Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532300/

  The pathophysiology of sacroiliitis is complex and may involve internal, environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. […] Knowing the genetic pre-disposition for sacroiliitis can be useful for diagnosis and for formulating treatment regimens, and may lead to a substantial reduction in disease severity and duration and to improved patient performance. […] Sacroiliitis can also be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Crohns disease, gout, tuberculosis, brucellosis, and osteoarthritis, indicating common underlying etiological factors. […] The association of environmental and genetic factors in ankylosing spondylitis was unclear until the early 1970s, when the human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) allele was found to be associated with the disease. […] There is a strong association between the HLA-B27 gene and ankylosing spondylitis, one of the strongest links of a gene with a human disease, although the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear.

• #2 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.3344/kjp.2020.33.4.294

  Sacroiliitis is a hallmark of seronegative spondyloarthropathies. […] The pathophysiology of sacroiliitis is complex and may involve internal, environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. […] Knowing the genetic pre-disposition for sacroiliitis can be useful for diagnosis and for formulating treatment regimens, and may lead to a substantial reduction in disease severity and duration and to improved patient performance. […] Sacroiliitis is linked to inflammatory arthritis of the spine. The inflammation may have different causes, including autoimmunity, microtrauma, exercise, and in some cases, infections. […] This article reviews the etiological agents of sacroiliitis and associated diseases, as well as its genetic and immunological basis. […] The mechanical condition, referred to as sacroiliac joint syndrome, usually emerges from minor subluxations and/or ligamentous strain in the joint, although the exact mechanism is unclear.

• #3 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?volume=33&number=4&spage=294&vmd=A

  The pathophysiology of sacroiliitis is complex and may involve internal, environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. […] Knowing the genetic pre-disposition for sacroiliitis can be useful for diagnosis and for formulating treatment regimens, and may lead to a substantial reduction in disease severity and duration and to improved patient performance.

• #4

  https://www.koreascience.kr/article/JAKO202028851206019.page?&lang=en

  The pathophysiology of sacroiliitis is complex and may involve internal, environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. […] Finally, genetic factors may also play a central role in progression of the disease. Knowing the genetic pre-disposition for sacroiliitis can be useful for diagnosis and for formulating treatment regimens, and may lead to a substantial reduction in disease severity and duration and to improved patient performance.

• #5 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.3344/kjp.2020.33.4.294

  Sacroiliitis is a hallmark of seronegative spondyloarthropathies. […] The pathophysiology of sacroiliitis is complex and may involve internal, environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. […] Knowing the genetic pre-disposition for sacroiliitis can be useful for diagnosis and for formulating treatment regimens, and may lead to a substantial reduction in disease severity and duration and to improved patient performance. […] Sacroiliitis is linked to inflammatory arthritis of the spine. The inflammation may have different causes, including autoimmunity, microtrauma, exercise, and in some cases, infections. […] This article reviews the etiological agents of sacroiliitis and associated diseases, as well as its genetic and immunological basis. […] The mechanical condition, referred to as sacroiliac joint syndrome, usually emerges from minor subluxations and/or ligamentous strain in the joint, although the exact mechanism is unclear.

• #6 Radiological Insights into Sacroiliitis: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2039-7283/14/1/9

  Sacroiliitis is an inflammatory process that affects the sacroiliac joint (SIJ). It may appear acutely or along the course of chronic diseases. […] Inflammation and mechanical disfunctions are the two underlying mechanisms for any sacroiliac joint abnormality. […] The treatment of sacroiliitis spans a spectrum, ranging from conservative and osteopathic interventions to more interventional approaches such as radiofrequency denervation and joint fusion. […] Notably, recent technological advancements have showcased the potential for artificial intelligence networks to detect radiographic sacroiliitis with expert-level precision. […] The management of sacroiliitis varies, ranging from conservative approaches like physical therapy and medication to interventional treatments such as joint injections and radiofrequency denervation. […] Emerging technologies like high-resolution imaging and regenerative medicine hold promise for the future of sacroiliitis management.

• #7 All About Sacroiliitis

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/sacroiliac-joint-dysfunction/all-about-sacroiliitis

  Sacroiliitis can be caused by inflammatory, mechanical, postural, and traumatic causes. […] Inflammatory conditions most commonly cause sacroiliitis, but the condition can also occur due to trauma or prolonged stress on the SI joint. […] In sacroiliitis, the surface lining of the bone that surrounds the SI joint gets inflamed. This inflammation results in the joint surfaces abnormally rubbing against each other during movement, causing pain. […] Over time, SI joint dysfunction may result in joint inflammation, leading to sacroiliitis. […] The progression of sacroiliitis can vary depending on the underlying cause or individual contributing factors. Generally, four stages of sacroiliitis have been identified, which can be observed on imaging tests, such as x-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Advanced sacroiliitis is rare and usually occurs in individuals with certain underlying conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis.

• #8 Sacroiliitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28688

  Various conditions result in the inflammation of the SI joint, leading to significant pain. […] Osteoarthritis can cause degeneration of the joint resulting in pathologic articulation and motion leading to this condition. […] Spondyloarthropathies themselves can cause significant inflammation of the joint itself. […] The sacrum articulates with the ilium, which helps to distribute body weight to the pelvis. […] The SI joint capsule is relatively thin and often develops defects that enable fluid, such as joint effusion or pus, to leak out onto the surrounding structures. […] As surrounding muscles and structures are affected different presentations of pain can present because different nerve roots innervate these structures. […] The asymmetric motion of the pelvis can cause mechanical dysfunction, leading to degeneration and significant pain.

• #9 Sacroiliitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28688

  Common degenerative findings show destruction and fibrosis of the cartilage and disruption, erosion, and ossification of sub-chondral bone. […] Synovitis also is commonly found which reveals hyperplasia of linings cells with infiltration of inflammatory cells. […] Infectious etiologies of sacroiliitis reveal lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibrosis. […] The most informative test for the diagnosis of sacroiliitis is SI joint injection with local anesthetics and steroids. […] If the injection provided a very significant amount of pain relief, even if for a short period, then the chronic pain can likely be attributed to the SI joint.

