Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anthrax – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507773/

  Anthrax occurs worldwide, and the world health organization (WHO) estimates the annual global incidence of between 2000 and 20,000 cases. It is rare in the United States, although in the year 2000, an outbreak of anthrax occurred in the ranches of North Dakota. […] Anthrax is categorized as a category A priority pathogen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention because it is potentially capable of being disseminated as a bioweapon.

• #2 Anthrax – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax

  Globally, at least 2,000 cases occur a year. […] The last fatal case of natural inhalational anthrax in the United States occurred in California in 1976, when a home weaver died after working with infected wool imported from Pakistan. […] Gastrointestinal anthrax is exceedingly rare in the United States, with only two cases on record. […] In 2007 two cases of cutaneous anthrax were reported in Danbury, Connecticut. […] In July 2022, dozens of cattle in a nature park in Lonjsko Polje, a flood plain by the Sava river, died of anthrax and 6 people have been hospitalized with light, skin-related symptoms. […] In November 2008, a drum maker in the United Kingdom who worked with untreated animal skins died from anthrax. […] In December 2009, an outbreak of anthrax occurred among heroin addicts in the Glasgow and Stirling areas of Scotland, resulting in 14 deaths.

• #3 WHO EMRO | Anthrax | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/antrhax/index.html

  Anthrax is primarily a zoonotic disease in herbivores caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Humans generally acquire the disease directly or indirectly from infected animals, or through occupational exposure to infected or contaminated animal products. […] Control of anthrax among humans depends on the integration of veterinary and human health surveillance and control programmes. Routine cross-notification between the veterinary and human health surveillance systems and close collaboration between the two health sectors is particularly important during epidemiological and outbreak investigations.

• #4 Anthrax | Health Knowledge

  https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2b-epidemiology-diseases-phs/infectious-diseases/anthrax

  Causal agent Bacillus anthracis. […] Epidemiology: Endemic in parts of South and Central America, Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and the Middle East. […] Human anthrax is rare in the UK and is generally associated with occupations exposure such as those handling imported infected animal products or infected animals. […] Mode of transmission: Humans can become infected through direct contact with skin, ingestion or inhalation of B. anthracis spores originating from products of infected animals (e.g. animal carcasses, hair, wool, hides or bone meal) and inhalation of airborne or aerosolised B. anthracis spores. […] There is no known person to person spread via the inhalational route. […] Period of Communicability: B. anthracis spores can remain viable and infective in soil for years and maybe decades.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Anthrax.aspx

  B. anthracis spores can live in soil for many years and are found all over the world, even though the infection is only found in specific regions. Anthrax is most prevalent in agricultural areas of Central and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and Southwest Asia, and Southern and Eastern Europe. Although outbreaks of human anthrax continue to occur in livestock and wild herbivores in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, human anthrax is now uncommon in these locations. […] The risk of obtaining anthrax from laboratory-produced B. anthracis spores highlights the necessity of anthrax surveillance, prevention, and control in anthrax-endemic nations.

• #6 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Natural incidence is rare, but infection is an occupational hazard among veterinarians, farmers, and individuals who handle animal wool, hair, hides, or bone meal products. During the last 30 years, the indigenous US incidence of any anthrax infection has been less than 1 case per year. From 1955-1994, US cases totaled 235, with 224 cases of cutaneous anthrax, 11 cases of inhalational anthrax, and 20 fatalities. The last fatal case during this period occurred in 1976, when a home craftsman died of inhalational anthrax after working with yarn imported from Pakistan. […] Before October 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) investigated several threats in the United States, including Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and California. In October 2001, 22 confirmed or suspected cases of anthrax infection were identified. Cases were reported from Florida, New York, New Jersey, the District of Columbia, and Connecticut. There were 11 confirmed cases of inhalational anthrax (5 deaths) and 7 confirmed and 4 suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax (no deaths).

• #7 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Anthrax is uncommon in Western Europe, but the disease is not uncommon in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 1958, approximately 100,000 cases of anthrax occurred worldwide. Exact figures do not exist because of reporting difficulties in Africa. Anthrax is endemic in Africa and Asia despite vaccination programs. […] Sporadic outbreaks have occurred as a result of both agricultural and military disruptions. During the 1978 Rhodesian civil war, failure of veterinary vaccination programs led to a human epidemic, causing 6500 anthrax cases and 100 fatalities. A mishap at a military microbiology facility in Sverdlovsk in the former Soviet Union in 1979 resulted in at least 66 deaths. […] Human anthrax often is associated with agricultural or industrial workers who come in contact with infected animal tissue. […] There is no racial, sexual, or age predilection for anthrax. However, because anthrax is often related to industrial exposure and farming, the disease most often affects young and middle-aged adults. Persons of any age can of course be affected if anthrax is used as a bioterrorist weapon.

• #8 New maps reveal first global estimate of Anthrax risk » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2019/05/19/new-maps-reveal-first-global-estimate-of-anthrax-risk/

  Nowe opublikowane mapy ujawniają, po raz pierwszy, gdzie w skali globalnej występuje ryzyko związane z wąglikiem dla ludzi, bydła i dzikiej fauny. […] Naszym głównym celem było opisanie, gdzie występuje wąglik lub gdzie może wystąpić na całym świecie oraz zobrazowanie obszarów subnarodowych, gdzie konieczna jest surveillance, mówi Blackburn. Wąglik to choroba, która dotyka zarówno zwierzęta, jak i ludzi, a najczęściej występuje w społecznościach wiejskich i rolniczych, z którymi borykają się niemal na całym świecie. […] Nasze mapy pomogą krajom i władzom zdrowotnym skupić się na konkretnych obszarach narażonych na wąglik, aby ukierunkować kontrolę i nadzór. […] Międzynarodowo musimy lepiej dostarczać szczepionki do obszarów wysokiego ryzyka, mówi Blackburn. […] W ciągu roku od 20 000 do 100 000 osób zgłasza przypadki wąglika na całym świecie, a większość wystąpień ma miejsce w ubogich lub wiejskich obszarach.

• #9 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  9Anthrax surveillance […] Surveillance is the collection, collation and analysis of health data that enables the prompt dissemination of the information to those who need to know, in order that appropriate action may be taken. Effective surveillance is essential to any prevention and control programme and encompasses the mechanisms for disease detection, confirmation of diagnosis, reporting, collation of data and reporting back of the data to the source. […] Because of its epidemic potential, associated high morbidity and mortality rates, wide-ranging occurrence, and history of threatened use and now actual use in the 2001 anthrax letter events as a biological terrorist weapon, anthrax in humans or animals should be included on all national notifiable-disease lists. […] Surveillance systems vary widely in objectives and methodology. The surveillance scheme outlined below may be adapted to accommodate the local veterinary and public health systems within a country. […] As with most zoonotic diseases where animals serve as the primary sources of human infection and epidemics, control of anthrax among humans depends on the integration of veterinary and human health surveillance and control programmes. Routine cross-notification between the veterinary and human health surveillance systems should be part of any zoonotic disease prevention and control programme, and close collaboration between the two sectors is particularly important during epidemiological and outbreak investigations.

• #10 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  9Anthrax surveillance […] Surveillance is the collection, collation and analysis of health data that enables the prompt dissemination of the information to those who need to know, in order that appropriate action may be taken. Effective surveillance is essential to any prevention and control programme and encompasses the mechanisms for disease detection, confirmation of diagnosis, reporting, collation of data and reporting back of the data to the source. […] Because of its epidemic potential, associated high morbidity and mortality rates, wide-ranging occurrence, and history of threatened use and now actual use in the 2001 anthrax letter events as a biological terrorist weapon, anthrax in humans or animals should be included on all national notifiable-disease lists. […] Surveillance systems vary widely in objectives and methodology. The surveillance scheme outlined below may be adapted to accommodate the local veterinary and public health systems within a country. […] As with most zoonotic diseases where animals serve as the primary sources of human infection and epidemics, control of anthrax among humans depends on the integration of veterinary and human health surveillance and control programmes. Routine cross-notification between the veterinary and human health surveillance systems should be part of any zoonotic disease prevention and control programme, and close collaboration between the two sectors is particularly important during epidemiological and outbreak investigations.

• #11 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  The primary objectives of any anthrax surveillance system are to prevent or reduce livestock losses and to prevent human disease. […] Identification of the characteristics of the disease in the affected populations, and evaluation of prevention and control activities by monitoring the incidence of the disease in both animal and human populations, should be among other objectives chosen by the national surveillance programme. […] Animal and human health-care professionals, with their supporting laboratories, form the front line of any zoonotic disease surveillance system. […] Local health authorities are responsible for reporting to the intermediate level (i.e. state) or to the central level (i.e. federal), depending on the government structure. […] Reporting of cases should also be transmitted to the central level. […] A single case of anthrax in a human population should result in a report and investigation.

• #12 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  The primary objectives of any anthrax surveillance system are to prevent or reduce livestock losses and to prevent human disease. […] Identification of the characteristics of the disease in the affected populations, and evaluation of prevention and control activities by monitoring the incidence of the disease in both animal and human populations, should be among other objectives chosen by the national surveillance programme. […] Animal and human health-care professionals, with their supporting laboratories, form the front line of any zoonotic disease surveillance system. […] Local health authorities are responsible for reporting to the intermediate level (i.e. state) or to the central level (i.e. federal), depending on the government structure. […] Reporting of cases should also be transmitted to the central level. […] A single case of anthrax in a human population should result in a report and investigation.

• #13 WHO EMRO | Anthrax | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/antrhax/index.html

  Anthrax is primarily a zoonotic disease in herbivores caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Humans generally acquire the disease directly or indirectly from infected animals, or through occupational exposure to infected or contaminated animal products. […] Control of anthrax among humans depends on the integration of veterinary and human health surveillance and control programmes. Routine cross-notification between the veterinary and human health surveillance systems and close collaboration between the two health sectors is particularly important during epidemiological and outbreak investigations.

• #14 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  9Anthrax surveillance […] Surveillance is the collection, collation and analysis of health data that enables the prompt dissemination of the information to those who need to know, in order that appropriate action may be taken. Effective surveillance is essential to any prevention and control programme and encompasses the mechanisms for disease detection, confirmation of diagnosis, reporting, collation of data and reporting back of the data to the source. […] Because of its epidemic potential, associated high morbidity and mortality rates, wide-ranging occurrence, and history of threatened use and now actual use in the 2001 anthrax letter events as a biological terrorist weapon, anthrax in humans or animals should be included on all national notifiable-disease lists. […] Surveillance systems vary widely in objectives and methodology. The surveillance scheme outlined below may be adapted to accommodate the local veterinary and public health systems within a country. […] As with most zoonotic diseases where animals serve as the primary sources of human infection and epidemics, control of anthrax among humans depends on the integration of veterinary and human health surveillance and control programmes. Routine cross-notification between the veterinary and human health surveillance systems should be part of any zoonotic disease prevention and control programme, and close collaboration between the two sectors is particularly important during epidemiological and outbreak investigations.

• #15 Towards an integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases in Burkina Faso: the case of anthrax | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13878-3

  Anthrax is a zoonotic disease that causes frequent outbreaks in livestock and fatal human cases in Burkina Faso. Effective surveillance of this disease calls for the establishment of an integrated surveillance system, in line with the One Health concept. […] The surveillance system of anthrax in Burkina Faso includes three programmes (in the livestock, wildlife and human sectors), which involves 30 actors. […] Epidemiological surveillance of zoonotic diseases requires the establishment of integrated surveillance systems that bring together the surveillance programmes operating in the human, animal and environmental sectors in order to improve the information produced and its use for better health management. […] In Burkina Faso, zoonoses surveillance, including anthrax, is an official mission carried out by health authorities, namely the Ministry of Health (MOH), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries (MARF), and the Ministry of the Environment, Green Economy and Climate Change (MEGECC).

