Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rheumatoid arthritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353648

  Rheumatoid arthritis happens when the immune system attacks its own body’s tissues by mistake. This is called an autoimmune condition. […] Experts don’t know the cause of rheumatoid arthritis. But it’s a condition in which the immune system attacks healthy joint tissue by mistake, called autoimmune. […] The cause is likely a mix of genetic changes and factors from outside the body, called environmental. Hormones may play a role. An infection with certain viruses may start rheumatoid arthritis in people whose genes make them more likely to get it.

• #2 Rheumatoid Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441999/

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory arthritis and extra-articular involvement. It is a chronic inflammatory disorder caused in many cases by the interaction between genes and environmental factors, including tobacco, that primarily involves synovial joints. […] The etiology of RA has a significant basis in genetics. It is thought to result from the interaction between patients’ genotypes and environmental factors. […] The risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis has been associated with HLA-DRB1 alleles: HLA-DRB1*04, HLA-DRB1*01, and HLA-DRB1*10. […] Cigarette smoking is the strongest environmental risk factor associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Studies have shown in anti-citrullinated protein antibody (anti-CCP) positive individuals, there is an interaction between the shared epitope (SE) and smoking that increases the risk of RA.

• #3 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Symptoms, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4924-rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis is a type of arthritis where your immune system attacks the tissue lining the joints on both sides of your body. The exact cause is unknown. […] The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. Researchers think its caused by a combination of genetics, hormones and environmental factors. […] Normally, your immune system protects your body from disease. With RA, something triggers your immune system to attack your own joints. An infection, smoking, or physical or emotional stress may be triggers. […] Scientists have studied many genes as potential risk factors for RA. Certain genetic variations and nongenetic factors contribute to your risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. […] People born with variations in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis. […] There are several risk factors for developing rheumatoid arthritis. These include biological family history, sex, smoking, and obesity.

• #4 Rheumatoid arthritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353648

  Rheumatoid arthritis happens when the immune system attacks its own body’s tissues by mistake. This is called an autoimmune condition. […] Experts don’t know the cause of rheumatoid arthritis. But it’s a condition in which the immune system attacks healthy joint tissue by mistake, called autoimmune. […] The cause is likely a mix of genetic changes and factors from outside the body, called environmental. Hormones may play a role. An infection with certain viruses may start rheumatoid arthritis in people whose genes make them more likely to get it.

• #5 Rheumatoid Arthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes joint inflammation and pain. It happens when the immune system doesnt work properly and attacks the lining of the joints, called the synovium. […] Researchers arent sure why people develop RA. They believe these individuals may have certain genes that are activated by a trigger in the environment, such as a virus or bacteria, physical or emotional stress or some other external factor. […] In a healthy person, the immune system fights invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. With an autoimmune disease like RA, the immune system mistakes the bodys cells for foreign invaders and releases inflammatory chemicals that attack those cells.

• #6 Arthritis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350772

  Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints. […] In rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts. This lining (synovial membrane) becomes inflamed and swollen. The disease process can eventually destroy cartilage and bone within the joint.

• #7 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Sex hormones may play a role in RA, as evidenced by the disproportionate number of females with this disease. […] Tobacco use is the main lifestyle risk factor for RA. […] Genetic factors can further increase risk: a smoker with two copies of HLA-SE is at 40-fold higher risk of developing RA. […] The hyperactive and hyperplastic synovial membrane is ultimately transformed into pannus tissue and invades cartilage and bone, with the latter being degraded by activated osteoclasts. […] All of the major immunologic elements play fundamental roles in initiating, propagating, and maintaining the autoimmune process of RA.

• #8 What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/rheumatoid/what-rheumatoid-arthritis-ra

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the bodys own tissues, particularly the delicate tissue that surround joints. […] The disease progresses through these steps: The synovial tissue becomes inflamed. Rheumatoid arthritis causes the synovial lining surrounding a joint to become inflamed. This condition is called synovitis, and it can cause joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. […] Inflammation causes the synovial tissue cells to divide and multiply, which causes the tissue to thicken, resulting in more pain and swelling. […] The pannus cells release molecules called enzymes that damage cartilage and underlying bone. Over time, this damage can alter the alignment of the joints, lead to further pain and, in some cases, cause joint deformities.

