Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Incidence and Prevalence of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Population-Based Studies – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33705940/

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) may grow asymptomatically until they rupture, with a mortality over 90%. The true incidence and prevalence of this condition is uncertain and epidemiologic data is scarce, understudied and dispersed. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence and prevalence of TAAs in population-based studies. […] The pooled incidence and prevalence of TAAs was 5.3 per 100,000 individuals/year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.0; 8.3) and 0.16% (95% CI: 0.12; 0.20), respectively. The pooled incidence of ruptured aneurysms was 1.6 per 100,000 individuals/year (95% CI: 1.3; 2.1). […] The current epidemiologic information provided serve as a base for future public-health decisions. The lack of well-design population-base studies and the limitations encountered serve as calling for future research in this field.

• #2 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424904-overview

  Although findings from autopsy series have varied widely, the prevalence of aortic aneurysms probably exceeds 3-4% in individuals older than 65 years. Aortic aneurysms are more common in men than in women and are more common in persons with COPD than in those without lung disease. […] The incidence of TAAs has been estimated to be about 6 cases per 100,000 person-years. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence and prevalence of TAAs in 22 population-based studies, Melo et al found a pooled incidence of 5.3 per 100,000 individuals per year and a prevalence of 0.16%. […] Death from aneurysmal rupture has been one of the 15 leading causes of death in most series. In addition, the overall prevalence of aortic aneurysms has increased significantly in the past 30 years. This is partly due to an increase in diagnosis based on the widespread use of imaging techniques. However, the prevalence of fatal and nonfatal rupture has also increased, suggesting a true increase in prevalence.

• #3 Thoracic aortic aneurysm epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms are relatively uncommon (6 to 10 new ones per 100,000 person years) and are less prevalent than abdominal aortic aneurysm. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are generally diagnosed after the sixth and seventh decades of life. Although men are affected 2 to 4 times as often as women, women are at higher risk of rupture by a factor 6.8. […] TAAs are relatively uncommon with an estimated incidence between 6 and 10 new aneurysms per 100,000 person-years. According to a study by Beckerstaff et al., the incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms was reported to be 5.3 per 100,000 per year. Another study done by Clouse et al. showed the incidence to be 10.4 per 100,000 per year. […] However, the incidence and prevalence of TAD has been increasing in the past years. The annual number of surgeries performed on the aorta have increased, along with improved post-surgical and long term survival. […] TAAs are usually diagnosed after the sixth and seventh decade of life. […] Males are affected approximately two to four times more often than females. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm is more common in caucasians.

• #4 Incidence and Prevalence of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Population-Based Studies – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33705940/

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) may grow asymptomatically until they rupture, with a mortality over 90%. The true incidence and prevalence of this condition is uncertain and epidemiologic data is scarce, understudied and dispersed. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence and prevalence of TAAs in population-based studies. […] The pooled incidence and prevalence of TAAs was 5.3 per 100,000 individuals/year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.0; 8.3) and 0.16% (95% CI: 0.12; 0.20), respectively. The pooled incidence of ruptured aneurysms was 1.6 per 100,000 individuals/year (95% CI: 1.3; 2.1). […] The current epidemiologic information provided serve as a base for future public-health decisions. The lack of well-design population-base studies and the limitations encountered serve as calling for future research in this field.

• #5 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  In the United States, about 13000 patients die because of aortic disease each year, and TAA is the 18 most common causes of death among all individuals. TAA has an incidence of 10 cases per 100000 patient years and a prevalence of 0.16 to 0.34%. The incidence of TAA is increasing due to better diagnostic imaging and increased life expectancy in the general population. Patients with familial TAA have an average age of presentation at 56.8 years, while patients with TAA due to other causes present around 64.3 years. More men develop TAA, while more women develop worse clinical outcomes and have an increased risk of dissection. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysms require a prompt diagnosis as most patients are asymptomatic until dissection or rupture of the aorta occurs, leading to worsened patient morbidity and mortality. Improving the interprofessional teams vigilance during the patient evaluation, keeping thoracic aortic aneurysm as a differential diagnosis, and understanding the findings to look forward to during testing can lead to timely diagnosis and management.

• #6 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm

  Each year in the United States, some 45,000 people die from diseases of the aorta and its branches. […] Acute aortic dissection, a life-threatening event due to a tear in the aortic wall, affects 5 to 10 patients per million population each year, most often men between the ages of 50 and 70; of those that occur in women younger than 40, nearly half arise during pregnancy. […] The majority of these deaths occur as a result of complications of thoracic aneurysmal disease.

• #7 Aortic aneurysms: current pathogenesis and therapeutic targets | Experimental & Molecular Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-023-01130-w

  Aortic rupture is not only associated with increasing aneurysm diameters but also results from characteristic changes, which involve the progressive expansion and weakening of the three layers of the aorta: the intima, media, and adventitia. […] Aortic aneurysms are estimated to lead to 150,000~200,000 deaths per year worldwide. […] In this review, we summarize recent advancements in aortic aneurysms and mainly focus on the pathophysiological mechanisms involving therapeutic targets.

• #8 Thoracic Aneurysm: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/761627-overview

  The incidence of aortic aneurysm is 5.9 cases per 100,000 person-years. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm is most common among whites. […] Men are affected 2-4 times more frequently than women; however, women have been found to have worse outcomes. […] The mean patient age at diagnosis is 60-65 years.

• #9 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms/

  Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is the abnormal dilation of a segment of the thoracic aorta. Most TAAs are due to degenerative aortic disorders, commonly in patients 65 years of age. Genetic TAAs account for 20% of cases and are frequently found in younger patients. Most TAAs are asymptomatic (incidentally found in imaging) but could present with symptoms from their effects on surrounding structures. Aortic rupture is a life-threatening emergency. TAA: 15th-leading cause of death for patients 65 years old. TAAs are less common than AAAs. 60% of TAAs are localized in the ascending aorta. Majority of TAAs are degenerative, so risk factors include smoking, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. More common in men and in those of advanced age. In asymptomatic cases, aortic expansion is monitored. Operative repair is recommended for symptomatic TAAs and increasing aortic diameter (criteria varies with location and underlying condition). […] In TAA: asymptomatic ascending aortic aneurysm 5.5 cm or descending aortic aneurysm 6 cm: aortic imaging (CTA) periodically.

• #10 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  In the United States, about 13000 patients die because of aortic disease each year, and TAA is the 18 most common causes of death among all individuals. TAA has an incidence of 10 cases per 100000 patient years and a prevalence of 0.16 to 0.34%. The incidence of TAA is increasing due to better diagnostic imaging and increased life expectancy in the general population. Patients with familial TAA have an average age of presentation at 56.8 years, while patients with TAA due to other causes present around 64.3 years. More men develop TAA, while more women develop worse clinical outcomes and have an increased risk of dissection. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysms require a prompt diagnosis as most patients are asymptomatic until dissection or rupture of the aorta occurs, leading to worsened patient morbidity and mortality. Improving the interprofessional teams vigilance during the patient evaluation, keeping thoracic aortic aneurysm as a differential diagnosis, and understanding the findings to look forward to during testing can lead to timely diagnosis and management.