• #16 Anthrax in Humans, Animals, and the Environment and the One Health Strategies for Anthrax Control

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/9/773

  Anthrax was identified as a priority by 65 countries; however, only one burden of disease (BoD) study has been conducted. Notably, anthrax is absent from both the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and the WHO roadmap, even though it is the only bacterial zoonotic disease included in the World Health Assembly resolution WHA 66.12 on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). […] Given that disease control depends on the cooperation of stakeholders from human, animal, and environmental sectors as well as the rest of the world to achieve success, the “One Health” (OH) concept needs to bridge the gap. […] The OH approach offers a comprehensive solution to the challenges posed by anthrax. By fostering collaboration across various disciplines and sectors, OH can address the multifaceted nature of anthrax transmission and control.

• #17 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  9Anthrax surveillance […] Surveillance is the collection, collation and analysis of health data that enables the prompt dissemination of the information to those who need to know, in order that appropriate action may be taken. Effective surveillance is essential to any prevention and control programme and encompasses the mechanisms for disease detection, confirmation of diagnosis, reporting, collation of data and reporting back of the data to the source. […] Because of its epidemic potential, associated high morbidity and mortality rates, wide-ranging occurrence, and history of threatened use and now actual use in the 2001 anthrax letter events as a biological terrorist weapon, anthrax in humans or animals should be included on all national notifiable-disease lists. […] Surveillance systems vary widely in objectives and methodology. The surveillance scheme outlined below may be adapted to accommodate the local veterinary and public health systems within a country. […] As with most zoonotic diseases where animals serve as the primary sources of human infection and epidemics, control of anthrax among humans depends on the integration of veterinary and human health surveillance and control programmes. Routine cross-notification between the veterinary and human health surveillance systems should be part of any zoonotic disease prevention and control programme, and close collaboration between the two sectors is particularly important during epidemiological and outbreak investigations.

• #18 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  The primary objectives of any anthrax surveillance system are to prevent or reduce livestock losses and to prevent human disease. […] Identification of the characteristics of the disease in the affected populations, and evaluation of prevention and control activities by monitoring the incidence of the disease in both animal and human populations, should be among other objectives chosen by the national surveillance programme. […] Animal and human health-care professionals, with their supporting laboratories, form the front line of any zoonotic disease surveillance system. […] Local health authorities are responsible for reporting to the intermediate level (i.e. state) or to the central level (i.e. federal), depending on the government structure. […] Reporting of cases should also be transmitted to the central level. […] A single case of anthrax in a human population should result in a report and investigation.

• #19 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  The primary objectives of any anthrax surveillance system are to prevent or reduce livestock losses and to prevent human disease. […] Identification of the characteristics of the disease in the affected populations, and evaluation of prevention and control activities by monitoring the incidence of the disease in both animal and human populations, should be among other objectives chosen by the national surveillance programme. […] Animal and human health-care professionals, with their supporting laboratories, form the front line of any zoonotic disease surveillance system. […] Local health authorities are responsible for reporting to the intermediate level (i.e. state) or to the central level (i.e. federal), depending on the government structure. […] Reporting of cases should also be transmitted to the central level. […] A single case of anthrax in a human population should result in a report and investigation.

• #20 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  The primary objectives of any anthrax surveillance system are to prevent or reduce livestock losses and to prevent human disease. […] Identification of the characteristics of the disease in the affected populations, and evaluation of prevention and control activities by monitoring the incidence of the disease in both animal and human populations, should be among other objectives chosen by the national surveillance programme. […] Animal and human health-care professionals, with their supporting laboratories, form the front line of any zoonotic disease surveillance system. […] Local health authorities are responsible for reporting to the intermediate level (i.e. state) or to the central level (i.e. federal), depending on the government structure. […] Reporting of cases should also be transmitted to the central level. […] A single case of anthrax in a human population should result in a report and investigation.

• #21 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  The primary objectives of any anthrax surveillance system are to prevent or reduce livestock losses and to prevent human disease. […] Identification of the characteristics of the disease in the affected populations, and evaluation of prevention and control activities by monitoring the incidence of the disease in both animal and human populations, should be among other objectives chosen by the national surveillance programme. […] Animal and human health-care professionals, with their supporting laboratories, form the front line of any zoonotic disease surveillance system. […] Local health authorities are responsible for reporting to the intermediate level (i.e. state) or to the central level (i.e. federal), depending on the government structure. […] Reporting of cases should also be transmitted to the central level. […] A single case of anthrax in a human population should result in a report and investigation.

• #22 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  In countries or areas free of anthrax, the disease is treated as an exotic or foreign disease, and measures to be adopted are based on primary prevention, mainly the control of imported animals and animal products. […] In general, the occurrence and reporting of anthrax may cause economic harm to affected animal producers.

• #23 Anthrax surveillance – Anthrax in Humans and Animals – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310470/

  In countries or areas free of anthrax, the disease is treated as an exotic or foreign disease, and measures to be adopted are based on primary prevention, mainly the control of imported animals and animal products. […] In general, the occurrence and reporting of anthrax may cause economic harm to affected animal producers.

• #24 Anthrax Case Definition, Reporting, and Surveillance | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/php/surveillance/index.html

  Anthrax in people is a reportable condition in all states and territories and is a nationally notifiable condition. CDC and health departments use a standardized case definition to track anthrax in the United States. CDC publishes weekly and annual surveillance data in the Notifiable Infectious Disease Data Tables. […] The anthrax surveillance case definition provides a set of consistent criteria used to define the disease for public health surveillance and reporting. Surveillance case definitions enable public health officials to classify and count cases based on the same criteria across reporting jurisdictions. […] National-level monitoring of notifiable conditions helps protect the health of the nation. Information from surveillance notifications shared by health departments can be used to better understand where and how much disease is occurring and what groups it’s affecting, as well as determine the best strategies to prevent and respond to the illness.

• #25 Anthrax Case Definition, Reporting, and Surveillance | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/php/surveillance/index.html

  Anthrax in people is a reportable condition in all states and territories and is a nationally notifiable condition. CDC and health departments use a standardized case definition to track anthrax in the United States. CDC publishes weekly and annual surveillance data in the Notifiable Infectious Disease Data Tables. […] The anthrax surveillance case definition provides a set of consistent criteria used to define the disease for public health surveillance and reporting. Surveillance case definitions enable public health officials to classify and count cases based on the same criteria across reporting jurisdictions. […] National-level monitoring of notifiable conditions helps protect the health of the nation. Information from surveillance notifications shared by health departments can be used to better understand where and how much disease is occurring and what groups it’s affecting, as well as determine the best strategies to prevent and respond to the illness.

• #26 Anthrax Case Definition, Reporting, and Surveillance | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/php/surveillance/index.html

  Anthrax in people is a reportable condition in all states and territories and is a nationally notifiable condition. CDC and health departments use a standardized case definition to track anthrax in the United States. CDC publishes weekly and annual surveillance data in the Notifiable Infectious Disease Data Tables. […] The anthrax surveillance case definition provides a set of consistent criteria used to define the disease for public health surveillance and reporting. Surveillance case definitions enable public health officials to classify and count cases based on the same criteria across reporting jurisdictions. […] National-level monitoring of notifiable conditions helps protect the health of the nation. Information from surveillance notifications shared by health departments can be used to better understand where and how much disease is occurring and what groups it’s affecting, as well as determine the best strategies to prevent and respond to the illness.

• #27 Anthrax Case Definition, Reporting, and Surveillance | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/php/surveillance/index.html

  Anthrax in people is a reportable condition in all states and territories and is a nationally notifiable condition. CDC and health departments use a standardized case definition to track anthrax in the United States. CDC publishes weekly and annual surveillance data in the Notifiable Infectious Disease Data Tables. […] The anthrax surveillance case definition provides a set of consistent criteria used to define the disease for public health surveillance and reporting. Surveillance case definitions enable public health officials to classify and count cases based on the same criteria across reporting jurisdictions. […] National-level monitoring of notifiable conditions helps protect the health of the nation. Information from surveillance notifications shared by health departments can be used to better understand where and how much disease is occurring and what groups it’s affecting, as well as determine the best strategies to prevent and respond to the illness.

• #28 Anthrax Case Definition, Reporting, and Surveillance | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/php/surveillance/index.html

  Anthrax in people is a reportable condition in all states and territories and is a nationally notifiable condition. CDC and health departments use a standardized case definition to track anthrax in the United States. CDC publishes weekly and annual surveillance data in the Notifiable Infectious Disease Data Tables. […] The anthrax surveillance case definition provides a set of consistent criteria used to define the disease for public health surveillance and reporting. Surveillance case definitions enable public health officials to classify and count cases based on the same criteria across reporting jurisdictions. […] National-level monitoring of notifiable conditions helps protect the health of the nation. Information from surveillance notifications shared by health departments can be used to better understand where and how much disease is occurring and what groups it’s affecting, as well as determine the best strategies to prevent and respond to the illness.

• #29 Anthrax Case Definition, Reporting, and Surveillance | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/php/surveillance/index.html

  Anthrax has been a nationally notifiable condition since 1944. […] Health departments should report general information about the patient and disease to CDC through NNDSS using National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS) messages or the generic message mapping guide. […] Weekly and annual surveillance data for anthrax cases in people are published in the NNDSS notifiable infectious disease data tables.

• #30 Anthrax Case Definition, Reporting, and Surveillance | Anthrax | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/php/surveillance/index.html

  Anthrax has been a nationally notifiable condition since 1944. […] Health departments should report general information about the patient and disease to CDC through NNDSS using National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS) messages or the generic message mapping guide. […] Weekly and annual surveillance data for anthrax cases in people are published in the NNDSS notifiable infectious disease data tables.

• #31 Surveillance and updates for anthrax

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/anthrax/surveillance

  Latest surveillance data on anthrax, including cases, notification rate, deaths and hospitalisations. […] ECDCs annual epidemiological reports provide a wealth of epidemiological data to support decision-making at the national level. […] Surveillance report […] Surveillance and monitoring […] Risk assessment […] Epidemiological update: anthrax cases among people who inject drugs […] Epidemiological update: anthrax cases among injecting drug users, 12 September 2012Archived […] Epidemiological update: Anthrax cases among injecting drug users, June-July 2012Archived.

• #32 Surveillance and updates for anthrax

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/anthrax/surveillance

  Latest surveillance data on anthrax, including cases, notification rate, deaths and hospitalisations. […] ECDCs annual epidemiological reports provide a wealth of epidemiological data to support decision-making at the national level. […] Surveillance report […] Surveillance and monitoring […] Risk assessment […] Epidemiological update: anthrax cases among people who inject drugs […] Epidemiological update: anthrax cases among injecting drug users, 12 September 2012Archived […] Epidemiological update: Anthrax cases among injecting drug users, June-July 2012Archived.

• #33

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11259-023-10238-3

  According to the Kozytska 2023, the highest numbers of registered anthrax cases were: 28 cases in Albania, 24 in Russia, 23 in Italy, 20 in Romania and France, 18 in Moldova, followed by Greece and Hungary with 16 registered cases, Montenegro 15 cases, Bulgaria 14 cases, Ukraine 13 cases and Croatia 12 cases. […] Anthrax cases were reported in almost all European countries and the highest numbers of reported cases were seen in 2016, 2018, and 2021 (Kozytska et al. 2023). […] The veterinarian reporting the suspicion of anthrax takes blood samples from live animals or sends the carcasses for laboratory diagnosis, informs the AFSVSPP (Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary Sector and Plant Protection) regional office, and gives the owner additional instructions how to prevent the spread of infection.

