Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical Pathology of Bartholin’s Glands: A Review of the Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4483306/

  Cysts are common complications of the Bartholin’s gland, affecting the ductal region due to outlet blockage. […] When the Bartholin’s gland duct orifice becomes obstructed, the glands produce a build-up of mucus. This build-up leads to a cystic dilation of the duct and cyst formation. Infection of this cyst is likely to result in Bartholin’s gland abscess. Duct cyst is not required for the development of abscess. The abscesses are almost three times more common than duct cysts. […] Lesions in the Bartholin’s gland can occur in the form of carcinomas, a rare type of gynecological tumor that accounts for 2-7% of vulvar carcinomas. This type of vulvar growth is carefully monitored among postmenopausal women who are more prone to Bartholin’s malignancy. The median age at which Bartholin’s gland cancer is diagnosed is 57 years old and carcinoma incidence is highest among women in their 60’s. The 2 common types, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, account for 80-90% of primary cases. The remaining 10-20% of cases include transitional, adenoid-cystic or undifferentiated carcinomas. […] Large proportions of Bartholin’s gland abscess are bacterial culture positive with Escherichia coli being a common pathogen.

• #2 Bartholin’s cyst – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bartholin-cyst/symptoms-causes/syc-20369976

  The cause of a Bartholin’s cyst is a backup of fluid. Fluid may accumulate when the opening of the gland (duct) becomes obstructed, perhaps caused by infection or injury. […] A Bartholin’s cyst can become infected, forming an abscess. A number of bacteria may cause the infection, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and bacteria that cause sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia.

• #3 Bartholin gland abscess – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Bartholin_gland_abscess

  Bartholin glands are located at the at the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions, posterolaterally to introitus […] Obstruction of ducts may lead to focal cyst formation, which may become infected to form an abscess […] A cyst does not need to be present for an abscess to develop.

• #4 Bartholin’s Cyst – Prof. Dr. Basak Baksu

  https://basakbaksu.com.tr/en/bartolin-kisti-2/

  Bartholin’s cyst typically occurs unilaterally. The exact cause of duct obstruction is not known. […] The causative agent of abscess is a wide variety of bacteria. In addition to bacteria colonized on the skin, bacteria such as E. Coli often found in the stool, and very rarely sexually transmitted chlamydia and gonorrhea can also be causative agents. […] It is not possible to prevent the development of a Bartholin’s cyst. However, safe intercourse with a condom and proper cleaning of the external genitalia can prevent Bartolin abscess formation.

• #5 Bartholin Cyst | San Diego Sexual Medicine

  https://www.sdsm.info/female-issues/bartholin-cyst

  Bartholin glands are major vestibular androgen dependent glands that release mucus secretions during sexual arousal through a 2.5 cm duct that drains at the 5 o’clock and 7 o’clock positions of the vestibule. […] Unilateral or bilateral obstruction of the Bartholin’s ducts may occur (e.g. from trauma, infection, surgery, or idiopathic), however as long as innervation is intact, Bartholin glands continue to produce mucus despite outlet ductal occlusion. This leads to dilation of the duct with subsequent cyst formation that can result in Bartholin cyst-associated sexual dysfunction symptoms. […] Marsupialization surgery as an out-patient procedure. Surgical principles to encourage post-op mucin drainage through the Bartholin duct include visualization of the duct at surgery and direct anastomosis of the duct to the inferior portion of the incision at 5 and/or 7 o’clock locations. This is best achieved by allowing a new drainage area within the Bartholin cyst so that the lubricating fluid can continue to be released into the vestibule after sexual arousal and aid pain-free vaginal penetration. The process of surgically establishing drainage of a Bartholin cyst is called marsupialization. Marsupialization has the least chance of recurrence of the Bartholin cyst. […] Diagnosis involves an ultrasound after sexual arousal and a positive Bartholin cyst anesthesia test. Treatment involves marsupialization with visualization and anastomosis of the Bartholin duct to the inferior portion of the incision at the 5:00 and 7:00 o’clock locations.