• #11 Integrated Aortic Program | Thoracic Aneurysm Program

  https://www.valleyhealth.com/services/integrated-aortic-program

  Living with an aortic aneurysm can be stressful, but when managed properly, patients can enjoy an excellent quality of life. […] Our well-established diagnostic, surgical and surveillance program offers comprehensive care for patients with aortic aneurysm. […] People at almost any age can be diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm. […] As thoracic aneurysms typically do not have symptoms, many patients learn of their aneurysm when they have tests such as an X-Ray or CT scan for another condition. […] Most patients do not need surgery, and their aneurysm can be safely managed using surveillance and medical follow-up. […] Valleys Integrated Aortic Program offers regular follow-up and careful management to ensure you receive high quality care based on the latest evidence. […] Valley currently has over 1,700 patients under surveillance in the program, ranging from 17 to 90 years of age.

• #12 Thoracic Aneurysm: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/761627-overview

  The incidence of aortic aneurysm is 5.9 cases per 100,000 person-years. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm is most common among whites. […] Men are affected 2-4 times more frequently than women; however, women have been found to have worse outcomes. […] The mean patient age at diagnosis is 60-65 years.

• #13 Thoracic aortic aneurysm epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms are relatively uncommon (6 to 10 new ones per 100,000 person years) and are less prevalent than abdominal aortic aneurysm. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are generally diagnosed after the sixth and seventh decades of life. Although men are affected 2 to 4 times as often as women, women are at higher risk of rupture by a factor 6.8. […] TAAs are relatively uncommon with an estimated incidence between 6 and 10 new aneurysms per 100,000 person-years. According to a study by Beckerstaff et al., the incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms was reported to be 5.3 per 100,000 per year. Another study done by Clouse et al. showed the incidence to be 10.4 per 100,000 per year. […] However, the incidence and prevalence of TAD has been increasing in the past years. The annual number of surgeries performed on the aorta have increased, along with improved post-surgical and long term survival. […] TAAs are usually diagnosed after the sixth and seventh decade of life. […] Males are affected approximately two to four times more often than females. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm is more common in caucasians.

• #14 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  In the United States, about 13000 patients die because of aortic disease each year, and TAA is the 18 most common causes of death among all individuals. TAA has an incidence of 10 cases per 100000 patient years and a prevalence of 0.16 to 0.34%. The incidence of TAA is increasing due to better diagnostic imaging and increased life expectancy in the general population. Patients with familial TAA have an average age of presentation at 56.8 years, while patients with TAA due to other causes present around 64.3 years. More men develop TAA, while more women develop worse clinical outcomes and have an increased risk of dissection. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysms require a prompt diagnosis as most patients are asymptomatic until dissection or rupture of the aorta occurs, leading to worsened patient morbidity and mortality. Improving the interprofessional teams vigilance during the patient evaluation, keeping thoracic aortic aneurysm as a differential diagnosis, and understanding the findings to look forward to during testing can lead to timely diagnosis and management.

• #15 Thoracic aortic aneurysm epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms are relatively uncommon (6 to 10 new ones per 100,000 person years) and are less prevalent than abdominal aortic aneurysm. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are generally diagnosed after the sixth and seventh decades of life. Although men are affected 2 to 4 times as often as women, women are at higher risk of rupture by a factor 6.8. […] TAAs are relatively uncommon with an estimated incidence between 6 and 10 new aneurysms per 100,000 person-years. According to a study by Beckerstaff et al., the incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms was reported to be 5.3 per 100,000 per year. Another study done by Clouse et al. showed the incidence to be 10.4 per 100,000 per year. […] However, the incidence and prevalence of TAD has been increasing in the past years. The annual number of surgeries performed on the aorta have increased, along with improved post-surgical and long term survival. […] TAAs are usually diagnosed after the sixth and seventh decade of life. […] Males are affected approximately two to four times more often than females. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm is more common in caucasians.

• #16 Thoracic Aneurysm: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/761627-overview

  The incidence of aortic aneurysm is 5.9 cases per 100,000 person-years. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm is most common among whites. […] Men are affected 2-4 times more frequently than women; however, women have been found to have worse outcomes. […] The mean patient age at diagnosis is 60-65 years.

• #17 Thoracic aortic aneurysm epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms are relatively uncommon (6 to 10 new ones per 100,000 person years) and are less prevalent than abdominal aortic aneurysm. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are generally diagnosed after the sixth and seventh decades of life. Although men are affected 2 to 4 times as often as women, women are at higher risk of rupture by a factor 6.8. […] TAAs are relatively uncommon with an estimated incidence between 6 and 10 new aneurysms per 100,000 person-years. According to a study by Beckerstaff et al., the incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms was reported to be 5.3 per 100,000 per year. Another study done by Clouse et al. showed the incidence to be 10.4 per 100,000 per year. […] However, the incidence and prevalence of TAD has been increasing in the past years. The annual number of surgeries performed on the aorta have increased, along with improved post-surgical and long term survival. […] TAAs are usually diagnosed after the sixth and seventh decade of life. […] Males are affected approximately two to four times more often than females. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm is more common in caucasians.

• #18 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms/

  Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is the abnormal dilation of a segment of the thoracic aorta. Most TAAs are due to degenerative aortic disorders, commonly in patients 65 years of age. Genetic TAAs account for 20% of cases and are frequently found in younger patients. Most TAAs are asymptomatic (incidentally found in imaging) but could present with symptoms from their effects on surrounding structures. Aortic rupture is a life-threatening emergency. TAA: 15th-leading cause of death for patients 65 years old. TAAs are less common than AAAs. 60% of TAAs are localized in the ascending aorta. Majority of TAAs are degenerative, so risk factors include smoking, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. More common in men and in those of advanced age. In asymptomatic cases, aortic expansion is monitored. Operative repair is recommended for symptomatic TAAs and increasing aortic diameter (criteria varies with location and underlying condition). […] In TAA: asymptomatic ascending aortic aneurysm 5.5 cm or descending aortic aneurysm 6 cm: aortic imaging (CTA) periodically.

• #19 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: At What Size Should We Intervene? – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2017-nov/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms-at-what-size-should-we-intervene

  Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a potentially life-threatening disorder that without intervention carries a poor prognosis. Once diagnosed, the 3-year survival for large degenerative TAAs ( 60 mm in diameter) is approximately 20%. Hospital admissions in the United Kingdom for TAAs have doubled in the last decade, and von Allmen and colleagues reported a TAA hospital admission rate of nine per 100,000 population. The causes and treatment of TAAs vary depending on their location. Approximately 60% of TAAs occur in the root or ascending aorta, 10% in the arch, 40% in the descending aorta, and 10% in the thoracoabdominal aorta, with some aneurysms involving multiple aortic segments. […] […] Because of the increase in hospital admissions for TAAs over the last decade, the decision regarding who will benefit from surgical repair became even more important. Aortic aneurysms account for 40,000 deaths annually in the United States. Maximum aortic diameter is the key parameter used to predict rupture risk and is therefore central in directing clinicians whether to offer surveillance or surgical repair. However, despite the increase in patients undergoing operations, natural history data concerning the risk of aneurysm rupture and the evidence base for threshold diameters at which TAA repair becomes beneficial are limited. […]

• #20 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms

  How common are thoracic aortic aneurysms?(Epidemiology)2 […] The true incidence and mortality rate of TAAs is not known. […] A population-based study reported an incidence of 5.9 new aneurysms per 100,000 person-years in a Midwestern community over a 30-year period with median ages of 65 years for men and 77 years for women. […] 51% of aneurysms were in the ascending aorta, 11% in the arch and 38% in the descending thoracic aorta. Prevalence may be at least 3-4 % of those aged 65 years and is probably increasing. […] […] […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm treatment and management5 14 […] Thoracic aneurysms have been managed with treatment with -blockers and routine surveillance imaging, followed by surgical repair of the aneurysm when the risk of dissection exceeds the risk for repair. Therefore, there is a window to initiate therapies to slow aortic enlargement and delay or ideally prevent the need for surgical repair of the aneurysm to prevent a dissection.