• #34

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11259-023-10238-3

  According to the Kozytska 2023, the highest numbers of registered anthrax cases were: 28 cases in Albania, 24 in Russia, 23 in Italy, 20 in Romania and France, 18 in Moldova, followed by Greece and Hungary with 16 registered cases, Montenegro 15 cases, Bulgaria 14 cases, Ukraine 13 cases and Croatia 12 cases. […] Anthrax cases were reported in almost all European countries and the highest numbers of reported cases were seen in 2016, 2018, and 2021 (Kozytska et al. 2023). […] The veterinarian reporting the suspicion of anthrax takes blood samples from live animals or sends the carcasses for laboratory diagnosis, informs the AFSVSPP (Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary Sector and Plant Protection) regional office, and gives the owner additional instructions how to prevent the spread of infection.

• #35 Informing One Health Anthrax Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy from Spatial Analysis of Anthrax in Humans and Livestock in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam (1999–2020) in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/3/article-p492.xml

  Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, has a nearly global distribution but is understudied in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. Here, we used historical data from 1999 to 2020 in Ha Giang, a province in northern Vietnam. The objectives were to describe the spatiotemporal patterns and epidemiology of human and livestock anthrax in the province and compare livestock vaccine coverage with human and livestock anthrax incidence. Annual incidence rates (per 10,000) for humans, buffalo/cattle, and goats were used to explore anthrax patterns and for comparison with livestock annual vaccine variations. A data subset describes anthrax epidemiology in humans by gender, age, source of infection, type of anthrax, admission site, and season. Zonal statistics and SaTScan were used to identify spatial and space-time clusters of human anthrax. SaTScan revealed space-time clusters in 1999, 2004, and 2007-2008 in the province, including in the northeastern, eastern, and western areas. Most human anthrax was reported between July and October. Most patients were male, aged 15-59 years, who had handled sick animals and/or consumed contaminated meat. High case-fatality rates were reported with gastrointestinal or respiratory cases. Our data suggest that vaccination in buffalo and cattle reduces the disease burden in humans and vaccinated animals but does not reduce the incidence in unvaccinated animals (goats). This study identified spatial areas of high risk for anthrax and can inform One Health surveillance and livestock vaccination planning in contextual settings similar to Ha Giang province.

• #36 A thirty-year time series analyses identifies coherence between oscillations in Anthrax outbreaks and El Niño in Karnataka, India | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67736-w

  Monthly numbers of anthrax outbreaks were positively associated with a lagged effect of rainfall and wet day frequency. Long-term periodicity in anthrax outbreaks (approximately 68 years) was coherent with the periodicity in SST anomalies and outbreak numbers increased with decrease in SST anomalies. […] In endemic areas, such as the state of Karnataka, these spores may remain dormant in the soil, until certain environmental conditions increase the exposure risk allowing the spores to be more available to susceptible livestock. […] The office of the Joint Director (Epidemiology) in Karnataka maintains outbreak records, including villages affected with livestock diseases, including anthrax. […] The vaccination is carried out in the month of January, without consideration of potential seasonality associated with infections.

• #37 A thirty-year time series analyses identifies coherence between oscillations in Anthrax outbreaks and El Niño in Karnataka, India | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67736-w

  Monthly numbers of anthrax outbreaks were positively associated with a lagged effect of rainfall and wet day frequency. Long-term periodicity in anthrax outbreaks (approximately 68 years) was coherent with the periodicity in SST anomalies and outbreak numbers increased with decrease in SST anomalies. […] In endemic areas, such as the state of Karnataka, these spores may remain dormant in the soil, until certain environmental conditions increase the exposure risk allowing the spores to be more available to susceptible livestock. […] The office of the Joint Director (Epidemiology) in Karnataka maintains outbreak records, including villages affected with livestock diseases, including anthrax. […] The vaccination is carried out in the month of January, without consideration of potential seasonality associated with infections.

• #38 A thirty-year time series analyses identifies coherence between oscillations in Anthrax outbreaks and El Niño in Karnataka, India | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67736-w

  Monthly numbers of anthrax outbreaks were positively associated with a lagged effect of rainfall and wet day frequency. Long-term periodicity in anthrax outbreaks (approximately 68 years) was coherent with the periodicity in SST anomalies and outbreak numbers increased with decrease in SST anomalies. […] In endemic areas, such as the state of Karnataka, these spores may remain dormant in the soil, until certain environmental conditions increase the exposure risk allowing the spores to be more available to susceptible livestock. […] The office of the Joint Director (Epidemiology) in Karnataka maintains outbreak records, including villages affected with livestock diseases, including anthrax. […] The vaccination is carried out in the month of January, without consideration of potential seasonality associated with infections.

• #39 Informing One Health Anthrax Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy from Spatial Analysis of Anthrax in Humans and Livestock in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam (1999–2020) in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/3/article-p492.xml

  Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, has a nearly global distribution but is understudied in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. Here, we used historical data from 1999 to 2020 in Ha Giang, a province in northern Vietnam. The objectives were to describe the spatiotemporal patterns and epidemiology of human and livestock anthrax in the province and compare livestock vaccine coverage with human and livestock anthrax incidence. Annual incidence rates (per 10,000) for humans, buffalo/cattle, and goats were used to explore anthrax patterns and for comparison with livestock annual vaccine variations. A data subset describes anthrax epidemiology in humans by gender, age, source of infection, type of anthrax, admission site, and season. Zonal statistics and SaTScan were used to identify spatial and space-time clusters of human anthrax. SaTScan revealed space-time clusters in 1999, 2004, and 2007-2008 in the province, including in the northeastern, eastern, and western areas. Most human anthrax was reported between July and October. Most patients were male, aged 15-59 years, who had handled sick animals and/or consumed contaminated meat. High case-fatality rates were reported with gastrointestinal or respiratory cases. Our data suggest that vaccination in buffalo and cattle reduces the disease burden in humans and vaccinated animals but does not reduce the incidence in unvaccinated animals (goats). This study identified spatial areas of high risk for anthrax and can inform One Health surveillance and livestock vaccination planning in contextual settings similar to Ha Giang province.

• #40 Informing One Health Anthrax Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy from Spatial Analysis of Anthrax in Humans and Livestock in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam (1999–2020) in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/3/article-p492.xml

  Nearly all human cases were cutaneous anthrax (96.4%). The other types of anthrax, such as gastrointestinal or respiratory anthrax, were rare but did occur among fatal cases, resulting in relatively high CFRs (5-14%). […] This spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of human anthrax identified significant and persistent spatial clustering of human anthrax in three major areas: the northeastern region (the largest and most persistent hotspot, with the most recent cluster from 2007 to 2008), the western region, and the eastern region. These high-risk areas also overlapped with the communes where livestock anthrax was reported. […] With the available data for anthrax in livestock and vaccine coverage from 2009 to 2020, we defined generally decreasing trends for anthrax incidence in humans and buffalo/cattle, but a stable and slightly increasing trend of anthrax incidence among goats. Studies in other countries indicate the effectiveness of adequate livestock vaccine in reducing the incidence in both humans and livestock.

• #41 Informing One Health Anthrax Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy from Spatial Analysis of Anthrax in Humans and Livestock in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam (1999–2020) in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/3/article-p492.xml

  Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, has a nearly global distribution but is understudied in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. Here, we used historical data from 1999 to 2020 in Ha Giang, a province in northern Vietnam. The objectives were to describe the spatiotemporal patterns and epidemiology of human and livestock anthrax in the province and compare livestock vaccine coverage with human and livestock anthrax incidence. Annual incidence rates (per 10,000) for humans, buffalo/cattle, and goats were used to explore anthrax patterns and for comparison with livestock annual vaccine variations. A data subset describes anthrax epidemiology in humans by gender, age, source of infection, type of anthrax, admission site, and season. Zonal statistics and SaTScan were used to identify spatial and space-time clusters of human anthrax. SaTScan revealed space-time clusters in 1999, 2004, and 2007-2008 in the province, including in the northeastern, eastern, and western areas. Most human anthrax was reported between July and October. Most patients were male, aged 15-59 years, who had handled sick animals and/or consumed contaminated meat. High case-fatality rates were reported with gastrointestinal or respiratory cases. Our data suggest that vaccination in buffalo and cattle reduces the disease burden in humans and vaccinated animals but does not reduce the incidence in unvaccinated animals (goats). This study identified spatial areas of high risk for anthrax and can inform One Health surveillance and livestock vaccination planning in contextual settings similar to Ha Giang province.

• #42 New maps reveal first global estimate of Anthrax risk » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2019/05/19/new-maps-reveal-first-global-estimate-of-anthrax-risk/

  Nowe opublikowane mapy ujawniają, po raz pierwszy, gdzie w skali globalnej występuje ryzyko związane z wąglikiem dla ludzi, bydła i dzikiej fauny. […] Naszym głównym celem było opisanie, gdzie występuje wąglik lub gdzie może wystąpić na całym świecie oraz zobrazowanie obszarów subnarodowych, gdzie konieczna jest surveillance, mówi Blackburn. Wąglik to choroba, która dotyka zarówno zwierzęta, jak i ludzi, a najczęściej występuje w społecznościach wiejskich i rolniczych, z którymi borykają się niemal na całym świecie. […] Nasze mapy pomogą krajom i władzom zdrowotnym skupić się na konkretnych obszarach narażonych na wąglik, aby ukierunkować kontrolę i nadzór. […] Międzynarodowo musimy lepiej dostarczać szczepionki do obszarów wysokiego ryzyka, mówi Blackburn. […] W ciągu roku od 20 000 do 100 000 osób zgłasza przypadki wąglika na całym świecie, a większość wystąpień ma miejsce w ubogich lub wiejskich obszarach.

• #43 Informing One Health Anthrax Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy from Spatial Analysis of Anthrax in Humans and Livestock in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam (1999–2020) in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/3/article-p492.xml

  In 2013, anthrax was prioritized as a zoonotic disease for One Health surveillance and response, involving both human and animal health sectors. […] Livestock anthrax vaccination campaigns were initiated before 2009 and are maintained annually across the province; however, sporadic outbreaks of human anthrax still occur in the province, requiring improved control efforts. […] The study objectives were to 1) describe spatiotemporal patterns and the epidemiology of human and livestock anthrax in Ha Giang province and 2) compare variations in livestock vaccine coverage with the incidence of human and livestock anthrax. […] The annual incidence rate at the provincial level was used to analyze temporal patterns of human, buffalo/cattle, and goat anthrax throughout the study period. […] The number of reported human cases was remarkably higher than the number of reported livestock cases, which raises two issues. First, meat-sharing practices could be common in the study area, where one sick animal may be handled and shared by many people in the neighborhood, resulting in multiple human cases from one infected animal.

• #44 Informing One Health Anthrax Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy from Spatial Analysis of Anthrax in Humans and Livestock in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam (1999–2020) in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 108 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/3/article-p492.xml

  In 2013, anthrax was prioritized as a zoonotic disease for One Health surveillance and response, involving both human and animal health sectors. […] Livestock anthrax vaccination campaigns were initiated before 2009 and are maintained annually across the province; however, sporadic outbreaks of human anthrax still occur in the province, requiring improved control efforts. […] The study objectives were to 1) describe spatiotemporal patterns and the epidemiology of human and livestock anthrax in Ha Giang province and 2) compare variations in livestock vaccine coverage with the incidence of human and livestock anthrax. […] The annual incidence rate at the provincial level was used to analyze temporal patterns of human, buffalo/cattle, and goat anthrax throughout the study period. […] The number of reported human cases was remarkably higher than the number of reported livestock cases, which raises two issues. First, meat-sharing practices could be common in the study area, where one sick animal may be handled and shared by many people in the neighborhood, resulting in multiple human cases from one infected animal.