• #6 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDateDiagnosis_of_vulvovaginal_m.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses/print

  Bartholin cysts and abscesses will be reviewed here. […] If the orifice of the Bartholin duct becomes obstructed, mucus produced by the gland accumulates, leading to cystic dilation proximal to the obstruction. Obstruction is often caused by local or diffuse vulvar edema. Bartholin cysts are usually sterile. […] An obstructed Bartholin duct can become infected and form an abscess. While originally Bartholin abscesses were thought to be polymicrobial infections, subsequent studies have found that the most common pathogen is Escherichia coli. […] The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. […] While there are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses, a previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence. […] If the orifice of the Bartholin duct becomes obstructed, a cyst (sterile) or abscesses can form; benign tumors and carcinoma of the Bartholin gland are rare.

• #7 Bartholin Gland Diseases: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777112-overview

  Bartholin glands are known to form cysts and abscesses in women of reproductive age. Cysts and abscesses are often clinically distinguishable. Bartholin cysts form when the ostium of the duct becomes obstructed, leading to distention of the gland or duct with fluid. Obstruction is usually secondary to nonspecific inflammation or trauma. The cyst is usually 1-3 cm in diameter and is often asymptomatic, although larger cysts may be associated with pain and dyspareunia. […] Bartholin abscesses result from either primary gland infection or infected cyst. Patients with abscesses complain of acute, rapidly progressive vulvar pain. Studies have shown that these abscesses are usually polymicrobial and are rarely attributable to sexually transmitted pathogens. A retrospective cohort study found the incidence of Bartholin gland abscesses to be low (0.13%) during pregnancy. No significant difference was noted among pathogens found in culture-positive samples of pregnant and nonpregnant women.

• #8 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses

  Bartholin gland masses […] The Bartholin glands (also called the greater vestibular glands) are located bilaterally in the vulvar vestibule, and blockage of the Bartholin ducts is a common etiology of a vulvar mass. The most common Bartholin masses are cysts or abscesses; Bartholin gland benign tumors and carcinomas are rare. […] If the orifice of the Bartholin duct becomes obstructed, mucus produced by the gland accumulates, leading to cystic dilation proximal to the obstruction. Obstruction is often caused by local or diffuse vulvar edema. Bartholin cysts are usually sterile. […] An obstructed Bartholin duct can become infected and form an abscess. While originally Bartholin abscesses were thought to be polymicrobial infections, subsequent studies have found that the most common pathogen is Escherichia coli. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may also contribute to infection, but this proportion has been declining. […] The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. […] While there are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses, a previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence. […] The diagnosis of a Bartholin cyst or abscess is clinical and based on the following physical examination findings: A cyst is a soft, nontender mass at the site of the Bartholin duct and gland. An abscess is a soft, tender, warm, or fluctuant mass; occasionally, erythema, edema, and pointing may also be present. […] Excision of the entire Bartholin gland and duct is the definitive procedure for treatment of both cysts and abscesses. It is usually only performed after other less invasive methods have repetitively failed or for Bartholin carcinoma.

• #9 Bartholin Gland Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532271/

  Bartholin glands can form a cyst and an abscess in women of reproductive age. Both are difficult to differentiate on a physical exam. The cyst is usually 2-4 cm in diameter and may cause dyspareunia, urinary irritation, and vague pelvic pain. The cyst is usually filled with nonpurulent fluid that contains staphylococcus, streptococcus, and E.coli. […] A Bartholin gland cyst is a benign blockage of the Bartholin gland that is usually unilateral, asymptomatic, and maybe incidentally found during a pelvic exam or imaging studies. Bartholin gland obstruction may occur after trauma to the area, episiotomy, or childbirth; however, it may also occur without an identifiable cause.

• #10 Bartholin gland cyst | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/bartholin-gland-cyst?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2F%40yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%2Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.ico&lang=us

  Cysts form as a result of an obstruction of the gland’s duct by a stone/stenosis related to prior infection or trauma. […] Chronic inflammation can lead to ductal obstruction from pus or thick mucus which in turn can result in retained secretions within the Bartholin glands.