• #21 Ascending aortic aneurysm | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ascending-aortic-aneurysm?lang=us

  Ascending aortic aneurysms represent 60% of thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] Ascending aortic aneurysms are the most common subtype of thoracic aortic aneurysms and may be true or false aneurysms.

• #22 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424904-overview

  Although findings from autopsy series have varied widely, the prevalence of aortic aneurysms probably exceeds 3-4% in individuals older than 65 years. Aortic aneurysms are more common in men than in women and are more common in persons with COPD than in those without lung disease. […] The incidence of TAAs has been estimated to be about 6 cases per 100,000 person-years. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence and prevalence of TAAs in 22 population-based studies, Melo et al found a pooled incidence of 5.3 per 100,000 individuals per year and a prevalence of 0.16%. […] Death from aneurysmal rupture has been one of the 15 leading causes of death in most series. In addition, the overall prevalence of aortic aneurysms has increased significantly in the past 30 years. This is partly due to an increase in diagnosis based on the widespread use of imaging techniques. However, the prevalence of fatal and nonfatal rupture has also increased, suggesting a true increase in prevalence.

• #23 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: At What Size Should We Intervene? – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2017-nov/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms-at-what-size-should-we-intervene

  Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a potentially life-threatening disorder that without intervention carries a poor prognosis. Once diagnosed, the 3-year survival for large degenerative TAAs ( 60 mm in diameter) is approximately 20%. Hospital admissions in the United Kingdom for TAAs have doubled in the last decade, and von Allmen and colleagues reported a TAA hospital admission rate of nine per 100,000 population. The causes and treatment of TAAs vary depending on their location. Approximately 60% of TAAs occur in the root or ascending aorta, 10% in the arch, 40% in the descending aorta, and 10% in the thoracoabdominal aorta, with some aneurysms involving multiple aortic segments. […] […] Because of the increase in hospital admissions for TAAs over the last decade, the decision regarding who will benefit from surgical repair became even more important. Aortic aneurysms account for 40,000 deaths annually in the United States. Maximum aortic diameter is the key parameter used to predict rupture risk and is therefore central in directing clinicians whether to offer surveillance or surgical repair. However, despite the increase in patients undergoing operations, natural history data concerning the risk of aneurysm rupture and the evidence base for threshold diameters at which TAA repair becomes beneficial are limited. […]

• #24 Thoracic aortic aneurysm epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms are relatively uncommon (6 to 10 new ones per 100,000 person years) and are less prevalent than abdominal aortic aneurysm. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are generally diagnosed after the sixth and seventh decades of life. Although men are affected 2 to 4 times as often as women, women are at higher risk of rupture by a factor 6.8. […] TAAs are relatively uncommon with an estimated incidence between 6 and 10 new aneurysms per 100,000 person-years. According to a study by Beckerstaff et al., the incidence of thoracic aortic aneurysms was reported to be 5.3 per 100,000 per year. Another study done by Clouse et al. showed the incidence to be 10.4 per 100,000 per year. […] However, the incidence and prevalence of TAD has been increasing in the past years. The annual number of surgeries performed on the aorta have increased, along with improved post-surgical and long term survival. […] TAAs are usually diagnosed after the sixth and seventh decade of life. […] Males are affected approximately two to four times more often than females. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm is more common in caucasians.

• #25 Tech helps care teams find deadly heart condition – Kaiser Permanente Look insideKP Northern California

  https://lookinside.kaiserpermanente.org/technology-helps-detect-potentially-lethal-cardiac-condition/

  A Kaiser Permanente Northern California registry of patients with aortic aneurysms is the largest of its kind in the world. […] The Northern California Regional Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Surveillance Program has grown to the largest patient monitoring system of its kind in the world, according to its new director, Dorinna Mendoza, MD. […] The program has flagged about 20,000 patients for initial screening, resulting in 11,000 who are being actively followed. […] The number of high-risk patients has grown six-fold since 2018 as the technology that flags them has improved. […] Patients invited to the monitoring program and clinic may already know they have an aortic aneurysm and are being followed by a cardiologist or primary care doctor. […] The TAA analytics program sorts through CT scans, MRI scans, and echocardiograms.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00369-y

  The overall burden of early-onset aortic aneurysms has exhibited an increasing trend over the last three decades, especially in lower SDI countries. There is an urgent need to develop targeted prevention and control strategies across different regions and countries worldwide. […] Aortic aneurysm rupture represents a vascular emergency. Its incidence and deaths rates are increasing with a tendency of early onset in younger age groups. […] It is anticipated that early-onset aortic aneurysm will emerge as a critical global public health issue over the next two decades. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor and promptly analyze the epidemiological profile of early-onset aortic aneurysms. […] Current epidemiological data on aortic aneurysms, particularly early-onset aortic aneurysm, is extremely limited.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00369-y

  Aortic aneurysm has a subtle onset, high rupture mortality, rapid progression in younger individuals, and increasing annual mortality rates. Our study aimed to estimate the global burden and trends of early-onset aortic aneurysm from 1990 to 2021. […] From 1990 to 2021, the ASDR for aortic aneurysm in adolescents and young adults increased from 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11, 0.14) to 0.13 (0.11, 0.14) per 100,000 population, with an AAPC of 0.08% (-0.08%, 0.25%). The ASDALYR rose from 7.25 (6.52, 8.30) to 7.35 (6.51, 8.37), with an AAPC of 0.07% (-0.09%, 0.23%). Both ASDR and ASDALYR are higher in males than females, with a declining trend in females. Higher Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) countries exhibit higher ASDR and ASDALYR compared to lower SDI countries, with a continuous decline observed in high SDI nations.

• #28

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00369-y

  The overall burden of early-onset aortic aneurysms has exhibited an increasing trend over the last three decades, especially in lower SDI countries. There is an urgent need to develop targeted prevention and control strategies across different regions and countries worldwide. […] Aortic aneurysm rupture represents a vascular emergency. Its incidence and deaths rates are increasing with a tendency of early onset in younger age groups. […] It is anticipated that early-onset aortic aneurysm will emerge as a critical global public health issue over the next two decades. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor and promptly analyze the epidemiological profile of early-onset aortic aneurysms. […] Current epidemiological data on aortic aneurysms, particularly early-onset aortic aneurysm, is extremely limited.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00369-y

  Interestingly, the ASDR and ASDALYR in High SDI countries have been continuously decreasing, whereas those in Low SDI countries have been rising. […] Overall, smoking remains the primary attributable risk factor for both ASDR and ASDALYR in both males and females. Additionally, the proportion of attributable risk factors is higher in males compared to females. […] The burden of early-onset aortic aneurysm will continue to rise in the next 20 years, particularly in Asian and African regions. It is necessary to strengthen vascular health prevention strategies and aortic aneurysm management in these regions.