• #9 Causes Of Rheumatoid Arthritis | Risk Factors Of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://nras.org.uk/resource/possible-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Whilst it is not fully understood why an individual develops RA when they do, a lot of the causes and risk factors have been identified. These are generally broken up into two categories, genetic factors and environmental factors. There is also usually a trigger just prior to the onset of the disease. […] There is still much to learn about why rheumatoid arthritis affects people when it does. It is hard to say for certain why one individual person has developed RA. However, some of the potential causes of rheumatoid arthritis and the risk factors that make developing rheumatoid arthritis more likely, have been identified. […] RA is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. To date, researchers have found over 100 genetic changes that occur more commonly in patients with RA. […] It has been estimated that the genetic factors determine 50 60% of the risk of developing RA. The fact that this figure is not 100% means that other non-genetic or „environmental” factors also play a part.

• #10 Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis Genetic and Environmental Factors

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/causes-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-genetic-and-environmental-factors

  Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex disease influenced by both the genes we inherit and the environments we live in. […] Some people may carry the genetic predisposition for RA but never develop the disease. In contrast, others may find that certain environmental triggers, like an infection or smoking, ignite the autoimmune response that leads to RA. […] The exact trigger for this immune response is unknown, but it involves genetic and environmental factors. […] Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in increasing the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). […] It is estimated that genetic factors account for about 50% of the risk associated with RA. […] The heritability of RA is approximately 60%, indicating a substantial genetic component in its pathogenesis. […] Specific genes linked to RA include the HLA-DRB1 gene and the PTPN22 gene.

• #11 Rheumatoid Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441999/

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory arthritis and extra-articular involvement. It is a chronic inflammatory disorder caused in many cases by the interaction between genes and environmental factors, including tobacco, that primarily involves synovial joints. […] The etiology of RA has a significant basis in genetics. It is thought to result from the interaction between patients’ genotypes and environmental factors. […] The risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis has been associated with HLA-DRB1 alleles: HLA-DRB1*04, HLA-DRB1*01, and HLA-DRB1*10. […] Cigarette smoking is the strongest environmental risk factor associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Studies have shown in anti-citrullinated protein antibody (anti-CCP) positive individuals, there is an interaction between the shared epitope (SE) and smoking that increases the risk of RA.

• #12 Rheumatoid arthritis: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/rheumatoid-arthritis/

  Rheumatoid arthritis probably results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, many of which are unknown. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is classified as an autoimmune disorder, one of a large group of conditions that occur when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. […] Variations in dozens of genes have been studied as risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis. […] The most significant genetic risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis are variations in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, especially the HLA-DRB1 gene. […] Other, nongenetic factors are also believed to play a role in rheumatoid arthritis. […] Potential triggers include changes in sex hormones (particularly in women), occupational exposure to certain kinds of dust or fibers, and viral or bacterial infections.

• #13 Arthritis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/arthritis-causes-and-risk-factors-2549243

  Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and lupus are among the types of inflammatory arthritis in which your immune system attacks your own tissues. What causes this to happen is unclear and may be due to several factors, including genetic predisposition, infections, or environmental exposures. Your immune system is sensitized and makes antibodies that attack your joints and organs. […] Certain forms of rheumatoid arthritis are linked to genetic markers known as HLA-B27 and HLA-DR4. Variants in other genes may also contribute, including: STAT4, a gene that plays an important role in the regulation and activation of the immune response; TRAF1 and C5, two genes associated with chronic inflammation; PTPN22, a gene associated with both the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. […] Cigarette smoking increases your risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. It can also worsen the condition and cause other medical problems.

• #14 Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis Genetic and Environmental Factors

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/causes-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-genetic-and-environmental-factors

  The HLA-DRB1 gene is one of the most significant genetic markers associated with RA. […] Variations in this gene, particularly the presence of certain alleles known as shared epitopes (SE), are strongly linked to an increased risk of developing RA. […] The presence of specific HLA-DRB1 alleles, such as HLA-DRB104 and HLA-DRB101, is associated with a higher likelihood of developing autoantibody-positive RA. […] The PTPN22 gene is another important genetic factor linked to RA. […] This gene encodes a protein involved in regulating immune system responses. […] Variations in the PTPN22 gene have been associated with an increased risk of RA, as they may lead to dysregulation of immune cell signaling, contributing to the autoimmune process. […] Having a family member with RA can significantly increase one’s risk of developing the condition.

• #15 Rheumatoid arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis

  While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] The underlying mechanism involves the body’s immune system attacking the joints. […] This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. […] Despite the strong genetic components of the disease, identical twin studies have shown only 12-15% concordance for twins raised in separate households. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis most likely results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, in a majority of cases. […] There are established epigenetic and environmental risk factors for RA. […] Smoking is an established risk factor for RA in Caucasian populations, increasing the risk three times compared to non-smokers, particularly in men, heavy smokers, and those who are rheumatoid factor positive.

