Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Management of Bartholin’s Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0701/p135.html

  Bartholin’s duct cysts, the most common cystic growths in the vulva, occur in the labia majora. Two percent of women develop a Bartholin’s duct cyst or gland abscess at some time in life. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. One case-control study found that white and black women were more likely to develop Bartholin’s cysts or abscesses than Hispanic women, and that women of high parity were at lowest risk. […] Gradual involution of the Bartholin’s glands can occur by the time a woman reaches 30 years of age. This may account for the more frequent occurrence of Bartholin’s duct cysts and gland abscesses during the reproductive years, especially between 20 and 29 years of age. […] Some investigators have suggested that surgical excision is unnecessary because of the low risk of Bartholin’s gland cancer (0.114 cancers per 100,000 woman-years). However, if the diagnosis of cancer is delayed, the prognosis can be poor.

• #2 Bartholin’s cyst – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholin%27s_cyst

  Two percent of women will have a Bartholin’s gland cyst at some point in their lives. […] They occur at a rate of 0.55 per 1000 person-years and in women aged 35-50 years at a rate of 1.21 per 1000 person-years. […] The incidence of Bartholin duct cysts increases with age until menopause, and decreases thereafter. […] Hispanic women may be more often affected than white women and black women. […] The risk of developing a Bartholin’s gland cyst increases with the number of childbirths.

• #3 Bartholin gland cyst and abscess – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/bartholin-gland-cyst-and-abscess/

  2% of women are affected at some point in their lives by a Bartholin gland cyst or abscess. […] Peak incidence: women in the reproductive age group. […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified.

• #4 Bartholin’s cyst – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholin%27s_cyst

  Two percent of women will have a Bartholin’s gland cyst at some point in their lives. […] They occur at a rate of 0.55 per 1000 person-years and in women aged 35-50 years at a rate of 1.21 per 1000 person-years. […] The incidence of Bartholin duct cysts increases with age until menopause, and decreases thereafter. […] Hispanic women may be more often affected than white women and black women. […] The risk of developing a Bartholin’s gland cyst increases with the number of childbirths.

• #5 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses

  Bartholin gland masses […] Epidemiology – The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. In prospective studies including asymptomatic patients undergoing pelvic imaging (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), Bartholin cysts were present in 0.6 to 3 percent of patients. Symptomatic patients with Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for approximately 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] Incidence appears to peak around menopause. In one retrospective study, the incidence of Bartholin cysts and abscesses increased with age until menopause and then decreased. […] Benign tumors of the Bartholin gland and Bartholin gland carcinoma are rare. […] Risk factors – While there are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses, a previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence. […] Risk factors for Bartholin gland carcinoma are also not well established.

• #6 Bartholin Gland Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532271/

  Bartholin cysts/abscesses are predominantly found in women of child-bearing age. The incidence of Bartholin cysts is most often noted at the onset of puberty and increases with age until menopause. Symptomatic Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] The prognosis is excellent but if the cyst is just aspirated, high recurrence rates have been reported. The healing and recurrence rates are similar among fistulization, marsupialization, and silver nitrate and alcohol sclerotherapy. Needle aspiration and incision and drainage, the two simplest procedures, are not recommended because of the relatively increased recurrence rate.

• #7 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDateDiagnosis_of_vulvovaginal_m.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses/print

  Bartholin cysts and abscesses will be reviewed here. Other types of vulvar abscess, vulvar lesions, and vulvar cancer, including Bartholin gland carcinoma, are discussed in detail separately. […] Epidemiology – The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. In prospective studies including asymptomatic patients undergoing pelvic imaging (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), Bartholin cysts were present in 0.6 to 3 percent of patients. Symptomatic patients with Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for approximately 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] Incidence appears to peak around menopause. In one retrospective study, the incidence of Bartholin cysts and abscesses increased with age until menopause and then decreased.

• #8 Management of Bartholin’s Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0701/p135.html

  Bartholin’s duct cysts, the most common cystic growths in the vulva, occur in the labia majora. Two percent of women develop a Bartholin’s duct cyst or gland abscess at some time in life. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. One case-control study found that white and black women were more likely to develop Bartholin’s cysts or abscesses than Hispanic women, and that women of high parity were at lowest risk. […] Gradual involution of the Bartholin’s glands can occur by the time a woman reaches 30 years of age. This may account for the more frequent occurrence of Bartholin’s duct cysts and gland abscesses during the reproductive years, especially between 20 and 29 years of age. […] Some investigators have suggested that surgical excision is unnecessary because of the low risk of Bartholin’s gland cancer (0.114 cancers per 100,000 woman-years). However, if the diagnosis of cancer is delayed, the prognosis can be poor.

• #9 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses

  Bartholin gland masses […] Epidemiology – The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. In prospective studies including asymptomatic patients undergoing pelvic imaging (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), Bartholin cysts were present in 0.6 to 3 percent of patients. Symptomatic patients with Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for approximately 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] Incidence appears to peak around menopause. In one retrospective study, the incidence of Bartholin cysts and abscesses increased with age until menopause and then decreased. […] Benign tumors of the Bartholin gland and Bartholin gland carcinoma are rare. […] Risk factors – While there are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses, a previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence. […] Risk factors for Bartholin gland carcinoma are also not well established.

• #10 A 5-year Review of Incidence, Presentation and Management of Bartholin Gland Cysts and Abscesses in a Tertiary Hospital, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.22274551v1

  Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses are common in women of reproductive age and declines after menopause. […] To determine the incidence, presentation and management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria, over a five-year period. […] There were 2,478 gynaecological cases managed in our Centre; out of which there were 26 cases of Bartholin cyst and abscess, giving an incidence of 1.05%. […] Women of reproductive age-group should be counselled on this condition and encouraged to keep good perineal hygiene and better sexual conduct so as to reduce the risk of Bartholin cysts and abscesses.

• #11 A 5-year Review of Incidence, Presentation and Management of Bartholin Gland Cysts and Abscesses in a Tertiary Hospital, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.22274551v1.full-text

  Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses are common in women of reproductive age and declines after menopause. […] Bartholin abscess occurs in about 2% of women. […] The incidence of Bartholin cyst and abscess in the study was 1.05%. […] A positive microbial culture was obtained in 84% of cases, with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli being the isolated organisms. […] The principle of management of Bartholin abscess includes adequate analgesia, surgical drainage, bacteriological investigation of recovered specimen and appropriate antibiotic therapy. […] Marsupialisation is the most common treatment modality. […] The recent trend towards the placement of Word catheter has transformed the treatment of Bartholin cyst/abscess. […] The objective of this study is to determine the incidence, presentation and management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. […] The most common predisposing factor, reported by almost one-half of the women in this study, was multiple sexual partners. […] Surgery is the mainstay of management of Bartholin cyst/abscess, and marsupialization and fistulisation are the most common treatment modalities.

• #12 Bartholin’s Cyst – Abscess – Clinical Features – Management – TeachMeObGyn

  https://teachmeobgyn.com/gynaecology/vaginal-vulval/bartholins-cyst-abscess/

  The exact incidence of Bartholins cysts and abscesses is uncertain, but abscesses account for 2% of all gynaecological visits a year. Asymptomatic cysts may occur in up to 3% of women, although they often do not present to healthcare services. […] Bartholins cysts characteristically occur in nulliparous women of child-bearing age. […] The diagnosis of a Bartholins cyst or abscess is often a clinical one, and further investigations are not routinely required.

• #13 Bartholin’s cyst – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholin%27s_cyst

  Two percent of women will have a Bartholin’s gland cyst at some point in their lives. […] They occur at a rate of 0.55 per 1000 person-years and in women aged 35-50 years at a rate of 1.21 per 1000 person-years. […] The incidence of Bartholin duct cysts increases with age until menopause, and decreases thereafter. […] Hispanic women may be more often affected than white women and black women. […] The risk of developing a Bartholin’s gland cyst increases with the number of childbirths.