• #11 Pulsenotes | Bartholin gland cyst

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/specialities/gynaecology/notes/bartholin-gland-cyst

  Obstruction to the flow of mucus from the Bartholin glands can lead to cyst formation. […] Local or diffuse vulval oedema can lead to obstruction of the Bartholin glands. This leads to cyst dilatation proximal to the obstruction with accumulation of mucus. The cysts are sterile but can become infected and lead to abscess formation.

• #12

  https://npistanbul.com/en/what-is-a-bartholin-cyst

  The main cause of Bartholin cyst formation is the accumulation of secretion in the gland after a blockage in the secreted duct. This blockage, which prevents the secretion from being released into the vagina, can occur for various reasons. The causes of cyst formation after obstruction in the secretory duct are as follows; Trauma After the part at the entrance of the vagina receives a physical blow or as a result of irritation of that part with various chemicals, obstruction occurs in the channels. Friction during sexual intercourse can also cause this wear. During the healing time after the trauma, the surrounding tissues cause the canal to become blocked. […] Infection: Viral or bacterial infections can cause edema and inflammation in the structures, leading to obstruction. One of the most common infectious bacteria in the area is Escherichia Coli, which is transmitted through the anus. Microorganisms that cause sexually transmitted diseases, Chlamydia Trachomatis, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, commonly known as gonorrhea, are among the causes of bartholin abscess. […] Abnormal growth: As a result of abnormal growth in the vulva and vagina after puberty due to hormonal problems and irregular menstruation, tissues can shrink the canal and cause obstruction.

• #13 Bartholin’s cysts | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bartholins-cysts

  A Bartholin’s cyst can form when ducts near the vagina opening become blocked. […] A Bartholin’s cyst is caused by blockage of the Bartholin gland. […] Bartholin’s cysts can be associated with sexual activity, sexually transmitted infections (STI), direct injury to the area (for example, episiotomy or childbirth) or surgery. […] You are more likely to have a Bartholin’s cysts if you are a female of reproductive age or have previously had a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess. […] Often, here is no known cause.

• #14 Bartholin’s Cyst – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Num

  https://www.pacehospital.com/bartholins-cyst-symptoms-causes-treatment-prevention

  Bartholin’s cyst is formed in the Bartholin glands. These glands are round, very small, nonpalpable, and located on either side of the entrance to the vagina and produces and secrets mucus (fluid) to help the vagina stay moist (provide lubrication). Tiny tubes called ducts transport fluid downwards. A blockage or obstruction of the duct could occur due to oedema, infection, or trauma, leading to mucus build-up, which dilates the duct, resulting in cysts or abscesses. […] Bartholin’s cyst occurs when the ducts of the glands that carry fluid from the glands gets blocked, and the fluid (mucus) builds up, causing cyst. An obstruction is often caused by local or diffuse vulvar oedema (widespread swelling of the tissues around the vulva), trauma to the area, episiotomy (an incision through the region (perineum) between a women’s vaginal opening and anus), or childbirth. However, it may also happen without any identifiable cause.

• #15 Bartholin Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess: Office Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p760.html

  The ducts leading from the Bartholin glands can become obstructed, resulting in formation of cysts and, when infected, abscesses in the gland. Bartholin duct cysts and gland abscesses are more likely to occur in sexually active women as a result of ductal obstruction caused by friction during intercourse. […] Human papillomavirus, particularly type 16, is associated with the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the Bartholin gland.

• #16 Bartholin’s Gland Abscess

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Vulva/BrthlnsGlndAbscs.htm

  Bartholin’s Gland Duct Cyst results from distal duct obstruction, often from friction with intercourse. […] Bartholin’s Gland Abscess may occur spontaneously or as infection of duct cyst.

