Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory arthritis worldwide, significantly impacting patients and population health. The disease affects women primarily, with a female-to-male ratio of three to one. […] Epidemiological studies highlight the link between the environment and genetic susceptibility to RA. […] Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors associated with RA is crucial in light of the changing disease patterns, emerging treatment options, and the importance of personalised healthcare approaches for different disease subsets. […] Overall, RAs global prevalence has been estimated to range from 0.24 to 1%, although rates vary by country and geographical region. […] The number of published community-based incidence studies is relatively low compared to those referring to RA prevalence.

• #2 Epidemiology of, risk factors for, and possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-risk-factors-for-and-possible-causes-of-rheumatoid-arthritis

  Epidemiology of, risk factors for, and possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is estimated to affect approximately 0.24 to 1 percent of the population and to be twice as common in women compared with men. […] The worldwide prevalence of RA has been estimated as 0.24 percent based upon the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Estimates of RA prevalence in the United States and northern European countries are typically higher, usually between 0.5 to 1 percent. […] The annual incidence of RA in the United States and northern European countries is estimated to be approximately 40 per 100,000 persons. […] The incidence and prevalence of RA is much greater in some populations, such as in the Pima Native Americans, where rates are up to 10 times higher than those of most population groups. […] RA has a predilection to affect women, in whom incidence and prevalence rates of RA are twice as high as in men. The lifetime risk of developing RA is 3.6 percent in women and 1.7 percent in men.

• #3 Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-022-00827-y

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that predominantly affects the joints. The prevalence of RA varies globally, with generally a higher prevalence in industrialized countries, which may be explained by exposures to environmental risk factors, but also by genetic factors, differing demographics and under-reporting in other parts of the world. […] The estimated prevalence and disease burden of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) vary considerably between geographic regions, with generally higher estimates in industrialized countries and urban settings. […] Aspects involved in the disparity in RA prevalence between populations include genetic factors, environmental exposures, demographics, socioeconomics and reporting of the disease. […] Despite rising RA prevalence, the severity, mortality and disease-associated comorbidities seem to be decreasing.

• #4 Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990–2020, and projections to 2050 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-regional-and-national-burden-rheumatoid-arthritis-1990-2020-and

  Rheumatoid arthritis deaths have decreased globally over the past three decades, but the number of cases has increased over the same period, and is projected to continue increasing over the next 30 years. […] Rheumatoid arthritis prevalence was estimated in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020 using Bayesian meta-regression models and data from population-based studies and medical claims data (98 prevalence and 25 incidence studies). […] In 2020, an estimated 176 million (95% uncertainty interval 158203) people had rheumatoid arthritis worldwide. […] The age-standardised global prevalence rate was 2088 cases (18682411) per 100000 population, representing a 141% (127154) increase since 1990. […] The age-standardised death rate was 047 (041054) per 100000 population (38300 global deaths [3350044000]), a 238% (175293) decrease from 1990 to 2020.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rheumatoid-arthritis

  In 2019, 18 million people worldwide were living with rheumatoid arthritis (1). […] About 70% of people living with rheumatoid arthritis are women, and 55% are older than 55 years (1). […] The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis is higher in industrialized countries, which may be explained by demographics (higher average age), exposures to environmental toxins and lifestyle risk factors, and under-diagnosis in low-and-middle-income countries. […] Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to prevent rheumatoid arthritis and control the disease progression. […] Early diagnosis and management can reduce symptoms, slow the disease and prevent disability. […] WHO is taking action to extend access to care in rheumatoid arthritis in different ways.

• #6 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.51.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the diseases development. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two to three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect auto-immunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #7 Epidemiology of, risk factors for, and possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-risk-factors-for-and-possible-causes-of-rheumatoid-arthritis

  Epidemiology of, risk factors for, and possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is estimated to affect approximately 0.24 to 1 percent of the population and to be twice as common in women compared with men. […] The worldwide prevalence of RA has been estimated as 0.24 percent based upon the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Estimates of RA prevalence in the United States and northern European countries are typically higher, usually between 0.5 to 1 percent. […] The annual incidence of RA in the United States and northern European countries is estimated to be approximately 40 per 100,000 persons. […] The incidence and prevalence of RA is much greater in some populations, such as in the Pima Native Americans, where rates are up to 10 times higher than those of most population groups. […] RA has a predilection to affect women, in whom incidence and prevalence rates of RA are twice as high as in men. The lifetime risk of developing RA is 3.6 percent in women and 1.7 percent in men.