• #16 Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Factors: What Causes Rheumatoid Arthritis?

  https://creakyjoints.org/education/rheumatoid-arthritis-risk-factors/

  What they have found, however, is that there are multiple genes that make you more likely to get it. […] Studies with identical twins have shown that genetics is very important but not definitive, says Dr. Domingues. […] Even if you dont carry a known gene mutation, simply having a family history of RA or even a family history of another autoimmune illness means that your rheumatoid arthritis risk is higher than average. […] Smoking by itself probably doesnt cause RA, but it seems to be an important risk factor in people who are genetically susceptible. […] That may set off immune system reactions that pave the way for RA to develop. […] If you work in construction or have been exposed to silica dust or asbestos for another reason you might also have an elevated risk of RA, research has found.

• #17 Rheumatoid arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis

  While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] The underlying mechanism involves the body’s immune system attacking the joints. […] This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. […] Despite the strong genetic components of the disease, identical twin studies have shown only 12-15% concordance for twins raised in separate households. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis most likely results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, in a majority of cases. […] There are established epigenetic and environmental risk factors for RA. […] Smoking is an established risk factor for RA in Caucasian populations, increasing the risk three times compared to non-smokers, particularly in men, heavy smokers, and those who are rheumatoid factor positive.

• #18 Rheumatoid Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441999/

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory arthritis and extra-articular involvement. It is a chronic inflammatory disorder caused in many cases by the interaction between genes and environmental factors, including tobacco, that primarily involves synovial joints. […] The etiology of RA has a significant basis in genetics. It is thought to result from the interaction between patients’ genotypes and environmental factors. […] The risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis has been associated with HLA-DRB1 alleles: HLA-DRB1*04, HLA-DRB1*01, and HLA-DRB1*10. […] Cigarette smoking is the strongest environmental risk factor associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Studies have shown in anti-citrullinated protein antibody (anti-CCP) positive individuals, there is an interaction between the shared epitope (SE) and smoking that increases the risk of RA.

• #19 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Sex hormones may play a role in RA, as evidenced by the disproportionate number of females with this disease. […] Tobacco use is the main lifestyle risk factor for RA. […] Genetic factors can further increase risk: a smoker with two copies of HLA-SE is at 40-fold higher risk of developing RA. […] The hyperactive and hyperplastic synovial membrane is ultimately transformed into pannus tissue and invades cartilage and bone, with the latter being degraded by activated osteoclasts. […] All of the major immunologic elements play fundamental roles in initiating, propagating, and maintaining the autoimmune process of RA.

• #20 Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Factors: What Causes Rheumatoid Arthritis?

  https://creakyjoints.org/education/rheumatoid-arthritis-risk-factors/

  What they have found, however, is that there are multiple genes that make you more likely to get it. […] Studies with identical twins have shown that genetics is very important but not definitive, says Dr. Domingues. […] Even if you dont carry a known gene mutation, simply having a family history of RA or even a family history of another autoimmune illness means that your rheumatoid arthritis risk is higher than average. […] Smoking by itself probably doesnt cause RA, but it seems to be an important risk factor in people who are genetically susceptible. […] That may set off immune system reactions that pave the way for RA to develop. […] If you work in construction or have been exposed to silica dust or asbestos for another reason you might also have an elevated risk of RA, research has found.

• #21 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. […] RA is theorized to develop when a genetically susceptible individual (eg, a carrier of HLA-DR4 or HLA-DR1) experiences an external factor (eg, cigarette smoking, infection, trauma) that triggers an autoimmune reaction. […] The cause of RA is unknown. Genetic, environmental, hormonal, immunologic, and infectious factors may play significant roles. […] Genetic factors account for 50% of the risk for developing RA. […] About 60% of RA patients in the United States carry a shared epitope of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR4 cluster, which constitutes one of the peptide-binding sites of certain HLA-DR molecules associated with RA. […] For many decades, numerous infectious agents have been suggested as potential causes of RA, including Mycoplasma organisms, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and rubella virus.

• #22 Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rheumatoid-arthritis-causes

  A 2016 study found that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a bacteria known to cause chronic inflammatory gum infections and periodontal disease, may contribute to RA. […] Researchers have linked physical trauma as a potential contributor to the onset of RA. Trauma can trigger inflammation that could lead to developing RA. […] Cigarette smoking can affect the onset of RA, the severity of symptoms, and the effectiveness of treatment. […] Since a larger number of women have RA compared with men, female hormone levels may contribute to the diseases development. […] Researchers have linked exposure to air irritants to developing RA. […] According to the Arthritis Foundation, an estimated two-thirds of people with RA have obesity or overweight. Fat in the body can release proteins that are connected with causing inflammation. […] RA is a disease with some contributing factors like genetics, the environment, and hormones. Other conditions like trauma and infections are important to recognize as potential trigger mechanisms.