• #10 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532300/

  The pathophysiology of sacroiliitis is complex and may involve internal, environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. […] Knowing the genetic pre-disposition for sacroiliitis can be useful for diagnosis and for formulating treatment regimens, and may lead to a substantial reduction in disease severity and duration and to improved patient performance. […] Sacroiliitis can also be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Crohns disease, gout, tuberculosis, brucellosis, and osteoarthritis, indicating common underlying etiological factors. […] The association of environmental and genetic factors in ankylosing spondylitis was unclear until the early 1970s, when the human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) allele was found to be associated with the disease. […] There is a strong association between the HLA-B27 gene and ankylosing spondylitis, one of the strongest links of a gene with a human disease, although the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear.

• #11 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.3344/kjp.2020.33.4.294

  The trauma mostly results from physical activities like heavy lifting or prolonged bending, or may be a result of a rear-end motor vehicle collision. […] Sudden rotation and/or axial strain is the most common mechanism underlying acute sacroiliac joint pain. […] The established relationship between joint inflammation, intestinal inflammation, and co-occurrence of these diseases is a captivating issue. […] The findings have also been confirmed via abdominal scintigraphy with labeled leucocytes, showing signs of intestinal inflammation in 50% of patients. […] The association of environmental and genetic factors in ankylosing spondylitis was unclear until the early 1970s, when the human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) allele was found to be associated with the disease. […] There is a strong association between the HLA-B27 gene and ankylosing spondylitis, one of the strongest links of a gene with a human disease, although the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. […] The gene encoding IL-1RA has a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 2. Based on the number of repeats, different alleles have been identified. […] The data suggests that PPM1A may contribute to the pathogenic bone ankylosis typical of ankylosing spondylitis.

• #12 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532300/

  The pathophysiology of sacroiliitis is complex and may involve internal, environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. […] Knowing the genetic pre-disposition for sacroiliitis can be useful for diagnosis and for formulating treatment regimens, and may lead to a substantial reduction in disease severity and duration and to improved patient performance. […] Sacroiliitis can also be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Crohns disease, gout, tuberculosis, brucellosis, and osteoarthritis, indicating common underlying etiological factors. […] The association of environmental and genetic factors in ankylosing spondylitis was unclear until the early 1970s, when the human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) allele was found to be associated with the disease. […] There is a strong association between the HLA-B27 gene and ankylosing spondylitis, one of the strongest links of a gene with a human disease, although the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear.

• #13 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532300/

  The contribution of HLA-B27 to the genetic risk of developing spondyloarthritis is minimal. […] Polymorphisms in genes outside the MHC class I region have also been found to be associated with development of sacroiliitis and ankylosing spondylitis. […] Proinflammatory cytokine TNF is involved in inflammatory conditions such as sacroiliitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohns disease. Overexpression of TNF may cause sacroiliitis, as TNF blockade treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis has been demonstrated to bring significant benefits and outcomes.

• #14 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.3344/kjp.2020.33.4.294

  The trauma mostly results from physical activities like heavy lifting or prolonged bending, or may be a result of a rear-end motor vehicle collision. […] Sudden rotation and/or axial strain is the most common mechanism underlying acute sacroiliac joint pain. […] The established relationship between joint inflammation, intestinal inflammation, and co-occurrence of these diseases is a captivating issue. […] The findings have also been confirmed via abdominal scintigraphy with labeled leucocytes, showing signs of intestinal inflammation in 50% of patients. […] The association of environmental and genetic factors in ankylosing spondylitis was unclear until the early 1970s, when the human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) allele was found to be associated with the disease. […] There is a strong association between the HLA-B27 gene and ankylosing spondylitis, one of the strongest links of a gene with a human disease, although the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. […] The gene encoding IL-1RA has a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 2. Based on the number of repeats, different alleles have been identified. […] The data suggests that PPM1A may contribute to the pathogenic bone ankylosis typical of ankylosing spondylitis.

• #15 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532300/

  The contribution of HLA-B27 to the genetic risk of developing spondyloarthritis is minimal. […] Polymorphisms in genes outside the MHC class I region have also been found to be associated with development of sacroiliitis and ankylosing spondylitis. […] Proinflammatory cytokine TNF is involved in inflammatory conditions such as sacroiliitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohns disease. Overexpression of TNF may cause sacroiliitis, as TNF blockade treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis has been demonstrated to bring significant benefits and outcomes.

• #16 Pannus inflammation in sacroiliitis following immune pathological injury and radiological structural damage: a study of 193 patients with spondyloarthritis | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-018-1594-z

  This study found that the microvessel density in the cartilage-bone interface was significantly increased in patients with sacroiliitis. Pannus invasion resulted in cartilage fibrosis degeneration and endochondral ossification, and the regional expression of VEGF, caspase-3, MMP3, and TNF- were significantly increased. […] In conclusion, subchondral pannus formation was the most significant manifestation of early sacroiliitis. Furthermore, its invasion was central to the pathologic degeneration of the cartilage. Patients with side marrow pannus and granulation invasion into the cartilage or endochondral ossification are more likely to suffer from radiological structural damage in sacroiliitis.

• #17 Sacroiliitis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Revisited | Volume 35 – Issue 2 – June 2020 | Archives of Rheumatology

  https://archivesofrheumatology.org/full-text/1101

  Inflammatory back pain is the key clinical symptom of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a protype of SpA. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by alterations in T and B cell functions and results in a production of a variety of autoantibodies. […] Since similar pathogenic mechanisms govern in AS that lead to production of autoantibodies, we hypothesize that sacroiliitis might be increased in SLE. […] In recent years, IL-23/IL-17 pathway has been shown to have significance in the pathogenesis of AS. […] We can speculate that IL-17 may be the pathogenic link between sacroiliitis and SLE which needs further investigation. […] In conclusion, IBP is not rare in SLE patients; however, most patients had no severe radiological evidence of sacroiliitis suggesting a mild axial disease. IBP in SLE is not associated with HLA-B27.