• #30

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00369-y

  Interestingly, the ASDR and ASDALYR in High SDI countries have been continuously decreasing, whereas those in Low SDI countries have been rising. […] Overall, smoking remains the primary attributable risk factor for both ASDR and ASDALYR in both males and females. Additionally, the proportion of attributable risk factors is higher in males compared to females. […] The burden of early-onset aortic aneurysm will continue to rise in the next 20 years, particularly in Asian and African regions. It is necessary to strengthen vascular health prevention strategies and aortic aneurysm management in these regions.

• #31 Epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-risk-factors-pathogenesis-and-natural-history-of-thoracic-aortic-aneurysm-and-dissection

  Epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection […] Most thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) identified in patients over age 65 years are degenerative and share many of the same risk factors as abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA); inflammatory disorders such as giant cell arteritis are also associated with TAA, primarily in this age group. TAAD occurring in patients younger than 65 years is more often associated with a genetic predisposition that can be familial or related to defined genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome. Approximately 25 percent of patients with TAA will also be found to have an AAA. […] The natural history of TAA is one of slow expansion with a progressive increase in the risk of aortic dissection at larger aortic sizes. The rate of aortic expansion depends on the aneurysm etiology, diameter, and location. Expansion rates for TAA are generally less than those of AAA. In addition, the generally slow expansion of TAA means that most patients with TAA are asymptomatic, and many patients will succumb to other disease processes without being aware that TAA is present. TAA that produces symptoms are typically very large and at risk for rupture, which is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. […] This topic will review the etiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and natural history of TAAD.

• #32 Epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-risk-factors-pathogenesis-and-natural-history-of-thoracic-aortic-aneurysm-and-dissection

  Epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection […] Most thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) identified in patients over age 65 years are degenerative and share many of the same risk factors as abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA); inflammatory disorders such as giant cell arteritis are also associated with TAA, primarily in this age group. TAAD occurring in patients younger than 65 years is more often associated with a genetic predisposition that can be familial or related to defined genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome. Approximately 25 percent of patients with TAA will also be found to have an AAA. […] The natural history of TAA is one of slow expansion with a progressive increase in the risk of aortic dissection at larger aortic sizes. The rate of aortic expansion depends on the aneurysm etiology, diameter, and location. Expansion rates for TAA are generally less than those of AAA. In addition, the generally slow expansion of TAA means that most patients with TAA are asymptomatic, and many patients will succumb to other disease processes without being aware that TAA is present. TAA that produces symptoms are typically very large and at risk for rupture, which is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. […] This topic will review the etiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and natural history of TAAD.

• #33 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/diseases-of-the-aorta-and-its-branches/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms

  Thoracic abdominal aneurysms enlarge an average of 3 to 5 mm/year. Risk factors for rapid enlargement include larger size of aneurysm, location in the descending aorta, and presence of mural thrombi. […] The risk of rupture appears to rise abruptly as TAAs reach 6 cm in diameter. Median diameter at aneurysm rupture is approximately 6 cm for ascending aneurysms and 7 cm for descending aneurysms; smaller aneurysms also may rupture, especially in patients with connective tissue disorders or saccular aneurysms. […] Survival rate of patients with untreated large TAAs is 25% at 2 years. TAA rupture has a mortality of 97%.

• #34 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/diseases-of-the-aorta-and-its-branches/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms

  Thoracic abdominal aneurysms enlarge an average of 3 to 5 mm/year. Risk factors for rapid enlargement include larger size of aneurysm, location in the descending aorta, and presence of mural thrombi. […] The risk of rupture appears to rise abruptly as TAAs reach 6 cm in diameter. Median diameter at aneurysm rupture is approximately 6 cm for ascending aneurysms and 7 cm for descending aneurysms; smaller aneurysms also may rupture, especially in patients with connective tissue disorders or saccular aneurysms. […] Survival rate of patients with untreated large TAAs is 25% at 2 years. TAA rupture has a mortality of 97%.

• #35 Surveillance of moderate-size aneurysms of the thoracic aorta | Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery | Full Text

  https://cardiothoracicsurgery.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13019-015-0220-2

  There are no evidence based guidelines for the surveillance of patients with moderate-sized (5 cm) thoracic aortic aneurysms (MTAA), who do not warrant surgical intervention. […] The appropriate frequency and mode of surveillance are unclear. […] Current management is guided by best clinical judgment. There is no data to guide surveillance of these patients. […] The very low aneurysm growth rate of our MTAA patients during the follow-up period suggests that such annual imaging of all patients, the unstated standard of care, may be excessive and unnecessary for lower-risk MTAA patient sub-groups as well as pose a potential health hazard related to excessive radiation exposure which in this study was not insignificant. […] Given their inherent, asymptomatic nature, the true MTAA incidence cannot be known. […] This study is retrospective in nature, and therefore has several inherent limitations. […] This study’s threshold has the potential to aid clinicians in identifying at-risk versus not-at-risk patient subgroups with MTAA.

• #36 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/diseases-of-the-aorta-and-its-branches/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms

  Thoracic abdominal aneurysms enlarge an average of 3 to 5 mm/year. Risk factors for rapid enlargement include larger size of aneurysm, location in the descending aorta, and presence of mural thrombi. […] The risk of rupture appears to rise abruptly as TAAs reach 6 cm in diameter. Median diameter at aneurysm rupture is approximately 6 cm for ascending aneurysms and 7 cm for descending aneurysms; smaller aneurysms also may rupture, especially in patients with connective tissue disorders or saccular aneurysms. […] Survival rate of patients with untreated large TAAs is 25% at 2 years. TAA rupture has a mortality of 97%.

• #37 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/diseases-of-the-aorta-and-its-branches/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms

  Thoracic abdominal aneurysms enlarge an average of 3 to 5 mm/year. Risk factors for rapid enlargement include larger size of aneurysm, location in the descending aorta, and presence of mural thrombi. […] The risk of rupture appears to rise abruptly as TAAs reach 6 cm in diameter. Median diameter at aneurysm rupture is approximately 6 cm for ascending aneurysms and 7 cm for descending aneurysms; smaller aneurysms also may rupture, especially in patients with connective tissue disorders or saccular aneurysms. […] Survival rate of patients with untreated large TAAs is 25% at 2 years. TAA rupture has a mortality of 97%.

• #38 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/diseases-of-the-aorta-and-its-branches/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms

  Thoracic abdominal aneurysms enlarge an average of 3 to 5 mm/year. Risk factors for rapid enlargement include larger size of aneurysm, location in the descending aorta, and presence of mural thrombi. […] The risk of rupture appears to rise abruptly as TAAs reach 6 cm in diameter. Median diameter at aneurysm rupture is approximately 6 cm for ascending aneurysms and 7 cm for descending aneurysms; smaller aneurysms also may rupture, especially in patients with connective tissue disorders or saccular aneurysms. […] Survival rate of patients with untreated large TAAs is 25% at 2 years. TAA rupture has a mortality of 97%.