• #8

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rheumatoid-arthritis

  In 2019, 18 million people worldwide were living with rheumatoid arthritis (1). […] About 70% of people living with rheumatoid arthritis are women, and 55% are older than 55 years (1). […] The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis is higher in industrialized countries, which may be explained by demographics (higher average age), exposures to environmental toxins and lifestyle risk factors, and under-diagnosis in low-and-middle-income countries. […] Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to prevent rheumatoid arthritis and control the disease progression. […] Early diagnosis and management can reduce symptoms, slow the disease and prevent disability. […] WHO is taking action to extend access to care in rheumatoid arthritis in different ways.

• #9 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis among people aged 20–54 years from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92150-1

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a global epidemic. We conducted a cross-sectional study using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset to examine RA trends in patients aged 20-54 years worldwide. Key outcomes included incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), as well as trends over time, stratifying by region, country, age, sex, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Over the past 32 years, the global RA-related incidence rate increased from 11.66 (95% UI 9.60-13.94) to 13.48 (95% UI 11.08-16.06) per 100,000 population. RA-related DALYs rate increased from 26.37 (95% UI 18.43-36.99) to 30.71 (95% UI 20.82-44.08) per 100,000 population, with females bearing a higher burden. And the RA-related mortality rate decreased from 0.09 (95% UI 0.08-0.1) to 0.06 (95% UI 0.05-0.07) per 100,000 population. Regional disparities were evident, with lower SDI regions experiencing the larger change. Smoking remained a significant risk factor, accounting for 9.01% of RA-related mortality in 2021. Overall, we highlighted the rising global burden of RA, particularly among females and in lower SDI regions, emphasizing disparities in healthcare resources, prevention, and early diagnosis.

• #10 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis among people aged 20–54 years from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92150-1

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a global epidemic. We conducted a cross-sectional study using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset to examine RA trends in patients aged 20-54 years worldwide. Key outcomes included incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), as well as trends over time, stratifying by region, country, age, sex, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Over the past 32 years, the global RA-related incidence rate increased from 11.66 (95% UI 9.60-13.94) to 13.48 (95% UI 11.08-16.06) per 100,000 population. RA-related DALYs rate increased from 26.37 (95% UI 18.43-36.99) to 30.71 (95% UI 20.82-44.08) per 100,000 population, with females bearing a higher burden. And the RA-related mortality rate decreased from 0.09 (95% UI 0.08-0.1) to 0.06 (95% UI 0.05-0.07) per 100,000 population. Regional disparities were evident, with lower SDI regions experiencing the larger change. Smoking remained a significant risk factor, accounting for 9.01% of RA-related mortality in 2021. Overall, we highlighted the rising global burden of RA, particularly among females and in lower SDI regions, emphasizing disparities in healthcare resources, prevention, and early diagnosis.

• #11

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rheumatoid-arthritis

  In 2019, 18 million people worldwide were living with rheumatoid arthritis (1). […] About 70% of people living with rheumatoid arthritis are women, and 55% are older than 55 years (1). […] The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis is higher in industrialized countries, which may be explained by demographics (higher average age), exposures to environmental toxins and lifestyle risk factors, and under-diagnosis in low-and-middle-income countries. […] Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to prevent rheumatoid arthritis and control the disease progression. […] Early diagnosis and management can reduce symptoms, slow the disease and prevent disability. […] WHO is taking action to extend access to care in rheumatoid arthritis in different ways.

• #12 Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-022-00827-y

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that predominantly affects the joints. The prevalence of RA varies globally, with generally a higher prevalence in industrialized countries, which may be explained by exposures to environmental risk factors, but also by genetic factors, differing demographics and under-reporting in other parts of the world. […] The estimated prevalence and disease burden of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) vary considerably between geographic regions, with generally higher estimates in industrialized countries and urban settings. […] Aspects involved in the disparity in RA prevalence between populations include genetic factors, environmental exposures, demographics, socioeconomics and reporting of the disease. […] Despite rising RA prevalence, the severity, mortality and disease-associated comorbidities seem to be decreasing.