• #23 11 Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis and How to Reduce Your Risk | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/about-arthritis/understanding-arthritis/11-risk-factors-rheumatoid-arthritis-reduce-risk

  Epstein-Barr virus, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and hepatitis C have been suggested as possible causes of autoimmunity and RA. […] Some scientists also think there may be cross-reactivity between certain antibodies and healthy cells. […] Lots of different toxins, pollutants and chemicals have been linked to RA, but not all are proven. […] Chronic lung inflammation is known to lead to the formation of autoantibodies, and scientists speculate these may travel from the lungs to distant sites, including the joints. […] Violence, abuse and neglect in childhood are increasingly linked to RA in adults. […] Emotional distress is known to trigger an immune response that can lead to autoimmune disease. […] Tobacco smoke is a known risk factor for RA as well as heart disease and a host of other chronic conditions.

• #24 Rheumatoid Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441999/

  Other environmental triggers may play a role as a trigger for RA, which is more closely associated with seropositive RA. These include silica, asbestos, textile dust, and P gingivalis. […] Changes in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome have been related to rheumatoid arthritis as well. The composition of the gut microbiome becomes altered in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (dysbiosis), where rheumatoid arthritis patients have decreased gut microbiome diversity compared with healthy individuals.

• #25 11 Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis and How to Reduce Your Risk | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/about-arthritis/understanding-arthritis/11-risk-factors-rheumatoid-arthritis-reduce-risk

  Excess weight can trigger systemic inflammation because fat cells release inflammatory proteins called cytokines, which play a fundamental role in the destruction of joint tissue. […] Its now well established that gum disease is a factor in causing RA as well as lung disease, heart disease and Alzheimers. […] Although there is no specific arthritis diet, the type of food you eat affects every aspect of your health. […] The makeup of your gut microbiome can vary, depending on your age (the microbiome changes as you get older), diet, race, ethnicity and where you live. […] It is clear, however, that people with RA and other autoimmune diseases have different proportions of gut microbes compared to healthy people. […] The loss of certain microorganisms means there is less protection against inflammation and autoimmunity. […] Leaky gut, another risk, occurs when inflammation and changes in the composition of the microbiome make the intestinal wall more permeable and allow bacteria to escape into the rest of the body.

• #26 Rheumatoid Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441999/

  Other environmental triggers may play a role as a trigger for RA, which is more closely associated with seropositive RA. These include silica, asbestos, textile dust, and P gingivalis. […] Changes in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome have been related to rheumatoid arthritis as well. The composition of the gut microbiome becomes altered in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (dysbiosis), where rheumatoid arthritis patients have decreased gut microbiome diversity compared with healthy individuals.

• #27 Rheumatoid arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis

  Silica exposure has been linked to RA. […] No infectious agent has been consistently linked with RA and there is no evidence of disease clustering to indicate its infectious cause, but periodontal disease has been consistently associated with RA. […] The many negative findings suggest that either the trigger varies, or that it might, in fact, be a chance event inherent with the immune response.

• #28

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease that causes inflammation around the body and commonly presents with pain in the joints. […] The causes of rheumatoid arthritis are unknown. Risk factors include smoking, obesity and exposure to air pollution. Women and older people have a higher risk of developing RA. […] The specific causes for the disease are still unknown, but several modifiable lifestyle-associated (smoking, obesity) and non-modifiable (genetics, female gender, age) risk factors have been identified.

• #29 Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rheumatoid-arthritis-causes

  A 2016 study found that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a bacteria known to cause chronic inflammatory gum infections and periodontal disease, may contribute to RA. […] Researchers have linked physical trauma as a potential contributor to the onset of RA. Trauma can trigger inflammation that could lead to developing RA. […] Cigarette smoking can affect the onset of RA, the severity of symptoms, and the effectiveness of treatment. […] Since a larger number of women have RA compared with men, female hormone levels may contribute to the diseases development. […] Researchers have linked exposure to air irritants to developing RA. […] According to the Arthritis Foundation, an estimated two-thirds of people with RA have obesity or overweight. Fat in the body can release proteins that are connected with causing inflammation. […] RA is a disease with some contributing factors like genetics, the environment, and hormones. Other conditions like trauma and infections are important to recognize as potential trigger mechanisms.