• #39 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

  https://www.illuminate.ai/disease-pages/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm

  Patients whose aortic aneurysms are repaired prior to rupture have at least a 90% survival rate. But too many identified aneurysms go untreated […] Additional surveillance imaging described a thoracoabdominal aneurysm, measuring 5.2 cm in maximal diameter and the patient is now receiving surveillance imaging every 6 months. […] Patients whose aneurysms are repaired prior to rupture have at least a 90% survival rate. The survival rate drops to 20% at rupture. […] Identify patients with a small treatable aneurysm before it ruptures. We can help shorten the time for a patient to receive a diagnosis and treatment. […] Reinforce their role in both diagnosing and capturing incidental findings and ensuring follow-up imaging is performed. […] Streamlines and simplifies referrals to specialist. Integrates into current state workflow to support efficiency for providers. […] Proactive in maximizing patient care. Mitigating medical legal risk. Eliminating potential professional liability claims from missed diagnoses.

• #40 Thoracic Aorta Aneurysm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554567/

  In the United States, about 13000 patients die because of aortic disease each year, and TAA is the 18 most common causes of death among all individuals. TAA has an incidence of 10 cases per 100000 patient years and a prevalence of 0.16 to 0.34%. The incidence of TAA is increasing due to better diagnostic imaging and increased life expectancy in the general population. Patients with familial TAA have an average age of presentation at 56.8 years, while patients with TAA due to other causes present around 64.3 years. More men develop TAA, while more women develop worse clinical outcomes and have an increased risk of dissection. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysms require a prompt diagnosis as most patients are asymptomatic until dissection or rupture of the aorta occurs, leading to worsened patient morbidity and mortality. Improving the interprofessional teams vigilance during the patient evaluation, keeping thoracic aortic aneurysm as a differential diagnosis, and understanding the findings to look forward to during testing can lead to timely diagnosis and management.

• #41 Thoracic aortic aneurysm: Optimal surveillance and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/9/557

  Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta is less common than in the abdominal aorta, but it is clinically important because of the risk of rupture and death. […] Surveillance with various imaging tests is critical before and after intervention to guide treatment. […] Guidelines from several professional societies are available regarding surveillance and indications for intervention. […] Regular imaging surveillance is critical after diagnosis and after aneurysm interventions. […] There are no effective preventive strategies for TAA to date; thus, early detection, surveillance, and treatment are critical to improving outcomes. […] Most cases of TAA are asymptomatic and are discovered either incidentally on imaging or as part of dedicated screening for those at risk. […] The first thing to consider is the imaging modality to use.

• #42 Thoracic aortic aneurysm: Optimal surveillance and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/9/557

  Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta is less common than in the abdominal aorta, but it is clinically important because of the risk of rupture and death. […] Surveillance with various imaging tests is critical before and after intervention to guide treatment. […] Guidelines from several professional societies are available regarding surveillance and indications for intervention. […] Regular imaging surveillance is critical after diagnosis and after aneurysm interventions. […] There are no effective preventive strategies for TAA to date; thus, early detection, surveillance, and treatment are critical to improving outcomes. […] Most cases of TAA are asymptomatic and are discovered either incidentally on imaging or as part of dedicated screening for those at risk. […] The first thing to consider is the imaging modality to use.

• #43 Thoracic aortic aneurysm: Optimal surveillance and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/9/557

  Accurate and reproducible measurements are critical in surveillance, especially when nearing the threshold for intervention. […] Once the modality is established, timing of surveillance and guideline recommendations depend on aortic dimensions and growth and presence of associated conditions. […] An early follow-up scan (6 months after initial TAA diagnosis) is recommended to assess for growth of the aneurysm in patients who have genetic conditions, and annually thereafter if measurements have been stable or more frequently if there is accelerated growth. […] Patients with TAA should be referred to a cardiologist (and a surgeon, if approaching or exceeding surgical criteria) for optimal decision-making in surveillance and management.

• #44 Thoracic aortic aneurysm: Optimal surveillance and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/9/557

  Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta is less common than in the abdominal aorta, but it is clinically important because of the risk of rupture and death. […] Surveillance with various imaging tests is critical before and after intervention to guide treatment. […] Guidelines from several professional societies are available regarding surveillance and indications for intervention. […] Regular imaging surveillance is critical after diagnosis and after aneurysm interventions. […] There are no effective preventive strategies for TAA to date; thus, early detection, surveillance, and treatment are critical to improving outcomes. […] Most cases of TAA are asymptomatic and are discovered either incidentally on imaging or as part of dedicated screening for those at risk. […] The first thing to consider is the imaging modality to use.

• #45 2022 ACC/AHA Aortic Disease Guideline Key Perspectives: Part 2 of 2

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2022/11/01/12/21/2022-guideline-on-aortic-disease-2-gl-ad

  The 2022 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) aortic disease guideline provides recommendations on the diagnosis, evaluation, medical therapy, endovascular and surgical intervention, and long-term surveillance of patients with aortic disease across its multiple clinical presentations. […] Surveillance imaging with TTE, CT, or MRI is reasonable after 6-12 months, and then, if stable, every 6-24 months. […] After treatment of TAA with TEVAR, surveillance imaging with CT is recommended after 1 month and 12 months, and then annually if stable; MRI is a reasonable alternative to CT. […] After open repair of TAA, CT or MRI within 1 year and then every 5 years is reasonable in the absence of residual aortopathy; annual imaging is reasonable if there is residual aortopathy or abnormal findings on surveillance imaging.

• #46 2022 ACC/AHA Aortic Disease Guideline Key Perspectives: Part 2 of 2

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2022/11/01/12/21/2022-guideline-on-aortic-disease-2-gl-ad

  The 2022 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) aortic disease guideline provides recommendations on the diagnosis, evaluation, medical therapy, endovascular and surgical intervention, and long-term surveillance of patients with aortic disease across its multiple clinical presentations. […] Surveillance imaging with TTE, CT, or MRI is reasonable after 6-12 months, and then, if stable, every 6-24 months. […] After treatment of TAA with TEVAR, surveillance imaging with CT is recommended after 1 month and 12 months, and then annually if stable; MRI is a reasonable alternative to CT. […] After open repair of TAA, CT or MRI within 1 year and then every 5 years is reasonable in the absence of residual aortopathy; annual imaging is reasonable if there is residual aortopathy or abnormal findings on surveillance imaging.

• #47 Transthoracic ultrasound evaluation of Thoracic aortic aneurysms. – Health Research Authority

  https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/application-summaries/research-summaries/transthoracic-ultrasound-evaluation-of-thoracic-aortic-aneurysms/

  The aorta is the main blood vessel which arises from the heart to transport blood to the rest of the body. The walls of these vessels can become weaker and the size of the vessel can increase over time which is called an aneurysm. If the aneurysm gets too big, it can burst and become life threatening for the patient. […] However, they can also occur in the thoracic aorta but are currently only detected when a patient has a CT scan or MRI scan. […] Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging modality that is cheaper than the methods currently used for thoracic aortic aneurysm surveillance. A previous study by DAbate et al., found that ultrasound has the potential to be used as a diagnostic modality for thoracic aortic aneurysms, and may have a role in surveillance in patients for whom CT scanning is contraindicated. However, further validation of this methodology is required for it to be considered as a method of diagnosis and surveillance for this patient pathway.