• #17 Bartholin Cyst Explained: Signs, Diagnosis, and Recovery

  https://www.felixhospital.com/blogs/bartholin-cyst

  A Bartholin cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms when the Bartholin gland, located on either side of the vaginal opening, becomes blocked. The Bartholin glands are responsible for producing fluid that helps lubricate the vagina. When the duct that carries this fluid becomes obstructed, the fluid builds up inside the gland, causing a cyst to form. […] Bartholin cysts occur when the duct of the Bartholin gland becomes blocked, leading to fluid buildup. While the exact cause of the blockage is not always clear, several factors can contribute to the formation of a Bartholin cyst: […] Infections: Bacterial infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like gonorrhea and chlamydia, can increase the risk of developing a Bartholin cyst. […] Hygiene issues: Poor hygiene or irritation from soaps, lotions, or chemicals can sometimes lead to gland blockage. […] Injury: Trauma or injury to the vaginal area may also block the duct and cause a cyst to form. […] Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations, especially during puberty or menopause, can impact the functioning of the Bartholin glands.

• #18 Bartholin Gland Cyst and Bartholin Gland Abscess – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/miscellaneous-gynecologic-abnormalities/bartholin-gland-cyst-and-bartholin-gland-abscess

  Bartholin gland cysts are mucus-filled sacs that can form when the glands located near the opening to the vagina are blocked. […] If the duct to a Bartholin gland is blocked, the gland becomes filled with mucus and enlarges. The result is a cyst. These cysts develop in about 2% of women, usually those in their 20s. […] Typically, the cause of the blockage is unknown. Rarely, cysts can become infected with a sexually transmitted infection, such as gonorrhea. […] Very rarely, cancer can form in Bartholin glands.

• #19 Bartholin’s Gland Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Removing a Bartholin Gland Cyst

  https://www.webmd.com/women/bartholins-gland-cyst

  A blockage could result from long-term irritation, but it can also be caused by: […] Most Bartholin’s cysts do not become infected and aren’t contagious upon skin-to-skin contact. Cysts that are caused by STIs, however, can be spread. […] The cysts typically happen in your childbearing years but, in rare cases, can occur after menopause. They’re less likely to develop as you age. People who are postmenopausal should have vaginal lumps checked.

• #20 Bartholin Cyst: Causes and At-Home or Medical Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bartholins-cyst-overview-4176350

  A Bartholin’s cyst, also known as Bartholin’s gland cyst or a Bartholins duct cyst, occurs when one of two glands at the vaginal opening fills up with fluid. […] The openings of the Bartholin’s glands are located at either side of the vaginal entrance. They can get blocked by something like an infection. If this happens, the buildup of fluid leads to a cyst. […] The cause of a Bartholin’s cyst is often unknown. Known causes may include: Bacterial vaginal infections (e.g., E. coli), Extra thick vaginal mucus, Vaginal injury, Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (e.g., gonorrhea or chlamydia). […] Having persistent Bartholin’s gland cysts at an older age might raise suspicion for Bartholin’s gland cancer and warrant removal.

• #21 Bartholin Cyst: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17737-bartholin-cyst

  A Bartholin cyst occurs when a blockage happens at the openings of one of these glands, causing the fluid to build up and form a lump. […] Bartholin cysts are typically not caused by a bacterial infection. They can become infected more commonly by E. coli (bacteria typically from your colon) and other bacterial infections or sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea and chlamydia. These bacteria can clog the Bartholin gland and lead to a cyst.

• #22 Bartholin cyst – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1060

  A Bartholin duct cyst is a noninfectious occlusion of the distal Bartholin duct with resultant retention of secretions. […] A Bartholin gland abscess may result from polymicrobial infection of the cyst fluid or, less commonly, from primary infection of the gland or duct. […] A Bartholin duct abscess may be primary (from bartholinitis) or secondary (from infection of Bartholin cyst).