• #30 Rheumatoid Arthritis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/

  Certain microbial infections are believed to play an important role in triggering and worsening RA. […] Research has shown that exposure to certain irritants in the air may play a role in a persons risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, including: […] Rheumatoid arthritis is far more common in women, who make up about 70 percent of people diagnosed. […] Physical trauma has been linked to rheumatoid arthritis onset, such as with sports injuries. […] Research has found that obesity may have an impact on the development of the condition.

• #31 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Sex hormones may play a role in RA, as evidenced by the disproportionate number of females with this disease. […] Tobacco use is the main lifestyle risk factor for RA. […] Genetic factors can further increase risk: a smoker with two copies of HLA-SE is at 40-fold higher risk of developing RA. […] The hyperactive and hyperplastic synovial membrane is ultimately transformed into pannus tissue and invades cartilage and bone, with the latter being degraded by activated osteoclasts. […] All of the major immunologic elements play fundamental roles in initiating, propagating, and maintaining the autoimmune process of RA.

• #32 Epidemiology of, risk factors for, and possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-risk-factors-for-and-possible-causes-of-rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a „multicausal” disease that most likely results from a combination of genetic predisposition and various environmental and lifestyle factors. […] The epidemiology, risk factors, and causes of RA will be reviewed here. […] RA has a predilection to affect women, in whom incidence and prevalence rates of RA are twice as high as in men. The lifetime risk of developing RA is 3.6 percent in women and 1.7 percent in men.

• #33

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/causes/

  Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition, which means it’s caused by the immune system attacking healthy body tissue. However, it’s not yet known what triggers this. […] Various theories of why the immune system attacks the joints have been suggested, such as an infection being a trigger, but none of these theories has been proven. […] There are several things that may increase your risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, including: your genes there’s some evidence that rheumatoid arthritis can run in families, although the risk of inheriting it is thought to be low as genes are only thought to play a small role in the condition […] hormones rheumatoid arthritis is more common in women than men, which may be because of the effects of the hormone oestrogen, although this link has not been proven […] smoking some evidence suggests that people who smoke have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.

• #34 Rheumatoid Arthritis | RA | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/rheumatoidarthritis.html

  Rheumatoid arthritis can happen at any age, but your risk increases as you become an older adult. Your chance of developing RA can also increase if: […] No one knows what causes rheumatoid arthritis. A few things that might play a part in getting RA include: […] Your genes are parts of DNA in your cells that are passed down from your parents. Certain genes may increase your risk of getting rheumatoid arthritis, but not everyone with these genes gets RA. […] The environment, which includes things such as cigarette smoke, sometimes triggers RA symptoms. […] Hormones are chemical messengers in your bloodstream that control the actions of certain cells or organs. Researchers think that sex hormones might play a role in getting RA. Women are more likely to develop the disease, and RA symptoms may change during and after pregnancy.

• #35 Rheumatoid Arthritis | Arthritis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/rheumatoid-arthritis/index.html

  The causes of RA are not known. […] Smoking can increase your risk of getting rheumatoid arthritis and can make arthritis worse. […] Factors that may be linked to RA: Age RA risk increases as people get older. Its highest among adults 50 to 59. […] Sex Women are two to three times more likely to have RA. Women who haven’t given birth may have a greater risk of RA. […] Early life exposures Children whose parents smoked were more likely to develop RA as adults. […] Family history Certain genes can increase the risk of RA, such as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II gene.

• #36

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease that causes inflammation around the body and commonly presents with pain in the joints. […] The causes of rheumatoid arthritis are unknown. Risk factors include smoking, obesity and exposure to air pollution. Women and older people have a higher risk of developing RA. […] The specific causes for the disease are still unknown, but several modifiable lifestyle-associated (smoking, obesity) and non-modifiable (genetics, female gender, age) risk factors have been identified.

• #37 11 Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis and How to Reduce Your Risk | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/about-arthritis/understanding-arthritis/11-risk-factors-rheumatoid-arthritis-reduce-risk

  Excess weight can trigger systemic inflammation because fat cells release inflammatory proteins called cytokines, which play a fundamental role in the destruction of joint tissue. […] Its now well established that gum disease is a factor in causing RA as well as lung disease, heart disease and Alzheimers. […] Although there is no specific arthritis diet, the type of food you eat affects every aspect of your health. […] The makeup of your gut microbiome can vary, depending on your age (the microbiome changes as you get older), diet, race, ethnicity and where you live. […] It is clear, however, that people with RA and other autoimmune diseases have different proportions of gut microbes compared to healthy people. […] The loss of certain microorganisms means there is less protection against inflammation and autoimmunity. […] Leaky gut, another risk, occurs when inflammation and changes in the composition of the microbiome make the intestinal wall more permeable and allow bacteria to escape into the rest of the body.