• #18 Sacroiliitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319984

  Sacroiliitis is associated with many conditions that cause inflammation in the spine. […] Sacroiliitis is often an early sign of ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis, which are progressive types of inflammatory arthritis that affect the spine and hips. […] Reviews have also associated sacroiliitis with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions such as Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, and gout. […] In severe cases, fusing the two bones with screws, a metal plate, or other fusion devices may help relieve sacroiliitis. […] Inflammation of the sacroiliac joints can lead to pain in the lower back, buttocks, and legs. It often occurs secondary to autoimmune conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis.

• #19 Ankylosing spondylitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Initiation of innate immune response […] Release of cytokines (TGF-beta and TNF-) and interleukins (IL-17 and IL-23) […] Infiltration of paravertebral and sacroiliac entheses with macrophages, CD4 T cells, and CD8 T cells […] Chronic enthesitis leads to: […] Erosion of the iliac part of the sacroiliac joints […] Vertical formation of syndesmophytes along the spinal ligament or around the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs […] Fusion of syndesmophytes ankylosis of intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies.

• #20 Understanding immunopathology of sacroiliitis | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-018-0052-2

  Few studies have investigated the pathogenesis of sacroiliitis in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and it is not well understood. […] The most common feature in early sacroiliitis was subchondral pannus formation. Pannus invasion was found to be central to pathological degeneration of the cartilage. […] The researchers concluded that cartilage pannus invasion or endochondral ossification at baseline can predict radiological structural damage during follow-up.

• #21 Pannus inflammation in sacroiliitis following immune pathological injury and radiological structural damage: a study of 193 patients with spondyloarthritis | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-018-1594-z

  The pathogenesis of sacroiliitis is unclear; therefore, we aimed to systematically study the immunopathology of sacroiliitis in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), and explore the relationship between pannus formation, inflammation, and the structural damage caused by sacroiliitis. […] Subchondral fibrovascular tissue formation is the most important pathological feature in early sacroiliitis. The existence of cartilage pannus invasion or endochondral ossification at baseline can predict radiological structural damage during the follow up. […] The pathogenic mechanism of AS has not yet been fully elucidated and there are many hypotheses on the starting position of inflammation in AS. […] Our research found that, in the early stage of sacroiliitis, pannus formation in subchondral tissue may be an early pathological hallmark.

• #22 Understanding immunopathology of sacroiliitis | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-018-0052-2

  Few studies have investigated the pathogenesis of sacroiliitis in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and it is not well understood. […] The most common feature in early sacroiliitis was subchondral pannus formation. Pannus invasion was found to be central to pathological degeneration of the cartilage. […] The researchers concluded that cartilage pannus invasion or endochondral ossification at baseline can predict radiological structural damage during follow-up.

• #23 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.3344/kjp.2020.33.4.294

  The trauma mostly results from physical activities like heavy lifting or prolonged bending, or may be a result of a rear-end motor vehicle collision. […] Sudden rotation and/or axial strain is the most common mechanism underlying acute sacroiliac joint pain. […] The established relationship between joint inflammation, intestinal inflammation, and co-occurrence of these diseases is a captivating issue. […] The findings have also been confirmed via abdominal scintigraphy with labeled leucocytes, showing signs of intestinal inflammation in 50% of patients. […] The association of environmental and genetic factors in ankylosing spondylitis was unclear until the early 1970s, when the human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) allele was found to be associated with the disease. […] There is a strong association between the HLA-B27 gene and ankylosing spondylitis, one of the strongest links of a gene with a human disease, although the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. […] The gene encoding IL-1RA has a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 2. Based on the number of repeats, different alleles have been identified. […] The data suggests that PPM1A may contribute to the pathogenic bone ankylosis typical of ankylosing spondylitis.

• #24 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7532300/

  The pathophysiology of sacroiliitis is complex and may involve internal, environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. […] Knowing the genetic pre-disposition for sacroiliitis can be useful for diagnosis and for formulating treatment regimens, and may lead to a substantial reduction in disease severity and duration and to improved patient performance. […] Sacroiliitis can also be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Crohns disease, gout, tuberculosis, brucellosis, and osteoarthritis, indicating common underlying etiological factors. […] The association of environmental and genetic factors in ankylosing spondylitis was unclear until the early 1970s, when the human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) allele was found to be associated with the disease. […] There is a strong association between the HLA-B27 gene and ankylosing spondylitis, one of the strongest links of a gene with a human disease, although the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear.

• #25 Watch Those Eyes – Page 4 of 9 – The Rheumatologist

  https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/watch-those-eyes/4/

  Uveitis is strongly related to sacroiliitis and arthritis. […] Of patients with IBD, 20% may have sacroiliitis; of these patients, 60% are HLA-B27positive. […] Patients with IBD who have acute iritis tend to be HLA-B27positive and have sacroiliitis. […] In contrast, patients with IBD who develop sclerouveitis tend to be HLA-B27negative and have no sacroiliitis.

• #26 All About Sacroiliitis

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/sacroiliac-joint-dysfunction/all-about-sacroiliitis

  Sacroiliitis can be caused by inflammatory, mechanical, postural, and traumatic causes. […] Inflammatory conditions most commonly cause sacroiliitis, but the condition can also occur due to trauma or prolonged stress on the SI joint. […] In sacroiliitis, the surface lining of the bone that surrounds the SI joint gets inflamed. This inflammation results in the joint surfaces abnormally rubbing against each other during movement, causing pain. […] Over time, SI joint dysfunction may result in joint inflammation, leading to sacroiliitis. […] The progression of sacroiliitis can vary depending on the underlying cause or individual contributing factors. Generally, four stages of sacroiliitis have been identified, which can be observed on imaging tests, such as x-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Advanced sacroiliitis is rare and usually occurs in individuals with certain underlying conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis.

• #27 Sacroiliitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/sacroiliitis?lang=us

  Sacroiliitis (rare plural: sacroiliitides) is an inflammation of one or both sacroiliac (SI) joints. It is a common cause of buttocks or lower back pain and can manifest as a wide range of disease processes. […] The causes of sacroiliitis can be unilateral or bilateral. […] MRI features of sacroiliitis can be divided into inflammatory and structural lesions: inflammatory lesions include marrow edema, synovitis and capsulitis, and enthesitis. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the sacroiliitis.