• #14 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses

  Bartholin gland masses […] Epidemiology – The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. In prospective studies including asymptomatic patients undergoing pelvic imaging (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), Bartholin cysts were present in 0.6 to 3 percent of patients. Symptomatic patients with Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for approximately 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] Incidence appears to peak around menopause. In one retrospective study, the incidence of Bartholin cysts and abscesses increased with age until menopause and then decreased. […] Benign tumors of the Bartholin gland and Bartholin gland carcinoma are rare. […] Risk factors – While there are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses, a previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence. […] Risk factors for Bartholin gland carcinoma are also not well established.

• #15 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDateDiagnosis_of_vulvovaginal_m.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses/print

  Bartholin cysts and abscesses will be reviewed here. Other types of vulvar abscess, vulvar lesions, and vulvar cancer, including Bartholin gland carcinoma, are discussed in detail separately. […] Epidemiology – The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. In prospective studies including asymptomatic patients undergoing pelvic imaging (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), Bartholin cysts were present in 0.6 to 3 percent of patients. Symptomatic patients with Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for approximately 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] Incidence appears to peak around menopause. In one retrospective study, the incidence of Bartholin cysts and abscesses increased with age until menopause and then decreased.

• #16 Bartholin Gland Diseases: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777112-overview

  Approximately 2% of women of reproductive age will experience swelling of one or both Bartholin glands. […] Bartholin gland diseases are rarely complicated by systemic infection, sepsis, and bleeding secondary to surgical treatment. Missed diagnosis of malignancy may result in poorer outcome for those patients. […] These diseases typically occur in women between the ages of 20 and 30 years. Bartholin gland enlargement in patients older than 40 years is rare and should be referred to a gynecologist for possible biopsy. […] If abscesses are properly drained and reclosure is prevented, most abscesses have a good outcome. Recurrence rates are generally reported to be less than 20%.

• #17 Bartholin Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess: Office Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p760.html

  Two percent of women will develop a cyst or an abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the range of treatment options. […] Two percent of women develop a Bartholin duct cyst or gland abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the anatomy and range of treatment options. […] Bartholin duct cysts and gland abscesses are more likely to occur in sexually active women as a result of ductal obstruction caused by friction during intercourse. […] Bartholin gland involution occurs by 30 years of age, and enlargement in women older than 40 years should raise suspicion for malignancy, particularly if the gland is firm, fixed, or irregularly shaped. […] Although Bartholin gland cancers account for only about 5% of vulvar carcinomas, early recognition is important because of the risk of local invasion and metastasis. […] The two most common types of Bartholin gland carcinomas are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

• #18 Pulsenotes | Bartholin gland cyst

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/specialities/gynaecology/notes/bartholin-gland-cyst

  Bartholin gland cysts or abscesses most commonly affect sexually active women. […] A Bartholin gland abscess is more common than a cyst. A previous cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrent episodes. They do not usually affect children because the glands are not fully active until puberty. In addition, they are uncommon in older woman because they atrophy with menopause.

• #19

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/b/article/bartholinscyst/

  A Bartholin’s cyst usually affects sexually active women aged between 20 and 30. […] Bartholin’s cysts do not usually affect children because the Bartholin’s glands do not start functioning until puberty. […] The cysts are also uncommon after the menopause as this usually causes the Bartholin’s glands to shrink.

• #20 Management of Bartholin’s Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0701/p135.html

  Bartholin’s duct cysts, the most common cystic growths in the vulva, occur in the labia majora. Two percent of women develop a Bartholin’s duct cyst or gland abscess at some time in life. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. One case-control study found that white and black women were more likely to develop Bartholin’s cysts or abscesses than Hispanic women, and that women of high parity were at lowest risk. […] Gradual involution of the Bartholin’s glands can occur by the time a woman reaches 30 years of age. This may account for the more frequent occurrence of Bartholin’s duct cysts and gland abscesses during the reproductive years, especially between 20 and 29 years of age. […] Some investigators have suggested that surgical excision is unnecessary because of the low risk of Bartholin’s gland cancer (0.114 cancers per 100,000 woman-years). However, if the diagnosis of cancer is delayed, the prognosis can be poor.

• #21 Pulsenotes | Bartholin gland cyst

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/specialities/gynaecology/notes/bartholin-gland-cyst

  Bartholin gland cysts or abscesses most commonly affect sexually active women. […] A Bartholin gland abscess is more common than a cyst. A previous cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrent episodes. They do not usually affect children because the glands are not fully active until puberty. In addition, they are uncommon in older woman because they atrophy with menopause.

• #22 Bartholin Gland Diseases: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777112-overview

  Approximately 2% of women of reproductive age will experience swelling of one or both Bartholin glands. […] Bartholin gland diseases are rarely complicated by systemic infection, sepsis, and bleeding secondary to surgical treatment. Missed diagnosis of malignancy may result in poorer outcome for those patients. […] These diseases typically occur in women between the ages of 20 and 30 years. Bartholin gland enlargement in patients older than 40 years is rare and should be referred to a gynecologist for possible biopsy. […] If abscesses are properly drained and reclosure is prevented, most abscesses have a good outcome. Recurrence rates are generally reported to be less than 20%.

• #23 Bartholin’s Cyst | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/bartholins-cyst-and-abscess-pro

  Cysts or abscesses are usually unilateral. Bartholin’s cysts occur in about 3% of women. They most commonly present in women of childbearing age. If they present after the age of 40 a malignant cause must be considered, although this is rare. […] Women over the age of 40 presenting with a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess should have a biopsy to rule out carcinoma. This is uncommon but a number of types of malignancy of the vulva can occasionally present in this way. Carcinoma of the Bartholin’s gland accounts for around 5% of vulval carcinoma.

• #24 Bartholin Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess: Office Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p760.html

  Two percent of women will develop a cyst or an abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the range of treatment options. […] Two percent of women develop a Bartholin duct cyst or gland abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the anatomy and range of treatment options. […] Bartholin duct cysts and gland abscesses are more likely to occur in sexually active women as a result of ductal obstruction caused by friction during intercourse. […] Bartholin gland involution occurs by 30 years of age, and enlargement in women older than 40 years should raise suspicion for malignancy, particularly if the gland is firm, fixed, or irregularly shaped. […] Although Bartholin gland cancers account for only about 5% of vulvar carcinomas, early recognition is important because of the risk of local invasion and metastasis. […] The two most common types of Bartholin gland carcinomas are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

• #25 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses

  Bartholin gland masses […] Epidemiology – The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. In prospective studies including asymptomatic patients undergoing pelvic imaging (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), Bartholin cysts were present in 0.6 to 3 percent of patients. Symptomatic patients with Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for approximately 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] Incidence appears to peak around menopause. In one retrospective study, the incidence of Bartholin cysts and abscesses increased with age until menopause and then decreased. […] Benign tumors of the Bartholin gland and Bartholin gland carcinoma are rare. […] Risk factors – While there are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses, a previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence. […] Risk factors for Bartholin gland carcinoma are also not well established.

• #26 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDateDiagnosis_of_vulvovaginal_m.htm

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses/print

  Benign tumors of the Bartholin gland and Bartholin gland carcinoma are rare. […] Risk factors – While there are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses, a previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence. Risk factors for Bartholin gland carcinoma are also not well established.

• #27 Bartholin Gland Masses : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/bartholin-gland-masses/

  Blockage of the Bartholin duct, resulting in a cyst or abscess, is a common etiology of a vulvar mass and accounts for 2% of all gynecological visits per year. […] There are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses. […] A previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence.