• #45 Spatial epidemiology of human anthrax in Son La province, Vietnam, 2003-2022 – Geography

  https://geog.ufl.edu/2024/03/14/spatial-epidemiology-of-human-anthrax-in-son-la-province-vietnam-2003-2022/

  Anthrax is reported with frequency but poorly understood in Southeast Asian countries including Vietnam. In Vietnam, anthrax surveillance is national. However, case detection, prevention, and control are implemented locally at the provincial level. Here, we describe the epidemiological characteristics, identify spatial clusters of human anthrax, and compare the variation in livestock anthrax vaccine coverage to disease incidence in humans and livestock using historical data in Son La province, Vietnam (2003-2020). […] Most human cases occurred between April and September. […] The province reported sporadic human anthrax outbreaks, while animal cases were only reported in 2005 and 2022. […] These results suggest underreporting for human and livestock anthrax in the province. Intersectoral information sharing is needed to aid livestock vaccination planning, which currently relies on reported livestock cases. The spatial clusters identify areas for targeted surveillance and livestock vaccination, while the seasonal case data suggest prioritizing vaccination campaigns for February or early March ahead of the April peak. A regional approach for studying the role of livestock trading between Son La and neighbouring provinces in anthrax occurrence is recommended.

• #46 Spatial epidemiology of human anthrax in Son La province, Vietnam, 2003-2022 – Geography

  https://geog.ufl.edu/2024/03/14/spatial-epidemiology-of-human-anthrax-in-son-la-province-vietnam-2003-2022/

  Anthrax is reported with frequency but poorly understood in Southeast Asian countries including Vietnam. In Vietnam, anthrax surveillance is national. However, case detection, prevention, and control are implemented locally at the provincial level. Here, we describe the epidemiological characteristics, identify spatial clusters of human anthrax, and compare the variation in livestock anthrax vaccine coverage to disease incidence in humans and livestock using historical data in Son La province, Vietnam (2003-2020). […] Most human cases occurred between April and September. […] The province reported sporadic human anthrax outbreaks, while animal cases were only reported in 2005 and 2022. […] These results suggest underreporting for human and livestock anthrax in the province. Intersectoral information sharing is needed to aid livestock vaccination planning, which currently relies on reported livestock cases. The spatial clusters identify areas for targeted surveillance and livestock vaccination, while the seasonal case data suggest prioritizing vaccination campaigns for February or early March ahead of the April peak. A regional approach for studying the role of livestock trading between Son La and neighbouring provinces in anthrax occurrence is recommended.

• #47 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Anthrax is uncommon in Western Europe, but the disease is not uncommon in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 1958, approximately 100,000 cases of anthrax occurred worldwide. Exact figures do not exist because of reporting difficulties in Africa. Anthrax is endemic in Africa and Asia despite vaccination programs. […] Sporadic outbreaks have occurred as a result of both agricultural and military disruptions. During the 1978 Rhodesian civil war, failure of veterinary vaccination programs led to a human epidemic, causing 6500 anthrax cases and 100 fatalities. A mishap at a military microbiology facility in Sverdlovsk in the former Soviet Union in 1979 resulted in at least 66 deaths. […] Human anthrax often is associated with agricultural or industrial workers who come in contact with infected animal tissue. […] There is no racial, sexual, or age predilection for anthrax. However, because anthrax is often related to industrial exposure and farming, the disease most often affects young and middle-aged adults. Persons of any age can of course be affected if anthrax is used as a bioterrorist weapon.

• #48 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Natural incidence is rare, but infection is an occupational hazard among veterinarians, farmers, and individuals who handle animal wool, hair, hides, or bone meal products. During the last 30 years, the indigenous US incidence of any anthrax infection has been less than 1 case per year. From 1955-1994, US cases totaled 235, with 224 cases of cutaneous anthrax, 11 cases of inhalational anthrax, and 20 fatalities. The last fatal case during this period occurred in 1976, when a home craftsman died of inhalational anthrax after working with yarn imported from Pakistan. […] Before October 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) investigated several threats in the United States, including Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and California. In October 2001, 22 confirmed or suspected cases of anthrax infection were identified. Cases were reported from Florida, New York, New Jersey, the District of Columbia, and Connecticut. There were 11 confirmed cases of inhalational anthrax (5 deaths) and 7 confirmed and 4 suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax (no deaths).

• #49 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Anthrax

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/zoonotic-and-vectorborne-epidemiology-entomology/zoonotic-diseases/anthrax/

  Anthrax is a disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which can affect both humans and animals. […] Anthrax can be found in soil and is most common in agricultural regions in Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, central and southwestern Asia, southern and eastern Europe and the Caribbean. […] In the United States, the areas of highest risk are rural and semi-rural regions of western states. […] While the risk of anthrax is extremely low in Indiana, cases may occur in people or animals who have traveled to higher-risk areas. […] Certain people are at greater risk of exposure, such as international travelers, laboratory workers, veterinarians, livestock producers and people who handle animal products. […] NOTICE: Anthrax is an immediately reportable disease in Indiana and is required to be reported upon identification by a healthcare provider, hospital, or laboratory. Specific reporting requirements for anthrax can be found here.

• #50 Anthrax | Health Knowledge

  https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2b-epidemiology-diseases-phs/infectious-diseases/anthrax

  Causal agent Bacillus anthracis. […] Epidemiology: Endemic in parts of South and Central America, Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and the Middle East. […] Human anthrax is rare in the UK and is generally associated with occupations exposure such as those handling imported infected animal products or infected animals. […] Mode of transmission: Humans can become infected through direct contact with skin, ingestion or inhalation of B. anthracis spores originating from products of infected animals (e.g. animal carcasses, hair, wool, hides or bone meal) and inhalation of airborne or aerosolised B. anthracis spores. […] There is no known person to person spread via the inhalational route. […] Period of Communicability: B. anthracis spores can remain viable and infective in soil for years and maybe decades.

• #51 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Anthrax is uncommon in Western Europe, but the disease is not uncommon in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 1958, approximately 100,000 cases of anthrax occurred worldwide. Exact figures do not exist because of reporting difficulties in Africa. Anthrax is endemic in Africa and Asia despite vaccination programs. […] Sporadic outbreaks have occurred as a result of both agricultural and military disruptions. During the 1978 Rhodesian civil war, failure of veterinary vaccination programs led to a human epidemic, causing 6500 anthrax cases and 100 fatalities. A mishap at a military microbiology facility in Sverdlovsk in the former Soviet Union in 1979 resulted in at least 66 deaths. […] Human anthrax often is associated with agricultural or industrial workers who come in contact with infected animal tissue. […] There is no racial, sexual, or age predilection for anthrax. However, because anthrax is often related to industrial exposure and farming, the disease most often affects young and middle-aged adults. Persons of any age can of course be affected if anthrax is used as a bioterrorist weapon.

• #52 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Anthrax is uncommon in Western Europe, but the disease is not uncommon in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 1958, approximately 100,000 cases of anthrax occurred worldwide. Exact figures do not exist because of reporting difficulties in Africa. Anthrax is endemic in Africa and Asia despite vaccination programs. […] Sporadic outbreaks have occurred as a result of both agricultural and military disruptions. During the 1978 Rhodesian civil war, failure of veterinary vaccination programs led to a human epidemic, causing 6500 anthrax cases and 100 fatalities. A mishap at a military microbiology facility in Sverdlovsk in the former Soviet Union in 1979 resulted in at least 66 deaths. […] Human anthrax often is associated with agricultural or industrial workers who come in contact with infected animal tissue. […] There is no racial, sexual, or age predilection for anthrax. However, because anthrax is often related to industrial exposure and farming, the disease most often affects young and middle-aged adults. Persons of any age can of course be affected if anthrax is used as a bioterrorist weapon.

• #53 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Anthrax is uncommon in Western Europe, but the disease is not uncommon in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 1958, approximately 100,000 cases of anthrax occurred worldwide. Exact figures do not exist because of reporting difficulties in Africa. Anthrax is endemic in Africa and Asia despite vaccination programs. […] Sporadic outbreaks have occurred as a result of both agricultural and military disruptions. During the 1978 Rhodesian civil war, failure of veterinary vaccination programs led to a human epidemic, causing 6500 anthrax cases and 100 fatalities. A mishap at a military microbiology facility in Sverdlovsk in the former Soviet Union in 1979 resulted in at least 66 deaths. […] Human anthrax often is associated with agricultural or industrial workers who come in contact with infected animal tissue. […] There is no racial, sexual, or age predilection for anthrax. However, because anthrax is often related to industrial exposure and farming, the disease most often affects young and middle-aged adults. Persons of any age can of course be affected if anthrax is used as a bioterrorist weapon.

• #54 Anthrax epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Anthrax_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In Sub-Saharan Africa, the value of the meat from an animal that has died unexpectedly, outweighs the perceived risks of illness that might result from eating it. […] Industrial anthrax incidence data can be inferred from the volume and weight of potentially affected materials handled or imported, taking into account the quality of prevention, such as vaccination of personnel and forced ventilation of the workplace. These relationships are essentially all that can be used for many countries where human anthrax is infrequently, erratically or incompletely reported. […] In addition, certain countries suppress anthrax reporting at the local or national levels. […] In contrast to reports of anthrax in animals, age-related bias is generally not apparent in human anthrax, and differences in incidence have been readily explained in terms of likely exposure of the different groups to the organism.

• #55 Anthrax epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Anthrax_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The lack of obvious age-related differences was also noted in the records of 112 anthrax cases, occurring in 7 villages bordering the Tarangire national Park in the United Republic of Tanzania between 1986 and 1999. […] In contrast to reports of anthrax in animals, sex-related bias is generally not apparent in human anthrax. Differences in incidence have been readily explained in terms of likely exposure of the different groups to the organism. […] The lack of obvious sex-related differences was also noted in the records of 112 anthrax cases, occurring in 7 villages bordering the Tarangire national Park in the United Republic of Tanzania between 1986 and 1999. […] There is, however, a bias towards higher occupational risk of exposure to anthrax in men in many countries. […] Developed countries, such as the United States and North-Western Europe, have lower incidence of anthrax.

• #56 Anthrax epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Anthrax_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In Sub-Saharan Africa, the value of the meat from an animal that has died unexpectedly, outweighs the perceived risks of illness that might result from eating it. […] Industrial anthrax incidence data can be inferred from the volume and weight of potentially affected materials handled or imported, taking into account the quality of prevention, such as vaccination of personnel and forced ventilation of the workplace. These relationships are essentially all that can be used for many countries where human anthrax is infrequently, erratically or incompletely reported. […] In addition, certain countries suppress anthrax reporting at the local or national levels. […] In contrast to reports of anthrax in animals, age-related bias is generally not apparent in human anthrax, and differences in incidence have been readily explained in terms of likely exposure of the different groups to the organism.

• #57 Anthrax epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Anthrax_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Similarly, in Haiti human cutaneous anthrax is quite common, but reports of animal anthrax are essentially non-existent despite a well-documented problem with B. anthracis-contaminated goat skin products. Unlike cutaneous anthrax, ingestion anthrax is notably rare in Haiti, presumably because of the local practice of cooking all meat well before consumption. […] The value of hides and cultural demands for caretakers in at least some regions of Africa to preserve as much as possible from dead animals, to present later to the owner, exacerbate the problem of persisting contaminated animal parts. […] In other countries such as Thailand, ingestion anthrax is associated with consumption of undercooked meats. […] Intestinal anthrax was quite a common disease on the Korean peninsula prior to about 1940 and was still seen in the 1990s.