• #23 Bartholin’s cyst: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/185022

  A Bartholins cyst is a firm, tender, noncancerous lump. It develops due to a blockage in the Bartholins glands, between the vulva and the vagina. […] Bartholins cysts are firm, tender masses that do not always cause pain. Although infectious agents are not responsible for causing the cysts to develop, bacteria can enter the fluid in them once they have formed. If this occurs, the cysts may become abscesses. […] If there is a blockage of mucus in these ducts, the lubricant accumulates. This buildup causes the ducts to expand and a Bartholins cyst to form. […] The reaction of the immune system to a bacterial infectious agent may cause the blockage and subsequent abscess. […] While doctors do not consider Bartholins cyst to result exclusively from sexual transmission, N. gonorrhoeae is among the most common pathogens that doctors isolate when testing the cysts. […] Bacterial infectious agents often cause the initial duct blockage that leads to Bartholins cysts, although the exact mechanisms behind the blockage are often unclear. Some STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, can cause the cyst.

• #24 Bartholin Gland Diseases: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777112-overview

  Uncomplicated Bartholin cysts are filled with nonpurulent mucous. Several studies have aimed to identify the most common bacterial pathogens responsible for Bartholin abscess formation. Studies from the 1970-1980s named Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis as common pathogens. More recent studies report the predominance of opportunistic bacteria such as Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species, and, most commonly, Escherichia coli.

• #25 Management of Bartholin’s cyst and abscess, Gynaecology (066) | Right Decisions

  https://rightdecisions.scot.nhs.uk/ggc-clinical-guidelines/gynaecology/gynaecology-guidelines/management-of-bartholin-s-cyst-and-abscess-gynaecology-066/

  The Bartholins gland is a mucus secreting gland located bilaterally at the base of the labia minora, at the level of the hymen. When the duct becomes blocked, a cyst may form and the gland may be palpable. If the cyst becomes infected, an abscess may form which can cause severe pain. The life-time risk is approximately 3%. […] Bartholins duct abscesses may be polymicrobial: E. coli (single most common pathogen), followed by infections including Staphylococcus aureus, Group B streptococci and Enterococci species. Neisseria gonorrohoea may be identified. […] The purpose of this is to create a fistula and prevent further abscess formation.

• #26 Bartholin Gland Cyst and Bartholin Gland Abscess – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/miscellaneous-gynecologic-disorders/bartholin-gland-cyst-and-bartholin-gland-abscess

  Bartholin glands are round, very small, nonpalpable, and located deep in the posterolateral vaginal orifice. Obstruction of the Bartholin duct causes the gland to enlarge with mucus, resulting in a cyst. Cause of obstruction is usually unknown. Rarely, the cysts result from a sexually transmitted infection (eg, gonorrhea). […] They result from ductal obstruction; the cause is usually unknown. […] Cysts may become infected, sometimes with MRSA, and form an abscess.

• #27

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gynecology/422752/bartholin-gland-cysts-abscesses

  normally glands secrete mucus for vaginal/vulvar lubrication […] if orifice becomes obstructed, mucus accumulates and gland dilates […] an obstructed Bartholin duct that becomes infected […] most commonly polymicrobial, Staphylococcus aureus, or Escherichia coli.

• #28 Management of Bartholin’s Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0701/p135.html

  Obstruction of the distal Bartholin’s duct may result in the retention of secretions, with resultant dilation of the duct and formation of a cyst. The cyst may become infected, and an abscess may develop in the gland. A Bartholin’s duct cyst does not necessarily have to be present before a gland abscess develops. […] Bartholin’s gland abscesses are polymicrobial. Although Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the predominant aerobic isolate, anaerobes are the most common pathogens. Chlamydia trachomatis also may be a causative organism. However, Bartholin’s duct cysts and gland abscesses are no longer considered to be exclusively the result of sexually transmitted infections.

• #29 Bartholin’s cyst – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1060

  A Bartholin’s duct cyst is a non-infectious occlusion of the distal Bartholin’s duct, with resultant retention of secretions. […] A Bartholin’s gland abscess may result from polymicrobial infection of the cyst fluid or, less commonly, from primary infection of the gland or duct. […] A Bartholin’s duct cyst may be asymptomatic if the cyst is small. It typically presents as a medially protruding mass at the inferior aspect of the labia majora, in the posterior introitus, and is crossed by the labium minus. Duct cysts and gland cysts are indistinguishable, and the terms are used interchangeably. A Bartholin’s duct abscess may be primary (from bartholinitis) or secondary (from infection of Bartholin’s cyst.