• #28 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses

  Bartholin gland masses […] Epidemiology – The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. In prospective studies including asymptomatic patients undergoing pelvic imaging (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), Bartholin cysts were present in 0.6 to 3 percent of patients. Symptomatic patients with Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for approximately 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] Incidence appears to peak around menopause. In one retrospective study, the incidence of Bartholin cysts and abscesses increased with age until menopause and then decreased. […] Benign tumors of the Bartholin gland and Bartholin gland carcinoma are rare. […] Risk factors – While there are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses, a previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence. […] Risk factors for Bartholin gland carcinoma are also not well established.

• #29 Bartholin Gland Masses : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/bartholin-gland-masses/

  Blockage of the Bartholin duct, resulting in a cyst or abscess, is a common etiology of a vulvar mass and accounts for 2% of all gynecological visits per year. […] There are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses. […] A previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence.

• #30 Bartholin Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess: Office Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p760.html

  Two percent of women will develop a cyst or an abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the range of treatment options. […] Two percent of women develop a Bartholin duct cyst or gland abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the anatomy and range of treatment options. […] Bartholin duct cysts and gland abscesses are more likely to occur in sexually active women as a result of ductal obstruction caused by friction during intercourse. […] Bartholin gland involution occurs by 30 years of age, and enlargement in women older than 40 years should raise suspicion for malignancy, particularly if the gland is firm, fixed, or irregularly shaped. […] Although Bartholin gland cancers account for only about 5% of vulvar carcinomas, early recognition is important because of the risk of local invasion and metastasis. […] The two most common types of Bartholin gland carcinomas are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

• #31 Pulsenotes | Bartholin gland cyst

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/specialities/gynaecology/notes/bartholin-gland-cyst

  Bartholin gland cysts or abscesses most commonly affect sexually active women. […] A Bartholin gland abscess is more common than a cyst. A previous cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrent episodes. They do not usually affect children because the glands are not fully active until puberty. In addition, they are uncommon in older woman because they atrophy with menopause.

• #32 Bartholin’s Cyst – Dr Ben Medical – Men’s Health Clinic | Women’s Health Singapore

  https://dbclinic.com.sg/bartholins-cyst-can-this-be-a-sign-of-std/

  Bartholins cyst or infection commonly affects women of reproductive age. The incidence decreases once a woman reaches menopausal age. Bartholins cyst cases make up approximately 2% of gynaecological cases seen annually. […] Women at risk of developing Bartholins cyst include those who are sexually active and with a history of Bartholins cyst. […] Although the majority of the cause of Bartholins cysts or abscesses remains unknown, there is an association of Bartholins cysts/abscesses with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly chlamydia and gonorrhoea. It may be worthwhile to consider screening for bacterial STIs if there is evidence of recurring Bartholins cyst infections and if you are sexually active. […] If Bartholins cyst infection does not resolve, tends to recur, and a person is sexually active, infective causes such as STDs should be considered as a differential cause. […] Infective causes of Bartholins cyst will require antibiotic therapy.

• #33

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gynecology/422752/bartholin-gland-cysts-abscesses

  occurs in women of child-bearing age […] incidence increases from puberty to menopause […] risk factors […] history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

• #34 A 5-year Review of Incidence, Presentation and Management of Bartholin Gland Cysts and Abscesses in a Tertiary Hospital, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.22274551v1.full-text

  Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses are common in women of reproductive age and declines after menopause. […] Bartholin abscess occurs in about 2% of women. […] The incidence of Bartholin cyst and abscess in the study was 1.05%. […] A positive microbial culture was obtained in 84% of cases, with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli being the isolated organisms. […] The principle of management of Bartholin abscess includes adequate analgesia, surgical drainage, bacteriological investigation of recovered specimen and appropriate antibiotic therapy. […] Marsupialisation is the most common treatment modality. […] The recent trend towards the placement of Word catheter has transformed the treatment of Bartholin cyst/abscess. […] The objective of this study is to determine the incidence, presentation and management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. […] The most common predisposing factor, reported by almost one-half of the women in this study, was multiple sexual partners. […] Surgery is the mainstay of management of Bartholin cyst/abscess, and marsupialization and fistulisation are the most common treatment modalities.

• #35 Management of Bartholin’s Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0701/p135.html

  Bartholin’s duct cysts, the most common cystic growths in the vulva, occur in the labia majora. Two percent of women develop a Bartholin’s duct cyst or gland abscess at some time in life. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. One case-control study found that white and black women were more likely to develop Bartholin’s cysts or abscesses than Hispanic women, and that women of high parity were at lowest risk. […] Gradual involution of the Bartholin’s glands can occur by the time a woman reaches 30 years of age. This may account for the more frequent occurrence of Bartholin’s duct cysts and gland abscesses during the reproductive years, especially between 20 and 29 years of age. […] Some investigators have suggested that surgical excision is unnecessary because of the low risk of Bartholin’s gland cancer (0.114 cancers per 100,000 woman-years). However, if the diagnosis of cancer is delayed, the prognosis can be poor.

• #36 Bartholin’s cyst – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholin%27s_cyst

  Two percent of women will have a Bartholin’s gland cyst at some point in their lives. […] They occur at a rate of 0.55 per 1000 person-years and in women aged 35-50 years at a rate of 1.21 per 1000 person-years. […] The incidence of Bartholin duct cysts increases with age until menopause, and decreases thereafter. […] Hispanic women may be more often affected than white women and black women. […] The risk of developing a Bartholin’s gland cyst increases with the number of childbirths.

• #37 Management of Bartholin’s Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0701/p135.html

  Bartholin’s duct cysts, the most common cystic growths in the vulva, occur in the labia majora. Two percent of women develop a Bartholin’s duct cyst or gland abscess at some time in life. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. One case-control study found that white and black women were more likely to develop Bartholin’s cysts or abscesses than Hispanic women, and that women of high parity were at lowest risk. […] Gradual involution of the Bartholin’s glands can occur by the time a woman reaches 30 years of age. This may account for the more frequent occurrence of Bartholin’s duct cysts and gland abscesses during the reproductive years, especially between 20 and 29 years of age. […] Some investigators have suggested that surgical excision is unnecessary because of the low risk of Bartholin’s gland cancer (0.114 cancers per 100,000 woman-years). However, if the diagnosis of cancer is delayed, the prognosis can be poor.

• #38 Bartholin’s cyst – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholin%27s_cyst

  Two percent of women will have a Bartholin’s gland cyst at some point in their lives. […] They occur at a rate of 0.55 per 1000 person-years and in women aged 35-50 years at a rate of 1.21 per 1000 person-years. […] The incidence of Bartholin duct cysts increases with age until menopause, and decreases thereafter. […] Hispanic women may be more often affected than white women and black women. […] The risk of developing a Bartholin’s gland cyst increases with the number of childbirths.

• #39 EM@3AM: Bartholin’s Abscess – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/em3am-bartholins-abscess/

  Epidemiology: […] 2% of women have a lifetime incidence of a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess. […] Much more common in reproductive-age women. […] […] […] Bartholin’s glands […] Pea-sized glands located bilaterally at the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions of the posterior introitus. […] Provide lubrication to the vagina by secreting mucus via ducts into the introitus. […] If normal, usually cannot be felt by simple palpation. […] […] […] When a Bartholin’s duct is obstructed, mucoid secretions cannot be released. […] Secretions build up inside the duct and eventually form a Bartholin’s cyst. […] If the cyst becomes infected, it develops into a Bartholin’s abscess. […] However, an abscess does not always need a cyst to precede it. […] Initially thought to be caused solely by STI organisms, but that is no longer the case.