• #58 Anthrax epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Anthrax_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Similarly, in Haiti human cutaneous anthrax is quite common, but reports of animal anthrax are essentially non-existent despite a well-documented problem with B. anthracis-contaminated goat skin products. Unlike cutaneous anthrax, ingestion anthrax is notably rare in Haiti, presumably because of the local practice of cooking all meat well before consumption. […] The value of hides and cultural demands for caretakers in at least some regions of Africa to preserve as much as possible from dead animals, to present later to the owner, exacerbate the problem of persisting contaminated animal parts. […] In other countries such as Thailand, ingestion anthrax is associated with consumption of undercooked meats. […] Intestinal anthrax was quite a common disease on the Korean peninsula prior to about 1940 and was still seen in the 1990s.

• #59 Anthrax Outbreak in Nigeria: An Issue for Concern?

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jide/journal-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-jide-9-310.php?jid=jide

  According to an official press release by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), suspicions of the disease arose on July 13, 2023, when eight cattle who were bleeding from external body openings died in a multi-specie farm located in Suleja LGA of Niger state. […] Strategies have begun to curtail the spread of the disease, including mass vaccination of farm animals across several states. […] Currently, not much is known about the outbreak in the country. However, investigations are underway to trace the source of the disease and determine factors that may have contributed to its occurrence. […] The anthrax outbreak can also be influenced by two important variables: the number of animal host populations and their mobility. […] The research conducted on the anthrax outbreak in Uganda revealed that the occurrence of outbreaks was attributed to the practices of slaughtering and handling carcasses, as well as the absence of regular anthrax vaccinations for cattle.

• #60 Combatting anthrax outbreaks across Nigeria’s national land borders: need to optimize surveillance with epidemiological surveys | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-024-01179-3

  Anthrax is a non-contagious zoonotic disease caused by the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. […] The best method to prevent anthrax in people is to ensure livestock are vaccinated, which significantly limits the risk of zoonotic spread to humans. […] The imperative to pinpoint pivotal issues relating to the ongoing emergence of anthrax cases in Nigeria cannot be overstated. […] By delving into the prevalence of anthrax in both livestock and human populations residing along Nigeria’s borders, unraveling the genetic diversity and potential sources of B. anthracis strains, and identifying the primary animal host(s) responsible for transmission, we stand to enhance our understanding of this critical issue. […] Investigating the multifaceted factors contributing to anthrax transmission, assessing community knowledge and practices, mapping common migratory routes of pastoralists, and formulating targeted intervention strategies tailored to the challenges of border communities, are each crucial steps towards effective control and prevention.

• #61 New maps reveal first global estimate of Anthrax risk » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2019/05/19/new-maps-reveal-first-global-estimate-of-anthrax-risk/

  W większości przypadków można się spodziewać, że więcej zwierząt jest zakażonych niż ludzi, ale w raportach widzimy więcej przypadków ludzkich. […] Kilka wcześniejszych badań Blackburna wyraźnie pokazuje, że szczepienie bydła chroni ludzi. […] Nowe badania mają implikacje dla dzikiej fauny o priorytecie ochrony, takich jak bison i saiga, a także dla ekonomicznie ważnych zwierząt łownych, takich jak biało-tailed deer. […] Wiedza o tym, gdzie wąglik może wystąpić, może informować myśliwych oraz hodowców bydła, którzy mają bliski kontakt z dziką fauną, aby zapobiegać zdarzeniom spillover w obu kierunkach.

• #62 Anthrax – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/anthrax/

  In addition to antibiotic therapy and immunisation, specific control procedures are necessary to contain the disease and prevent its spread. […] Vaccination in endemic areas is very important. […] Early detection of outbreaks, quarantine of affected premises, destruction of diseased animals and fomites, and implementation of appropriate sanitary procedures at abattoirs and dairy factories will ensure the safety of products of animal origin intended for human consumption. […] Anthrax is found all over the world on all continents except Antarctica.

• #63 Anthrax in Humans, Animals, and the Environment and the One Health Strategies for Anthrax Control

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/9/773

  Successful management of human anthrax epidemics, as demonstrated during the 2016 outbreak among the Nenet indigenous peoples in Russia, underscores the importance of coordinated responses and the need for a holistic perspective. […] The primary control measure for animal anthrax is annual preventive vaccination; however, once an outbreak occurs, other control measures include ring vaccination, proper carcass disposal to avoid further environmental contamination, and quarantine.

• #64 Anthrax FAQs | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/zoonosis-control/zoonosis-control-diseases-and-conditions/anthrax/anthrax-faqs

  The normal hunting season in Texas occurs in the cooler months of the year when anthrax bacteria are dormant and cases traditionally do not occur. […] An effective anthrax vaccine for livestock and horses can be purchased through private veterinary practitioners, feed stores, or animal health product distributors. […] If your veterinarian diagnoses anthrax, he will recommend that you burn the carcass. Thorough burning prevents contaminating the ground with anthrax bacteria.

• #65 Anthrax FAQs | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/zoonosis-control/zoonosis-control-diseases-and-conditions/anthrax/anthrax-faqs

  The normal hunting season in Texas occurs in the cooler months of the year when anthrax bacteria are dormant and cases traditionally do not occur. […] An effective anthrax vaccine for livestock and horses can be purchased through private veterinary practitioners, feed stores, or animal health product distributors. […] If your veterinarian diagnoses anthrax, he will recommend that you burn the carcass. Thorough burning prevents contaminating the ground with anthrax bacteria.

• #66

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11259-023-10238-3

  The diagnosis is confirmed at NVI (National Veterinary Institute) by pathomorphological examination, bacteriological examination and real-time PCR. […] The official veterinarian conducts an epidemiological investigation and implements the following measures: (1) prohibition of the movement of animals or their products; (2) euthanasia of all animals that fail a negative diagnostic test; (3) prohibition of slaughtering or opening the carcass; (4) vaccination of all ruminants and equines; (5) destruction of carcasses of dead animals; (6) destruction and disinfection of animal feces; (7) cleaning and disinfection of all equipment that has been in contact with infectious material; (8) disinfection of the ground where animals have died; (9) pest control (insects and rodents) and other farm sanitization measures (Hodnik et al. 2022).

• #67 Anthrax – WOAH – World Organisation for Animal Health

  https://www.woah.org/en/disease/anthrax/

  In addition to antibiotic therapy and immunisation, specific control procedures are necessary to contain the disease and prevent its spread. […] Vaccination in endemic areas is very important. […] Early detection of outbreaks, quarantine of affected premises, destruction of diseased animals and fomites, and implementation of appropriate sanitary procedures at abattoirs and dairy factories will ensure the safety of products of animal origin intended for human consumption. […] Anthrax is found all over the world on all continents except Antarctica.

• #68 Towards an integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases in Burkina Faso: the case of anthrax | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13878-3

  However, to date, in Burkina Faso, surveillance activities of zoonotic diseases are still very poorly governed and for the most part not conducted within an integrated approach. […] This study highlights the difficulty of translating One Health governance to the national level and the need to better articulate the visions of all categories of stakeholders. […] The One Health Platform, through its tasks and constitution formalized in its creation and operation decrees, can be seen as the body responsible for the governance of integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases, including anthrax. […] Analysis of the discourse of representatives of key stakeholders in anthrax surveillance in Burkina Faso has enabled us to identify factors that may influence the implementation of an integrated surveillance system in the country.

• #69 Towards an integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases in Burkina Faso: the case of anthrax | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13878-3

  However, to date, in Burkina Faso, surveillance activities of zoonotic diseases are still very poorly governed and for the most part not conducted within an integrated approach. […] This study highlights the difficulty of translating One Health governance to the national level and the need to better articulate the visions of all categories of stakeholders. […] The One Health Platform, through its tasks and constitution formalized in its creation and operation decrees, can be seen as the body responsible for the governance of integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases, including anthrax. […] Analysis of the discourse of representatives of key stakeholders in anthrax surveillance in Burkina Faso has enabled us to identify factors that may influence the implementation of an integrated surveillance system in the country.

• #70 Towards an integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases in Burkina Faso: the case of anthrax | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13878-3

  However, to date, in Burkina Faso, surveillance activities of zoonotic diseases are still very poorly governed and for the most part not conducted within an integrated approach. […] This study highlights the difficulty of translating One Health governance to the national level and the need to better articulate the visions of all categories of stakeholders. […] The One Health Platform, through its tasks and constitution formalized in its creation and operation decrees, can be seen as the body responsible for the governance of integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases, including anthrax. […] Analysis of the discourse of representatives of key stakeholders in anthrax surveillance in Burkina Faso has enabled us to identify factors that may influence the implementation of an integrated surveillance system in the country.

• #71 Towards an integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases in Burkina Faso: the case of anthrax | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13878-3

  However, to date, in Burkina Faso, surveillance activities of zoonotic diseases are still very poorly governed and for the most part not conducted within an integrated approach. […] This study highlights the difficulty of translating One Health governance to the national level and the need to better articulate the visions of all categories of stakeholders. […] The One Health Platform, through its tasks and constitution formalized in its creation and operation decrees, can be seen as the body responsible for the governance of integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases, including anthrax. […] Analysis of the discourse of representatives of key stakeholders in anthrax surveillance in Burkina Faso has enabled us to identify factors that may influence the implementation of an integrated surveillance system in the country.

• #72 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals […] Anthrax is an especially dangerous zooanthroponosis caused by the Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. A notable feature of this disease is the difference in susceptibility to it among different groups of animals. Anthrax primarily affects herbivorous ungulate mammals; they are easily infected, and their disease often leads to rapid, even sudden, death. However, predators and scavengers are extremely resistant to anthrax, and if they become infected, they usually become mildly ill. […] The issues of anthrax in other animals, such as predators, and the peculiarities of anthrax epidemiology in wild ungulates have not been sufficiently detailed in the literature. In this article, we provide a review of literature sources that describe the differential susceptibility to infection of various groups of animals to anthrax and some epidemiological features of anthrax in animals that are not the main hosts of B. anthracis.

• #73 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals […] Anthrax is an especially dangerous zooanthroponosis caused by the Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. A notable feature of this disease is the difference in susceptibility to it among different groups of animals. Anthrax primarily affects herbivorous ungulate mammals; they are easily infected, and their disease often leads to rapid, even sudden, death. However, predators and scavengers are extremely resistant to anthrax, and if they become infected, they usually become mildly ill. […] The issues of anthrax in other animals, such as predators, and the peculiarities of anthrax epidemiology in wild ungulates have not been sufficiently detailed in the literature. In this article, we provide a review of literature sources that describe the differential susceptibility to infection of various groups of animals to anthrax and some epidemiological features of anthrax in animals that are not the main hosts of B. anthracis.

• #74 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous ungulate mammals. Cases of this disease have been described among a large number of herbivorous species, both wild and domestic. Herbivores are very sensitive to anthrax infection, their disease is acute, and after a short incubation period, it leads to rapid death, sometimes without any symptoms before the terminal stage of infection. […] Despite the fact that pigs are artiodactyls and are phylogenetically closely related to anthrax-sensitive animals, they are more likely to be omnivores, and differ from ungulate herbivores in the structure and physiology of their digestive system. This feature, as we discuss below, may play a key role in anthrax resistance. […] The first point of attention concerns the “geographical features” of susceptibility to anthrax among various herbivore species. The fact is that, although almost all species are considered highly susceptible to this disease, the relative frequency of anthrax cases in different species of ungulates in each specific focus of the disease can vary significantly and be characteristic of this focus. […] Such phenomena are extremely difficult to explain because we face the main problem of studying infections (including anthrax) in natural ecosystems.