• #13 The Prevalence of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review of Population-based Studies | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/48/5/669.abstract

  Objective To estimate the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from international population-based studies and investigate the influence of prevalence definition, data sources, classification criteria, and geographical area on RA prevalence. […] Sixty studies met the inclusion criteria. There was a wide range of point prevalence reported (0.002.70%) with a mean of 0.56% (SD 0.51) between 1986 and 2014, and a mean period prevalence of 0.51% (SD 0.35) between 1955 and 2015. RA point and period prevalence was higher in urban settings (0.69% vs 0.48%) than in rural settings (0.54% vs 0.25%). An RA diagnosis validated by rheumatologists yielded the highest period prevalence of RA and was observed in linked databases (0.80%, SD 0.1). […] The literature reports a wide range of point and period prevalence based on population and method of data collection, but average point and period prevalence of RA were 51 in 10,000 and 56 in 10,000, respectively. Higher urban vs rural prevalence may be biased due to poor case findings in areas with less healthcare or differences in risk environment. The population database studies were more consistent than sampling studies, and linked databases in different continents appeared to provide a consistent estimate of RA period prevalence, confirming the high value of rheumatologist diagnosis as classification criteria.

• #14 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3240153/

  The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is relatively constant in many populations, at 0.5-1.0%. However, a high prevalence of RA has been reported in the Pima Indians (5.3%) and in the Chippewa Indians (6.8%). In contrast, low occurrences have been reported in populations from China and Japan. […] The descriptive epidemiology of RA is suggestive of a genetic effect. The occurrence of RA is relatively constant with a prevalence of between 0.5 and 1.0%, a frequency that has been reported from several European and North-American populations. […] Specifically, native American-Indian populations have the highest recorded occurrence of RA, with a prevalence of 5.3% noted for the Pima Indians and of 6.8% for the Chippewa Indians. […] In general, the data on the geographical occurrence of RA would support the existence of genetic factors being important and explaining differences in disease risk.

• #15 Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/ace006_12dec_gibofsky_s295to302

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 1% of the worldwide population. […] The overall world prevalence of RA is approximately 0.5% to 1%, but may be declining in the United States. […] Using data from 1995 and 2005, the prevalence of RA in adult Americans was estimated at 1.29 million (0.6%), down from the previous estimate of 2.1 million. […] In 1995, the prevalence of RA in American women (1.06%) was nearly double that in men (0.61%). […] Interestingly, because most data were derived from patients in Minnesota, they may not be generalizable beyond Caucasians. […] There is regional variation in the prevalence of RA. […] The incidence appears to be highest in Pima Indians (5.3%) and Chippewa Indians (6.8%), and lowest in people from China and Japan (0.2%-0.3%), suggesting the possibility that genetic factors contribute to RA. […] These differences in regional RA prevalence also may suggest a role for environmental factors.

• #16 Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/ace006_12dec_gibofsky_s295to302

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 1% of the worldwide population. […] The overall world prevalence of RA is approximately 0.5% to 1%, but may be declining in the United States. […] Using data from 1995 and 2005, the prevalence of RA in adult Americans was estimated at 1.29 million (0.6%), down from the previous estimate of 2.1 million. […] In 1995, the prevalence of RA in American women (1.06%) was nearly double that in men (0.61%). […] Interestingly, because most data were derived from patients in Minnesota, they may not be generalizable beyond Caucasians. […] There is regional variation in the prevalence of RA. […] The incidence appears to be highest in Pima Indians (5.3%) and Chippewa Indians (6.8%), and lowest in people from China and Japan (0.2%-0.3%), suggesting the possibility that genetic factors contribute to RA. […] These differences in regional RA prevalence also may suggest a role for environmental factors.