• #38 Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rheumatoid-arthritis-causes

  A 2016 study found that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a bacteria known to cause chronic inflammatory gum infections and periodontal disease, may contribute to RA. […] Researchers have linked physical trauma as a potential contributor to the onset of RA. Trauma can trigger inflammation that could lead to developing RA. […] Cigarette smoking can affect the onset of RA, the severity of symptoms, and the effectiveness of treatment. […] Since a larger number of women have RA compared with men, female hormone levels may contribute to the diseases development. […] Researchers have linked exposure to air irritants to developing RA. […] According to the Arthritis Foundation, an estimated two-thirds of people with RA have obesity or overweight. Fat in the body can release proteins that are connected with causing inflammation. […] RA is a disease with some contributing factors like genetics, the environment, and hormones. Other conditions like trauma and infections are important to recognize as potential trigger mechanisms.

• #39 11 Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis and How to Reduce Your Risk | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/about-arthritis/understanding-arthritis/11-risk-factors-rheumatoid-arthritis-reduce-risk

  Epstein-Barr virus, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and hepatitis C have been suggested as possible causes of autoimmunity and RA. […] Some scientists also think there may be cross-reactivity between certain antibodies and healthy cells. […] Lots of different toxins, pollutants and chemicals have been linked to RA, but not all are proven. […] Chronic lung inflammation is known to lead to the formation of autoantibodies, and scientists speculate these may travel from the lungs to distant sites, including the joints. […] Violence, abuse and neglect in childhood are increasingly linked to RA in adults. […] Emotional distress is known to trigger an immune response that can lead to autoimmune disease. […] Tobacco smoke is a known risk factor for RA as well as heart disease and a host of other chronic conditions.

• #40 Risk Factors of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/risk-factors-for-rheumatoid-arthritis-190347

  Between 40%-50% of your risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis is genetic. […] Despite their undeniable role, and the fact that they’re here in the non-modifiable category, having a genetic predisposition doesn’t always define your destiny. […] Smoking has a cause-and-effect relationship with rheumatoid arthritis. […] Obesity can trigger systemic inflammation, as excessive adipose (fat) cells lead to the increased production of inflammatory proteins known as cytokines. […] Though infections are associated with a higher risk of RA, more research is needed to verify their role. […] Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are associated with a higher risk of RA. […] Exposure to environmental toxins can activate the immune system, cause inflammation, and increase your risk of developing RA.

• #41 Rheumatoid arthritis | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/

  Rheumatoid arthritis develops because of a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as smoking and diet. It is unclear what the genetic link is, but it is thought that having a relative with the condition increases your chance of developing the condition. […] Cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. If you eat a lot of red meat and don’t consume much vitamin C, you may have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. […] We’re currently funding research projects to find out what causes rheumatoid arthritis, and to develop new and improved treatments. For example: our centre for genetics and genomics is trying to understand how genetic factors determine whether certain people are at risk of developing inflammatory arthritis, and what happens when they do; our rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis centre of excellence is looking at why rheumatoid arthritis starts, why it attacks the joints, and why the inflammation carries on rather than switching off.

• #42 11 Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis and How to Reduce Your Risk | Arthritis Foundation

  https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/about-arthritis/understanding-arthritis/11-risk-factors-rheumatoid-arthritis-reduce-risk

  Excess weight can trigger systemic inflammation because fat cells release inflammatory proteins called cytokines, which play a fundamental role in the destruction of joint tissue. […] Its now well established that gum disease is a factor in causing RA as well as lung disease, heart disease and Alzheimers. […] Although there is no specific arthritis diet, the type of food you eat affects every aspect of your health. […] The makeup of your gut microbiome can vary, depending on your age (the microbiome changes as you get older), diet, race, ethnicity and where you live. […] It is clear, however, that people with RA and other autoimmune diseases have different proportions of gut microbes compared to healthy people. […] The loss of certain microorganisms means there is less protection against inflammation and autoimmunity. […] Leaky gut, another risk, occurs when inflammation and changes in the composition of the microbiome make the intestinal wall more permeable and allow bacteria to escape into the rest of the body.

• #43 The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31980337/

  Rheumatoid arthritis is a heterogeneous disease, which can be, based on data combining genetic risk factors and autoantibodies, sub-classified into ACPA-positive and -negative RA. […] Presence of ACPA and RF as well as rising CRP-levels in some patients years before onset of clinical symptoms indicate that relevant immune responses for RA development are initiated very early. […] The most important genetic risk factor for RA development, the shared epitope alleles, resides in the MHC class II region. […] Smoking is thus far the most important environmental risk factor associated with the development of RA. […] In summary of the various results from immunological changes in blood and synovial tissue, the extension of the immune response from a diffuse myeloid to a lympho-myeloid inflammation appears to be associated with a more successful therapeutic response to biologics. […] However, alternative strategies involving the microbiome may play an important role as well and research in this field is growing rapidly.

