potential to spread through your body and cause severe illness and death. […] Cutaneous anthrax shows up as telltale black sores of anthrax infection. Symptoms include: Group of itchy, small blisters or bumps, Large amount of swelling around the sore, Painless sore commonly on the face, neck, arms, or hand that has a black center, Sore appears after the bumps have gone down, For injection anthrax, infected sores (abscesses) deep under the skin or muscle at the injection site. […] Inhalation anthrax can occur when a person breathes in anthrax spores. It’s the deadliest form of the disease. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, Heavy sweats, Chest pain, cough, or shortness of breath, Confusion or dizziness, Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains, Headache or body aches, Extreme tiredness.

• #13 Anthrax – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507773/

  Cutaneous anthrax presents 1 to 10 days post-inoculation with a pruritic papular lesion that progresses over several days into a painless ulcer. The lesion may have associated satellite vesicles and will progress into a necrotic and blackened center with surrounding non-pitting edema. The painlessness of the lesion is characteristic of cutaneous anthrax and a distinguishing feature from other diagnoses. […] Injection drug anthrax presents as a grouping of small vesicles or papules at the injection site, with progression to painless ulcerative lesion similar to cutaneous anthrax. Injection anthrax may make it more difficult to recognize and may progress more rapidly to systemic illness than cutaneous anthrax. […] The majority of cases of anthrax have been cutaneous and these usually resolve with or without treatment. If treated promptly with antibiotics, the mortality rate is less than 2%. However, inhalational anthrax is life-threatening and carries a poor prognosis. Even with adequate treatment, mortality rates of 50% have been reported.

• #14 Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/anthrax/article.htm

  Anthrax can infect humans in three ways. The most common is infection through the skin, which causes an ugly, dark sore. […] The incubation period (the period between contact with anthrax and the start of symptoms) may be relatively short, from one to five days. Like other infectious diseases, the incubation period for anthrax is quite variable and it may be weeks before an infected individual feels sick. […] There are four forms of disease caused by anthrax: cutaneous (skin) anthrax, inhalation anthrax, gastrointestinal (bowel) anthrax, and the newly designated injection anthrax. […] The cutaneous (skin) form of anthrax (80% of all anthrax infections) starts as a red-brown raised spot that enlarges with considerable redness around it, blistering, and hardening. The center of the spot then shows an ulcer crater with blood-tinged drainage and the formation of a black crust called an eschar. There are swollen glands (lymph nodes) in the area. Symptoms include muscle aches and pain, headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting. The illness usually resolves in about six weeks, but deaths may occur if patients do not receive appropriate antibiotics.

• #15 FloridaHealthFinder | Anthrax | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/001325

  Symptoms of anthrax differ, depending on the type of anthrax. […] Symptoms of cutaneous anthrax start 1 to 7 days after exposure: An itchy sore develops that is similar to an insect bite. This sore may blister and form a black ulcer (sore or eschar). The sore is usually painless, but it is often surrounded by swelling. A scab often forms, and then dries and falls off within 2 weeks. Complete healing can take longer. […] Symptoms of inhalation anthrax: Begins with fever, malaise, headache, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Fever and shock may occur later. […] Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax usually occur within 1 week and may include: Abdominal pain, Bloody diarrhea, Diarrhea, Fever, Mouth sores, Nausea and vomiting (the vomit may contain blood). […] Symptoms of injection anthrax are similar to those of cutaneous anthrax. In addition, the skin or muscle beneath the injection site may get infected.

• #16 Clinical Overview of Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Anthrax can cause severe illness and death if not treated quickly after symptoms develop. […] The symptoms of anthrax depend on the type of infection and can take anywhere from one day to more than two months to present. All types of anthrax have the potential, if untreated, to spread throughout the body and cause severe illness and death. […] Infection usually develops from one to seven days after exposure. […] Without treatment, up to 20% of people with cutaneous anthrax die. With appropriate antibiotic treatment, almost all patients with cutaneous anthrax survive. […] Infection usually develops within a week after exposure, but it can take up to two months. […] Without treatment, inhalation anthrax is almost always fatal. However, with aggressive treatment, about 55 percent of patients survive.

• #17 Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10853-anthrax

  Anthrax symptoms vary depending on the type. Symptoms typically appear within one week of exposure. Sometimes, signs of inhalation anthrax aren’t noticeable for two months. Depending on the type, symptoms include: […] Chest pain and trouble breathing. […] Fatigue. […] Fever and profuse sweating. […] Headache or muscle aches. […] Itchy blisters or bumps. […] Skin ulcer (sore) with a black center. […] Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. […] Swollen lymph nodes. […] Untreated anthrax can be deadly. Complications vary depending on the anthrax type: […] Cutaneous: Almost everyone who gets treated for cutaneous anthrax survives. About 20% of infected people who don’t get treatment die. […] Gastrointestinal: Approximately 60% of treated people survive. Without treatment, more than half of infected people die. Gastrointestinal anthrax can cause deadly brain and spinal cord swelling (meningoencephalitis).

• #18 Anthrax – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/anthrax

  Anthrax symptoms vary depending on how the infection is acquired: […] Symptoms include bumps and blisters (after skin contact), difficulty breathing and chest pain (after inhaling spores), and abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea (after eating contaminated meat). […] A painless, itchy, red-brown bump appears 1 to 10 days after exposure. The bump forms a blister, which eventually breaks open and forms a black scab (eschar), with swelling around it. Nearby lymph nodes may swell, and people may feel ill sometimes with muscle aches, headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting. It may take several weeks for the bump to heal and the swelling to go down. […] Inhalation anthrax is the most serious. It results from inhaling anthrax spores, almost always when people are working with contaminated animal products (such as hides).

• #19 Anthrax | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/anthrax

  Pulmonary anthrax a rare lung infection that can occur when bacterial spores are inhaled. At first, the infection seems like a mild upper respiratory tract infection, such as a cold or flu. The persons health rapidly deteriorates over the next few days with severe breathing problems and shock. Without treatment, the mortality rate is 70 to 80 per cent. In many cases, pulmonary anthrax is fatal even when treated. […] Intestinal anthrax very rare in developed countries. It occurs if a person eats the undercooked meat of an infected animal, usually one that has died in the field. Early symptoms include nausea, vomiting, vomiting blood, diarrhoea and high temperature. If the infection spreads to the blood (septicaemia), the death rate is between 25 and 60 per cent.