• #75 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous ungulate mammals. Cases of this disease have been described among a large number of herbivorous species, both wild and domestic. Herbivores are very sensitive to anthrax infection, their disease is acute, and after a short incubation period, it leads to rapid death, sometimes without any symptoms before the terminal stage of infection. […] Despite the fact that pigs are artiodactyls and are phylogenetically closely related to anthrax-sensitive animals, they are more likely to be omnivores, and differ from ungulate herbivores in the structure and physiology of their digestive system. This feature, as we discuss below, may play a key role in anthrax resistance. […] The first point of attention concerns the “geographical features” of susceptibility to anthrax among various herbivore species. The fact is that, although almost all species are considered highly susceptible to this disease, the relative frequency of anthrax cases in different species of ungulates in each specific focus of the disease can vary significantly and be characteristic of this focus. […] Such phenomena are extremely difficult to explain because we face the main problem of studying infections (including anthrax) in natural ecosystems.

• #76 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous ungulate mammals. Cases of this disease have been described among a large number of herbivorous species, both wild and domestic. Herbivores are very sensitive to anthrax infection, their disease is acute, and after a short incubation period, it leads to rapid death, sometimes without any symptoms before the terminal stage of infection. […] Despite the fact that pigs are artiodactyls and are phylogenetically closely related to anthrax-sensitive animals, they are more likely to be omnivores, and differ from ungulate herbivores in the structure and physiology of their digestive system. This feature, as we discuss below, may play a key role in anthrax resistance. […] The first point of attention concerns the “geographical features” of susceptibility to anthrax among various herbivore species. The fact is that, although almost all species are considered highly susceptible to this disease, the relative frequency of anthrax cases in different species of ungulates in each specific focus of the disease can vary significantly and be characteristic of this focus. […] Such phenomena are extremely difficult to explain because we face the main problem of studying infections (including anthrax) in natural ecosystems.

• #77 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous ungulate mammals. Cases of this disease have been described among a large number of herbivorous species, both wild and domestic. Herbivores are very sensitive to anthrax infection, their disease is acute, and after a short incubation period, it leads to rapid death, sometimes without any symptoms before the terminal stage of infection. […] Despite the fact that pigs are artiodactyls and are phylogenetically closely related to anthrax-sensitive animals, they are more likely to be omnivores, and differ from ungulate herbivores in the structure and physiology of their digestive system. This feature, as we discuss below, may play a key role in anthrax resistance. […] The first point of attention concerns the “geographical features” of susceptibility to anthrax among various herbivore species. The fact is that, although almost all species are considered highly susceptible to this disease, the relative frequency of anthrax cases in different species of ungulates in each specific focus of the disease can vary significantly and be characteristic of this focus. […] Such phenomena are extremely difficult to explain because we face the main problem of studying infections (including anthrax) in natural ecosystems.

• #78 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous ungulate mammals. Cases of this disease have been described among a large number of herbivorous species, both wild and domestic. Herbivores are very sensitive to anthrax infection, their disease is acute, and after a short incubation period, it leads to rapid death, sometimes without any symptoms before the terminal stage of infection. […] Despite the fact that pigs are artiodactyls and are phylogenetically closely related to anthrax-sensitive animals, they are more likely to be omnivores, and differ from ungulate herbivores in the structure and physiology of their digestive system. This feature, as we discuss below, may play a key role in anthrax resistance. […] The first point of attention concerns the “geographical features” of susceptibility to anthrax among various herbivore species. The fact is that, although almost all species are considered highly susceptible to this disease, the relative frequency of anthrax cases in different species of ungulates in each specific focus of the disease can vary significantly and be characteristic of this focus. […] Such phenomena are extremely difficult to explain because we face the main problem of studying infections (including anthrax) in natural ecosystems.

• #79 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous ungulate mammals. Cases of this disease have been described among a large number of herbivorous species, both wild and domestic. Herbivores are very sensitive to anthrax infection, their disease is acute, and after a short incubation period, it leads to rapid death, sometimes without any symptoms before the terminal stage of infection. […] Despite the fact that pigs are artiodactyls and are phylogenetically closely related to anthrax-sensitive animals, they are more likely to be omnivores, and differ from ungulate herbivores in the structure and physiology of their digestive system. This feature, as we discuss below, may play a key role in anthrax resistance. […] The first point of attention concerns the “geographical features” of susceptibility to anthrax among various herbivore species. The fact is that, although almost all species are considered highly susceptible to this disease, the relative frequency of anthrax cases in different species of ungulates in each specific focus of the disease can vary significantly and be characteristic of this focus. […] Such phenomena are extremely difficult to explain because we face the main problem of studying infections (including anthrax) in natural ecosystems.

• #80 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous ungulate mammals. Cases of this disease have been described among a large number of herbivorous species, both wild and domestic. Herbivores are very sensitive to anthrax infection, their disease is acute, and after a short incubation period, it leads to rapid death, sometimes without any symptoms before the terminal stage of infection. […] Despite the fact that pigs are artiodactyls and are phylogenetically closely related to anthrax-sensitive animals, they are more likely to be omnivores, and differ from ungulate herbivores in the structure and physiology of their digestive system. This feature, as we discuss below, may play a key role in anthrax resistance. […] The first point of attention concerns the “geographical features” of susceptibility to anthrax among various herbivore species. The fact is that, although almost all species are considered highly susceptible to this disease, the relative frequency of anthrax cases in different species of ungulates in each specific focus of the disease can vary significantly and be characteristic of this focus. […] Such phenomena are extremely difficult to explain because we face the main problem of studying infections (including anthrax) in natural ecosystems.

• #81 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  The second in order, but perhaps the most interesting feature of anthrax in ungulates, is the fact that susceptibility to anthrax varies within different age and gender groups of the same species. While adult animals are susceptible to infection, young animals are relatively resistant, and among adults, fertile males are the most affected. […] Considering that anthrax spreads in nature predominantly through the alimentary pathway, the reasons for the differences in the incidence for different age and sex groups of herbivores can be sought in the physiology of the digestive system and the feeding behavior of these groups. […] The next interesting point concerns the lethality of anthrax. It is widely believed that this disease is absolutely lethal in herbivores. Nevertheless, a number of immunological studies have shown that, in nature, anti-anthrax toxin antibodies are detected in many of these animals. Therefore, they suffered anthrax that did not lead to death. […] Thus, serological studies in the field show that, even in animals traditionally considered susceptible to anthrax, this disease is not always lethal. It can pass in a subacute form, and the animal can become sick with it in nature several times throughout its life.

• #82 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  The second in order, but perhaps the most interesting feature of anthrax in ungulates, is the fact that susceptibility to anthrax varies within different age and gender groups of the same species. While adult animals are susceptible to infection, young animals are relatively resistant, and among adults, fertile males are the most affected. […] Considering that anthrax spreads in nature predominantly through the alimentary pathway, the reasons for the differences in the incidence for different age and sex groups of herbivores can be sought in the physiology of the digestive system and the feeding behavior of these groups. […] The next interesting point concerns the lethality of anthrax. It is widely believed that this disease is absolutely lethal in herbivores. Nevertheless, a number of immunological studies have shown that, in nature, anti-anthrax toxin antibodies are detected in many of these animals. Therefore, they suffered anthrax that did not lead to death. […] Thus, serological studies in the field show that, even in animals traditionally considered susceptible to anthrax, this disease is not always lethal. It can pass in a subacute form, and the animal can become sick with it in nature several times throughout its life.

• #83 Some Peculiarities of Anthrax Epidemiology in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Animals

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/870

  The second in order, but perhaps the most interesting feature of anthrax in ungulates, is the fact that susceptibility to anthrax varies within different age and gender groups of the same species. While adult animals are susceptible to infection, young animals are relatively resistant, and among adults, fertile males are the most affected. […] Considering that anthrax spreads in nature predominantly through the alimentary pathway, the reasons for the differences in the incidence for different age and sex groups of herbivores can be sought in the physiology of the digestive system and the feeding behavior of these groups. […] The next interesting point concerns the lethality of anthrax. It is widely believed that this disease is absolutely lethal in herbivores. Nevertheless, a number of immunological studies have shown that, in nature, anti-anthrax toxin antibodies are detected in many of these animals. Therefore, they suffered anthrax that did not lead to death. […] Thus, serological studies in the field show that, even in animals traditionally considered susceptible to anthrax, this disease is not always lethal. It can pass in a subacute form, and the animal can become sick with it in nature several times throughout its life.

• #84 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012122

  The diagnosis of anthrax, a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis can be complicated by detection of closely related species. […] We investigated how the presence of closely related species could complicate anthrax diagnoses with and without culture to standardise the use of genetic markers using qPCR for accurate anthrax diagnosis. […] This study identified B. cereus sensu lato, which included B. cereus and B. anthracis, Peribacillus spp., and Priestia spp. clusters using gyrB gene in selected bacterial isolates positive for pagA region using BAPA probe. […] Using Ba-1+BAPA+lef+capB, as well as Ba-1+BAPA+lef with molecular diagnosis accurately detects B. anthracis in the absence of bacterial culture. […] Systematically combining microscopy and molecular markers holds promise for notably reducing false positives. This significantly enhances the detection and surveillance of diseases like anthrax in southern Africa and beyond and reduces the need for propagation of the bacteria in culture.

• #85 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012122

  Our findings suggest that using a combination of genetic markers can accurately identify anthrax directly from blood samples, potentially bypassing the need for bacterial culture. This approach not only speeds up the diagnostic process but also improves disease monitoring and management. […] The identification of species closely related to B. anthracis on diagnostic blood smears can complicate anthrax diagnosis as these species may share similar genetic markers with B. anthracis, leading to false positive results from molecular diagnostics. […] Our analysis of the gyrB gene showed that blood smears can contain Priestia spp., Peribacillus spp. (both formerly Bacillus spp.), and B. cereus sensu stricto, which cross-react with common molecular markers like pagA (BAPA probe) or lef used in anthrax diagnostics.

• #86 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012122

  Our findings suggest that using a combination of genetic markers can accurately identify anthrax directly from blood samples, potentially bypassing the need for bacterial culture. This approach not only speeds up the diagnostic process but also improves disease monitoring and management. […] The identification of species closely related to B. anthracis on diagnostic blood smears can complicate anthrax diagnosis as these species may share similar genetic markers with B. anthracis, leading to false positive results from molecular diagnostics. […] Our analysis of the gyrB gene showed that blood smears can contain Priestia spp., Peribacillus spp. (both formerly Bacillus spp.), and B. cereus sensu stricto, which cross-react with common molecular markers like pagA (BAPA probe) or lef used in anthrax diagnostics.

• #87 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012122

  Accurate detection of B. anthracis can be enhanced by using a stepwise approach with multiple genetic markers, particularly when culture is not feasible. […] The strong significant agreement between microscopic and molecular diagnosis in this study highlights the value of microscopy for onsite B. anthracis detection. Combining microscopy with qPCR from blood smear scrapings offers a significant advancement, potentially reducing reliance on traditional culture methods.

• #88 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012122

  Accurate detection of B. anthracis can be enhanced by using a stepwise approach with multiple genetic markers, particularly when culture is not feasible. […] The strong significant agreement between microscopic and molecular diagnosis in this study highlights the value of microscopy for onsite B. anthracis detection. Combining microscopy with qPCR from blood smear scrapings offers a significant advancement, potentially reducing reliance on traditional culture methods.

• #89 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012122

  Accurate detection of B. anthracis can be enhanced by using a stepwise approach with multiple genetic markers, particularly when culture is not feasible. […] The strong significant agreement between microscopic and molecular diagnosis in this study highlights the value of microscopy for onsite B. anthracis detection. Combining microscopy with qPCR from blood smear scrapings offers a significant advancement, potentially reducing reliance on traditional culture methods.