• #30 Bartholin’s cyst

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bartholins-cyst/

  A Bartholins cyst happens when small glands in the vagina become blocked. It’s often not known why the glands become blocked. […] If a Bartholins cyst becomes infected, this can cause an abscess. A Bartholins abscess may be caused by infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia.

• #31 Bartholin Gland Masses : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/bartholin-gland-masses/

  Blockage of the Bartholin duct, resulting in a cyst or abscess, is a common etiology of a vulvar mass and accounts for 2% of all gynecological visits per year. […] The diagnosis of a cyst or abscess are clinical in nature. […] A cyst can be diagnosed based on the physical findings of a nontender, soft mass at the site of the Bartholin gland and duct. […] An abscess can be diagnosed based on the physical findings of a large, tender, soft, warm, or fluctuant mass at the site of the Bartholin gland and duct. There may be erythema, edema, or purulent discharge.

• #32 Endometriosis of the Bartholin gland: a case report and review of the literature | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-020-02424-7

  Endometriosis is defined as endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus. Endometriosis is a common disease, affecting 610% of women of childbearing age. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of endometriosis is still unclear, although thought to be complex and multifactorial. Several theories were hypothesized in the past. The three most common hypotheses are retrograde menstruation, metaplasia theory, and lymphatic or hematogenous spreading. Retrograde menstruation is an example of hematogenous spreading, it is reflux of endometrial cells through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity during menstruation. In Meyers (1903) metaplasia theory, the development of the disease is a result of a transformation of peritoneal tissue into endometrial tissue through hormonal and immunological factors. Sampsons (1925) theory explained the etiology of endometriosis by lymphatic and hematogenous spreading and transplantation of endometrial tissue. Modern theories of endometriosis pathogenesis are multifactorial; estrogens, genetics, direct transplantation, immune system, environment, and congenital defects may be involved. […] Considering the localization of endometriosis in the Bartholin gland, direct transplantation in the gland during menstruation is a plausible explanation.

• #33 Bartholin Cyst

  https://www.webpathology.com/images/gynecologic/vulva-vagina/cysts/38746

  Bartholin cyst – the most common cyst of vulva – it is cystic dilatation of Bartholin gland or its duct. Blockage of the duct, perhaps secondary to infection, can lead to retained secretions and cyst formation. […] The low-power view shows the dilated duct lined by transitional epithelium and numerous mucus glands in the cyst wall.

• #34 Report of a Case of a Giant Dumb-Bell Shaped Bartholin’s Gland Cyst and Systematic Review of the Literature

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/49/9/10.31083/j.ceog4909202

  Background: Bartholin’s gland cysts are one of the most frequent masses involving vulva. They may start as cysts without symptoms but if untreated, they may grow, leading to infection and consequent surgical treatment. […] In addition we highlight the utility of perineal ultrasound in the management of Bartholin’s gland cyst in order to define a right differential diagnosis between cystic and solid vulvar masses.

• #35 Bartholin’s cyst – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholin%27s_cyst

  A Bartholin’s cyst occurs when a Bartholin’s gland within the labia becomes blocked. […] A Bartholin’s gland cyst develops when the duct that drains the gland becomes blocked. Blockage may be caused by an infection or a mucus plug. The secretions from the Bartholin’s gland are retained, forming a cyst. […] The underlying mechanism of the cyst was determined in 1967 by the obstetrician Samuel Buford Word.

• #36 Bartholin’s cyst – Wikiwand

  https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Bartholin’s_cyst

  A Bartholin’s gland cyst develops when the duct that drains the gland becomes blocked. Blockage may be caused by an infection or a mucus plug. The secretions from the Bartholin’s gland are retained, forming a cyst. […] The cause of a Bartholin’s cyst is unknown. An abscess results from a bacterial infection, but it is not usually a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Rarely, gonorrhea may be involved. […] The underlying mechanism of the cyst was determined in 1967 by the obstetrician Samuel Buford Word.