• #20

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ty6357

  The symptoms and the incubation period—the time from exposure to anthrax until symptoms start—depend on the type of anthrax infection you have. […] With cutaneous anthrax, symptoms usually appear 5 to 7 days after exposure to spores, though it may take longer. […] The first symptom may be a small, raised bump that might itch. […] The bump becomes a painless, fluid-filled blister and later forms a black centre of dying tissue. […] Swollen lymph nodes, headache, and fever also may occur. […] With inhalational anthrax, symptoms usually appear 1 to 7 days after exposure. (But it can take as long as 60 days). […] At first you may feel like you have influenza (flu), with a sore throat, a mild fever, and muscle aches. But you may also have shortness of breath, which is not common with the flu.

• #21 Anthrax (malignant edema, woolsorters’ disease)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/anthrax/fact_sheet.htm

  What are the symptoms of anthrax? […] Skin (cutaneous) – This is the most common form of anthrax. Infection requires a break in the skin. The first symptoms include itching where the skin has been exposed. Then, a large boil or sore appears. The sore becomes covered by a black scab. If not treated, the infection can spread to the lymph nodes and bloodstream. […] Inhalation – Inhalation anthrax has been very rare in the U.S. First symptoms include fever, fatigue, malaise and a cough or chest pain. High fever, rapid pulse and severe difficulty breathing follow in two to five days. Inhalation anthrax is often fatal. […] Gastrointestinal – This form occurs only after eating infected, undercooked meat. First symptoms include fever, severe abdominal pain, loose, watery bowel movements, bloody diarrhea and vomiting with blood. […] How soon after exposure do symptoms develop? Symptoms usually develop between one and seven days after exposure but prolonged periods up to 42 days for cutaneous (skin) anthrax and 60 days for inhalation anthrax are possible, though rare.

• #22 Anthrax | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/zoonosis-control/zoonosis-control-diseases-and-conditions/anthrax

  Patients with respiratory anthrax usually have a biphasic illness. Initially, nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, fever, chills, myalgias, and fatigue may appear; upper respiratory symptoms such as coryza, nasal congestion, and sneezing are usually absent. […] The patient may show signs of improvement after 2-4 days. These symptoms are then followed by a sudden onset of severe respiratory distress with dyspnea, diaphoresis, stridor, and cyanosis. Chest wall edema may be observed. Hematogenous spread may result in such nonrespiratory symptoms as headache and abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Physical findings are nonspecific except that rhonchi may be present. Without treatment, shock and death follow within 24-36 hours of onset of severe symptoms. […] With cutaneous anthrax, patients typically present 1-7 days after exposure with a papule that progresses to a 1- to 2-cm vesicle with serosanguinous fluid; satellite vesicles may be present. This lesion coalesces into an ulcer with a characteristic coal-black scab (eschar; hence anthrax from the Greek for coal) that separates and falls off in 2 to 3 weeks regardless of treatment. […] Left untreated 20% will prove fatal. […] Incubation Period: 1-60 days for respiratory and 1-12 days for cutaneous. […] Inhalational anthrax is often fatal if treatment is begun in the second stage of the illness. […] Therapy should be continued for 60 days.

• #23 About Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/about/index.html

  The symptoms of anthrax depend on the type of infection. Symptoms show up anywhere from one day to more than two months after you’re exposed to the bacteria that cause anthrax. If you don’t get proper treatment, all types of anthrax have the potential to spread through your body and cause severe illness and death. […] Cutaneous anthrax shows up as telltale black sores of anthrax infection. Symptoms include: Group of itchy, small blisters or bumps, Large amount of swelling around the sore, Painless sore commonly on the face, neck, arms, or hand that has a black center, Sore appears after the bumps have gone down, For injection anthrax, infected sores (abscesses) deep under the skin or muscle at the injection site. […] Inhalation anthrax can occur when a person breathes in anthrax spores. It’s the deadliest form of the disease. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, Heavy sweats, Chest pain, cough, or shortness of breath, Confusion or dizziness, Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains, Headache or body aches, Extreme tiredness.

• #24 Clinical Overview of Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Infection usually develops from one to seven days after exposure. […] Without treatment, more than half of patients with gastrointestinal anthrax die. However, with proper treatment, 60 percent of patients survive. […] The symptoms of inhalation anthrax include fever and chills, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, confusion or dizziness, cough, nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains, headache, sweats, extreme tiredness, and body aches. […] The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax include fever and chills, swelling of neck or lymph nodes, sore throat, painful swallowing, hoarseness, nausea and vomiting, especially bloody vomiting, diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, headache, flushing and red eyes, stomach pain, fainting, and abdominal swelling.

• #25 Anthrax: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/what-is-anthrax

  If you get anthrax through a cut or sore on your skin, you might have: A group of small, itchy blisters or a bump that looks like a bug bite […] A sore on your skin that shows up after the blisters (usually painless and appearing on the face, neck, arms, or hands) […] Swelling around the sore. […] If you eat or drink something that contains the spores, such as the undercooked meat of an infected animal, your symptoms could include: Fever, chills […] Swelling in your neck or glands and pain when you swallow […] Nausea, loss of appetite, and vomiting, which may be bloody […] Diarrhea that may be bloody […] Headache […] Stomachache […] Redness in your eyes and face […] Fainting […] Pain and swelling in your abdomen. […] If you breathe in anthrax spores, this is the most dangerous situation. You could have: Flu-like symptoms including fever, fatigue, body aches, and sore throat. These can last a few hours or days […] Shortness of breath […] Nausea […] Coughing up blood […] Pain when you swallow […] An uncomfortable feeling in your chest […] Dizziness or confusion […] Sweating.

• #26 Anthrax | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/zoonosis-control/zoonosis-control-diseases-and-conditions/anthrax

  Patients with respiratory anthrax usually have a biphasic illness. Initially, nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, fever, chills, myalgias, and fatigue may appear; upper respiratory symptoms such as coryza, nasal congestion, and sneezing are usually absent. […] The patient may show signs of improvement after 2-4 days. These symptoms are then followed by a sudden onset of severe respiratory distress with dyspnea, diaphoresis, stridor, and cyanosis. Chest wall edema may be observed. Hematogenous spread may result in such nonrespiratory symptoms as headache and abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Physical findings are nonspecific except that rhonchi may be present. Without treatment, shock and death follow within 24-36 hours of onset of severe symptoms. […] With cutaneous anthrax, patients typically present 1-7 days after exposure with a papule that progresses to a 1- to 2-cm vesicle with serosanguinous fluid; satellite vesicles may be present. This lesion coalesces into an ulcer with a characteristic coal-black scab (eschar; hence anthrax from the Greek for coal) that separates and falls off in 2 to 3 weeks regardless of treatment. […] Left untreated 20% will prove fatal. […] Incubation Period: 1-60 days for respiratory and 1-12 days for cutaneous. […] Inhalational anthrax is often fatal if treatment is begun in the second stage of the illness. […] Therapy should be continued for 60 days.