• #40 Bartholin’s cyst: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/185022

  In the United States, Bartholins cysts are present in about 2% of people seeking gynecological care, according to the British Medical Journal. […] While doctors do not consider Bartholins cyst to result exclusively from sexual transmission, N. gonorrhoeae is among the most common pathogens that doctors isolate when testing the cysts. […] The exact causes of duct blockage are often unclear, though bacteria have a role to play. […] However, because STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, can cause the cyst, people who are sexually active can reduce their risk by using barrier contraception, such as a condom or dental dam. […] Bacterial infectious agents often cause the initial duct blockage that leads to Bartholins cysts, although the exact mechanisms behind the blockage are often unclear. Some STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, can cause the cyst.

• #41 A 5-year Review of Incidence, Presentation and Management of Bartholin Gland Cysts and Abscesses in a Tertiary Hospital, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.22274551v1.full-text

  Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses are common in women of reproductive age and declines after menopause. […] Bartholin abscess occurs in about 2% of women. […] The incidence of Bartholin cyst and abscess in the study was 1.05%. […] A positive microbial culture was obtained in 84% of cases, with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli being the isolated organisms. […] The principle of management of Bartholin abscess includes adequate analgesia, surgical drainage, bacteriological investigation of recovered specimen and appropriate antibiotic therapy. […] Marsupialisation is the most common treatment modality. […] The recent trend towards the placement of Word catheter has transformed the treatment of Bartholin cyst/abscess. […] The objective of this study is to determine the incidence, presentation and management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. […] The most common predisposing factor, reported by almost one-half of the women in this study, was multiple sexual partners. […] Surgery is the mainstay of management of Bartholin cyst/abscess, and marsupialization and fistulisation are the most common treatment modalities.

• #42 What is Bartholin’s cyst and is it dangerous? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/what-is-a-bartholin-cyst-and-is-it-dangerous-en

  Bartholin’s gland cysts may lead to infection and the formation of an abscess. Certain bacteria are responsible for the infections, particularly Escherichia coli and sexually transmitted infection, such as bacterias responsible for gonorrhea and chlamydia. […] It is recommended a biopsy to screen for cancerous cells if the patient is postmenopausal or over 40 years old. […] Currently, there is no known way to prevent Bartholin’s gland cysts. However, women can reduce their risk by practicing safe sex, using protective measures (e.g., condoms), and maintaining good cleaning. These measures can help prevent cyst infection and abscess formation.

• #43 A 5-year Review of Incidence, Presentation and Management of Bartholin Gland Cysts and Abscesses in a Tertiary Hospital, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.22274551v1.full-text

  Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses are common in women of reproductive age and declines after menopause. […] Bartholin abscess occurs in about 2% of women. […] The incidence of Bartholin cyst and abscess in the study was 1.05%. […] A positive microbial culture was obtained in 84% of cases, with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli being the isolated organisms. […] The principle of management of Bartholin abscess includes adequate analgesia, surgical drainage, bacteriological investigation of recovered specimen and appropriate antibiotic therapy. […] Marsupialisation is the most common treatment modality. […] The recent trend towards the placement of Word catheter has transformed the treatment of Bartholin cyst/abscess. […] The objective of this study is to determine the incidence, presentation and management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. […] The most common predisposing factor, reported by almost one-half of the women in this study, was multiple sexual partners. […] Surgery is the mainstay of management of Bartholin cyst/abscess, and marsupialization and fistulisation are the most common treatment modalities.

• #44 What is Bartholin’s cyst and is it dangerous? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/what-is-a-bartholin-cyst-and-is-it-dangerous-en

  Bartholin’s gland cysts may lead to infection and the formation of an abscess. Certain bacteria are responsible for the infections, particularly Escherichia coli and sexually transmitted infection, such as bacterias responsible for gonorrhea and chlamydia. […] It is recommended a biopsy to screen for cancerous cells if the patient is postmenopausal or over 40 years old. […] Currently, there is no known way to prevent Bartholin’s gland cysts. However, women can reduce their risk by practicing safe sex, using protective measures (e.g., condoms), and maintaining good cleaning. These measures can help prevent cyst infection and abscess formation.

• #45 Bartholin’s Cyst – Dr Ben Medical – Men’s Health Clinic | Women’s Health Singapore

  https://dbclinic.com.sg/bartholins-cyst-can-this-be-a-sign-of-std/

  Bartholins cyst or infection commonly affects women of reproductive age. The incidence decreases once a woman reaches menopausal age. Bartholins cyst cases make up approximately 2% of gynaecological cases seen annually. […] Women at risk of developing Bartholins cyst include those who are sexually active and with a history of Bartholins cyst. […] Although the majority of the cause of Bartholins cysts or abscesses remains unknown, there is an association of Bartholins cysts/abscesses with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly chlamydia and gonorrhoea. It may be worthwhile to consider screening for bacterial STIs if there is evidence of recurring Bartholins cyst infections and if you are sexually active. […] If Bartholins cyst infection does not resolve, tends to recur, and a person is sexually active, infective causes such as STDs should be considered as a differential cause. […] Infective causes of Bartholins cyst will require antibiotic therapy.

• #46 Bartholin’s cyst: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/185022

  In the United States, Bartholins cysts are present in about 2% of people seeking gynecological care, according to the British Medical Journal. […] While doctors do not consider Bartholins cyst to result exclusively from sexual transmission, N. gonorrhoeae is among the most common pathogens that doctors isolate when testing the cysts. […] The exact causes of duct blockage are often unclear, though bacteria have a role to play. […] However, because STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, can cause the cyst, people who are sexually active can reduce their risk by using barrier contraception, such as a condom or dental dam. […] Bacterial infectious agents often cause the initial duct blockage that leads to Bartholins cysts, although the exact mechanisms behind the blockage are often unclear. Some STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, can cause the cyst.

• #47 EM@3AM: Bartholin’s Abscess – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/em3am-bartholins-abscess/

  Epidemiology: […] 2% of women have a lifetime incidence of a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess. […] Much more common in reproductive-age women. […] […] […] Bartholin’s glands […] Pea-sized glands located bilaterally at the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions of the posterior introitus. […] Provide lubrication to the vagina by secreting mucus via ducts into the introitus. […] If normal, usually cannot be felt by simple palpation. […] […] […] When a Bartholin’s duct is obstructed, mucoid secretions cannot be released. […] Secretions build up inside the duct and eventually form a Bartholin’s cyst. […] If the cyst becomes infected, it develops into a Bartholin’s abscess. […] However, an abscess does not always need a cyst to precede it. […] Initially thought to be caused solely by STI organisms, but that is no longer the case.

• #48 Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences (OAMJMS).

  https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/7292

  Bartholins abscess is an infection of the Bartholin gland that often occurs in women of childbearing age. The prevalence of Bartholins abscess is 2% in the female population worldwide. […] Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a syndrome of changes in the vaginal ecosystem that occurs spontaneously in sexually active women. BV can contribute to the development of a Bartholins gland abscess.

• #49 Bartholin’s Cyst | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/bartholins-cyst-and-abscess-pro

  Cysts or abscesses are usually unilateral. Bartholin’s cysts occur in about 3% of women. They most commonly present in women of childbearing age. If they present after the age of 40 a malignant cause must be considered, although this is rare. […] Women over the age of 40 presenting with a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess should have a biopsy to rule out carcinoma. This is uncommon but a number of types of malignancy of the vulva can occasionally present in this way. Carcinoma of the Bartholin’s gland accounts for around 5% of vulval carcinoma.