• #44

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-021-00993-0

  Over the last few years, the scientific community has made significant progress in understanding the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). […] New data strongly implicates respiratory exposures, obesity, diet and microbiome, genetics, and their interactions in the etiology of RA. […] These findings support the notion that RA originates at mucosal sites, augmented by genetic predisposition, and mediated by certain cell types including macrophages and fibroblasts. […] Future epidemiologic and translational studies leveraging multi-omics approaches will help map the precise sequence of events in RA pathogenesis.

• #45 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Sex hormones may play a role in RA, as evidenced by the disproportionate number of females with this disease. […] Tobacco use is the main lifestyle risk factor for RA. […] Genetic factors can further increase risk: a smoker with two copies of HLA-SE is at 40-fold higher risk of developing RA. […] The hyperactive and hyperplastic synovial membrane is ultimately transformed into pannus tissue and invades cartilage and bone, with the latter being degraded by activated osteoclasts. […] All of the major immunologic elements play fundamental roles in initiating, propagating, and maintaining the autoimmune process of RA.

• #46 Rheumatoid Arthritis: Symptoms & Causes – CreakyJoints Australia

  https://creakyjoints.org.au/education/rheumatoid-arthritis/

  Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms are caused by inflammation. That means your bodys immune system is releasing chemicals into your blood and joints that cause pain, swelling, stiffness and fatigue. […] In an autoimmune disease like RA, your immune system triggers inflammation and attacks your healthy joints and tissues by mistake. Thats why you have pain, swelling and other symptoms. […] RA inflammation can do a lot of damage to the lining around your joints, called the synovium, even over just a few months or years. This inflamed lining can damage the tissues around your joints, like your cartilage or ligaments that hold the joints together. […] Erosions are caused by inflammatory substances that can dissolve tiny parts of the bone. This is also called erosive disease. Early treatment may help you prevent bony erosions, so its important to get a diagnosis as soon as you can.

• #47 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Sex hormones may play a role in RA, as evidenced by the disproportionate number of females with this disease. […] Tobacco use is the main lifestyle risk factor for RA. […] Genetic factors can further increase risk: a smoker with two copies of HLA-SE is at 40-fold higher risk of developing RA. […] The hyperactive and hyperplastic synovial membrane is ultimately transformed into pannus tissue and invades cartilage and bone, with the latter being degraded by activated osteoclasts. […] All of the major immunologic elements play fundamental roles in initiating, propagating, and maintaining the autoimmune process of RA.

• #48 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/Content?contentTypeID=85&ContentID=P01133

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term (chronic) disease that causes inflammation of the joints. […] Health care providers don’t know the exact cause of RA. RA is an autoimmune disorder. That means the body’s immune system attacks its own healthy cells and tissues. […] Researchers think certain factors, including heredity, may play a role. […] RA can also affect many nonjoint parts of the body, such as the lungs, heart, skin, nerves, muscles, blood vessels, and kidneys. These complications can lead to severe illness and even death.

• #49 Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a symmetric, inflammatory, peripheral polyarthritis of unknown etiology. […] The presence of extraarticular features (eg, rheumatoid nodules, interstitial lung disease, scleritis) may prompt an evaluation for RA, although these patients should also have many of the features described above. […] The diagnosis of seronegative RA may be secure only after monitoring the patient’s response to therapy over an extended period of time. […] The 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria were developed primarily to identify patients with early RA. These criteria may fail to identify patients who have very early presentations of RA or inactive disease. […] The presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) or anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) confirms the diagnosis of RA. However, these tests have limited value as a screening tool or to evaluate patients with a syndrome atypical for RA, since both may appear in patients with other rheumatic or inflammatory diagnoses.

• #50 What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/rheumatoid/what-rheumatoid-arthritis-ra

  It is possible for a specific activity or event to initiate a flare-up. The activity or event sets off inflammation in the body that is difficult to stop. […] People with seropositive RA have certain protein molecules in their blood. Specifically, their blood contains either or both: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (called anti-CCP or ACPA) and Rheumatoid factor (RF). […] People who meet the diagnostic criteria for RA but have neither anti-CCP nor RF proteins in their blood are diagnosed with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis.