• #27 Anthrax – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/anthrax

  Symptoms develop 1 day to 6 weeks after exposure. Initially, they are vague and similar to those of influenza (flu), with mild muscle aches, a low fever, chest discomfort, and a dry cough. After a few days, breathing suddenly becomes very difficult, and people have chest pain and a high fever with sweating. Blood pressure rapidly becomes dangerously low (causing shock), followed by coma. These severe symptoms probably result from a massive release of toxins. […] Gastrointestinal anthrax is rare. When people eat contaminated meat, the bacteria grow in the mouth, throat, or intestine and release toxins that cause extensive bleeding and tissue death. People have a fever, a sore throat, a swollen neck, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea. They also vomit blood. […] Injection anthrax is rare. Symptoms may be similar to those of skin anthrax, such as fever and an itchy bump or bumps that appear where the heroin was injected. The bump develops into a painless sore that forms a black scab (eschar) with swelling around it. A pocket of pus (abscess) may develop deep under the skin or in the muscle where the heroin was injected.

• #28 Anthrax Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/anthrax/anthrax.html

  Inhalation anthrax begins with flu-like symptoms (cough, fever, muscle aches). These symptoms may last two to three days, and then appear to go away for one or two days. Then the illness can come back, resulting in severe lung problems, difficulty breathing, and shock. Unless it’s treated, inhalation anthrax can be very dangerous it’s fatal in up to 90 percent of cases. With treatment, during the anthrax attacks of 2001, the death rate was about 40 percent. […] All forms of anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. It’s important to start treatment as soon as possible. It may be possible to prevent the disease if exposed people begin treatment soon enough. […] Early treatment with antibiotics, for people who may have been exposed to anthrax, is the best preventive measure. […] Inhalation anthrax is usually detected by looking for anthrax bacteria in the blood, or in fluid from the lungs or breathing passages. Skin anthrax is diagnosed by testing or looking at the skin.

• #29 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Inhalational anthrax begins abruptly 1-3 days (range, hours to 60 days) postexposure and follows a biphasic course. Typically begins as fever with nonproductive cough and may feature myalgia, fatigue, or retrosternal chest pain. Transient clinical improvement may occur after the first few days, followed by rapid progression and clinical deterioration including the following: High-grade fever, Symptoms of respiratory failure: severe dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxemia, Hematemesis or hemoptysis, Chest pain, which may be severe enough to mimic acute coronary syndrome, Decreased level of consciousness, meningismus, and coma (with meningeal involvement).

• #30 Anthrax | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/zoonosis-control/zoonosis-control-diseases-and-conditions/anthrax

  Patients with respiratory anthrax usually have a biphasic illness. Initially, nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, fever, chills, myalgias, and fatigue may appear; upper respiratory symptoms such as coryza, nasal congestion, and sneezing are usually absent. […] The patient may show signs of improvement after 2-4 days. These symptoms are then followed by a sudden onset of severe respiratory distress with dyspnea, diaphoresis, stridor, and cyanosis. Chest wall edema may be observed. Hematogenous spread may result in such nonrespiratory symptoms as headache and abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Physical findings are nonspecific except that rhonchi may be present. Without treatment, shock and death follow within 24-36 hours of onset of severe symptoms. […] With cutaneous anthrax, patients typically present 1-7 days after exposure with a papule that progresses to a 1- to 2-cm vesicle with serosanguinous fluid; satellite vesicles may be present. This lesion coalesces into an ulcer with a characteristic coal-black scab (eschar; hence anthrax from the Greek for coal) that separates and falls off in 2 to 3 weeks regardless of treatment. […] Left untreated 20% will prove fatal. […] Incubation Period: 1-60 days for respiratory and 1-12 days for cutaneous. […] Inhalational anthrax is often fatal if treatment is begun in the second stage of the illness. […] Therapy should be continued for 60 days.

• #31 Anthrax – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/symptoms-causes/syc-20356203

  Signs and symptoms, which depend on how you’re infected, can include skin sores, vomiting and shock. […] In most cases, symptoms develop within six days of exposure to the bacteria. However, it’s possible for inhalation anthrax symptoms to take more than six weeks to appear. […] Signs and symptoms include: A raised, itchy bump resembling an insect bite that quickly develops into a painless sore with a black center, Swelling in the sore and nearby lymph glands, Sometimes, flu-like symptoms including fever and headache. […] Signs and symptoms include: Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Headache, Loss of appetite, Fever, Severe, bloody diarrhea in the later stages of the disease, Sore throat and difficulty swallowing, Swollen neck. […] Initial signs and symptoms include: Flu-like symptoms for a few hours or days, such as sore throat, mild fever, fatigue and muscle aches, Mild chest discomfort, Shortness of breath, Nausea, Coughing up blood, Painful swallowing, High fever, Trouble breathing, Shock an acute medical condition involving collapse of the circulatory system, Meningitis. […] Initial signs and symptoms include: Redness at the area of injection (without an area that changes to black), Significant swelling, Shock, Multiple organ failure, Meningitis.

• #32

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/anthrax

  Anthrax is an acute bacterial disease that affects the skin in 95 per cent of cases. Rarely, it can infect the lungs after inhalation or the intestinal tract after ingestion. […] Cutaneous anthrax is treatable, but the pulmonary and intestinal forms are more severe with a case-fatality rate approaching 100 per cent. […] Anthrax is an acute bacterial disease that usually affects the skin. It may rarely involve the lungs after inhalation or the intestinal tract after ingestion. […] This is followed within 36 days by rapid onset of respiratory distress, including stridor, severe dyspnoea, hypoxia, shock and cyanosis, with radiological evidence of mediastinal widening. Death follows shortly thereafter. […] The mortality rate approaches 100 per cent with delayed or no treatment. […] In intestinal anthrax, gastrointestinal symptoms may be followed by fever, septicaemia and death. Case-fatality rates of 25-75 per cent have been reported.