• #50 Bartholin Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess: Office Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p760.html

  Two percent of women will develop a cyst or an abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the range of treatment options. […] Two percent of women develop a Bartholin duct cyst or gland abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the anatomy and range of treatment options. […] Bartholin duct cysts and gland abscesses are more likely to occur in sexually active women as a result of ductal obstruction caused by friction during intercourse. […] Bartholin gland involution occurs by 30 years of age, and enlargement in women older than 40 years should raise suspicion for malignancy, particularly if the gland is firm, fixed, or irregularly shaped. […] Although Bartholin gland cancers account for only about 5% of vulvar carcinomas, early recognition is important because of the risk of local invasion and metastasis. […] The two most common types of Bartholin gland carcinomas are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

• #51 Bartholin’s gland carcinoma—the diagnostic and management challenges of a rare malignancy—a case report and review of current literature – Addley – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/71104/html

  Bartholins gland carcinoma (BGC) accounts for approximately 5% of all vulval malignancies making it an extremely rare malignancy of the female genital tract. […] BGC more commonly occurs in post-menopausal women. […] Unfortunately, over half of cases are associated with a missed or delayed diagnosis as it is often mistaken for a Bartholins gland cyst or abscess. […] United Kingdom (UK) statistics report only 1,300 new cases of vulval carcinoma per year, affecting 1/232 women in their lifetime. […] Carcinoma of the Bartholins gland accounts for 27.7% of all vulval cancer cases, making it an extremely rare malignancy of the female genital tract. […] Although BGC more commonly occurs in post-menopausal women, the mean age at diagnosis is 57 years up to 6 years earlier than that for development of a non-BGC of the vulva.

• #52 Management of Bartholin’s Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0701/p135.html

  Bartholin’s duct cysts, the most common cystic growths in the vulva, occur in the labia majora. Two percent of women develop a Bartholin’s duct cyst or gland abscess at some time in life. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. One case-control study found that white and black women were more likely to develop Bartholin’s cysts or abscesses than Hispanic women, and that women of high parity were at lowest risk. […] Gradual involution of the Bartholin’s glands can occur by the time a woman reaches 30 years of age. This may account for the more frequent occurrence of Bartholin’s duct cysts and gland abscesses during the reproductive years, especially between 20 and 29 years of age. […] Some investigators have suggested that surgical excision is unnecessary because of the low risk of Bartholin’s gland cancer (0.114 cancers per 100,000 woman-years). However, if the diagnosis of cancer is delayed, the prognosis can be poor.

• #53 Bartholin’s gland carcinoma—the diagnostic and management challenges of a rare malignancy—a case report and review of current literature – Addley – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/71104/html

  Bartholins gland carcinoma (BGC) accounts for approximately 5% of all vulval malignancies making it an extremely rare malignancy of the female genital tract. […] BGC more commonly occurs in post-menopausal women. […] Unfortunately, over half of cases are associated with a missed or delayed diagnosis as it is often mistaken for a Bartholins gland cyst or abscess. […] United Kingdom (UK) statistics report only 1,300 new cases of vulval carcinoma per year, affecting 1/232 women in their lifetime. […] Carcinoma of the Bartholins gland accounts for 27.7% of all vulval cancer cases, making it an extremely rare malignancy of the female genital tract. […] Although BGC more commonly occurs in post-menopausal women, the mean age at diagnosis is 57 years up to 6 years earlier than that for development of a non-BGC of the vulva.

• #54 Bartholin’s gland carcinoma—the diagnostic and management challenges of a rare malignancy—a case report and review of current literature – Addley – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/71104/html

  Bartholins gland carcinoma (BGC) accounts for approximately 5% of all vulval malignancies making it an extremely rare malignancy of the female genital tract. […] BGC more commonly occurs in post-menopausal women. […] Unfortunately, over half of cases are associated with a missed or delayed diagnosis as it is often mistaken for a Bartholins gland cyst or abscess. […] United Kingdom (UK) statistics report only 1,300 new cases of vulval carcinoma per year, affecting 1/232 women in their lifetime. […] Carcinoma of the Bartholins gland accounts for 27.7% of all vulval cancer cases, making it an extremely rare malignancy of the female genital tract. […] Although BGC more commonly occurs in post-menopausal women, the mean age at diagnosis is 57 years up to 6 years earlier than that for development of a non-BGC of the vulva.

• #55 Bartholin’s gland carcinoma—the diagnostic and management challenges of a rare malignancy—a case report and review of current literature – Addley – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/71104/html

  Bartholins gland carcinoma (BGC) accounts for approximately 5% of all vulval malignancies making it an extremely rare malignancy of the female genital tract. […] BGC more commonly occurs in post-menopausal women. […] Unfortunately, over half of cases are associated with a missed or delayed diagnosis as it is often mistaken for a Bartholins gland cyst or abscess. […] United Kingdom (UK) statistics report only 1,300 new cases of vulval carcinoma per year, affecting 1/232 women in their lifetime. […] Carcinoma of the Bartholins gland accounts for 27.7% of all vulval cancer cases, making it an extremely rare malignancy of the female genital tract. […] Although BGC more commonly occurs in post-menopausal women, the mean age at diagnosis is 57 years up to 6 years earlier than that for development of a non-BGC of the vulva.

• #56 Bartholin’s gland carcinoma—the diagnostic and management challenges of a rare malignancy—a case report and review of current literature – Addley – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/71104/html

  Diagnosis of a BGC is delayed in up to 50% of cases. […] This is attributed to the lack of symptoms; as well as frequent mis-diagnosis as a Bartholins cyst, abscess or even endometriosis. […] Regular surveillance should be undertaken for patients diagnosed with BGC for a minimum of 5 years. […] Due to post-operative and post-radiotherapy changes, clinical examination may be sub-optimal and thus in the context of this malignancy with tendency for relapse, consideration should be given to interval scanning.

• #57 Management of Bartholin’s Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0701/p135.html

  Bartholin’s duct cysts, the most common cystic growths in the vulva, occur in the labia majora. Two percent of women develop a Bartholin’s duct cyst or gland abscess at some time in life. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. One case-control study found that white and black women were more likely to develop Bartholin’s cysts or abscesses than Hispanic women, and that women of high parity were at lowest risk. […] Gradual involution of the Bartholin’s glands can occur by the time a woman reaches 30 years of age. This may account for the more frequent occurrence of Bartholin’s duct cysts and gland abscesses during the reproductive years, especially between 20 and 29 years of age. […] Some investigators have suggested that surgical excision is unnecessary because of the low risk of Bartholin’s gland cancer (0.114 cancers per 100,000 woman-years). However, if the diagnosis of cancer is delayed, the prognosis can be poor.

• #58 Bartholin’s Gland Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Removing a Bartholin Gland Cyst

  https://www.webmd.com/women/bartholins-gland-cyst

  Bartholin’s cysts are common among people of childbearing age, affecting about 2 of every 10 women. […] The cysts typically happen in your childbearing years but, in rare cases, can occur after menopause. They’re less likely to develop as you age. […] Any person with a vagina can develop a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess, but some may be more likely to develop one (or more). This includes those who are in their 20s or 30s, have been exposed to an STI, have had a trauma or injury to the area, or have had a previous Bartholin’s cyst. […] Vulvar cancer from a Bartholin’s cyst is rare, affecting only about 5% of women (5 out of every 100) who have vulvar cancer. […] It’s more common for the Bartholin’s gland to develop into cancer if you are over age 60.

• #59 Bartholin Cyst: Causes and At-Home or Medical Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bartholins-cyst-overview-4176350

  Around 2% of people with a vagina will develop a Bartholin’s cyst at some point in their lives. It’s most common in sexually active people between the ages of 20 and 30. The older you get, the less likely you are to develop these cysts, as the glands will typically shrink and produce less mucus after the age of 30. […] Having persistent Bartholin’s gland cysts at an older age might raise suspicion for Bartholin’s gland cancer and warrant removal.