• #48 2022 ACC/AHA Aortic Disease Guideline Key Perspectives: Part 2 of 2

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2022/11/01/12/21/2022-guideline-on-aortic-disease-2-gl-ad

  The 2022 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) aortic disease guideline provides recommendations on the diagnosis, evaluation, medical therapy, endovascular and surgical intervention, and long-term surveillance of patients with aortic disease across its multiple clinical presentations. […] Surveillance imaging with TTE, CT, or MRI is reasonable after 6-12 months, and then, if stable, every 6-24 months. […] After treatment of TAA with TEVAR, surveillance imaging with CT is recommended after 1 month and 12 months, and then annually if stable; MRI is a reasonable alternative to CT. […] After open repair of TAA, CT or MRI within 1 year and then every 5 years is reasonable in the absence of residual aortopathy; annual imaging is reasonable if there is residual aortopathy or abnormal findings on surveillance imaging.

• #49 Thoracic aortic aneurysm: Optimal surveillance and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/9/557

  Accurate and reproducible measurements are critical in surveillance, especially when nearing the threshold for intervention. […] Once the modality is established, timing of surveillance and guideline recommendations depend on aortic dimensions and growth and presence of associated conditions. […] An early follow-up scan (6 months after initial TAA diagnosis) is recommended to assess for growth of the aneurysm in patients who have genetic conditions, and annually thereafter if measurements have been stable or more frequently if there is accelerated growth. […] Patients with TAA should be referred to a cardiologist (and a surgeon, if approaching or exceeding surgical criteria) for optimal decision-making in surveillance and management.

• #50 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: At What Size Should We Intervene? – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2017-nov/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms-at-what-size-should-we-intervene

  The 2017 European Society for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (ESVS) guidelines on descending thoracic aortic disease suggested that endovascular repair should be considered for descending TAAs 60 mm diameter, as this is the diameter where risk of rupture sharply escalates (classification IIa, level B evidence). To evaluate the possible benefit of repair in a population with smaller aneurysms ( 55 mm), a randomized controlled trial would be necessary. […] […] Current guidelines for repair suggest the threshold for prophylactic surgical aortic repair to be within the range of 5.5 to 6 cm, but the decision regarding which individual will benefit from repair remains challenging.

• #51 Surveillance… | The American Association for Thoracic Surgery | AATS

  https://www.aats.org/resources/surveillance-of-moderate-size-aneurysms-of-the-thoracic-aorta

  Surveillance of Moderate-Size Aneurysms of the Thoracic Aorta Allison J. McLarty1, Muath Bishawi1, Suresh Baba1, Annie L. Shroyer1, Jamie Romeiser2 1Northport VA, Northport, NY; 2Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY Invited Discussant: Scott A. LeMaire Objectives: There is little data guiding appropriate surveillance of patients with moderate sized Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms (TAA). […] Based on this pilot study, a longer interval between imaging studies appears to be reasonable for patients with moderate sized thoracic aortic aneurysms particularly if less than 4.3 cm at presentation.

• #52

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-021-01564-9

  Cardiovascular guidelines recommend (bi-)annual computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for surveillance of the diameter of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs). […] The optimal imaging protocol comprises triennial imaging of aneurysms 40-49mm in diameter and yearly imaging of those measuring 50-54mm. […] In our population of patients with non-syndromic TAAs, we found aneurysm growth rates to be lower than those previously reported. Yearly imaging does not lead to changes in the management of small aneurysms. Thus, lower imaging frequencies might be a good alternative approach. […] The implementation of such strategies would have reduced the number of imaging examinations in the study population by 16.0% and 29.9%, respectively. […] Current guidelines prescribe referral for preventive surgery based on absolute diameter cut-offs. In addition, the ACC/AHA advocates elective operation of patients who exhibit growth rates 5mm/year.

• #53

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-021-01564-9

  The results of the current study reveal that yearly imaging carries no therapeutic consequences for patients with small aneurysms. On the contrary, it can add unjustifiable costs to health care and unnecessary exposure to radiation and contrast agent administration. Here, we propose a surveillance strategy that consists of 3-yearly imaging of patients with smaller aneurysms and yearly imaging of those who are in close proximity to their respective surgical thresholds. We conclude that this approach is as accurate as annual follow-up and reduces the number of requested imaging examinations by 29.9% (TAV) and 16.0% (BAV with risk factors).

• #54 Integrated Aortic Program | Thoracic Aneurysm Program

  https://www.valleyhealth.com/services/integrated-aortic-program

  Living with an aortic aneurysm can be stressful, but when managed properly, patients can enjoy an excellent quality of life. […] Our well-established diagnostic, surgical and surveillance program offers comprehensive care for patients with aortic aneurysm. […] People at almost any age can be diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm. […] As thoracic aneurysms typically do not have symptoms, many patients learn of their aneurysm when they have tests such as an X-Ray or CT scan for another condition. […] Most patients do not need surgery, and their aneurysm can be safely managed using surveillance and medical follow-up. […] Valleys Integrated Aortic Program offers regular follow-up and careful management to ensure you receive high quality care based on the latest evidence. […] Valley currently has over 1,700 patients under surveillance in the program, ranging from 17 to 90 years of age.

• #55 Screening for the vulnerable aorta: targeting high-risk groups in the population

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2023/09/screening-for-the-vulnerable-aorta-targeting-high-risk-groups-in-the-population/

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms are often asymptomatic until patients present with a life-threatening acute aortic syndrome. The vulnerability of an aorta to an acute aortic syndrome is determined by cross-sectional diameter and underlying aetiological factors, such as genotype or acquired disease. Screening the general population for thoracic aneurysms presents multiple resource issues including the availability of imaging modalities. Targeted screening of high-risk groups provides the only currently pragmatic solution. […] Screening for the vulnerable aorta in the population is key to surveillance and timely intervention to avoid an aortic catastrophe. […] Generalised screening of populations for thoracic aortic aneurysm is currently not feasible due to limitations on availability of imaging services. The only pragmatic solution to screening the population for this disease is a focus on high-risk groups. […] Until we have a comprehensive screening programme it is incumbent on all healthcare professionals to have a low threshold for considering acute aortic pathologies when reviewing patients presenting with chest pain. Early diagnosis is key to a successful outcome.

• #56 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/symptoms-causes/syc-20350188

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms are less common than aneurysms in the lower part of the aorta, called abdominal aortic aneurysms. […] Treatment of a thoracic aortic aneurysm depends on the cause and size of the aneurysm and how fast it’s growing. Treatment may range from regular health checkups to emergency surgery. A thoracic aortic aneurysm that ruptures or causes a tear called a dissection is a medical emergency that can lead to death. […] Most people with thoracic aortic aneurysms don’t have symptoms until an aortic dissection or rupture occurs. An aortic dissection or aneurysm rupture is a medical emergency. Call 911 or your local emergency number for immediate help. […] Screening means that you have regular imaging tests, usually an echocardiogram, to look for an aneurysm. […] Your healthcare professional may suggest screening for a thoracic aneurysm if: You have a parent, brother, sister, son or daughter with a genetic condition linked to thoracic aortic aneurysms. An example is Marfan syndrome. […] If a screening test shows a larger than usual aorta or an aneurysm, the test is usually repeated within 6 to 12 months to look for changes.