• #33 Anthrax – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507773/

  Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by an encapsulated, spore-forming, gram-variable bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. This commonly presents with nonspecific prodromal symptoms such as fever, nausea, vomiting, and sweats which progress to dyspnea and ultimately respiratory failure and hemodynamic collapse. […] Symptoms usually appear several days after the infection and this makes it difficult to track the organism. […] Inhalational anthrax presents following an incubation period of approximately 1 to 6 days post-exposure, with a non-specific prodromal phase including fever, sweats, nausea, vomiting, malaise, chest pain and nonproductive cough. The second stage of illness occurs as bacterial replication in mediastinal lymph nodes results in hemorrhagic lymphadenitis and mediastinitis, and progression to bacteremia. Fever, dyspnea, and stridor from increasing lymphadenopathy impacting the airways, and ultimately respiratory failure and hemodynamic collapse occur. Meningitis also occurs in up to 50% of inhalational cases, with a headache, confusion, and progression to coma.

• #34 Summary – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310473/

  In inhalational (pulmonary) anthrax, symptoms prior to the onset of the final hyperacute phase are also nonspecific, and suspicion of anthrax depends on knowledge of the patients history. Symptoms include fever or chills, sweats, fatigue or malaise, non-productive cough, dyspnoea, changes in mental state including confusion, and nausea or vomiting. Chest X-rays reveal infiltrates, pleural effusion and mediastinal widening. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy is likely. The median incubation period is 4 days (range 46 days) but may be up to 10 or 11 days. Reflux of spores into the alimentary tract with development of lesions there may affect the time of onset of symptoms. […] Meningitis (haemorrhagic leptomeningitis) is a serious clinical development which may follow any of the other three forms of anthrax. The clinical signs are neck pain with or without flexion, headache, changes in mental state, vomiting and high-grade fever. There is an intense inflammation of the meninges with accompanying oedema resulting in a markedly elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and the appearance of blood in the CSF.

• #35

  https://gulflink.health.mil/bw/bw_refs/n23en008/anthrax.htm

  Signs and Symptoms: Incubation period is 1-6 days. Fever, malaise, fatigue, cough and mild chest discomfort is followed by severe respiratory distress with dyspnea, diaphoresis, stridor, and cyanosis. Shock and death occurs within 24-36 hours after onset of severe symptoms. […] After an incubation period of 1-6 days, presumably dependent upon the dose and strain of inhaled organisms, the onset of inhalation anthrax is gradual and nonspecific. Fever, malaise, and fatigue may be present, sometimes in association with a nonproductive cough and mild chest discomfort. These initial symptoms are often followed by a short period of improvement (hours to 2-3 days), followed by the abrupt development of severe respiratory distress with dyspnea, diaphoresis, stridor, and cyanosis. Shock and death usually follow within 24-36 hours after the onset of respiratory distress. […] In man, the mortality of untreated cutaneous anthrax ranges up to 25 per cent; in inhalational and intestinal cases, the case fatality rate is almost 100 percent.

• #36 Clinical Overview of Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Anthrax can cause severe illness and death if not treated quickly after symptoms develop. […] The symptoms of anthrax depend on the type of infection and can take anywhere from one day to more than two months to present. All types of anthrax have the potential, if untreated, to spread throughout the body and cause severe illness and death. […] Infection usually develops from one to seven days after exposure. […] Without treatment, up to 20% of people with cutaneous anthrax die. With appropriate antibiotic treatment, almost all patients with cutaneous anthrax survive. […] Infection usually develops within a week after exposure, but it can take up to two months. […] Without treatment, inhalation anthrax is almost always fatal. However, with aggressive treatment, about 55 percent of patients survive.

• #37 Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10853-anthrax

  Inhalation: About 55% of infected people who receive treatment survive. That number drops to about 15% for people who aren’t treated. […] If you think you’ve been exposed to anthrax, call your healthcare provider to start antibiotics or other therapies immediately. Untreated anthrax can be deadly. Fast treatment can prevent severe infection and life-threatening symptoms, improving your odds of a full recovery.

• #38 Anthrax Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/anthrax/anthrax.html

  Inhalation anthrax begins with flu-like symptoms (cough, fever, muscle aches). These symptoms may last two to three days, and then appear to go away for one or two days. Then the illness can come back, resulting in severe lung problems, difficulty breathing, and shock. Unless it’s treated, inhalation anthrax can be very dangerous it’s fatal in up to 90 percent of cases. With treatment, during the anthrax attacks of 2001, the death rate was about 40 percent. […] All forms of anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. It’s important to start treatment as soon as possible. It may be possible to prevent the disease if exposed people begin treatment soon enough. […] Early treatment with antibiotics, for people who may have been exposed to anthrax, is the best preventive measure. […] Inhalation anthrax is usually detected by looking for anthrax bacteria in the blood, or in fluid from the lungs or breathing passages. Skin anthrax is diagnosed by testing or looking at the skin.

• #39 Anthrax – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-positive-bacteria/anthrax

  Symptoms develop 1 day to 6 weeks after exposure. Initially, they are vague and similar to those of influenza (flu), with mild muscle aches, a low fever, chest discomfort, and a dry cough. After a few days, breathing suddenly becomes very difficult, and people have chest pain and a high fever with sweating. Blood pressure rapidly becomes dangerously low (causing shock), followed by coma. These severe symptoms probably result from a massive release of toxins. […] Gastrointestinal anthrax is rare. When people eat contaminated meat, the bacteria grow in the mouth, throat, or intestine and release toxins that cause extensive bleeding and tissue death. People have a fever, a sore throat, a swollen neck, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea. They also vomit blood. […] Injection anthrax is rare. Symptoms may be similar to those of skin anthrax, such as fever and an itchy bump or bumps that appear where the heroin was injected. The bump develops into a painless sore that forms a black scab (eschar) with swelling around it. A pocket of pus (abscess) may develop deep under the skin or in the muscle where the heroin was injected.

• #40

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/emergency-preparedness-response/public-health-care-system-preparedness/anthrax.html

  Anthrax can cause three forms of disease: 1) cutaneous (skin); 2) gastrointestinal (digestive system); and 3) inhalational anthrax (lungs) […] […] Cutaneous anthrax usually begins with itching. A small sore develops about seven days after a person has been infected with anthrax. This sore can look like an insect or spider bite. The sore will turn into a blister within one to two days. The blister then becomes a skin ulcer with a black area in the center. (The sore, blister and ulcer do not hurt.) Patients also may have fever, malaise and headaches. […] […] The first symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax are nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrhea and fever. Bad stomach pain follows. […] […] The first symptoms of inhalational anthrax are like cold or flu symptoms. They can include a sore throat, mild fever and muscle aches. Later symptoms include cough, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, lack of energy and muscle aches. Babies will exhibit poor feeding/sucking habits. […]

• #41 Anthrax Fact Sheet – Illinois Department of Public Health

  http://www.idph.state.il.us/bioterrorism/anthraxfctsht.htm

  The intestinal disease form of anthrax usually follows the consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated meat and has an incubation period of one to seven days. It is characterized by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract. Initial signs of nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting and fever are followed by abdominal pain, vomiting of blood and severe, often bloody, diarrhea. It also can cause lesions at the base of the tongue, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever and swelling near lymph nodes. Death occurs in 25 percent to 60 percent of cases.