• #90 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.24305203v1.full-text

  The diagnosis of anthrax, a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis can be complicated by detection of closely related species. […] Using blood smears from 2012-2020 from wildlife mortalities (n=1708) in Kruger National Park in South Africa where anthrax is endemic, we contrasted anthrax diagnostic results based on qPCR, microscopy, and culture. […] This study identified B. cereus sensu lato, which included B. cereus and B. anthracis, Peribacillus spp., and Priestia spp. clusters using gyrB gene in selected bacterial isolates positive for BAPA. […] Systematically combining microscopy and molecular markers holds promise for notably reducing false positives, thereby significantly enhancing the detection and surveillance of diseases like anthrax in southern Africa and beyond and reducing the need for propagation of the bacteria in culture.

• #91 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.24305203v1.full-text

  Thus we hypothesised that the animals could be reacting to anthrax-like microbes in the environment, which could possess genes with similar homologies to B. anthracis. […] Different methods have been employed in the diagnosis of bacterial zoonoses (such as B. anthracis) over the years. […] The initial step in the confirmation of B. anthracis in an anthrax-suspected carcass is the examination of blood smears stained with either Gram or Giemsa stain to view the rod-shaped bacterium. […] The presence of encapsulated square-ended rod-shaped bacteria that react to the polychrome methylene blue stain indicates the presence of B. anthracis and warrants a sample to be sent to a reference laboratory for confirmation. […] In recent years, there have been reports of atypical B. cereus strains that are known to cause anthrax-like infections in both humans and animals with very similar genes to those found on pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids found in B. anthracis.

• #92 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.24305203v1.full-text

  The review by Baldwin (2020) indicated two B. cereus clades that cause anthrax-like disease namely the atypical B. cereus strains with pXO1-like-pBCX01 causing human cases of anthrax-like pneumonia, and Bcbva strains containing the pBCXO1 and pBCXO2 plasmids that are highly similar to the pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids of B. anthracis. […] The significant agreement between the microscopic and molecular diagnosis of anthrax in this study demonstrates the usefulness of the microscopic technique in field and onsite diagnosis of the pathogen. […] The combination of microscopy with qPCR, using DNA extracted from blood smear scrapings, marks an advancement in diagnosing B. anthracis.

• #93 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.24305203v1.full-text

  The review by Baldwin (2020) indicated two B. cereus clades that cause anthrax-like disease namely the atypical B. cereus strains with pXO1-like-pBCX01 causing human cases of anthrax-like pneumonia, and Bcbva strains containing the pBCXO1 and pBCXO2 plasmids that are highly similar to the pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids of B. anthracis. […] The significant agreement between the microscopic and molecular diagnosis of anthrax in this study demonstrates the usefulness of the microscopic technique in field and onsite diagnosis of the pathogen. […] The combination of microscopy with qPCR, using DNA extracted from blood smear scrapings, marks an advancement in diagnosing B. anthracis.

• #94 Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.24305203v1.full-text

  The review by Baldwin (2020) indicated two B. cereus clades that cause anthrax-like disease namely the atypical B. cereus strains with pXO1-like-pBCX01 causing human cases of anthrax-like pneumonia, and Bcbva strains containing the pBCXO1 and pBCXO2 plasmids that are highly similar to the pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids of B. anthracis. […] The significant agreement between the microscopic and molecular diagnosis of anthrax in this study demonstrates the usefulness of the microscopic technique in field and onsite diagnosis of the pathogen. […] The combination of microscopy with qPCR, using DNA extracted from blood smear scrapings, marks an advancement in diagnosing B. anthracis.

• #95 Anthrax – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507773/

  Anthrax occurs worldwide, and the world health organization (WHO) estimates the annual global incidence of between 2000 and 20,000 cases. It is rare in the United States, although in the year 2000, an outbreak of anthrax occurred in the ranches of North Dakota. […] Anthrax is categorized as a category A priority pathogen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention because it is potentially capable of being disseminated as a bioweapon.

• #96 (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance | The Swedish Pathogens Portal

  https://www.pathogens.se/editorials/microbioterrorism/

  (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance […] Anthrax is a serious, life-threatening infectious disease, which is caused by a rod-shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis (CDC, 2024a). B. anthracis is arguably most well-known for its previous use as a biological weapon and bioterrorism agent (CDC, 2024b; Wagar, 2015). […] Anthrax cases among humans can occur when B. anthracis spores enter the body (e.g., by inhaling or ingesting spores, or when spores come in contact with a cut or lesion), as such, people who interact with infected animals or animal products have an increased risk of exposure (CDC, 2024a; CDC, 2024c; FDA, 2024). […] Due to their severity and bioterrorism potential, anthrax-causing B. anthracis and B. cereus biovar Anthracis represent severe global public health threats. To prepare for potential emergencies, scientists are taking proactive, data-driven approaches. Specifically, laboratories around the world are routinely using WGS to query the genomes of anthrax-causing bacteria. […] WGS-based pathogen surveillance tools are allowing scientists to monitor pathogens in close to real-time (Gardy and Loman, 2018). This (meta)data can be used to identify and resolve outbreaks sooner, leading to better public health outcomes and lower burdens of illness (Gardy and Loman, 2018; Ramnath, et al., 2023). We envision that similar methods can be used for anthrax-causing pathogens. For example, routine WGS of bacilli can allow public health officials to rapidly identify novel, emerging anthrax-causing pathogens, facilitating faster response times and minimising the number of human illness cases (Ramnath, et al., 2023). Overall, whether the culprit is B. anthracis, B. cereus biovar Anthracis, or a yet-unknown anthrax-causing pathogen, WGS has the potential to help public health officials and clinicians prepare for and respond to illness cases, outbreaks, and bioterrorism attacks.

• #97 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Natural incidence is rare, but infection is an occupational hazard among veterinarians, farmers, and individuals who handle animal wool, hair, hides, or bone meal products. During the last 30 years, the indigenous US incidence of any anthrax infection has been less than 1 case per year. From 1955-1994, US cases totaled 235, with 224 cases of cutaneous anthrax, 11 cases of inhalational anthrax, and 20 fatalities. The last fatal case during this period occurred in 1976, when a home craftsman died of inhalational anthrax after working with yarn imported from Pakistan. […] Before October 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) investigated several threats in the United States, including Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and California. In October 2001, 22 confirmed or suspected cases of anthrax infection were identified. Cases were reported from Florida, New York, New Jersey, the District of Columbia, and Connecticut. There were 11 confirmed cases of inhalational anthrax (5 deaths) and 7 confirmed and 4 suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax (no deaths).

• #98 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Natural incidence is rare, but infection is an occupational hazard among veterinarians, farmers, and individuals who handle animal wool, hair, hides, or bone meal products. During the last 30 years, the indigenous US incidence of any anthrax infection has been less than 1 case per year. From 1955-1994, US cases totaled 235, with 224 cases of cutaneous anthrax, 11 cases of inhalational anthrax, and 20 fatalities. The last fatal case during this period occurred in 1976, when a home craftsman died of inhalational anthrax after working with yarn imported from Pakistan. […] Before October 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) investigated several threats in the United States, including Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and California. In October 2001, 22 confirmed or suspected cases of anthrax infection were identified. Cases were reported from Florida, New York, New Jersey, the District of Columbia, and Connecticut. There were 11 confirmed cases of inhalational anthrax (5 deaths) and 7 confirmed and 4 suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax (no deaths).

• #99 Anthrax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212127-overview

  Natural incidence is rare, but infection is an occupational hazard among veterinarians, farmers, and individuals who handle animal wool, hair, hides, or bone meal products. During the last 30 years, the indigenous US incidence of any anthrax infection has been less than 1 case per year. From 1955-1994, US cases totaled 235, with 224 cases of cutaneous anthrax, 11 cases of inhalational anthrax, and 20 fatalities. The last fatal case during this period occurred in 1976, when a home craftsman died of inhalational anthrax after working with yarn imported from Pakistan. […] Before October 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) investigated several threats in the United States, including Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and California. In October 2001, 22 confirmed or suspected cases of anthrax infection were identified. Cases were reported from Florida, New York, New Jersey, the District of Columbia, and Connecticut. There were 11 confirmed cases of inhalational anthrax (5 deaths) and 7 confirmed and 4 suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax (no deaths).

• #100 Anthrax Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/anthrax/anthrax.html

  Anthrax has already been used as a weapon in the attacks of October 2001, which used contaminated mail to spread anthrax spores. Twenty-two persons were diagnosed with anthrax and five persons died. […] Public health agencies, hospitals, and clinics throughout Minnesota are constantly on the alert for any kind of unusual disease activity including a possible anthrax attack. If an anthrax attack were ever detected, the Minnesota Department of Health and local health departments would move quickly. They would take steps to identify people who may have been exposed and make sure they get antibiotics.

• #101 Anthrax Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/anthrax/anthrax.html

  Anthrax has already been used as a weapon in the attacks of October 2001, which used contaminated mail to spread anthrax spores. Twenty-two persons were diagnosed with anthrax and five persons died. […] Public health agencies, hospitals, and clinics throughout Minnesota are constantly on the alert for any kind of unusual disease activity including a possible anthrax attack. If an anthrax attack were ever detected, the Minnesota Department of Health and local health departments would move quickly. They would take steps to identify people who may have been exposed and make sure they get antibiotics.

• #102 Anthrax Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/anthrax/anthrax.html

  Anthrax has already been used as a weapon in the attacks of October 2001, which used contaminated mail to spread anthrax spores. Twenty-two persons were diagnosed with anthrax and five persons died. […] Public health agencies, hospitals, and clinics throughout Minnesota are constantly on the alert for any kind of unusual disease activity including a possible anthrax attack. If an anthrax attack were ever detected, the Minnesota Department of Health and local health departments would move quickly. They would take steps to identify people who may have been exposed and make sure they get antibiotics.

• #103 Anthrax Facts – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/anthrax/anthrax.html

  Anthrax has already been used as a weapon in the attacks of October 2001, which used contaminated mail to spread anthrax spores. Twenty-two persons were diagnosed with anthrax and five persons died. […] Public health agencies, hospitals, and clinics throughout Minnesota are constantly on the alert for any kind of unusual disease activity including a possible anthrax attack. If an anthrax attack were ever detected, the Minnesota Department of Health and local health departments would move quickly. They would take steps to identify people who may have been exposed and make sure they get antibiotics.

• #104 Evaluation of Gram-positive rod surveillance for early anthrax detection | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/evaluation-of-grampositive-rod-surveillance-for-early-anthrax-detection/870D46C6A68A3BBB6E3D716F6D225886

  Since 2003, Connecticut laboratories have reported Gram-positive rod (GPR) isolates detected within 32 h of inoculation from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The objectives were to rapidly identify inhalational anthrax and unusual Clostridium spp. infections, and to establish round-the-clock laboratory reporting of potential indicators of bioterrorism. […] Thus far, no cases of anthrax and no unusual clusters of Clostridium spp. have been detected by the GPR surveillance system. This system would probably have confirmed the inhalational anthrax case in Pennsylvania in 2006 3 days sooner than traditional reporting. […] Surveillance objectives include: (1) sensitive and timely detection of anthrax septicaemia or meningitis independent of clinician or laboratory recognition; (2) round-the-clock laboratory reporting of an indicator of possible biological terrorism; and (3) surveillance for invasive Clostridium spp. infections of public health importance.