• #60 Management of Bartholin’s cyst and abscess, Gynaecology (066) | Right Decisions

  https://rightdecisions.scot.nhs.uk/ggc-clinical-guidelines/gynaecology/gynaecology-guidelines/management-of-bartholin-s-cyst-and-abscess-gynaecology-066/

  The life-time risk is approximately 3%. […] Recurrence rates are not consistently reported. However, one RCT (WoMan trial) summarised that Marsupialisation and Word catheter recurrence at 12 months are similar (10-12%). […] Where there are no signs of infection, antibiotic cover is not required. […] Consideration should be made to cover with broad spectrum antibiotics if signs suggestive of an infection are present e.g. purulent offensive smelling discharge or signs of cellulitis.

• #61 Bartholin Gland Diseases: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777112-overview

  Approximately 2% of women of reproductive age will experience swelling of one or both Bartholin glands. […] Bartholin gland diseases are rarely complicated by systemic infection, sepsis, and bleeding secondary to surgical treatment. Missed diagnosis of malignancy may result in poorer outcome for those patients. […] These diseases typically occur in women between the ages of 20 and 30 years. Bartholin gland enlargement in patients older than 40 years is rare and should be referred to a gynecologist for possible biopsy. […] If abscesses are properly drained and reclosure is prevented, most abscesses have a good outcome. Recurrence rates are generally reported to be less than 20%.

• #62 Bartholin Gland Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532271/

  Bartholin cysts/abscesses are predominantly found in women of child-bearing age. The incidence of Bartholin cysts is most often noted at the onset of puberty and increases with age until menopause. Symptomatic Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] The prognosis is excellent but if the cyst is just aspirated, high recurrence rates have been reported. The healing and recurrence rates are similar among fistulization, marsupialization, and silver nitrate and alcohol sclerotherapy. Needle aspiration and incision and drainage, the two simplest procedures, are not recommended because of the relatively increased recurrence rate.

• #63 Bartholin Gland Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532271/

  Bartholin cysts/abscesses are predominantly found in women of child-bearing age. The incidence of Bartholin cysts is most often noted at the onset of puberty and increases with age until menopause. Symptomatic Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] The prognosis is excellent but if the cyst is just aspirated, high recurrence rates have been reported. The healing and recurrence rates are similar among fistulization, marsupialization, and silver nitrate and alcohol sclerotherapy. Needle aspiration and incision and drainage, the two simplest procedures, are not recommended because of the relatively increased recurrence rate.

• #64 A 5-year Review of Incidence, Presentation and Management of Bartholin Gland Cysts and Abscesses in a Tertiary Hospital, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.22274551v1.full-text

  Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses are common in women of reproductive age and declines after menopause. […] Bartholin abscess occurs in about 2% of women. […] The incidence of Bartholin cyst and abscess in the study was 1.05%. […] A positive microbial culture was obtained in 84% of cases, with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli being the isolated organisms. […] The principle of management of Bartholin abscess includes adequate analgesia, surgical drainage, bacteriological investigation of recovered specimen and appropriate antibiotic therapy. […] Marsupialisation is the most common treatment modality. […] The recent trend towards the placement of Word catheter has transformed the treatment of Bartholin cyst/abscess. […] The objective of this study is to determine the incidence, presentation and management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. […] The most common predisposing factor, reported by almost one-half of the women in this study, was multiple sexual partners. […] Surgery is the mainstay of management of Bartholin cyst/abscess, and marsupialization and fistulisation are the most common treatment modalities.

• #65 Bartholin Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess: Office Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p760.html

  Two percent of women will develop a cyst or an abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the range of treatment options. […] Two percent of women develop a Bartholin duct cyst or gland abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the anatomy and range of treatment options. […] Bartholin duct cysts and gland abscesses are more likely to occur in sexually active women as a result of ductal obstruction caused by friction during intercourse. […] Bartholin gland involution occurs by 30 years of age, and enlargement in women older than 40 years should raise suspicion for malignancy, particularly if the gland is firm, fixed, or irregularly shaped. […] Although Bartholin gland cancers account for only about 5% of vulvar carcinomas, early recognition is important because of the risk of local invasion and metastasis. […] The two most common types of Bartholin gland carcinomas are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

• #66 Bartholin’s Abscess: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bartholins-abscess

  Women of childbearing age are the most affected population. Nearly 2 percent of women will experience a Bartholins abscess in their lifetime. […] There’s no definitive way to prevent a Bartholins abscess. But practices such as safe sex, condom use, and good hygiene will help keep bacteria out of the area, which can help prevent infection. It’s also important to find out if you have an STD, and seek necessary treatment. […] Maintaining a healthy urinary tract may also help prevent Bartholins cysts and abscesses from developing. Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day, and avoid waiting a long time to urinate. Cranberry supplements may help support good urinary tract health.

• #67 Bartholin’s Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/vulval-problems-leaflet/bartholins-cyst-and-abscess

  About three in 100 women will develop a fluid-filled swelling (Bartholin’s cyst) or a collection of pus (Bartholin’s abscess) at some point in their lives. Most cases occur without warning in women aged between 20 and 30. However, they can also occur in older or younger women. […] Bartholin’s cysts and abscesses cannot usually be prevented. Most occur 'out of the blue’ for no apparent reason. It is important to keep the area clean via good hygiene; however many abscesses occur even where hygiene is very good. Some Bartholin’s abscesses are due to sexually transmitted infections and so using a condom when having sex may prevent some cases.

• #68 Bartholin’s cyst: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/185022

  In the United States, Bartholins cysts are present in about 2% of people seeking gynecological care, according to the British Medical Journal. […] While doctors do not consider Bartholins cyst to result exclusively from sexual transmission, N. gonorrhoeae is among the most common pathogens that doctors isolate when testing the cysts. […] The exact causes of duct blockage are often unclear, though bacteria have a role to play. […] However, because STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, can cause the cyst, people who are sexually active can reduce their risk by using barrier contraception, such as a condom or dental dam. […] Bacterial infectious agents often cause the initial duct blockage that leads to Bartholins cysts, although the exact mechanisms behind the blockage are often unclear. Some STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, can cause the cyst.

• #69 What is Bartholin’s cyst and is it dangerous? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/what-is-a-bartholin-cyst-and-is-it-dangerous-en

  Bartholin’s gland cysts may lead to infection and the formation of an abscess. Certain bacteria are responsible for the infections, particularly Escherichia coli and sexually transmitted infection, such as bacterias responsible for gonorrhea and chlamydia. […] It is recommended a biopsy to screen for cancerous cells if the patient is postmenopausal or over 40 years old. […] Currently, there is no known way to prevent Bartholin’s gland cysts. However, women can reduce their risk by practicing safe sex, using protective measures (e.g., condoms), and maintaining good cleaning. These measures can help prevent cyst infection and abscess formation.

• #70 Bartholin’s Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/vulval-problems-leaflet/bartholins-cyst-and-abscess

  About three in 100 women will develop a fluid-filled swelling (Bartholin’s cyst) or a collection of pus (Bartholin’s abscess) at some point in their lives. Most cases occur without warning in women aged between 20 and 30. However, they can also occur in older or younger women. […] Bartholin’s cysts and abscesses cannot usually be prevented. Most occur 'out of the blue’ for no apparent reason. It is important to keep the area clean via good hygiene; however many abscesses occur even where hygiene is very good. Some Bartholin’s abscesses are due to sexually transmitted infections and so using a condom when having sex may prevent some cases.

• #71 A 5-year Review of Incidence, Presentation and Management of Bartholin Gland Cysts and Abscesses in a Tertiary Hospital, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.22274551v1

  Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses are common in women of reproductive age and declines after menopause. […] To determine the incidence, presentation and management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria, over a five-year period. […] There were 2,478 gynaecological cases managed in our Centre; out of which there were 26 cases of Bartholin cyst and abscess, giving an incidence of 1.05%. […] Women of reproductive age-group should be counselled on this condition and encouraged to keep good perineal hygiene and better sexual conduct so as to reduce the risk of Bartholin cysts and abscesses.