• #42 Clinical Overview of Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Infection usually develops from one to seven days after exposure. […] Without treatment, more than half of patients with gastrointestinal anthrax die. However, with proper treatment, 60 percent of patients survive. […] The symptoms of inhalation anthrax include fever and chills, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, confusion or dizziness, cough, nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains, headache, sweats, extreme tiredness, and body aches. […] The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax include fever and chills, swelling of neck or lymph nodes, sore throat, painful swallowing, hoarseness, nausea and vomiting, especially bloody vomiting, diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, headache, flushing and red eyes, stomach pain, fainting, and abdominal swelling.

• #43 Anthrax – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/symptoms-causes/syc-20356203

  Signs and symptoms, which depend on how you’re infected, can include skin sores, vomiting and shock. […] In most cases, symptoms develop within six days of exposure to the bacteria. However, it’s possible for inhalation anthrax symptoms to take more than six weeks to appear. […] Signs and symptoms include: A raised, itchy bump resembling an insect bite that quickly develops into a painless sore with a black center, Swelling in the sore and nearby lymph glands, Sometimes, flu-like symptoms including fever and headache. […] Signs and symptoms include: Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Headache, Loss of appetite, Fever, Severe, bloody diarrhea in the later stages of the disease, Sore throat and difficulty swallowing, Swollen neck. […] Initial signs and symptoms include: Flu-like symptoms for a few hours or days, such as sore throat, mild fever, fatigue and muscle aches, Mild chest discomfort, Shortness of breath, Nausea, Coughing up blood, Painful swallowing, High fever, Trouble breathing, Shock an acute medical condition involving collapse of the circulatory system, Meningitis. […] Initial signs and symptoms include: Redness at the area of injection (without an area that changes to black), Significant swelling, Shock, Multiple organ failure, Meningitis.

• #44 About Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/about/index.html

  Gastrointestinal anthrax can happen when a person eats raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, Swelling of neck or neck glands, Sore throat, hoarseness, and pain when swallowing, Nausea and vomiting, especially bloody vomiting, Diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, Headache, Red face and red eyes, Stomach pain and swelling, Fainting.

• #45 Summary – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310473/

  Ingestion or oral route anthrax takes two forms oropharyngeal, in which the lesion is localized in the buccal cavity or on the tongue, tonsils or posterior pharyngeal wall, and gastrointestinal, where the lesion may occur anywhere within the gastrointestinal tract, but mostly in the ileum and caecum. Sore throat, dysphagia and regional lymphadenopathy are the early clinical features associated with oropharyngeal anthrax, with development of extensive oedematous swelling of the neck and anterior chest wall. Tracheotomy may be necessary. Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax are initially nonspecific and include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, mild diarrhoea and fever. These may be mild but are occasionally severe, progressing to haematemesis, bloody diarrhoea and massive ascites. The incubation period is commonly 37 days.

• #46 About Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/about/index.html

  Gastrointestinal anthrax can happen when a person eats raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal. Symptoms include: Fever and chills, Swelling of neck or neck glands, Sore throat, hoarseness, and pain when swallowing, Nausea and vomiting, especially bloody vomiting, Diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, Headache, Red face and red eyes, Stomach pain and swelling, Fainting.

• #47 Summary – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310473/

  Ingestion or oral route anthrax takes two forms oropharyngeal, in which the lesion is localized in the buccal cavity or on the tongue, tonsils or posterior pharyngeal wall, and gastrointestinal, where the lesion may occur anywhere within the gastrointestinal tract, but mostly in the ileum and caecum. Sore throat, dysphagia and regional lymphadenopathy are the early clinical features associated with oropharyngeal anthrax, with development of extensive oedematous swelling of the neck and anterior chest wall. Tracheotomy may be necessary. Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax are initially nonspecific and include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, mild diarrhoea and fever. These may be mild but are occasionally severe, progressing to haematemesis, bloody diarrhoea and massive ascites. The incubation period is commonly 37 days.

• #48 Summary – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310473/

  Ingestion or oral route anthrax takes two forms oropharyngeal, in which the lesion is localized in the buccal cavity or on the tongue, tonsils or posterior pharyngeal wall, and gastrointestinal, where the lesion may occur anywhere within the gastrointestinal tract, but mostly in the ileum and caecum. Sore throat, dysphagia and regional lymphadenopathy are the early clinical features associated with oropharyngeal anthrax, with development of extensive oedematous swelling of the neck and anterior chest wall. Tracheotomy may be necessary. Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax are initially nonspecific and include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, mild diarrhoea and fever. These may be mild but are occasionally severe, progressing to haematemesis, bloody diarrhoea and massive ascites. The incubation period is commonly 37 days.

• #49 Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/anthrax/article.htm

  Now rare, anthrax of the bowels (gastrointestinal anthrax) is the result of eating undercooked, contaminated meat. The symptoms of this form of anthrax include nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrhea and fever followed by abdominal pain. The bacteria invade through the bowel wall. Then the infection spreads throughout the body through the bloodstream (septicemia) with deadly toxicity. […] The prognosis for anthrax infections depends on the type of infection and how rapidly antibiotic treatment is initiated. The worst prognosis is for the pulmonary form of anthrax caused by inhaling spores from the environment or from „weaponized” anthrax preparations. The other forms of anthrax have a range of outcomes from good to poor, depending upon how quickly diagnosis and treatment occurs and how severe the infection effects the various organ systems.

• #50 Summary – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310473/

  Ingestion or oral route anthrax takes two forms oropharyngeal, in which the lesion is localized in the buccal cavity or on the tongue, tonsils or posterior pharyngeal wall, and gastrointestinal, where the lesion may occur anywhere within the gastrointestinal tract, but mostly in the ileum and caecum. Sore throat, dysphagia and regional lymphadenopathy are the early clinical features associated with oropharyngeal anthrax, with development of extensive oedematous swelling of the neck and anterior chest wall. Tracheotomy may be necessary. Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax are initially nonspecific and include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, mild diarrhoea and fever. These may be mild but are occasionally severe, progressing to haematemesis, bloody diarrhoea and massive ascites. The incubation period is commonly 37 days.