• #17 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rheumatoid-Arthritis-Epidemiology.aspx

  While prevalence is 5-6% in some Native American groups, those hailing from the Caribbean region have lower prevalence rates. This suggests that there may be a genetic basis and inheritance pattern of this disease. Racial and ethnic differences may also play a role. […] Those who have a parent, sibling or offspring with the condition have a prevalence rate of 2 to 3%. The rates of the condition if one of the monozygotic (identical) twins has the condition are as high as 15 to 20%. Those who inherit tissue type Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen HLA-DR4 (most specifically DR0401 and 0404) are more at risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. […] In England and Wales, nearly 580,000 people are affected with this debilitating condition. In the United States of America, rheumatoid arthritis affects 1.3 million people.

• #18 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3240153/

  The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is relatively constant in many populations, at 0.5-1.0%. However, a high prevalence of RA has been reported in the Pima Indians (5.3%) and in the Chippewa Indians (6.8%). In contrast, low occurrences have been reported in populations from China and Japan. […] The descriptive epidemiology of RA is suggestive of a genetic effect. The occurrence of RA is relatively constant with a prevalence of between 0.5 and 1.0%, a frequency that has been reported from several European and North-American populations. […] Specifically, native American-Indian populations have the highest recorded occurrence of RA, with a prevalence of 5.3% noted for the Pima Indians and of 6.8% for the Chippewa Indians. […] In general, the data on the geographical occurrence of RA would support the existence of genetic factors being important and explaining differences in disease risk.

• #19 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory arthritis worldwide, significantly impacting patients and population health. The disease affects women primarily, with a female-to-male ratio of three to one. […] Epidemiological studies highlight the link between the environment and genetic susceptibility to RA. […] Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors associated with RA is crucial in light of the changing disease patterns, emerging treatment options, and the importance of personalised healthcare approaches for different disease subsets. […] Overall, RAs global prevalence has been estimated to range from 0.24 to 1%, although rates vary by country and geographical region. […] The number of published community-based incidence studies is relatively low compared to those referring to RA prevalence.

• #20 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory arthritis worldwide, significantly impacting patients and population health. The disease affects women primarily, with a female-to-male ratio of three to one. […] Epidemiological studies highlight the link between the environment and genetic susceptibility to RA. […] This review summarises the most decisive evidence on epidemiology and genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors for RA. […] Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors associated with RA is crucial in light of the changing disease patterns, emerging treatment options, and the importance of personalised healthcare approaches for different disease subsets. […] Overall, RA’s global prevalence has been estimated to range from 0.24 to 1%, although rates vary by country and geographical region.

• #21 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Worldwide, the annual incidence of RA is approximately 3 cases per 10,000 population, and the prevalence rate is approximately 1%, increasing with age and peaking between the ages of 35 and 50 years. RA affects all populations, though it is much more prevalent in some groups (eg, 5-6% in some Native American groups) and much less prevalent in others (eg, Black persons from the Caribbean region). […] First-degree relatives of individuals with RA are at 2- to 3-fold higher risk for the disease. Disease concordance in monozygotic twins is approximately 15-20%, suggesting that nongenetic factors play an important role. Because the worldwide frequency of RA is relatively constant, a ubiquitous infectious agent has been postulated to play an etiologic role. […] Women are affected by RA approximately 3 times more often than men are. For example, a nationwide study from Norway reported that the point prevalence of RA was 1.10% in women and 0.46% in men. However, sex differences in RA diminish in older age groups. In investigating whether the higher rate of RA among women could be linked to certain reproductive risk factors, a study from Denmark found that the rate of RA was higher in women who had given birth to just 1 child than in women who had delivered 2 or 3 offspring. However, the rate was not increased in women who were nulliparous or who had a history of lost pregnancies.

• #22 Rheumatoid arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis

  RA affects 0.51% of adults in the developed world with between 5 and 50 per 100,000 people newly developing the condition each year. […] Onset is uncommon under the age of 15 and from then on the incidence rises with age until the age of 80. Women are affected three to five times as often as men. […] The age at which the disease most commonly starts is in women between 40 and 50 years of age, and for men somewhat later. […] RA is a chronic disease, and although rarely, a spontaneous remission may occur, the common course of progression consists of persistent symptoms that wax and wane in intensity, along with continued deterioration of joint structures, leading to deformation and disability. […] There is an association between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), hypothesised to lead to enhanced generation of RA-related autoantibodies. Oral bacteria that invade the blood may also contribute to chronic inflammatory responses and generation of autoantibodies.