• #28 Causes of Sacroiliitis

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/sacroiliac-joint-dysfunction/causes-sacroiliitis

  Ankylosing spondylitis, a type of inflammatory arthritis, is the most common cause of sacroiliitis. […] Inflammatory causes of sacroiliitis comprise rheumatic, infectious, and other inflammatory conditions that affect the joint. […] Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing inflammation and stiffness. Over time, the inflammation can lead to SI joint erosion and fusion, which can cause permanent damage and further restrict mobility. […] Sacroiliitis is usually the first manifestation of autoimmune disorders, such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, and arthritis. […] Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can affect the SI joint and trigger an inflammatory response. […] Mechanical causes of sacroiliitis are related to the physical stress placed on the SI joint. Mechanical stress can result from microtrauma that occurs within the joint over a period of time or physical changes in the body that increase stress on the joint.

• #29 Causes of Sacroiliitis

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/sacroiliac-joint-dysfunction/causes-sacroiliitis

  Ankylosing spondylitis, a type of inflammatory arthritis, is the most common cause of sacroiliitis. […] Inflammatory causes of sacroiliitis comprise rheumatic, infectious, and other inflammatory conditions that affect the joint. […] Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing inflammation and stiffness. Over time, the inflammation can lead to SI joint erosion and fusion, which can cause permanent damage and further restrict mobility. […] Sacroiliitis is usually the first manifestation of autoimmune disorders, such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, and arthritis. […] Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can affect the SI joint and trigger an inflammatory response. […] Mechanical causes of sacroiliitis are related to the physical stress placed on the SI joint. Mechanical stress can result from microtrauma that occurs within the joint over a period of time or physical changes in the body that increase stress on the joint.

• #30 Sacroiliitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacroiliitis

  Sacroiliitis is a condition caused by inflammation within the sacroiliac joint. This joint is located where the base of the spine, known as the sacrum, and the pelvis, known as the ilium, intersect. „Itis” is a Latin term denoting inflammation. […] Sacroiliitis is a condition caused by inflammation within the sacroiliac joint. This joint is located where the base of the spine, known as the sacrum, and the pelvis, known as the ilium, intersect. „Itis” is a Latin term denoting inflammation. […] Since sacroiliitis can describe any type of inflammation found within the sacroiliac joint, there can be a number of issues that cause it. These include: Degenerative arthritis, or osteoarthritis of the spine, can cause degeneration within the sacroiliac joints and lead to inflammation and joint pain. Any form of spondyloarthropathies, which includes ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis or arthritis related to inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. Pregnancy can cause inflammation as a result of the widening and stretching of the sacroiliac joints to prepare for childbirth. Additionally, the added weight carried during childbearing can put an extra amount of stress on the SI joints, leading to abnormal wear. Traumatic injury such as a fall or car crash that affects the lower back, hips, buttocks or legs. Though rare, infection within the sacroiliac joints or another part of the body, such as a urinary tract infection, can cause inflammation.

• #31 Sacroiliitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacroiliitis

  Sacroiliitis is a condition caused by inflammation within the sacroiliac joint. This joint is located where the base of the spine, known as the sacrum, and the pelvis, known as the ilium, intersect. „Itis” is a Latin term denoting inflammation. […] Sacroiliitis is a condition caused by inflammation within the sacroiliac joint. This joint is located where the base of the spine, known as the sacrum, and the pelvis, known as the ilium, intersect. „Itis” is a Latin term denoting inflammation. […] Since sacroiliitis can describe any type of inflammation found within the sacroiliac joint, there can be a number of issues that cause it. These include: Degenerative arthritis, or osteoarthritis of the spine, can cause degeneration within the sacroiliac joints and lead to inflammation and joint pain. Any form of spondyloarthropathies, which includes ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis or arthritis related to inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. Pregnancy can cause inflammation as a result of the widening and stretching of the sacroiliac joints to prepare for childbirth. Additionally, the added weight carried during childbearing can put an extra amount of stress on the SI joints, leading to abnormal wear. Traumatic injury such as a fall or car crash that affects the lower back, hips, buttocks or legs. Though rare, infection within the sacroiliac joints or another part of the body, such as a urinary tract infection, can cause inflammation.

• #32 Sacroiliitis – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sacroiliitis

  Sacroiliitis is inflammation of one or both of your sacroiliac joints, which connects part of your hip to the bottom of your spine. […] There are many causes of sacroiliitis, including trauma, pregnancy, getting older, inflammatory diseases, infection or arthritis. […] There are many possible causes of sacroiliitis, including: osteoarthritis and ageing can cause wear and tear and degeneration of the SI (sacroiliac) joint, trauma — sudden movements and stress on your joint caused by injuries and accidents, or repetitive movements or movements involving one side of your body, infection, inflammatory conditions — for example, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, Behcet’s disease, pregnancy — the weight of pregnancy and pregnancy hormones can make the joints more flexible and stress the SI joint.

• #33 Causes of Sacroiliitis

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/sacroiliac-joint-dysfunction/causes-sacroiliitis

  Ankylosing spondylitis, a type of inflammatory arthritis, is the most common cause of sacroiliitis. […] Inflammatory causes of sacroiliitis comprise rheumatic, infectious, and other inflammatory conditions that affect the joint. […] Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing inflammation and stiffness. Over time, the inflammation can lead to SI joint erosion and fusion, which can cause permanent damage and further restrict mobility. […] Sacroiliitis is usually the first manifestation of autoimmune disorders, such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, and arthritis. […] Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can affect the SI joint and trigger an inflammatory response. […] Mechanical causes of sacroiliitis are related to the physical stress placed on the SI joint. Mechanical stress can result from microtrauma that occurs within the joint over a period of time or physical changes in the body that increase stress on the joint.

• #34 Causes of Sacroiliitis

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/sacroiliac-joint-dysfunction/causes-sacroiliitis

  Ankylosing spondylitis, a type of inflammatory arthritis, is the most common cause of sacroiliitis. […] Inflammatory causes of sacroiliitis comprise rheumatic, infectious, and other inflammatory conditions that affect the joint. […] Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing inflammation and stiffness. Over time, the inflammation can lead to SI joint erosion and fusion, which can cause permanent damage and further restrict mobility. […] Sacroiliitis is usually the first manifestation of autoimmune disorders, such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, and arthritis. […] Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can affect the SI joint and trigger an inflammatory response. […] Mechanical causes of sacroiliitis are related to the physical stress placed on the SI joint. Mechanical stress can result from microtrauma that occurs within the joint over a period of time or physical changes in the body that increase stress on the joint.