• #51 Clinical Overview of Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Infection usually develops from one to seven days after exposure. […] Without treatment, more than half of patients with gastrointestinal anthrax die. However, with proper treatment, 60 percent of patients survive. […] The symptoms of inhalation anthrax include fever and chills, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, confusion or dizziness, cough, nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains, headache, sweats, extreme tiredness, and body aches. […] The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax include fever and chills, swelling of neck or lymph nodes, sore throat, painful swallowing, hoarseness, nausea and vomiting, especially bloody vomiting, diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, headache, flushing and red eyes, stomach pain, fainting, and abdominal swelling.

• #52 Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10853-anthrax

  Anthrax symptoms vary depending on the type. Symptoms typically appear within one week of exposure. Sometimes, signs of inhalation anthrax aren’t noticeable for two months. Depending on the type, symptoms include: […] Chest pain and trouble breathing. […] Fatigue. […] Fever and profuse sweating. […] Headache or muscle aches. […] Itchy blisters or bumps. […] Skin ulcer (sore) with a black center. […] Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. […] Swollen lymph nodes. […] Untreated anthrax can be deadly. Complications vary depending on the anthrax type: […] Cutaneous: Almost everyone who gets treated for cutaneous anthrax survives. About 20% of infected people who don’t get treatment die. […] Gastrointestinal: Approximately 60% of treated people survive. Without treatment, more than half of infected people die. Gastrointestinal anthrax can cause deadly brain and spinal cord swelling (meningoencephalitis).

• #53 Anthrax: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/what-is-anthrax

  If it worsens, you could also have other symptoms like shock or trouble breathing, or develop a condition called meningitis, which means there is inflammation in the membranes surrounding your brain and spinal cord. This can be life-threatening. […] If you get anthrax by injecting illegal drugs like heroin, you might have: A group of small blisters or bumps that may be itchy, or redness and swelling where you injected the drug […] Fever and chills […] A painless ulcer that replaces the bumps or blisters and has a black center […] Pockets of pus around the injection site, either under the skin or in your muscle. […] If the disease gets worse, you could go into shock, develop meningitis, or your organs could stop working.

• #54 Symptoms of Anthrax: Causes and How It’s Diagnosed

  https://www.starhealth.in/symptoms/anthrax-symptoms/

  The deadliest form, inhalation anthrax, results from breathing in spores. Early symptoms mimic the flu, including: Mild fever, fatigue, and sore throat. […] Reported primarily in Europe, injection anthrax arises from injecting illegal drugs. Symptoms include: Redness and swelling at the injection site. […] Recognizing anthrax symptoms early can save lives. Timely medical attention and treatment are critical for all forms of this infection.

• #55 Anthrax – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/symptoms-causes/syc-20356203

• #56 Centre for Health Protection – Anthrax

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/12.html

  Injection anthrax: Symptoms may be similar to those of cutaneous anthrax with skin lesions appearing where the drug was injected. Abscesses deep under the skin or in the muscle of the injection site may occur. Injection anthrax can spread throughout the body faster and be difficult to recognize and treat.

• #57 Factsheet – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/zoonotic/anthrax/factsheet/

  Symptoms of anthrax after injection (injection anthrax) can include: Fever and chills, A group of small blisters or bumps that may itch, appearing where the drug was injected, A painless skin sore with a black centre that appears after the blisters or bumps, Swelling around the sore, Abscesses deep under the skin or in the muscle where the drug was injected. […] Injection anthrax symptoms are similar to those of cutaneous anthrax, but injection anthrax can spread throughout the body faster and be harder to recognise and treat than cutaneous anthrax.

• #58 Anthrax: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/what-is-anthrax

  If it worsens, you could also have other symptoms like shock or trouble breathing, or develop a condition called meningitis, which means there is inflammation in the membranes surrounding your brain and spinal cord. This can be life-threatening. […] If you get anthrax by injecting illegal drugs like heroin, you might have: A group of small blisters or bumps that may be itchy, or redness and swelling where you injected the drug […] Fever and chills […] A painless ulcer that replaces the bumps or blisters and has a black center […] Pockets of pus around the injection site, either under the skin or in your muscle. […] If the disease gets worse, you could go into shock, develop meningitis, or your organs could stop working.

• #59 Anthrax – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/symptoms-causes/syc-20356203

• #60 Anthrax | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anthrax

  Anthrax is treated immediately with antibiotics. If there is a chance you been exposed to anthrax, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to prevent illness. Depending on the type and the severity, you may need to take antibiotics by mouth (as tablets) or into your vein (intravenous or IV). […] Anthrax is a severe and serious bacterial infection. If left untreated, it can spread to other places in your body and lead to complications, such as: sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia.

• #61 Summary – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310473/

  In any of the forms sepsis may develop after the lymphohaematogenous spread of B. anthracis from a primary lesion. The mild initial phase of nonspecific symptoms is followed by the sudden development of toxaemia and shock with dyspnoea, cyanosis, disorientation with coma and death, all occurring within a period of hours.

• #62 Summary – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310473/

  In any of the forms sepsis may develop after the lymphohaematogenous spread of B. anthracis from a primary lesion. The mild initial phase of nonspecific symptoms is followed by the sudden development of toxaemia and shock with dyspnoea, cyanosis, disorientation with coma and death, all occurring within a period of hours.

• #63 Summary – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310473/

  In any of the forms sepsis may develop after the lymphohaematogenous spread of B. anthracis from a primary lesion. The mild initial phase of nonspecific symptoms is followed by the sudden development of toxaemia and shock with dyspnoea, cyanosis, disorientation with coma and death, all occurring within a period of hours.

• #64 Summary – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310473/

  In inhalational (pulmonary) anthrax, symptoms prior to the onset of the final hyperacute phase are also nonspecific, and suspicion of anthrax depends on knowledge of the patients history. Symptoms include fever or chills, sweats, fatigue or malaise, non-productive cough, dyspnoea, changes in mental state including confusion, and nausea or vomiting. Chest X-rays reveal infiltrates, pleural effusion and mediastinal widening. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy is likely. The median incubation period is 4 days (range 46 days) but may be up to 10 or 11 days. Reflux of spores into the alimentary tract with development of lesions there may affect the time of onset of symptoms. […] Meningitis (haemorrhagic leptomeningitis) is a serious clinical development which may follow any of the other three forms of anthrax. The clinical signs are neck pain with or without flexion, headache, changes in mental state, vomiting and high-grade fever. There is an intense inflammation of the meninges with accompanying oedema resulting in a markedly elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and the appearance of blood in the CSF.