• #23 Epidemiology of, risk factors for, and possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-risk-factors-for-and-possible-causes-of-rheumatoid-arthritis

  Epidemiology of, risk factors for, and possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is estimated to affect approximately 0.24 to 1 percent of the population and to be twice as common in women compared with men. […] The worldwide prevalence of RA has been estimated as 0.24 percent based upon the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Estimates of RA prevalence in the United States and northern European countries are typically higher, usually between 0.5 to 1 percent. […] The annual incidence of RA in the United States and northern European countries is estimated to be approximately 40 per 100,000 persons. […] The incidence and prevalence of RA is much greater in some populations, such as in the Pima Native Americans, where rates are up to 10 times higher than those of most population groups. […] RA has a predilection to affect women, in whom incidence and prevalence rates of RA are twice as high as in men. The lifetime risk of developing RA is 3.6 percent in women and 1.7 percent in men.

• #24 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Time elapsed since pregnancy is also significant. In the 1- to 5-year postpartum period, a decreased risk for RA has been recognized, even in those with higher-risk HLA markers. The Danish study also found a higher risk of RA among women with a history of preeclampsia, hyperemesis during pregnancy, or gestational hypertension. In the authors view, this portion of the data suggested that a reduced immune adaptability to pregnancy may exist in women who are predisposed to the development of RA or that there may be a link between fetal microchimerism (in which fetal cells are present in the maternal circulation) and RA.

• #25 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Worldwide, the annual incidence of RA is approximately 3 cases per 10,000 population, and the prevalence rate is approximately 1%, increasing with age and peaking between the ages of 35 and 50 years. RA affects all populations, though it is much more prevalent in some groups (eg, 5-6% in some Native American groups) and much less prevalent in others (eg, Black persons from the Caribbean region). […] First-degree relatives of individuals with RA are at 2- to 3-fold higher risk for the disease. Disease concordance in monozygotic twins is approximately 15-20%, suggesting that nongenetic factors play an important role. Because the worldwide frequency of RA is relatively constant, a ubiquitous infectious agent has been postulated to play an etiologic role. […] Women are affected by RA approximately 3 times more often than men are. For example, a nationwide study from Norway reported that the point prevalence of RA was 1.10% in women and 0.46% in men. However, sex differences in RA diminish in older age groups. In investigating whether the higher rate of RA among women could be linked to certain reproductive risk factors, a study from Denmark found that the rate of RA was higher in women who had given birth to just 1 child than in women who had delivered 2 or 3 offspring. However, the rate was not increased in women who were nulliparous or who had a history of lost pregnancies.

• #26 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Time elapsed since pregnancy is also significant. In the 1- to 5-year postpartum period, a decreased risk for RA has been recognized, even in those with higher-risk HLA markers. The Danish study also found a higher risk of RA among women with a history of preeclampsia, hyperemesis during pregnancy, or gestational hypertension. In the authors view, this portion of the data suggested that a reduced immune adaptability to pregnancy may exist in women who are predisposed to the development of RA or that there may be a link between fetal microchimerism (in which fetal cells are present in the maternal circulation) and RA.

• #27 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  The number of published community-based incidence studies is relatively low compared to those referring to RA prevalence. […] Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.5-1.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] For the last decades, much knowledge has been gained on the predisposing factors to RA. Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the disease’s development. […] RA presents a robust genetic background. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two-to-three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] The association between infection during the first year of life and the risk of RA at age 16 years or later has been shown to have a stronger association for seronegative RA.