• #57 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm & Aortic Dissection | Marfan Foundation

  https://marfan.org/conditions/familial-aortic-aneurysm/

  A thoracic aortic aneurysm is an enlargement of the aorta (the main blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body) in the thoracic cavity or the chest area. This condition is fairly common in the general population, but about 20 percent of the cases are caused by a genetic condition. […] Early detection, frequent imaging, and treatment are critical because both aortic aneurysms and dissections increase the risk that the aorta will suddenly burst (rupture), causing massive internal bleeding. Without surgery to prevent aortic rupture, these blood vessel abnormalities can be life-threatening. […] About 20 percent of people with thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection have a genetic predisposition to it, meaning it runs in the family. This type is known as familial thoracic aneurysm and dissection. Many people dont know they have a genetic predisposition to thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. First-degree relatives (i.e., parents, children, siblings) of individuals known to have thoracic aortic aneurysm should be screened for the condition.

• #58 Thoracic aortic aneurysm – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm

  Aortic conditions can be inherited, so if you have a family history of aortic aneurysm you should speak to your doctor about screening for you and your family. […] Treatment of a thoracic aortic aneurysm varies from regular health checks to emergency surgery. The type of treatment depends on the cause, size, location and growth rate of the thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Thoracic aortic aneurysm risk factors include: smoking, high blood pressure, family history, age – getting older increases the risk of aortic aneurysms. Thoracic aortic aneurysms occur most often in people aged 65 and older, genetic conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome or vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

• #59 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm & Aortic Dissection | Marfan Foundation

  https://marfan.org/conditions/familial-aortic-aneurysm/

  A thoracic aortic aneurysm is an enlargement of the aorta (the main blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body) in the thoracic cavity or the chest area. This condition is fairly common in the general population, but about 20 percent of the cases are caused by a genetic condition. […] Early detection, frequent imaging, and treatment are critical because both aortic aneurysms and dissections increase the risk that the aorta will suddenly burst (rupture), causing massive internal bleeding. Without surgery to prevent aortic rupture, these blood vessel abnormalities can be life-threatening. […] About 20 percent of people with thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection have a genetic predisposition to it, meaning it runs in the family. This type is known as familial thoracic aneurysm and dissection. Many people dont know they have a genetic predisposition to thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. First-degree relatives (i.e., parents, children, siblings) of individuals known to have thoracic aortic aneurysm should be screened for the condition.

• #60 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms

  […] […] Prevention and screening […] For athletes – one expert advises routine screening of all athletes involved in weightlifting or heavy athletics. […] For patients with Marfan’s syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – lifelong beta-blockers, moderate restriction of physical activity and regular imaging of the aorta. […] For patients with a bicuspid aortic valve, assessment of the ascending aorta may be advisable.

• #61 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms

  […] […] Prevention and screening […] For athletes – one expert advises routine screening of all athletes involved in weightlifting or heavy athletics. […] For patients with Marfan’s syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – lifelong beta-blockers, moderate restriction of physical activity and regular imaging of the aorta. […] For patients with a bicuspid aortic valve, assessment of the ascending aorta may be advisable.

• #62 Integrated Aortic Program | Thoracic Aneurysm Program

  https://www.valleyhealth.com/services/integrated-aortic-program

  The First-Degree Relative program provides screening, imaging and long-term surveillance for those individuals who have a relative diagnosed with a thoracic aneurysm. […] For most patients, regular surveillance combined with risk factor management is enough treatment to safely manage their aneurysm. […] Each patient is seen regularly to monitor their aorta. […] Education is an important aspect of care, and we offer education on nutrition, stress management, and safe exercise with a thoracic aneurysm. […] Valleys Integrated Aortic Program has patient support groups that meet regularly online and in person. […] Through our First Degree Relative program, we also monitor family clusters of aortic aneurysms.

• #63 Tech helps care teams find deadly heart condition – Kaiser Permanente Look insideKP Northern California

  https://lookinside.kaiserpermanente.org/technology-helps-detect-potentially-lethal-cardiac-condition/

  A Kaiser Permanente Northern California registry of patients with aortic aneurysms is the largest of its kind in the world. […] The Northern California Regional Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Surveillance Program has grown to the largest patient monitoring system of its kind in the world, according to its new director, Dorinna Mendoza, MD. […] The program has flagged about 20,000 patients for initial screening, resulting in 11,000 who are being actively followed. […] The number of high-risk patients has grown six-fold since 2018 as the technology that flags them has improved. […] Patients invited to the monitoring program and clinic may already know they have an aortic aneurysm and are being followed by a cardiologist or primary care doctor. […] The TAA analytics program sorts through CT scans, MRI scans, and echocardiograms.

• #64 Largest-ever study of thoracic aortic aneurysm supports treatment guidelines – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/taa-study-supports-guidelines/

  A diagnosis of a thoracic aortic aneurysm a bulge in the part of the main artery that runs through the chest can be frightening. […] But a large, new Kaiser Permanente study provides high-quality evidence that most of the 33,000 patients diagnosed each year in the U.S. with a thoracic aortic aneurysm are not likely to experience a tear or rupture an aortic dissection and may not need open-heart surgery. […] The study, published October 5 in JAMA Cardiology, is the largest to date to support the current consensus guidelines that recommend surgery for most patients with a thoracic aneurysm that is 5.5 centimeters or larger. […] For patients with an aneurysm less than 5.0 centimeters, the 5-year risk of experiencing an aortic dissection was less than 1%, and for those 5.0 to 5.4 centimeters, it was 1.5%.

• #65 Largest-ever study of thoracic aortic aneurysm supports treatment guidelines – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/taa-study-supports-guidelines/

  Our study shows that regular monitoring, coupled with aggressive blood pressure control and lifestyle changes, is a safe strategy for most patients until the aneurysm reaches the 5.5 centimeter mark, when surgery becomes necessary, said Solomon, who is the founder and director of the KPNC Center for Thoracic Aortic Disease. […] The ability to do these long-term follow-up studies among representative patients is critical to informing accurate risk prediction and optimizing management decisions for thoracic aortic aneurysm.

• #66 Incidence and Prevalence of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Population-Based Studies – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33705940/

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) may grow asymptomatically until they rupture, with a mortality over 90%. The true incidence and prevalence of this condition is uncertain and epidemiologic data is scarce, understudied and dispersed. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence and prevalence of TAAs in population-based studies. […] The pooled incidence and prevalence of TAAs was 5.3 per 100,000 individuals/year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.0; 8.3) and 0.16% (95% CI: 0.12; 0.20), respectively. The pooled incidence of ruptured aneurysms was 1.6 per 100,000 individuals/year (95% CI: 1.3; 2.1). […] The current epidemiologic information provided serve as a base for future public-health decisions. The lack of well-design population-base studies and the limitations encountered serve as calling for future research in this field.

• #67 Incidence and Prevalence of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Population-Based Studies – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33705940/

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) may grow asymptomatically until they rupture, with a mortality over 90%. The true incidence and prevalence of this condition is uncertain and epidemiologic data is scarce, understudied and dispersed. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence and prevalence of TAAs in population-based studies. […] The pooled incidence and prevalence of TAAs was 5.3 per 100,000 individuals/year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.0; 8.3) and 0.16% (95% CI: 0.12; 0.20), respectively. The pooled incidence of ruptured aneurysms was 1.6 per 100,000 individuals/year (95% CI: 1.3; 2.1). […] The current epidemiologic information provided serve as a base for future public-health decisions. The lack of well-design population-base studies and the limitations encountered serve as calling for future research in this field.