• #65 Anthrax – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/symptoms-causes/syc-20356203

  Signs and symptoms, which depend on how you’re infected, can include skin sores, vomiting and shock. […] In most cases, symptoms develop within six days of exposure to the bacteria. However, it’s possible for inhalation anthrax symptoms to take more than six weeks to appear. […] Signs and symptoms include: A raised, itchy bump resembling an insect bite that quickly develops into a painless sore with a black center, Swelling in the sore and nearby lymph glands, Sometimes, flu-like symptoms including fever and headache. […] Signs and symptoms include: Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Headache, Loss of appetite, Fever, Severe, bloody diarrhea in the later stages of the disease, Sore throat and difficulty swallowing, Swollen neck. […] Initial signs and symptoms include: Flu-like symptoms for a few hours or days, such as sore throat, mild fever, fatigue and muscle aches, Mild chest discomfort, Shortness of breath, Nausea, Coughing up blood, Painful swallowing, High fever, Trouble breathing, Shock an acute medical condition involving collapse of the circulatory system, Meningitis. […] Initial signs and symptoms include: Redness at the area of injection (without an area that changes to black), Significant swelling, Shock, Multiple organ failure, Meningitis.

• #66 Anthrax – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax

  Before 2001, fatality rates for inhalation anthrax were 90%; since then, they have fallen to 45%. People that progress to the fulminant phase of inhalational anthrax nearly always die, with one case study showing a death rate of 97%. Anthrax meningoencephalitis is also nearly always fatal. Gastrointestinal anthrax infections can be treated, but usually result in fatality rates of 25% to 60%, depending upon how soon treatment commences.

• #67 Clinical Overview of Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Anthrax can cause severe illness and death if not treated quickly after symptoms develop. […] The symptoms of anthrax depend on the type of infection and can take anywhere from one day to more than two months to present. All types of anthrax have the potential, if untreated, to spread throughout the body and cause severe illness and death. […] Infection usually develops from one to seven days after exposure. […] Without treatment, up to 20% of people with cutaneous anthrax die. With appropriate antibiotic treatment, almost all patients with cutaneous anthrax survive. […] Infection usually develops within a week after exposure, but it can take up to two months. […] Without treatment, inhalation anthrax is almost always fatal. However, with aggressive treatment, about 55 percent of patients survive.

• #68 Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10853-anthrax

  Anthrax symptoms vary depending on the type. Symptoms typically appear within one week of exposure. Sometimes, signs of inhalation anthrax aren’t noticeable for two months. Depending on the type, symptoms include: […] Chest pain and trouble breathing. […] Fatigue. […] Fever and profuse sweating. […] Headache or muscle aches. […] Itchy blisters or bumps. […] Skin ulcer (sore) with a black center. […] Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. […] Swollen lymph nodes. […] Untreated anthrax can be deadly. Complications vary depending on the anthrax type: […] Cutaneous: Almost everyone who gets treated for cutaneous anthrax survives. About 20% of infected people who don’t get treatment die. […] Gastrointestinal: Approximately 60% of treated people survive. Without treatment, more than half of infected people die. Gastrointestinal anthrax can cause deadly brain and spinal cord swelling (meningoencephalitis).

• #69 Anthrax – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax

  Before 2001, fatality rates for inhalation anthrax were 90%; since then, they have fallen to 45%. People that progress to the fulminant phase of inhalational anthrax nearly always die, with one case study showing a death rate of 97%. Anthrax meningoencephalitis is also nearly always fatal. Gastrointestinal anthrax infections can be treated, but usually result in fatality rates of 25% to 60%, depending upon how soon treatment commences.

• #70 Anthrax – IAFFAnthrax – IAFF

  https://www.iaff.org/infectious-disease/diseases/anthrax/

  The symptoms of anthrax will vary depending upon which type of the disease is present: […] Symptoms begin in 1 to 7 days and healing takes 2 to 4 weeks […] Initially an itchy but painless sore develops on the skin […] Sore forms a blister and eventually a black ulcer […] Complications: 20% may die without treatment since the infection can spread to the blood. The death rate is < 1% with treatment [...] Symptoms begin in in 1 to 7 days but may take up to a month [...] Fever [...] Malaise [...] Headache [...] Cough [...] Shortness of breath and chest pain [...] Shock [...] Complications: death occurs in 75% even with treatment [...] Symptoms begin 1-7 days after exposure [...] Fever [...] Abdominal pain [...] Diarrhea (sometimes bloody) [...] Sores in the mouth [...] Nausea and/or vomiting [...] Complications: Death occurs in > 50% of those who do not receive antibiotic treatment but is < 40% with treatment.

• #71 Anthrax – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356209

  Symptoms of anthrax often come on suddenly and can be very serious. If you know you’ve been exposed to anthrax or if you develop symptoms after a possible exposure, immediately go to the emergency room. […] Although some cases of anthrax respond to antibiotics, advanced inhalation anthrax may not. By the later stages of the disease, the bacteria have often produced more toxins than drugs can eliminate.

• #72 Anthrax Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/anthrax/anthrax.html

  Inhalation anthrax begins with flu-like symptoms (cough, fever, muscle aches). These symptoms may last two to three days, and then appear to go away for one or two days. Then the illness can come back, resulting in severe lung problems, difficulty breathing, and shock. Unless it’s treated, inhalation anthrax can be very dangerous it’s fatal in up to 90 percent of cases. With treatment, during the anthrax attacks of 2001, the death rate was about 40 percent. […] All forms of anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. It’s important to start treatment as soon as possible. It may be possible to prevent the disease if exposed people begin treatment soon enough. […] Early treatment with antibiotics, for people who may have been exposed to anthrax, is the best preventive measure. […] Inhalation anthrax is usually detected by looking for anthrax bacteria in the blood, or in fluid from the lungs or breathing passages. Skin anthrax is diagnosed by testing or looking at the skin.

• #73 Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis) Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/anthrax/article.htm

  The first symptoms are subtle, gradual and flu-like (influenza) with a sore throat and headaches. In a few days, however, the illness worsens and there may be severe respiratory distress with shortness of breath and pain in the chest and/or muscles. Some patients may begin coughing up blood. Shock, coma, and death follow. Inhalation anthrax does not cause a true pneumonia. In fact, the spores get picked in the lungs up by scavenger cells called macrophages. Most of the spores are killed. Unfortunately, some survive and are transported to glands in the chest called lymph nodes. Lymph nodes may swell. In the lymph nodes, the spores that survive multiply, produce deadly toxins, and spread throughout the body. Severe hemorrhage and tissue death (necrosis) occurs in these lymph nodes in the chest. From there, the disease spreads to the adjacent lungs and the rest of the body. Inhalation anthrax is a very serious disease, and unfortunately, most affected individuals will die even if they get appropriate antibiotics. Why is this so? The antibiotics are effective in killing the bacteria, but they do not destroy the deadly toxins that have already been released by the anthrax bacteria.