• #28 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview

  Worldwide, the annual incidence of RA is approximately 3 cases per 10,000 population, and the prevalence rate is approximately 1%, increasing with age and peaking between the ages of 35 and 50 years. RA affects all populations, though it is much more prevalent in some groups (eg, 5-6% in some Native American groups) and much less prevalent in others (eg, Black persons from the Caribbean region). […] First-degree relatives of individuals with RA are at 2- to 3-fold higher risk for the disease. Disease concordance in monozygotic twins is approximately 15-20%, suggesting that nongenetic factors play an important role. Because the worldwide frequency of RA is relatively constant, a ubiquitous infectious agent has been postulated to play an etiologic role. […] Women are affected by RA approximately 3 times more often than men are. For example, a nationwide study from Norway reported that the point prevalence of RA was 1.10% in women and 0.46% in men. However, sex differences in RA diminish in older age groups. In investigating whether the higher rate of RA among women could be linked to certain reproductive risk factors, a study from Denmark found that the rate of RA was higher in women who had given birth to just 1 child than in women who had delivered 2 or 3 offspring. However, the rate was not increased in women who were nulliparous or who had a history of lost pregnancies.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rheumatoid-Arthritis-Epidemiology.aspx

  While prevalence is 5-6% in some Native American groups, those hailing from the Caribbean region have lower prevalence rates. This suggests that there may be a genetic basis and inheritance pattern of this disease. Racial and ethnic differences may also play a role. […] Those who have a parent, sibling or offspring with the condition have a prevalence rate of 2 to 3%. The rates of the condition if one of the monozygotic (identical) twins has the condition are as high as 15 to 20%. Those who inherit tissue type Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen HLA-DR4 (most specifically DR0401 and 0404) are more at risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. […] In England and Wales, nearly 580,000 people are affected with this debilitating condition. In the United States of America, rheumatoid arthritis affects 1.3 million people.

• #30 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3240153/

  Studies of hospital attendees are subject to bias as there may be a selection process whereby individuals would more probably be referred to hospital if they have an affected family member. […] Few studies have been performed comparing familial recurrence risk in relatives of cases derived from population samples with those of controls. […] Twin studies have consistently showed a fourfold increased concordance in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. […] The role of HLA DRB1 alleles as a risk factor of RA has been known for 25 years. Associations between different HLA DRB1 alleles have been demonstrated in several populations across the world. […] Data from twin studies in the HLA association and sharing studies have been used to estimate that only 50% of the genetic contribution to RA can be explained by HLA.

• #31 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar578

  Twin studies have consistently showed a fourfold increased concordance in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. […] The role of HLA DRB1 alleles as a risk factor of RA has been known for 25 years. Associations between different HLA DRB1 alleles have been demonstrated in several populations across the world. […] Data from twin studies in the HLA association and sharing studies have been used to estimate that only 50% of the genetic contribution to RA can be explained by HLA. […] There is much indirect evidence suggesting that exposure to infectious agents may be the trigger for RA. […] There have been remarkably few studies on factors such as diet, although there is a theoretical basis for investigating the role of omega-3 fatty acids. […] Findings from a number of recent studies showed that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of RA.

• #32 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rheumatoid-Arthritis-Epidemiology.aspx

  While prevalence is 5-6% in some Native American groups, those hailing from the Caribbean region have lower prevalence rates. This suggests that there may be a genetic basis and inheritance pattern of this disease. Racial and ethnic differences may also play a role. […] Those who have a parent, sibling or offspring with the condition have a prevalence rate of 2 to 3%. The rates of the condition if one of the monozygotic (identical) twins has the condition are as high as 15 to 20%. Those who inherit tissue type Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen HLA-DR4 (most specifically DR0401 and 0404) are more at risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. […] In England and Wales, nearly 580,000 people are affected with this debilitating condition. In the United States of America, rheumatoid arthritis affects 1.3 million people.

• #33 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3240153/

  Studies of hospital attendees are subject to bias as there may be a selection process whereby individuals would more probably be referred to hospital if they have an affected family member. […] Few studies have been performed comparing familial recurrence risk in relatives of cases derived from population samples with those of controls. […] Twin studies have consistently showed a fourfold increased concordance in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. […] The role of HLA DRB1 alleles as a risk factor of RA has been known for 25 years. Associations between different HLA DRB1 alleles have been demonstrated in several populations across the world. […] Data from twin studies in the HLA association and sharing studies have been used to estimate that only 50% of the genetic contribution to RA can be explained by HLA.