• #72 Bartholin’s Abscess: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bartholins-abscess

  Women of childbearing age are the most affected population. Nearly 2 percent of women will experience a Bartholins abscess in their lifetime. […] There’s no definitive way to prevent a Bartholins abscess. But practices such as safe sex, condom use, and good hygiene will help keep bacteria out of the area, which can help prevent infection. It’s also important to find out if you have an STD, and seek necessary treatment. […] Maintaining a healthy urinary tract may also help prevent Bartholins cysts and abscesses from developing. Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day, and avoid waiting a long time to urinate. Cranberry supplements may help support good urinary tract health.

• #73 Bartholin’s Cyst – Dr Ben Medical – Men’s Health Clinic | Women’s Health Singapore

  https://dbclinic.com.sg/bartholins-cyst-can-this-be-a-sign-of-std/

  Bartholins cyst or infection commonly affects women of reproductive age. The incidence decreases once a woman reaches menopausal age. Bartholins cyst cases make up approximately 2% of gynaecological cases seen annually. […] Women at risk of developing Bartholins cyst include those who are sexually active and with a history of Bartholins cyst. […] Although the majority of the cause of Bartholins cysts or abscesses remains unknown, there is an association of Bartholins cysts/abscesses with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), particularly chlamydia and gonorrhoea. It may be worthwhile to consider screening for bacterial STIs if there is evidence of recurring Bartholins cyst infections and if you are sexually active. […] If Bartholins cyst infection does not resolve, tends to recur, and a person is sexually active, infective causes such as STDs should be considered as a differential cause. […] Infective causes of Bartholins cyst will require antibiotic therapy.

• #74 Bartholin’s Abscess: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bartholins-abscess

  Women of childbearing age are the most affected population. Nearly 2 percent of women will experience a Bartholins abscess in their lifetime. […] There’s no definitive way to prevent a Bartholins abscess. But practices such as safe sex, condom use, and good hygiene will help keep bacteria out of the area, which can help prevent infection. It’s also important to find out if you have an STD, and seek necessary treatment. […] Maintaining a healthy urinary tract may also help prevent Bartholins cysts and abscesses from developing. Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day, and avoid waiting a long time to urinate. Cranberry supplements may help support good urinary tract health.

• #75 A 5-year Review of Incidence, Presentation and Management of Bartholin Gland Cysts and Abscesses in a Tertiary Hospital, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.22274551v1

  Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses are common in women of reproductive age and declines after menopause. […] To determine the incidence, presentation and management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria, over a five-year period. […] There were 2,478 gynaecological cases managed in our Centre; out of which there were 26 cases of Bartholin cyst and abscess, giving an incidence of 1.05%. […] Women of reproductive age-group should be counselled on this condition and encouraged to keep good perineal hygiene and better sexual conduct so as to reduce the risk of Bartholin cysts and abscesses.

• #76

  https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/12897

  Bartholin gland cysts are one of the most frequent fluid-filled masses developing in the vulval area. […] The incidence rate of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses is 0.5 per 1000 people per year. […] In women, it mainly affects aging between 35 and 50 years. […] Most of the Bartholins gland cysts are also caused by the microorganisms that infect the perineal area. […] However, Bartholins cyst occurs in nulliparous women of childbearing age. […] Women in the reproductive age group should get counselling regarding the disease to take better precautionary measures to tackle the condition.

• #77 Bartholin’s cyst – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1060

  A Bartholin’s duct cyst is a non-infectious occlusion of the distal Bartholin’s duct, with resultant retention of secretions. They are thought to be relatively common, although the exact incidence and prevalence remains unknown. […] Bartholin cysts are most commonly seen in women of reproductive age. In post-menopausal women with a vulval mass, malignancy should be considered.

• #78 Hemorrhagic Bartholin’s cyst in a woman using anti-platelet medication: A case report and review of the literature

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v11/i24/5755.htm

  Although Bartholins cyst is the most common lesion of the gland, several other lesions of the gland with either benign or malignant characteristics could be diagnosed. […] A Bartholins cyst is mainly a clinical diagnosis, which is based on detailed history taking and physical examinations. In our case, the clinical presentation led to the impression of a Bartholins cyst. […] There is still controversy regarding the best treatment of a Bartholins cyst. ID, fistulization with a Word catheter, marsupialization, and excision of the cyst are all commonly performed procedures. […] For recurrent cases, cystectomy or marsupialization may be preferred. However, there is limited evidence to compare these two procedures directly. Because no single therapy has been proven to outweigh others, therapeutic plans should be personalized based on lesion size, presence of symptoms, or recurrence to prevent a future recurrence.

• #79 Bartholin’s cyst

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bartholins-cyst/treatment/

  Bartholin’s cysts usually affect women aged between 20 and 50 years. They can affect anyone with a vagina. […] A Bartholins cyst can sometimes be found during routine examinations like cervical screening (smear test). […] These could be signs of an infected Bartholins cyst (abscess). […] If you have an infected Bartholin’s cyst, youll be offered antibiotics. […] If antibiotics do not work, or the cyst keeps coming back, you may need a surgical procedure to drain it.

• #80 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses

  Bartholin gland masses […] Epidemiology – The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. In prospective studies including asymptomatic patients undergoing pelvic imaging (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), Bartholin cysts were present in 0.6 to 3 percent of patients. Symptomatic patients with Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for approximately 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] Incidence appears to peak around menopause. In one retrospective study, the incidence of Bartholin cysts and abscesses increased with age until menopause and then decreased. […] Benign tumors of the Bartholin gland and Bartholin gland carcinoma are rare. […] Risk factors – While there are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses, a previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence. […] Risk factors for Bartholin gland carcinoma are also not well established.

• #81 Report of a Case of a Giant Dumb-Bell Shaped Bartholin’s Gland Cyst and Systematic Review of the Literature

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/49/9/10.31083/j.ceog4909202

  Background: Bartholin’s gland cysts are one of the most frequent masses involving vulva. They may start as cysts without symptoms but if untreated, they may grow, leading to infection and consequent surgical treatment. […] In the current literature this type of giant and dumb-bell shaped presentation of Bartholin’s gland cyst is uncommon and has reported just one time. In addition we highlight the utility of perineal ultrasound in the management of Bartholin’s gland cyst in order to define a right differential diagnosis between cystic and solid vulvar masses.

• #82 Bartholin’s Cyst | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/bartholins-cyst-and-abscess-pro

  Cysts or abscesses are usually unilateral. Bartholin’s cysts occur in about 3% of women. They most commonly present in women of childbearing age. If they present after the age of 40 a malignant cause must be considered, although this is rare. […] Women over the age of 40 presenting with a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess should have a biopsy to rule out carcinoma. This is uncommon but a number of types of malignancy of the vulva can occasionally present in this way. Carcinoma of the Bartholin’s gland accounts for around 5% of vulval carcinoma.

• #83 What is Bartholin’s cyst and is it dangerous? | Vinmec

  https://www.vinmec.com/eng/blog/what-is-a-bartholin-cyst-and-is-it-dangerous-en

  Bartholin’s gland cysts may lead to infection and the formation of an abscess. Certain bacteria are responsible for the infections, particularly Escherichia coli and sexually transmitted infection, such as bacterias responsible for gonorrhea and chlamydia. […] It is recommended a biopsy to screen for cancerous cells if the patient is postmenopausal or over 40 years old. […] Currently, there is no known way to prevent Bartholin’s gland cysts. However, women can reduce their risk by practicing safe sex, using protective measures (e.g., condoms), and maintaining good cleaning. These measures can help prevent cyst infection and abscess formation.