• #51 Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-rheumatoid-arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a symmetric, inflammatory, peripheral polyarthritis of unknown etiology. […] The presence of extraarticular features (eg, rheumatoid nodules, interstitial lung disease, scleritis) may prompt an evaluation for RA, although these patients should also have many of the features described above. […] The diagnosis of seronegative RA may be secure only after monitoring the patient’s response to therapy over an extended period of time. […] The 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria were developed primarily to identify patients with early RA. These criteria may fail to identify patients who have very early presentations of RA or inactive disease. […] The presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) or anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) confirms the diagnosis of RA. However, these tests have limited value as a screening tool or to evaluate patients with a syndrome atypical for RA, since both may appear in patients with other rheumatic or inflammatory diagnoses.

• #52 What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/rheumatoid/what-rheumatoid-arthritis-ra

  It is possible for a specific activity or event to initiate a flare-up. The activity or event sets off inflammation in the body that is difficult to stop. […] People with seropositive RA have certain protein molecules in their blood. Specifically, their blood contains either or both: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (called anti-CCP or ACPA) and Rheumatoid factor (RF). […] People who meet the diagnostic criteria for RA but have neither anti-CCP nor RF proteins in their blood are diagnosed with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis.

• #53 Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-rheumatoid-arthritis

  The diagnosis is established by its rapid response to low-dose glucocorticoids. […] In patients initially diagnosed with PMR, persistent or recurrent small joint arthritis with tapering of glucocorticoids and the absence of other findings suggestive of PMR may lead to a change in the diagnosis to RA after several months or even years of treatment. […] A diagnosis of seronegative RA may be particularly challenging.

• #54

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-021-00993-0

  Over the last few years, the scientific community has made significant progress in understanding the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). […] New data strongly implicates respiratory exposures, obesity, diet and microbiome, genetics, and their interactions in the etiology of RA. […] These findings support the notion that RA originates at mucosal sites, augmented by genetic predisposition, and mediated by certain cell types including macrophages and fibroblasts. […] Future epidemiologic and translational studies leveraging multi-omics approaches will help map the precise sequence of events in RA pathogenesis.

• #55 Causes Of Rheumatoid Arthritis | Risk Factors Of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://nras.org.uk/resource/possible-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Whilst it is not fully understood why an individual develops RA when they do, a lot of the causes and risk factors have been identified. These are generally broken up into two categories, genetic factors and environmental factors. There is also usually a trigger just prior to the onset of the disease. […] There is still much to learn about why rheumatoid arthritis affects people when it does. It is hard to say for certain why one individual person has developed RA. However, some of the potential causes of rheumatoid arthritis and the risk factors that make developing rheumatoid arthritis more likely, have been identified. […] RA is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. To date, researchers have found over 100 genetic changes that occur more commonly in patients with RA. […] It has been estimated that the genetic factors determine 50 60% of the risk of developing RA. The fact that this figure is not 100% means that other non-genetic or „environmental” factors also play a part.

• #56

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-021-00993-0

  Over the last few years, the scientific community has made significant progress in understanding the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). […] New data strongly implicates respiratory exposures, obesity, diet and microbiome, genetics, and their interactions in the etiology of RA. […] These findings support the notion that RA originates at mucosal sites, augmented by genetic predisposition, and mediated by certain cell types including macrophages and fibroblasts. […] Future epidemiologic and translational studies leveraging multi-omics approaches will help map the precise sequence of events in RA pathogenesis.

• #57 Rheumatoid Arthritis | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/cmc/arthritis/rheumatoid

  Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory and autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the thin membrane that lines the joints. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is progressive and disabling, and can affect the appearance and the function of the hands and other parts of the body through injury to joints and soft tissue structures. […] In fact, University of Michigan researchers have recently discovered the molecular mechanism that triggers rheumatoid arthritis, and we hope to use our discovery to develop cutting-edge treatments for this debilitating disease. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease, which means there is no cure; however, early and aggressive treatment can put rheumatoid arthritis into remission.

• #58 Our knowledge of orthopaedics. Your best health.

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one type of inflammatory arthritis. It is a chronic disease that can cause pain and stiffness in multiple joints throughout the body. […] The exact cause of RA is not known. It is not an inherited disease; however, researchers believe that some people have genes that make them vulnerable to the disease. Doctors suspect that it takes a chemical or environmental „trigger” to activate the disease in people who carry the genes. When the body is exposed to this trigger, the immune system responds incorrectly. Infection and smoking are two likely triggers. […] Rheumatoid arthritis can also cause damage to blood vessels, skin, lungs, eyes, heart, and the nervous system. It can lead to low bone mass and osteoporosis. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of RA can help control the disease and prevent lasting damage to joints and other structures.

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