• #34 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar578

  Twin studies have consistently showed a fourfold increased concordance in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. […] The role of HLA DRB1 alleles as a risk factor of RA has been known for 25 years. Associations between different HLA DRB1 alleles have been demonstrated in several populations across the world. […] Data from twin studies in the HLA association and sharing studies have been used to estimate that only 50% of the genetic contribution to RA can be explained by HLA. […] There is much indirect evidence suggesting that exposure to infectious agents may be the trigger for RA. […] There have been remarkably few studies on factors such as diet, although there is a theoretical basis for investigating the role of omega-3 fatty acids. […] Findings from a number of recent studies showed that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of RA.

• #35 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3240153/

  Studies of hospital attendees are subject to bias as there may be a selection process whereby individuals would more probably be referred to hospital if they have an affected family member. […] Few studies have been performed comparing familial recurrence risk in relatives of cases derived from population samples with those of controls. […] Twin studies have consistently showed a fourfold increased concordance in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. […] The role of HLA DRB1 alleles as a risk factor of RA has been known for 25 years. Associations between different HLA DRB1 alleles have been demonstrated in several populations across the world. […] Data from twin studies in the HLA association and sharing studies have been used to estimate that only 50% of the genetic contribution to RA can be explained by HLA.

• #36 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar578

  Twin studies have consistently showed a fourfold increased concordance in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. […] The role of HLA DRB1 alleles as a risk factor of RA has been known for 25 years. Associations between different HLA DRB1 alleles have been demonstrated in several populations across the world. […] Data from twin studies in the HLA association and sharing studies have been used to estimate that only 50% of the genetic contribution to RA can be explained by HLA. […] There is much indirect evidence suggesting that exposure to infectious agents may be the trigger for RA. […] There have been remarkably few studies on factors such as diet, although there is a theoretical basis for investigating the role of omega-3 fatty acids. […] Findings from a number of recent studies showed that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of RA.

• #37 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.51.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the diseases development. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two to three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect auto-immunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #38 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.51.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the diseases development. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two to three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect auto-immunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #39 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  The number of published community-based incidence studies is relatively low compared to those referring to RA prevalence. […] Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.5-1.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] For the last decades, much knowledge has been gained on the predisposing factors to RA. Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the disease’s development. […] RA presents a robust genetic background. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two-to-three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] The association between infection during the first year of life and the risk of RA at age 16 years or later has been shown to have a stronger association for seronegative RA.

• #40 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  Socioeconomic status is a hierarchical social classification associated with the income, educational level, occupational class, social class, and the origin of each individual. […] Environmental air pollution mainly comes from energy use and production. […] Studies have linked inhaled silica dust to silicosis, sarcoidosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression. […] Stratifying patients according to their genetic profile and then identifying the environmental triggers for each subgroup may be more efficient.

• #41 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  The number of published community-based incidence studies is relatively low compared to those referring to RA prevalence. […] Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.5-1.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] For the last decades, much knowledge has been gained on the predisposing factors to RA. Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the disease’s development. […] RA presents a robust genetic background. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two-to-three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] The association between infection during the first year of life and the risk of RA at age 16 years or later has been shown to have a stronger association for seronegative RA.

• #42 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3240153/

  The term 'environment’ is frequently used to describe all those susceptibility factors leading to disease that are not explicable on the basis of an identifiable genetic marker. […] The increased risk of RA in females has lead to considerable effort in examining the role of hormonal and pregnancy factors in disease occurrence. […] There is much indirect evidence suggesting that exposure to infectious agents may be the trigger for RA. […] There have been remarkably few studies on factors such as diet, although there is a theoretical basis for investigating the role of omega-3 fatty acids. […] There has been considerable recent interest in understanding the epidemiology of RA. There have been several population studies in many different countries around the world, and observations of differential occurrence (with time, between populations and between the genders) has stimulated a number of analytical studies looking for both genetic and environmental risk factors. […] RA presents an epidemiological challenge and further elucidation of both genetic and environmental factors, together with interactions between them, are likely to be revealed.