• #105 Evaluation of Gram-positive rod surveillance for early anthrax detection | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/evaluation-of-grampositive-rod-surveillance-for-early-anthrax-detection/870D46C6A68A3BBB6E3D716F6D225886

  Since 2003, Connecticut laboratories have reported Gram-positive rod (GPR) isolates detected within 32 h of inoculation from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The objectives were to rapidly identify inhalational anthrax and unusual Clostridium spp. infections, and to establish round-the-clock laboratory reporting of potential indicators of bioterrorism. […] Thus far, no cases of anthrax and no unusual clusters of Clostridium spp. have been detected by the GPR surveillance system. This system would probably have confirmed the inhalational anthrax case in Pennsylvania in 2006 3 days sooner than traditional reporting. […] Surveillance objectives include: (1) sensitive and timely detection of anthrax septicaemia or meningitis independent of clinician or laboratory recognition; (2) round-the-clock laboratory reporting of an indicator of possible biological terrorism; and (3) surveillance for invasive Clostridium spp. infections of public health importance.

• #106 Evaluation of Gram-positive rod surveillance for early anthrax detection | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/evaluation-of-grampositive-rod-surveillance-for-early-anthrax-detection/870D46C6A68A3BBB6E3D716F6D225886

  Since 2003, Connecticut laboratories have reported Gram-positive rod (GPR) isolates detected within 32 h of inoculation from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The objectives were to rapidly identify inhalational anthrax and unusual Clostridium spp. infections, and to establish round-the-clock laboratory reporting of potential indicators of bioterrorism. […] Thus far, no cases of anthrax and no unusual clusters of Clostridium spp. have been detected by the GPR surveillance system. This system would probably have confirmed the inhalational anthrax case in Pennsylvania in 2006 3 days sooner than traditional reporting. […] Surveillance objectives include: (1) sensitive and timely detection of anthrax septicaemia or meningitis independent of clinician or laboratory recognition; (2) round-the-clock laboratory reporting of an indicator of possible biological terrorism; and (3) surveillance for invasive Clostridium spp. infections of public health importance.

• #107 Evaluation of Gram-positive rod surveillance for early anthrax detection | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/evaluation-of-grampositive-rod-surveillance-for-early-anthrax-detection/870D46C6A68A3BBB6E3D716F6D225886

  Since 2003, Connecticut laboratories have reported Gram-positive rod (GPR) isolates detected within 32 h of inoculation from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The objectives were to rapidly identify inhalational anthrax and unusual Clostridium spp. infections, and to establish round-the-clock laboratory reporting of potential indicators of bioterrorism. […] Thus far, no cases of anthrax and no unusual clusters of Clostridium spp. have been detected by the GPR surveillance system. This system would probably have confirmed the inhalational anthrax case in Pennsylvania in 2006 3 days sooner than traditional reporting. […] Surveillance objectives include: (1) sensitive and timely detection of anthrax septicaemia or meningitis independent of clinician or laboratory recognition; (2) round-the-clock laboratory reporting of an indicator of possible biological terrorism; and (3) surveillance for invasive Clostridium spp. infections of public health importance.

• #108 (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance | The Swedish Pathogens Portal

  https://www.pathogens.se/editorials/microbioterrorism/

  (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance […] Anthrax is a serious, life-threatening infectious disease, which is caused by a rod-shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis (CDC, 2024a). B. anthracis is arguably most well-known for its previous use as a biological weapon and bioterrorism agent (CDC, 2024b; Wagar, 2015). […] Anthrax cases among humans can occur when B. anthracis spores enter the body (e.g., by inhaling or ingesting spores, or when spores come in contact with a cut or lesion), as such, people who interact with infected animals or animal products have an increased risk of exposure (CDC, 2024a; CDC, 2024c; FDA, 2024). […] Due to their severity and bioterrorism potential, anthrax-causing B. anthracis and B. cereus biovar Anthracis represent severe global public health threats. To prepare for potential emergencies, scientists are taking proactive, data-driven approaches. Specifically, laboratories around the world are routinely using WGS to query the genomes of anthrax-causing bacteria. […] WGS-based pathogen surveillance tools are allowing scientists to monitor pathogens in close to real-time (Gardy and Loman, 2018). This (meta)data can be used to identify and resolve outbreaks sooner, leading to better public health outcomes and lower burdens of illness (Gardy and Loman, 2018; Ramnath, et al., 2023). We envision that similar methods can be used for anthrax-causing pathogens. For example, routine WGS of bacilli can allow public health officials to rapidly identify novel, emerging anthrax-causing pathogens, facilitating faster response times and minimising the number of human illness cases (Ramnath, et al., 2023). Overall, whether the culprit is B. anthracis, B. cereus biovar Anthracis, or a yet-unknown anthrax-causing pathogen, WGS has the potential to help public health officials and clinicians prepare for and respond to illness cases, outbreaks, and bioterrorism attacks.

• #109 (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance | The Swedish Pathogens Portal

  https://www.pathogens.se/editorials/microbioterrorism/

  (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance […] Anthrax is a serious, life-threatening infectious disease, which is caused by a rod-shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis (CDC, 2024a). B. anthracis is arguably most well-known for its previous use as a biological weapon and bioterrorism agent (CDC, 2024b; Wagar, 2015). […] Anthrax cases among humans can occur when B. anthracis spores enter the body (e.g., by inhaling or ingesting spores, or when spores come in contact with a cut or lesion), as such, people who interact with infected animals or animal products have an increased risk of exposure (CDC, 2024a; CDC, 2024c; FDA, 2024). […] Due to their severity and bioterrorism potential, anthrax-causing B. anthracis and B. cereus biovar Anthracis represent severe global public health threats. To prepare for potential emergencies, scientists are taking proactive, data-driven approaches. Specifically, laboratories around the world are routinely using WGS to query the genomes of anthrax-causing bacteria. […] WGS-based pathogen surveillance tools are allowing scientists to monitor pathogens in close to real-time (Gardy and Loman, 2018). This (meta)data can be used to identify and resolve outbreaks sooner, leading to better public health outcomes and lower burdens of illness (Gardy and Loman, 2018; Ramnath, et al., 2023). We envision that similar methods can be used for anthrax-causing pathogens. For example, routine WGS of bacilli can allow public health officials to rapidly identify novel, emerging anthrax-causing pathogens, facilitating faster response times and minimising the number of human illness cases (Ramnath, et al., 2023). Overall, whether the culprit is B. anthracis, B. cereus biovar Anthracis, or a yet-unknown anthrax-causing pathogen, WGS has the potential to help public health officials and clinicians prepare for and respond to illness cases, outbreaks, and bioterrorism attacks.

• #110 (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance | The Swedish Pathogens Portal

  https://www.pathogens.se/editorials/microbioterrorism/

  (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance […] Anthrax is a serious, life-threatening infectious disease, which is caused by a rod-shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis (CDC, 2024a). B. anthracis is arguably most well-known for its previous use as a biological weapon and bioterrorism agent (CDC, 2024b; Wagar, 2015). […] Anthrax cases among humans can occur when B. anthracis spores enter the body (e.g., by inhaling or ingesting spores, or when spores come in contact with a cut or lesion), as such, people who interact with infected animals or animal products have an increased risk of exposure (CDC, 2024a; CDC, 2024c; FDA, 2024). […] Due to their severity and bioterrorism potential, anthrax-causing B. anthracis and B. cereus biovar Anthracis represent severe global public health threats. To prepare for potential emergencies, scientists are taking proactive, data-driven approaches. Specifically, laboratories around the world are routinely using WGS to query the genomes of anthrax-causing bacteria. […] WGS-based pathogen surveillance tools are allowing scientists to monitor pathogens in close to real-time (Gardy and Loman, 2018). This (meta)data can be used to identify and resolve outbreaks sooner, leading to better public health outcomes and lower burdens of illness (Gardy and Loman, 2018; Ramnath, et al., 2023). We envision that similar methods can be used for anthrax-causing pathogens. For example, routine WGS of bacilli can allow public health officials to rapidly identify novel, emerging anthrax-causing pathogens, facilitating faster response times and minimising the number of human illness cases (Ramnath, et al., 2023). Overall, whether the culprit is B. anthracis, B. cereus biovar Anthracis, or a yet-unknown anthrax-causing pathogen, WGS has the potential to help public health officials and clinicians prepare for and respond to illness cases, outbreaks, and bioterrorism attacks.

• #111 (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance | The Swedish Pathogens Portal

  https://www.pathogens.se/editorials/microbioterrorism/

  (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance […] Anthrax is a serious, life-threatening infectious disease, which is caused by a rod-shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis (CDC, 2024a). B. anthracis is arguably most well-known for its previous use as a biological weapon and bioterrorism agent (CDC, 2024b; Wagar, 2015). […] Anthrax cases among humans can occur when B. anthracis spores enter the body (e.g., by inhaling or ingesting spores, or when spores come in contact with a cut or lesion), as such, people who interact with infected animals or animal products have an increased risk of exposure (CDC, 2024a; CDC, 2024c; FDA, 2024). […] Due to their severity and bioterrorism potential, anthrax-causing B. anthracis and B. cereus biovar Anthracis represent severe global public health threats. To prepare for potential emergencies, scientists are taking proactive, data-driven approaches. Specifically, laboratories around the world are routinely using WGS to query the genomes of anthrax-causing bacteria. […] WGS-based pathogen surveillance tools are allowing scientists to monitor pathogens in close to real-time (Gardy and Loman, 2018). This (meta)data can be used to identify and resolve outbreaks sooner, leading to better public health outcomes and lower burdens of illness (Gardy and Loman, 2018; Ramnath, et al., 2023). We envision that similar methods can be used for anthrax-causing pathogens. For example, routine WGS of bacilli can allow public health officials to rapidly identify novel, emerging anthrax-causing pathogens, facilitating faster response times and minimising the number of human illness cases (Ramnath, et al., 2023). Overall, whether the culprit is B. anthracis, B. cereus biovar Anthracis, or a yet-unknown anthrax-causing pathogen, WGS has the potential to help public health officials and clinicians prepare for and respond to illness cases, outbreaks, and bioterrorism attacks.

• #112 (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance | The Swedish Pathogens Portal

  https://www.pathogens.se/editorials/microbioterrorism/

  (Micro)bioterrorism: leveraging genomic data to improve anthrax surveillance […] Anthrax is a serious, life-threatening infectious disease, which is caused by a rod-shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis (CDC, 2024a). B. anthracis is arguably most well-known for its previous use as a biological weapon and bioterrorism agent (CDC, 2024b; Wagar, 2015). […] Anthrax cases among humans can occur when B. anthracis spores enter the body (e.g., by inhaling or ingesting spores, or when spores come in contact with a cut or lesion), as such, people who interact with infected animals or animal products have an increased risk of exposure (CDC, 2024a; CDC, 2024c; FDA, 2024). […] Due to their severity and bioterrorism potential, anthrax-causing B. anthracis and B. cereus biovar Anthracis represent severe global public health threats. To prepare for potential emergencies, scientists are taking proactive, data-driven approaches. Specifically, laboratories around the world are routinely using WGS to query the genomes of anthrax-causing bacteria. […] WGS-based pathogen surveillance tools are allowing scientists to monitor pathogens in close to real-time (Gardy and Loman, 2018). This (meta)data can be used to identify and resolve outbreaks sooner, leading to better public health outcomes and lower burdens of illness (Gardy and Loman, 2018; Ramnath, et al., 2023). We envision that similar methods can be used for anthrax-causing pathogens. For example, routine WGS of bacilli can allow public health officials to rapidly identify novel, emerging anthrax-causing pathogens, facilitating faster response times and minimising the number of human illness cases (Ramnath, et al., 2023). Overall, whether the culprit is B. anthracis, B. cereus biovar Anthracis, or a yet-unknown anthrax-causing pathogen, WGS has the potential to help public health officials and clinicians prepare for and respond to illness cases, outbreaks, and bioterrorism attacks.

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