• #68 Surveillance of moderate-size aneurysms of the thoracic aorta | Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery | Full Text

  https://cardiothoracicsurgery.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13019-015-0220-2

  There are no evidence based guidelines for the surveillance of patients with moderate-sized (5 cm) thoracic aortic aneurysms (MTAA), who do not warrant surgical intervention. […] The appropriate frequency and mode of surveillance are unclear. […] Current management is guided by best clinical judgment. There is no data to guide surveillance of these patients. […] The very low aneurysm growth rate of our MTAA patients during the follow-up period suggests that such annual imaging of all patients, the unstated standard of care, may be excessive and unnecessary for lower-risk MTAA patient sub-groups as well as pose a potential health hazard related to excessive radiation exposure which in this study was not insignificant. […] Given their inherent, asymptomatic nature, the true MTAA incidence cannot be known. […] This study is retrospective in nature, and therefore has several inherent limitations. […] This study’s threshold has the potential to aid clinicians in identifying at-risk versus not-at-risk patient subgroups with MTAA.

• #69 Protocol for a randomised controlled trial for Treatment in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Surgery versus Surveillance (TITAN: SvS) | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/5/e052070

  Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) is an asymptomatic condition that can lead to catastrophic events of rupture or dissection. Current guidelines are based on limited retrospective data and recommend surgical intervention for ATAA with a diameter of greater or equal to 5.5cm. […] The natural history of ATAA is incompletely understood. Aneurysm size is the most widely accepted criteria for predicting risk of acute aortic events and determining surgical threshold. […] We have performed a meta-analysis of observational studies reporting natural history of ATAA, which included 8831 patients and 31000 patient-years of follow-up. […] Therefore, patients who do not meet guideline criteria for surgery still bear a significant burden of health risk and quality-of-life concern. […] Treatment in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Surgery versus Surveillance (TITAN: SvS) aims to be the first randomised controlled trial to guide evidence-based management of the growing population with indolent but lethal silent killers of ascending aortic aneurysms.

• #70 Protocol for a randomised controlled trial for Treatment in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Surgery versus Surveillance (TITAN: SvS) | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/5/e052070

  Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) is an asymptomatic condition that can lead to catastrophic events of rupture or dissection. Current guidelines are based on limited retrospective data and recommend surgical intervention for ATAA with a diameter of greater or equal to 5.5cm. […] The natural history of ATAA is incompletely understood. Aneurysm size is the most widely accepted criteria for predicting risk of acute aortic events and determining surgical threshold. […] We have performed a meta-analysis of observational studies reporting natural history of ATAA, which included 8831 patients and 31000 patient-years of follow-up. […] Therefore, patients who do not meet guideline criteria for surgery still bear a significant burden of health risk and quality-of-life concern. […] Treatment in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Surgery versus Surveillance (TITAN: SvS) aims to be the first randomised controlled trial to guide evidence-based management of the growing population with indolent but lethal silent killers of ascending aortic aneurysms.

• #71 Screening for the vulnerable aorta: targeting high-risk groups in the population

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2023/09/screening-for-the-vulnerable-aorta-targeting-high-risk-groups-in-the-population/

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms are often asymptomatic until patients present with a life-threatening acute aortic syndrome. The vulnerability of an aorta to an acute aortic syndrome is determined by cross-sectional diameter and underlying aetiological factors, such as genotype or acquired disease. Screening the general population for thoracic aneurysms presents multiple resource issues including the availability of imaging modalities. Targeted screening of high-risk groups provides the only currently pragmatic solution. […] Screening for the vulnerable aorta in the population is key to surveillance and timely intervention to avoid an aortic catastrophe. […] Generalised screening of populations for thoracic aortic aneurysm is currently not feasible due to limitations on availability of imaging services. The only pragmatic solution to screening the population for this disease is a focus on high-risk groups. […] Until we have a comprehensive screening programme it is incumbent on all healthcare professionals to have a low threshold for considering acute aortic pathologies when reviewing patients presenting with chest pain. Early diagnosis is key to a successful outcome.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00369-y

  The overall burden of early-onset aortic aneurysms has exhibited an increasing trend over the last three decades, especially in lower SDI countries. There is an urgent need to develop targeted prevention and control strategies across different regions and countries worldwide. […] Aortic aneurysm rupture represents a vascular emergency. Its incidence and deaths rates are increasing with a tendency of early onset in younger age groups. […] It is anticipated that early-onset aortic aneurysm will emerge as a critical global public health issue over the next two decades. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor and promptly analyze the epidemiological profile of early-onset aortic aneurysms. […] Current epidemiological data on aortic aneurysms, particularly early-onset aortic aneurysm, is extremely limited.

• #73 Integrated Aortic Program | Thoracic Aneurysm Program

  https://www.valleyhealth.com/services/integrated-aortic-program

  The First-Degree Relative program provides screening, imaging and long-term surveillance for those individuals who have a relative diagnosed with a thoracic aneurysm. […] For most patients, regular surveillance combined with risk factor management is enough treatment to safely manage their aneurysm. […] Each patient is seen regularly to monitor their aorta. […] Education is an important aspect of care, and we offer education on nutrition, stress management, and safe exercise with a thoracic aneurysm. […] Valleys Integrated Aortic Program has patient support groups that meet regularly online and in person. […] Through our First Degree Relative program, we also monitor family clusters of aortic aneurysms.

• #74 Integrated Aortic Program | Thoracic Aneurysm Program

  https://www.valleyhealth.com/services/integrated-aortic-program

  The First-Degree Relative program provides screening, imaging and long-term surveillance for those individuals who have a relative diagnosed with a thoracic aneurysm. […] For most patients, regular surveillance combined with risk factor management is enough treatment to safely manage their aneurysm. […] Each patient is seen regularly to monitor their aorta. […] Education is an important aspect of care, and we offer education on nutrition, stress management, and safe exercise with a thoracic aneurysm. […] Valleys Integrated Aortic Program has patient support groups that meet regularly online and in person. […] Through our First Degree Relative program, we also monitor family clusters of aortic aneurysms.

• #75 Screening for the vulnerable aorta: targeting high-risk groups in the population

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2023/09/screening-for-the-vulnerable-aorta-targeting-high-risk-groups-in-the-population/

  Thoracic aortic aneurysms are often asymptomatic until patients present with a life-threatening acute aortic syndrome. The vulnerability of an aorta to an acute aortic syndrome is determined by cross-sectional diameter and underlying aetiological factors, such as genotype or acquired disease. Screening the general population for thoracic aneurysms presents multiple resource issues including the availability of imaging modalities. Targeted screening of high-risk groups provides the only currently pragmatic solution. […] Screening for the vulnerable aorta in the population is key to surveillance and timely intervention to avoid an aortic catastrophe. […] Generalised screening of populations for thoracic aortic aneurysm is currently not feasible due to limitations on availability of imaging services. The only pragmatic solution to screening the population for this disease is a focus on high-risk groups. […] Until we have a comprehensive screening programme it is incumbent on all healthcare professionals to have a low threshold for considering acute aortic pathologies when reviewing patients presenting with chest pain. Early diagnosis is key to a successful outcome.

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