• #35 Sacroiliitis – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sacroiliitis

  Sacroiliitis is inflammation of one or both of your sacroiliac joints, which connects part of your hip to the bottom of your spine. […] There are many causes of sacroiliitis, including trauma, pregnancy, getting older, inflammatory diseases, infection or arthritis. […] There are many possible causes of sacroiliitis, including: osteoarthritis and ageing can cause wear and tear and degeneration of the SI (sacroiliac) joint, trauma — sudden movements and stress on your joint caused by injuries and accidents, or repetitive movements or movements involving one side of your body, infection, inflammatory conditions — for example, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, Behcet’s disease, pregnancy — the weight of pregnancy and pregnancy hormones can make the joints more flexible and stress the SI joint.

• #36 Sacroiliitis – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sacroiliitis

  Sacroiliitis is inflammation of one or both of your sacroiliac joints, which connects part of your hip to the bottom of your spine. […] There are many causes of sacroiliitis, including trauma, pregnancy, getting older, inflammatory diseases, infection or arthritis. […] There are many possible causes of sacroiliitis, including: osteoarthritis and ageing can cause wear and tear and degeneration of the SI (sacroiliac) joint, trauma — sudden movements and stress on your joint caused by injuries and accidents, or repetitive movements or movements involving one side of your body, infection, inflammatory conditions — for example, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, Behcet’s disease, pregnancy — the weight of pregnancy and pregnancy hormones can make the joints more flexible and stress the SI joint.

• #37 Sacroiliitis – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/sacroiliitis

  Sacroiliitis is inflammation of one or both of your sacroiliac joints, which connects part of your hip to the bottom of your spine. […] There are many causes of sacroiliitis, including trauma, pregnancy, getting older, inflammatory diseases, infection or arthritis. […] There are many possible causes of sacroiliitis, including: osteoarthritis and ageing can cause wear and tear and degeneration of the SI (sacroiliac) joint, trauma — sudden movements and stress on your joint caused by injuries and accidents, or repetitive movements or movements involving one side of your body, infection, inflammatory conditions — for example, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, Behcet’s disease, pregnancy — the weight of pregnancy and pregnancy hormones can make the joints more flexible and stress the SI joint.

• #38 Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction Video

  https://www.spine-health.com/video/sacroiliac-joint-dysfunction-video

  Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is improper movement of the joints at the bottom of the spine that connect the sacrum to the pelvis. […] It can result in pain in the low back and legs, or inflammation of the joints known as sacroiliitis. […] Hypermobility, or too much movement in the sacroiliac joints, is a result of loose ligaments supporting the joints. […] Hypomobility, or too little movement in the joint, can be caused by degenerative joint diseases such as arthritis. […] When the sacroiliac joints overcompensate for problems in nearby joints, they may become painful. […] Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is a condition that is may be misdiagnosed as a herniated disc, so it is important to be aware of the specific symptoms associated with sacroiliac joint pain.

• #39 Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction Video

  https://www.spine-health.com/video/sacroiliac-joint-dysfunction-video

  Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is improper movement of the joints at the bottom of the spine that connect the sacrum to the pelvis. […] It can result in pain in the low back and legs, or inflammation of the joints known as sacroiliitis. […] Hypermobility, or too much movement in the sacroiliac joints, is a result of loose ligaments supporting the joints. […] Hypomobility, or too little movement in the joint, can be caused by degenerative joint diseases such as arthritis. […] When the sacroiliac joints overcompensate for problems in nearby joints, they may become painful. […] Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is a condition that is may be misdiagnosed as a herniated disc, so it is important to be aware of the specific symptoms associated with sacroiliac joint pain.

• #40 THU0401 The Frequency of Sacroiliitis and Spondylarthritis in Patients with Sarcoidosis | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/73/Suppl_2/320.2

  Sacroiliitis was found in 6 out of the 42 (14.3%) sarcoidosis patients. […] We found sacroiliitis and spondyloarthritis in patients with sarcoidosis at a percentage higher than in normal population. When we also take into account the genetic results (HLA-B27), the incidence of sacroiliitis in patients with sarcoidosis should be considered as a separate entity, rather than a common etiopathogenesis and/or a coincidental result.

• #41 Post-COVID-19 Arthritis and Sacroiliitis: Natural History with Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Two Cases and Review of the Literature

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/8/1558

  Severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) is a well-known pandemic infectious disease caused by an RNA virus belonging to the coronaviridae family. […] Herein, we report the natural history of sacroiliac inflammatory involvement in two females who developed COVID-19 infection with mild flu-like symptoms. […] A literature review was performed on this emerging topic. To our knowledge, this is the first MRI longitudinal study of post-COVID-19 sacroiliitis with almost one year of follow-up. Predisposing factors for the development of articular involvement are unclear but a long-lasting persistence of the virus, demonstrated by nasopharyngeal swab, may enhance the probability of altering the immune system in a favourable background. […] The exact mechanism through which COVID-19 might cause arthropathies is not completely understood.

• #42 Post-COVID-19 Arthritis and Sacroiliitis: Natural History with Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Two Cases and Review of the Literature

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/8/1558

  Most authors assume the existence of molecular mimicry between viral epitopes and the synovial membrane causing local inflammation; other theories speculate about the presence of circulating immune complexes or possible localisation of the virus directly on joint tissue. […] Interestingly, a mechanism involving molecular mimicry of heat shock proteins/molecular chaperones, similar to that described in immune adverse events secondary to immunotherapy for cancer, could be hypothesised. […] At the moment, the relationship with HLA-B27 positivity is not clear for COVID-19-related arthritis, while its influence on reactive arthritis is well known. […] Predisposing factors to develop articular involvement consequent to SARS-CoV-2 infection are still unknown, but by evaluating medical literature, it seems that longer persistence of the virus, as demonstrated by the protracted positivity of nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2, and its spreading from the respiratory tract to other sites including the gastrointestinal tract, might locally activate immunological and inflammatory pathways that could lead to the development of arthritis in some patients, including seronegative spondyloarthritis, which has been linked to an altered intestinal microbiome.