• #37 Bartholin Abscess Drainage: Overview, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80260-overview

  Bartholin abscesses and cysts account for 2% of all gynecological visits per year. A Bartholin cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops in one of the Bartholin glands or ducts when the duct that drains the fluid from the gland becomes blocked and causes the duct and gland to swell. A Bartholin gland abscess develops either when a Bartholin cyst becomes infected or when the Bartholin gland itself becomes infected. […] Different techniques exist for the treatment of Bartholin cysts and abscesses, but there has been no proven superiority between surgical and conservative management strategies. […] The Word catheter may be left in place for several weeks to minimize the chance of recurrence. When healing is completed, a small permanent fistula is created in between the cyst cavity and the vestibular area. The size of the ostium is very small and scarcely visible with time.

• #38 Bartholin Abscess Drainage: Overview, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80260-overview

  Marsupialization involves opening the Bartholin cyst or abscess and then suturing the edges, thereby forming a permanent open pocket or pouch and allowing continued drainage. This procedure may be performed under general or local anesthesia, is more complicated than Word catheterization, and is typically reserved for recurrent cysts or abscesses. […] In general, the effectiveness, complication rates, and recurrence rates are similar between marsupialization and Word catheterization. […] A meta-analysis by Bakouei et al of four studies involving 735 patients compared the risk of recurrence of Bartholin gland cysts or abscesses after Word catheterization or marsupialization. The results showed no significant difference in recurrence.

• #39 Bartholin Gland Cyst (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/18147

  Bartholin gland obstruction may occur after trauma to the area, episiotomy, or childbirth; however, it may also occur without an identifiable cause.[2] […] Bartholin cysts/abscesses are predominantly found in women of child-bearing age. The incidence of Bartholin cysts is most often noted at the onset of puberty and increases with age until menopause.[1] […] Asymptomatic Bartholin cysts do not require further treatment. Bartholin cysts or abscesses that are spontaneously draining may be managed conservatively with sitz baths and analgesics. […] Although no modality of treatment, surgical or conservative, has been shown to be superior to any other in terms of recurrence rate,[5] first-time Bartholin abscesses may be treated with incision and drainage with Word catheter placement due to ease and effectiveness of treatment.

• #40 Bartholian cyst | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/bartholian-cyst/247828994

  A Bartholin’s cyst is a fluid-filled sac within the Bartholin’s gland of the vagina. Bartholin’s cysts typically occur in nulliparous women of child-bearing age and other risk factors include a personal history of Bartholin’s cyst, being sexually active, or a history of vulval surgery. […] The cyst can undergo spontaneous rupture after which the patient typically experiences a sudden relief of pain. […] The diagnosis of a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess is often a clinical one, and further investigations are not routinely required. […] Treatment is usually by Word Catheter or marsupialisation. There is no high quality evidence comparing different treatment options. However, simple incision and drainage without marsupialisation or placement of a Word catheter means that the accumulation of fluid is likely to reoccur (due to further outflow obstruction). […] Marsupialisation a vertical incision is made into the cyst, behind the hymenal ring, allowing for spontaneous drainage of the cavity. The cyst wall is then everted and approximated to the end of the vaginal mucosa by sutures. This requires a general anaesthetic to achieve good marsupialisation.

• #41 Bartholin Gland Cyst (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/18147

  Incision and drainage with Word catheter placement may be attempted a second time for recurrent Bartholin abscess with the addition of antibiotics. Antibiotics should cover staphylococcal, specifically methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcal species as well as enteric gram-negative aerobes, including Escherichia coli. […] Marsupialization is performed by a gynecologist in the operating room, and for this reason, incision and drainage with Word catheter placement is usually attempted first. Marsupialization is performed by creating a 2-cm incision lateral to the hymenal ring, everting the edges with forceps, and suturing the edges onto the epithelial surface with interrupted absorbable sutures.[7] […] Other less common procedures include silver nitrate ablation,[8] carbon dioxide laser vaporization,[9] Jacobi ring placement [10], and Bartholin gland excision as a last resort when other modalities have failed.