• #84 Bartholin’s gland carcinoma—the diagnostic and management challenges of a rare malignancy—a case report and review of current literature – Addley – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/71104/html

  Diagnosis of a BGC is delayed in up to 50% of cases. […] This is attributed to the lack of symptoms; as well as frequent mis-diagnosis as a Bartholins cyst, abscess or even endometriosis. […] Regular surveillance should be undertaken for patients diagnosed with BGC for a minimum of 5 years. […] Due to post-operative and post-radiotherapy changes, clinical examination may be sub-optimal and thus in the context of this malignancy with tendency for relapse, consideration should be given to interval scanning.

• #85 Bartholin Gland Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK532271/

  Bartholin cysts/abscesses are predominantly found in women of child-bearing age. The incidence of Bartholin cysts is most often noted at the onset of puberty and increases with age until menopause. Symptomatic Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] The prognosis is excellent but if the cyst is just aspirated, high recurrence rates have been reported. The healing and recurrence rates are similar among fistulization, marsupialization, and silver nitrate and alcohol sclerotherapy. Needle aspiration and incision and drainage, the two simplest procedures, are not recommended because of the relatively increased recurrence rate.

• #86 Bartholin gland masses – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/bartholin-gland-masses

  Bartholin gland masses […] Epidemiology – The most common types of Bartholin gland masses are cysts or abscesses. Abscesses are almost three times more common than cysts. In prospective studies including asymptomatic patients undergoing pelvic imaging (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography), Bartholin cysts were present in 0.6 to 3 percent of patients. Symptomatic patients with Bartholin cysts and abscesses account for approximately 2 percent of all gynecologic visits per year. […] Incidence appears to peak around menopause. In one retrospective study, the incidence of Bartholin cysts and abscesses increased with age until menopause and then decreased. […] Benign tumors of the Bartholin gland and Bartholin gland carcinoma are rare. […] Risk factors – While there are no established risk factors for Bartholin cysts and abscesses, a previous Bartholin cyst or abscess is a risk factor for recurrence. […] Risk factors for Bartholin gland carcinoma are also not well established.

• #87 Bartholin Duct Cyst and Gland Abscess: Office Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p760.html

  Two percent of women will develop a cyst or an abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the range of treatment options. […] Two percent of women develop a Bartholin duct cyst or gland abscess in their lifetime, and physicians should be familiar with the anatomy and range of treatment options. […] Bartholin duct cysts and gland abscesses are more likely to occur in sexually active women as a result of ductal obstruction caused by friction during intercourse. […] Bartholin gland involution occurs by 30 years of age, and enlargement in women older than 40 years should raise suspicion for malignancy, particularly if the gland is firm, fixed, or irregularly shaped. […] Although Bartholin gland cancers account for only about 5% of vulvar carcinomas, early recognition is important because of the risk of local invasion and metastasis. […] The two most common types of Bartholin gland carcinomas are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

• #88 Bartholin Cyst: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17737-bartholin-cyst

  Bartholin cysts will occur in about 2% of females at some time in their lives. Theyre more common when youre between 20 and 40 years old. The chance of developing a Bartholin cyst decreases after menopause. […] Healthcare providers arent entirely sure why some people get Bartholin cysts and others dont. You may be more likely to get a Bartholin cyst if youve already had one. […] Other risk factors for Bartholin cysts are: Being between 20 and 30 years old. Being sexually active. Having recent trauma or injury to your vulva. Having a sexually transmitted infection. […] Yes, there are some people who get recurring Bartholin cysts. Healthcare providers arent sure why this happens. Bartholin gland cysts are relatively easy to treat, but your healthcare provider may recommend a different approach if you get recurring Bartholin cysts.

• #89 Bartholin’s Cyst and Abscess: Causes and Care

  https://maygrant.com/blog/understanding-bartholins-cyst-and-abscess/

  Bartholin’s cysts and abscesses are common yet often misunderstood gynecological conditions that can cause discomfort and disrupt daily life. […] Understanding these conditions can help women recognize the symptoms and seek timely treatment to prevent complications. […] Diagnosing a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess is typically straightforward and involves a physical examination. […] Treatment for Bartholin’s cysts and abscesses varies based on the severity of the condition. […] At May-Grant OB/GYN, patient education is a cornerstone of care. […] Bartholin’s cysts and abscesses are treatable conditions, and with the right care, most women experience full recovery. […] If you suspect you may have a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess, schedule an appointment today to explore your treatment options and regain your comfort and confidence.

• #90 A 5-year Review of Incidence, Presentation and Management of Bartholin Gland Cysts and Abscesses in a Tertiary Hospital, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.22274551v1.full-text

  Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses are common in women of reproductive age and declines after menopause. […] Bartholin abscess occurs in about 2% of women. […] The incidence of Bartholin cyst and abscess in the study was 1.05%. […] A positive microbial culture was obtained in 84% of cases, with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli being the isolated organisms. […] The principle of management of Bartholin abscess includes adequate analgesia, surgical drainage, bacteriological investigation of recovered specimen and appropriate antibiotic therapy. […] Marsupialisation is the most common treatment modality. […] The recent trend towards the placement of Word catheter has transformed the treatment of Bartholin cyst/abscess. […] The objective of this study is to determine the incidence, presentation and management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. […] The most common predisposing factor, reported by almost one-half of the women in this study, was multiple sexual partners. […] Surgery is the mainstay of management of Bartholin cyst/abscess, and marsupialization and fistulisation are the most common treatment modalities.

• #91 A 5-year Review of Incidence, Presentation and Management of Bartholin Gland Cysts and Abscesses in a Tertiary Hospital, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.22274551v1.full-text

  Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses are common in women of reproductive age and declines after menopause. […] Bartholin abscess occurs in about 2% of women. […] The incidence of Bartholin cyst and abscess in the study was 1.05%. […] A positive microbial culture was obtained in 84% of cases, with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli being the isolated organisms. […] The principle of management of Bartholin abscess includes adequate analgesia, surgical drainage, bacteriological investigation of recovered specimen and appropriate antibiotic therapy. […] Marsupialisation is the most common treatment modality. […] The recent trend towards the placement of Word catheter has transformed the treatment of Bartholin cyst/abscess. […] The objective of this study is to determine the incidence, presentation and management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. […] The most common predisposing factor, reported by almost one-half of the women in this study, was multiple sexual partners. […] Surgery is the mainstay of management of Bartholin cyst/abscess, and marsupialization and fistulisation are the most common treatment modalities.

• #92 Management of Bartholin’s cyst and abscess, Gynaecology (066) | Right Decisions

  https://rightdecisions.scot.nhs.uk/ggc-clinical-guidelines/gynaecology/gynaecology-guidelines/management-of-bartholin-s-cyst-and-abscess-gynaecology-066/

  The life-time risk is approximately 3%. […] Recurrence rates are not consistently reported. However, one RCT (WoMan trial) summarised that Marsupialisation and Word catheter recurrence at 12 months are similar (10-12%). […] Where there are no signs of infection, antibiotic cover is not required. […] Consideration should be made to cover with broad spectrum antibiotics if signs suggestive of an infection are present e.g. purulent offensive smelling discharge or signs of cellulitis.

• #93 Bartholin Gland Diseases: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777112-overview

  Approximately 2% of women of reproductive age will experience swelling of one or both Bartholin glands. […] Bartholin gland diseases are rarely complicated by systemic infection, sepsis, and bleeding secondary to surgical treatment. Missed diagnosis of malignancy may result in poorer outcome for those patients. […] These diseases typically occur in women between the ages of 20 and 30 years. Bartholin gland enlargement in patients older than 40 years is rare and should be referred to a gynecologist for possible biopsy. […] If abscesses are properly drained and reclosure is prevented, most abscesses have a good outcome. Recurrence rates are generally reported to be less than 20%.

Zobacz więcej