• #43

  https://reu.termedia.pl/Oral-isotretinoin-and-sacroiliitis-causal-link-or-coincidence-Discussion-points-emerging,155351,0,2.html

  Isotretinoin is a retinoid derivative drug used in acne vulgaris treatment. Sacroiliitis has been reported as an uncommon adverse effect following isotretinoin treatment. […] The mechanism of retinoid-related sacroiliitis is still unclear. […] It has been suggested that isotretinoin causes some changes in the lysosomal membrane structure of cells, making synovial cells prone to degenerative processes and more susceptible to mild trauma. […] Sacroiliitis following treatment with isotretinoin usually resolves with discontinuation of therapy. […] Is the link between isotretinoin and sacroiliitis causal or coincidental? […] According to our literature search, isotretinoin-induced sacroiliitis may be much more frequent than commonly assumed.

• #44 Acute lymphocytic leukemia mimicking spondyloarthritis in an adolescent: A case report and review of the literature

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2015.4026

  The present study describes the case of an 18-year-old adolescent male exhibiting acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), complicated by the onset of the symptom of sacroiliitis mimicking spondyloarthritis. […] Sacroiliitis as an onset manifestation of ALL may result in misdiagnosis, therefore, a differential diagnosis is essential when atypical features are present. […] The pathogenesis of paraneoplastic syndrome is complicated and largely remains to be elucidated. […] Sacroiliitis as the onset symptom of malignancy is rare. […] The manifestation of sacroiliitis mimicking spondyloarthritis was proven to be a paraneoplastic phenomenon of ALL. […] Potential pathogenic mechanisms for LA include hemorrhage into the joint due to thrombocytopenia, infiltration of leukemic cells into synovial tissue, immune complex-induced synovitis and synovial reaction to periosteal or capsular infiltration. However, synovial infiltration of leukemic cells appears to be the primary mechanism.

• #45 Acute lymphocytic leukemia mimicking spondyloarthritis in an adolescent: A case report and review of the literature

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2015.4026

  Sacroiliitis as an initial manifestation of leukemia mimicking spondyloarthritis is rare; only one similar case was reported in published literature before. […] Clinicians should consider that spondyloarthritis may be the onset manifestation of ALL, although this is rare. […] Increased monocyte levels may additionally have had a significant role in the mechanism of LA in the present case. […] In conclusion, sacroiliitis may be a rare onset presentation of ALL.

• #46 Sacroiliitis mimics: a case report and review of the literature | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1525-1

  The presence of sacroiliitis on an anterior-posterior (AP) pelvis or dedicated sacroiliac film is a defining feature of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Sacroiliac (SI) joint abnormalities consistent with sacroiliitis include subchondral sclerosis, uniform joint space narrowing and erosions in early to advanced disease, with later progression to ankylosis and obliteration of the SI joint. […] The main radiographic signs of sacroiliitis are bone erosions, joint space alterations, subchondral sclerosis, and ankylosis. […] MRI findings during acute sacroiliitis include intra-articular fluid, subchondral bone marrow edema, articular and periarticular post-gadolinium enhancement, and soft tissue edema. Findings of chronic disease include periarticular bone marrow conversion, bone erosion, subchondral sclerosis and ankylosis.

• #47 Pannus inflammation in sacroiliitis following immune pathological injury and radiological structural damage: a study of 193 patients with spondyloarthritis | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-018-1594-z

  The pathogenesis of sacroiliitis is unclear; therefore, we aimed to systematically study the immunopathology of sacroiliitis in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), and explore the relationship between pannus formation, inflammation, and the structural damage caused by sacroiliitis. […] Subchondral fibrovascular tissue formation is the most important pathological feature in early sacroiliitis. The existence of cartilage pannus invasion or endochondral ossification at baseline can predict radiological structural damage during the follow up. […] The pathogenic mechanism of AS has not yet been fully elucidated and there are many hypotheses on the starting position of inflammation in AS. […] Our research found that, in the early stage of sacroiliitis, pannus formation in subchondral tissue may be an early pathological hallmark.

• #48 Sacroiliitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28688

  Common degenerative findings show destruction and fibrosis of the cartilage and disruption, erosion, and ossification of sub-chondral bone. […] Synovitis also is commonly found which reveals hyperplasia of linings cells with infiltration of inflammatory cells. […] Infectious etiologies of sacroiliitis reveal lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibrosis. […] The most informative test for the diagnosis of sacroiliitis is SI joint injection with local anesthetics and steroids. […] If the injection provided a very significant amount of pain relief, even if for a short period, then the chronic pain can likely be attributed to the SI joint.

• #49 Sacroiliitis mimics: a case report and review of the literature | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1525-1

  The presence of sacroiliitis on an anterior-posterior (AP) pelvis or dedicated sacroiliac film is a defining feature of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Sacroiliac (SI) joint abnormalities consistent with sacroiliitis include subchondral sclerosis, uniform joint space narrowing and erosions in early to advanced disease, with later progression to ankylosis and obliteration of the SI joint. […] The main radiographic signs of sacroiliitis are bone erosions, joint space alterations, subchondral sclerosis, and ankylosis. […] MRI findings during acute sacroiliitis include intra-articular fluid, subchondral bone marrow edema, articular and periarticular post-gadolinium enhancement, and soft tissue edema. Findings of chronic disease include periarticular bone marrow conversion, bone erosion, subchondral sclerosis and ankylosis.