• #42 Bartholin’s Cyst or Abscess : University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.uclh.nhs.uk/patients-and-visitors/patient-information-pages/bartholins-cyst-or-abscess

  A Bartholins cyst develops when the duct becomes blocked and the fluid becomes trapped in the sac. […] The cyst may turn into an abscess (a sac containing pus) if it becomes infected, and this can result in severe discomfort and pain. […] The aim of the catheter is to stop the opening from closing up, so that a new duct can form over the catheter, helping to prevent blockage of the gland in the future. […] A cut is made into the cyst/abscess to drain it, and then the edges of the cyst/abscess are stitched to keep the cyst open, to try and prevent the cyst from re-forming. […] Surgical excision or removal of the Bartholins gland itself is only recommended as a last resort, if a cyst or abscess repeatedly reforms on the same side.

• #43 Bartholin’s Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/vulval-problems-leaflet/bartholins-cyst-and-abscess

  A Bartholin’s cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops in one of the Bartholin’s glands. This fluid-filled swelling usually develops because the tube (duct) that drains the fluid has become blocked. The reason why a Bartholin’s duct may become blocked and lead to a cyst is not clear. […] If a Bartholin’s cyst becomes infected then an abscess (known as a Bartholin’s abscess) can develop. An abscess is a collection of pus that can occur with an infection. Many types of germs (bacteria) can infect a Bartholin’s cyst or gland to cause an abscess. Most are the common germs that cause skin or urine infections, such as Staphylococcus (which lives on the skin normally) and Escherichia coli (which lives in the gut normally). Some cases are due to sexually transmitted infections (STI’s) such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia. […] Bartholin’s cysts and abscesses cannot usually be prevented. Most occur 'out of the blue’ for no apparent reason.

• #44 Bartholin’s Cyst and Abscess: Causes and Care

  https://maygrant.com/blog/understanding-bartholins-cyst-and-abscess/

  For an abscess, the primary goal is to drain the pus and relieve the associated pain and swelling. This is often achieved through a minor surgical procedure in which a small incision is made to allow the pus to drain. […] For recurrent cysts or abscesses, a procedure known as marsupialization may be performed. This involves creating a small, permanent opening in the duct to allow continuous drainage, reducing the likelihood of future blockages. […] While it is not always possible to prevent Bartholin’s cysts or abscesses, certain measures can reduce the risk. Practicing good hygiene, wearing breathable underwear, and avoiding irritants like harsh soaps or douches can help maintain the health of the vaginal area. Additionally, addressing any underlying infections promptly can prevent the development of an abscess.

• #45 Understanding Bartholin’s Cysts: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Virtus Medical

  https://virtusmedical.com/disease/bartholins-cyst?locale=en

  The Bartholins glands, also known as the vestibular glands, are located on both sides of the vaginal opening. Normally, they cannot be felt. Their primary function is to secret lubricating fluid during sexual activity to moisten the vagina. When the opening of the Bartholins gland becomes blocked due to chronic irritation, friction, or bacterial infection, the lubricating fluid cannot be released and becomes trapped, forming a cyst. […] If medical treatment is ineffective, if the abscess reaches a size of 2 cm or larger, or if there are significant pain or fever symptoms, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain the pus. In cases of recurrent Bartholin’s cysts, marsupialization can be performed once the infection is under control, reducing the chances of recurrence. Marsupialization can be carried out at a day surgery centre. During this procedure, the doctor will suture the inner wall of the cyst to create a small pouch. The purpose is to establish a permanent drainage opening, reducing the buildup of secretions and minimizing the likelihood of recurrence. […] Excessive grooming of pubic hair can irritate or infect the skin in the genital area, leading to inflammation of the Bartholin’s gland. It is advised to avoid excessive grooming and maintain good hygiene in the genital area.

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