• #74 Anthrax – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356209

  Symptoms of anthrax often come on suddenly and can be very serious. If you know you’ve been exposed to anthrax or if you develop symptoms after a possible exposure, immediately go to the emergency room. […] Although some cases of anthrax respond to antibiotics, advanced inhalation anthrax may not. By the later stages of the disease, the bacteria have often produced more toxins than drugs can eliminate.

• #75 Anthrax Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/anthrax/anthrax.html

  Inhalation anthrax begins with flu-like symptoms (cough, fever, muscle aches). These symptoms may last two to three days, and then appear to go away for one or two days. Then the illness can come back, resulting in severe lung problems, difficulty breathing, and shock. Unless it’s treated, inhalation anthrax can be very dangerous it’s fatal in up to 90 percent of cases. With treatment, during the anthrax attacks of 2001, the death rate was about 40 percent. […] All forms of anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. It’s important to start treatment as soon as possible. It may be possible to prevent the disease if exposed people begin treatment soon enough. […] Early treatment with antibiotics, for people who may have been exposed to anthrax, is the best preventive measure. […] Inhalation anthrax is usually detected by looking for anthrax bacteria in the blood, or in fluid from the lungs or breathing passages. Skin anthrax is diagnosed by testing or looking at the skin.

• #76 Anthrax | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/anthrax

  Initial signs and symptoms include: Redness at the area of injection (without an area that changes to black), Significant swelling, Shock, Multiple organ failure, Meningitis. […] If you develop signs and symptoms of the disorder after exposure to animals or animal products in parts of the world where anthrax is common, seek prompt medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. […] The specific antibiotic chosen will depend on a range of factors, including if there’s a need to treat many people. Which single antibiotic or combination of antibiotics, and the length of treatment, will be most effective for you depends on how you were infected with anthrax, the strain of anthrax, your age, your overall health and other concerns. Treatment is most effective when started as soon as possible. […] Although some cases of anthrax respond to antibiotics, advanced inhalation anthrax may not. By the later stages of the disease, the bacteria have often produced more toxins than drugs can eliminate.

• #77 Anthrax | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/zoonosis-control/zoonosis-control-diseases-and-conditions/anthrax

  Patients with respiratory anthrax usually have a biphasic illness. Initially, nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, fever, chills, myalgias, and fatigue may appear; upper respiratory symptoms such as coryza, nasal congestion, and sneezing are usually absent. […] The patient may show signs of improvement after 2-4 days. These symptoms are then followed by a sudden onset of severe respiratory distress with dyspnea, diaphoresis, stridor, and cyanosis. Chest wall edema may be observed. Hematogenous spread may result in such nonrespiratory symptoms as headache and abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Physical findings are nonspecific except that rhonchi may be present. Without treatment, shock and death follow within 24-36 hours of onset of severe symptoms. […] With cutaneous anthrax, patients typically present 1-7 days after exposure with a papule that progresses to a 1- to 2-cm vesicle with serosanguinous fluid; satellite vesicles may be present. This lesion coalesces into an ulcer with a characteristic coal-black scab (eschar; hence anthrax from the Greek for coal) that separates and falls off in 2 to 3 weeks regardless of treatment. […] Left untreated 20% will prove fatal. […] Incubation Period: 1-60 days for respiratory and 1-12 days for cutaneous. […] Inhalational anthrax is often fatal if treatment is begun in the second stage of the illness. […] Therapy should be continued for 60 days.

• #78 Anthrax – Medical Information | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/anthrax/medical-information

  Symptoms of anthrax vary depending on the route of exposure and site or type of infection, but usually occur within seven days. However, symptoms can take anywhere from one day to more than two months to appear. […] Cutaneous anthrax begins as an itchy bump or a group of small blisters. A painless ulcer (a skin sore) then appears with a black center. Skin sores may also have a black appearance when they form dry scabs called „eschars.” In the majority of cases, the sore(s) appears on the face, neck, arms, or hands. Less than one percent of appropriately treated cutaneous anthrax cases result in death. […] Initially, inhalation anthrax may resemble a common cold with fever, chills, headache, body ache, and cough. Later, there may be chest discomfort, shortness of breath, and confusion or dizziness. Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains; drenching sweats; and extreme tiredness may also be present. Case-fatality rates for inhalation anthrax have varied from 85 percent in historical cases to 45 percent among victims of the 2001 bioterrorist attack despite appropriate antibiotics and supportive care.

• #79 Anthrax – Medical Information | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/anthrax/medical-information

  Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax may include fever and chills, swelling of the neck and glands in the neck, sore throat, painful swallowing, hoarseness, nausea and vomiting (with or without blood), diarrhea, headache, red eyes and face, stomach ache, fainting, and swelling of the stomach. Gastrointestinal anthrax infection can spread to the bloodstream, and may result in death. While the case-fatality rate of gastrointestinal anthrax is unknown, the CDC estimates that between 25 and 60 percent of people with this form of the disease will die.

• #80 Anthrax – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anthrax/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356209

  Symptoms of anthrax often come on suddenly and can be very serious. If you know you’ve been exposed to anthrax or if you develop symptoms after a possible exposure, immediately go to the emergency room. […] Although some cases of anthrax respond to antibiotics, advanced inhalation anthrax may not. By the later stages of the disease, the bacteria have often produced more toxins than drugs can eliminate.

• #81 Anthrax | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/anthrax

  Initial signs and symptoms include: Redness at the area of injection (without an area that changes to black), Significant swelling, Shock, Multiple organ failure, Meningitis. […] If you develop signs and symptoms of the disorder after exposure to animals or animal products in parts of the world where anthrax is common, seek prompt medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. […] The specific antibiotic chosen will depend on a range of factors, including if there’s a need to treat many people. Which single antibiotic or combination of antibiotics, and the length of treatment, will be most effective for you depends on how you were infected with anthrax, the strain of anthrax, your age, your overall health and other concerns. Treatment is most effective when started as soon as possible. […] Although some cases of anthrax respond to antibiotics, advanced inhalation anthrax may not. By the later stages of the disease, the bacteria have often produced more toxins than drugs can eliminate.

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