• #50 Sacroiliac joint inflamation – Sacroiliitis

  https://pathologies.lexmedicus.com.au/collection/inflammation-of-the-sacroiliac-joint-sacroiliitis

  Sacroiliitis is an inflammatory condition of the sacro-iliac joint that can arise after a traumatic event, infection or overuse. Chronic sacroiliitis causes fibrosis and calcification of the joint and in the long-term stiffness (ankylosis). […] In patients with systemic chronic autoimmune spondylo-arthropathy of the spine, ongoing inflammation leads to bone loss and ossification of soft tissue also involving the sacro-iliac joint. […] There are various causes leading to sacroiliitis but in some cases the origin of the disease is unknown. […] Chronic arthritic conditions (rheumatoid/psoriatic arthritis, Reiter’s syndrome, autoimmune spondylo-arthropathy) […] When conservative treatment does not improve and pain is sustained, a joint fusion may be the only option. […] By blocking completely the movement at the sacro-iliac joint the pain should resolve but may persist in some cases.

• #51 Sacroiliitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28688

  Common degenerative findings show destruction and fibrosis of the cartilage and disruption, erosion, and ossification of sub-chondral bone. […] Synovitis also is commonly found which reveals hyperplasia of linings cells with infiltration of inflammatory cells. […] Infectious etiologies of sacroiliitis reveal lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibrosis. […] The most informative test for the diagnosis of sacroiliitis is SI joint injection with local anesthetics and steroids. […] If the injection provided a very significant amount of pain relief, even if for a short period, then the chronic pain can likely be attributed to the SI joint.

• #52 Sacroiliitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28688

  Common degenerative findings show destruction and fibrosis of the cartilage and disruption, erosion, and ossification of sub-chondral bone. […] Synovitis also is commonly found which reveals hyperplasia of linings cells with infiltration of inflammatory cells. […] Infectious etiologies of sacroiliitis reveal lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibrosis. […] The most informative test for the diagnosis of sacroiliitis is SI joint injection with local anesthetics and steroids. […] If the injection provided a very significant amount of pain relief, even if for a short period, then the chronic pain can likely be attributed to the SI joint.

• #53 Sacroiliitis mimics: a case report and review of the literature | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1525-1

  The presence of sacroiliitis on an anterior-posterior (AP) pelvis or dedicated sacroiliac film is a defining feature of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Sacroiliac (SI) joint abnormalities consistent with sacroiliitis include subchondral sclerosis, uniform joint space narrowing and erosions in early to advanced disease, with later progression to ankylosis and obliteration of the SI joint. […] The main radiographic signs of sacroiliitis are bone erosions, joint space alterations, subchondral sclerosis, and ankylosis. […] MRI findings during acute sacroiliitis include intra-articular fluid, subchondral bone marrow edema, articular and periarticular post-gadolinium enhancement, and soft tissue edema. Findings of chronic disease include periarticular bone marrow conversion, bone erosion, subchondral sclerosis and ankylosis.

• #54 Sacroiliitis mimics: a case report and review of the literature | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1525-1

  The presence of sacroiliitis on an anterior-posterior (AP) pelvis or dedicated sacroiliac film is a defining feature of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Sacroiliac (SI) joint abnormalities consistent with sacroiliitis include subchondral sclerosis, uniform joint space narrowing and erosions in early to advanced disease, with later progression to ankylosis and obliteration of the SI joint. […] The main radiographic signs of sacroiliitis are bone erosions, joint space alterations, subchondral sclerosis, and ankylosis. […] MRI findings during acute sacroiliitis include intra-articular fluid, subchondral bone marrow edema, articular and periarticular post-gadolinium enhancement, and soft tissue edema. Findings of chronic disease include periarticular bone marrow conversion, bone erosion, subchondral sclerosis and ankylosis.

• #55 Sacroiliitis mimics: a case report and review of the literature | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1525-1

  Pathogenesis of Brucella arthritis is likely from hematogenous spread; septic arthritis is evidenced by recovery of Brucella organisms from synovial fluid. […] Radiographic changes of infectious sacroiliitis begin with extensive erosions and subsequent bony repair, which may involve more than the anterior-inferior synovial part of the joint.

• #56 Sacroiliac joint involvement in spinal tuberculosis

  http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1681-150X2018000300006

  Tuberculous sacroiliitis may present in various clinical settings. […] While sacroiliac joint pathology is well renowned for being elusive to clinical detection and prone to late diagnosis even when it occurs in isolation, concurrent vertebral involvement adds a host of challenges to the clinical and radiological evaluation. […] Depending on the route of transmission to the sacroiliac joint, infection may originate in the sacral or ileal sides, or from the synovium. […] The resultant inflammatory exudate and bone oedema radiographically appears as haziness or blurring of the joint margins and widening of the joint space, which are the earliest identifiable changes described. […] If untreated, marginal sclerosis occurs with eventual joint destruction and sequestra formation. […] Concurrent periarticular soft tissue involvement manifests as abscesses, through various tissue planes and directions, with eventual sinus formation.

• #57 Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0300/p239.html

  The etiology of SI joint dysfunction is not well understood. The SI joint may be the primary source of pain, or dysfunction at the joint or surrounding structures may affect the joint’s load transfer function and produce a painful stimulus. […] SI joint dysfunction can be associated with osteoarthritis or inflammatory conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis, posttraumatic arthritis, and other spondyloarthropathies. Similarly, mechanical faults at the pubic symphysis or SI joint can result in pelvic asymmetry or joint instability. Nonoptimal load transfer is seen in patients with SI joint stiffness (hypomobility) and patients with insufficient pelvic girdle stability (hypermobility). […] SI joint dysfunction may be attributed to a variety of causes. Traumatic onset commonly occurs with heavy lifting, a fall onto the buttocks, and motor vehicle collisions. A more insidious onset can be caused by recreational activities with repeated weight bearing and shear or torsional forces experienced during sports such as football, gymnastics, and golfing.

• #58 Ankylosing spondylitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/ankylosing-spondylitis/

  Initiation of innate immune response […] Release of cytokines (TGF-beta and TNF-) and interleukins (IL-17 and IL-23) […] Infiltration of paravertebral and sacroiliac entheses with macrophages, CD4 T cells, and CD8 T cells […] Chronic enthesitis leads to: […] Erosion of the iliac part of the sacroiliac joints […] Vertical formation of syndesmophytes along the spinal ligament or around the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs […] Fusion of syndesmophytes ankylosis of intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies.

• #59 Sacroiliitis mimics: a case report and review of the literature | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1525-1

  Pathogenesis of Brucella arthritis is likely from hematogenous spread; septic arthritis is evidenced by recovery of Brucella organisms from synovial fluid. […] Radiographic changes of infectious sacroiliitis begin with extensive erosions and subsequent bony repair, which may involve more than the anterior-inferior synovial part of the joint.

• #60 Pyrexia due to pyogenic sacroiliitis with iliopsoas abscess after spinal cord injury | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/3101614

  Bone scintigraphy demonstrated markedly increased activity in the left sacroiliac joint. […] Computed tomography (CT) revealed an infection of the left sacroiliac joint with a large abscess involving the iliopsoas muscle. […] We postulated that P. aeruginosa had colonized the eschar and, due to the proximity, infected the sacroiliac joint and the adjacent iliopsoas muscle. […] The conditions associated most often with pyogenic sacroiliitis include infections of the skin, trauma, pregnancy, gynaecological infections, intravenous drug use, and respiratory tract infections or an identifiable focus of infection elsewhere, but 44% of patients have no identified predisposing or associated factors. […] The sacroiliac joint may become infected by the haematogenous route, by contamination from a contiguous suppurative focus, by direct implantation, or after surgery.

• #61 Postpartum Infectious Sacroiliitis Temporally-Related to Continuous Labor Epidural Analgesia: Was the Epidural to Blame? A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijaa/international-journal-of-anesthetics-and-anesthesiology-ijaa-7-102.php?jid=ijaa

  Infectious sacroiliitis, though rare, yet needs to be considered at the differential diagnosis of back/leg pain in parturients. […] The prevalence of infectious sacroiliitis (ISI) is rare, involving between one and two percent of septic arthritis cases, which is probably due to the poor vascularization of this joint, resulting in a low risk of infection via the hematogenous route. […] ISI has been described in the literature after lumbar epidural analgesia, although a causal relationship remains unclear. […] It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of ISI is hematogenous bacterial spread. […] In the case presented here, though no definite conclusions could be reached, yet isolation of group B streptococci, a frequent colonizer of the female genital tract, favors hematogenous and/or local spread during the labor process as the likely culprit mechanism for infection.

• #62 Sacroiliac Joint Injury: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/96054-overview

  From an anatomical perspective, pathologic changes and injuries specific to different SIJ structures can result in SIJ pain. These changes include, but are not limited to, capsular and ligamentous tension, hypo- or hypermobility, extraneous compression or shearing forces, micro- or macro-fractures, soft tissue injury, and inflammation. […] The SIJ becomes unstable when ligamentous laxity occurs, especially the interosseous and posterior ligaments. The primary mechanism of SIJ injury is a combination of axial loading and abrupt rotation. SIJ instability can also be a result of repetitive microtrauma.

• #63 Sacroiliac Joint Injury: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/96054-overview

  From an anatomical perspective, pathologic changes and injuries specific to different SIJ structures can result in SIJ pain. These changes include, but are not limited to, capsular and ligamentous tension, hypo- or hypermobility, extraneous compression or shearing forces, micro- or macro-fractures, soft tissue injury, and inflammation. […] The SIJ becomes unstable when ligamentous laxity occurs, especially the interosseous and posterior ligaments. The primary mechanism of SIJ injury is a combination of axial loading and abrupt rotation. SIJ instability can also be a result of repetitive microtrauma.

• #64 Causes of Sacroiliitis

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/sacroiliac-joint-dysfunction/causes-sacroiliitis

  Increased mechanical stress on the SI joint may sometimes cause this connective tissue to become inflamed or degenerate, reducing the joints stability and causing sacroiliitis. […] In some cases, inflammation of the connective tissues can trigger an immune response that mistakenly attacks the SI joint, leading to sacroiliitis.

• #65 Sacroiliitis-like Changes in 2 Patients with Spina Bifida | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/43/3/673

  The hallmark joints affected in ankylosing spondylitis are the sacroiliac (SI) joints. In the absence of infection, fracture, and malignancy, significant erosions and sclerosis of the SI joints are thought to be highly characteristic for ankylosing spondylitis. […] We propose that a high degree of physical loading of the SI joints may result in sacroiliitis-like changes and should be considered on the differential diagnosis. These findings should be investigated on a larger scale to confirm whether a relationship truly exists. We propose that in predisposed individuals, lower degrees of physical loading may play a role in the pathogenesis of sacroiliitis by affecting the synovio-entheseal complex.

• #66 Etiopathogenesis of sacroiliitis: implications for assessment and management

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.3344/kjp.2020.33.4.294

  The trauma mostly results from physical activities like heavy lifting or prolonged bending, or may be a result of a rear-end motor vehicle collision. […] Sudden rotation and/or axial strain is the most common mechanism underlying acute sacroiliac joint pain. […] The established relationship between joint inflammation, intestinal inflammation, and co-occurrence of these diseases is a captivating issue. […] The findings have also been confirmed via abdominal scintigraphy with labeled leucocytes, showing signs of intestinal inflammation in 50% of patients. […] The association of environmental and genetic factors in ankylosing spondylitis was unclear until the early 1970s, when the human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) allele was found to be associated with the disease. […] There is a strong association between the HLA-B27 gene and ankylosing spondylitis, one of the strongest links of a gene with a human disease, although the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. […] The gene encoding IL-1RA has a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 2. Based on the number of repeats, different alleles have been identified. […] The data suggests that PPM1A may contribute to the pathogenic bone ankylosis typical of ankylosing spondylitis.

• #67 Sacroiliitis-like Changes in 2 Patients with Spina Bifida | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/43/3/673

  The hallmark joints affected in ankylosing spondylitis are the sacroiliac (SI) joints. In the absence of infection, fracture, and malignancy, significant erosions and sclerosis of the SI joints are thought to be highly characteristic for ankylosing spondylitis. […] We propose that a high degree of physical loading of the SI joints may result in sacroiliitis-like changes and should be considered on the differential diagnosis. These findings should be investigated on a larger scale to confirm whether a relationship truly exists. We propose that in predisposed individuals, lower degrees of physical loading may play a role in the pathogenesis of sacroiliitis by affecting the synovio-entheseal complex.

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