• #43 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar578

  Twin studies have consistently showed a fourfold increased concordance in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. […] The role of HLA DRB1 alleles as a risk factor of RA has been known for 25 years. Associations between different HLA DRB1 alleles have been demonstrated in several populations across the world. […] Data from twin studies in the HLA association and sharing studies have been used to estimate that only 50% of the genetic contribution to RA can be explained by HLA. […] There is much indirect evidence suggesting that exposure to infectious agents may be the trigger for RA. […] There have been remarkably few studies on factors such as diet, although there is a theoretical basis for investigating the role of omega-3 fatty acids. […] Findings from a number of recent studies showed that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of RA.

• #44 Rheumatoid arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis

  RA affects 0.51% of adults in the developed world with between 5 and 50 per 100,000 people newly developing the condition each year. […] Onset is uncommon under the age of 15 and from then on the incidence rises with age until the age of 80. Women are affected three to five times as often as men. […] The age at which the disease most commonly starts is in women between 40 and 50 years of age, and for men somewhat later. […] RA is a chronic disease, and although rarely, a spontaneous remission may occur, the common course of progression consists of persistent symptoms that wax and wane in intensity, along with continued deterioration of joint structures, leading to deformation and disability. […] There is an association between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), hypothesised to lead to enhanced generation of RA-related autoantibodies. Oral bacteria that invade the blood may also contribute to chronic inflammatory responses and generation of autoantibodies.

• #45 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.51.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the diseases development. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two to three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect auto-immunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #46 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  Socioeconomic status is a hierarchical social classification associated with the income, educational level, occupational class, social class, and the origin of each individual. […] Environmental air pollution mainly comes from energy use and production. […] Studies have linked inhaled silica dust to silicosis, sarcoidosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression. […] Stratifying patients according to their genetic profile and then identifying the environmental triggers for each subgroup may be more efficient.

• #47 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/showfulltext792/1/newsid792/525

  Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. Smoking has a significant impact on immune responses. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D, as a fat-soluble vitamin and a steroid pre-hormone, is believed to possess an immune-modulatory effect. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #48 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis among people aged 20–54 years from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92150-1

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a global epidemic. We conducted a cross-sectional study using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset to examine RA trends in patients aged 20-54 years worldwide. Key outcomes included incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), as well as trends over time, stratifying by region, country, age, sex, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Over the past 32 years, the global RA-related incidence rate increased from 11.66 (95% UI 9.60-13.94) to 13.48 (95% UI 11.08-16.06) per 100,000 population. RA-related DALYs rate increased from 26.37 (95% UI 18.43-36.99) to 30.71 (95% UI 20.82-44.08) per 100,000 population, with females bearing a higher burden. And the RA-related mortality rate decreased from 0.09 (95% UI 0.08-0.1) to 0.06 (95% UI 0.05-0.07) per 100,000 population. Regional disparities were evident, with lower SDI regions experiencing the larger change. Smoking remained a significant risk factor, accounting for 9.01% of RA-related mortality in 2021. Overall, we highlighted the rising global burden of RA, particularly among females and in lower SDI regions, emphasizing disparities in healthcare resources, prevention, and early diagnosis.

• #49 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar578

  Twin studies have consistently showed a fourfold increased concordance in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. […] The role of HLA DRB1 alleles as a risk factor of RA has been known for 25 years. Associations between different HLA DRB1 alleles have been demonstrated in several populations across the world. […] Data from twin studies in the HLA association and sharing studies have been used to estimate that only 50% of the genetic contribution to RA can be explained by HLA. […] There is much indirect evidence suggesting that exposure to infectious agents may be the trigger for RA. […] There have been remarkably few studies on factors such as diet, although there is a theoretical basis for investigating the role of omega-3 fatty acids. […] Findings from a number of recent studies showed that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of RA.

• #50 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.51.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the diseases development. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two to three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect auto-immunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #51 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  Socioeconomic status is a hierarchical social classification associated with the income, educational level, occupational class, social class, and the origin of each individual. […] Environmental air pollution mainly comes from energy use and production. […] Studies have linked inhaled silica dust to silicosis, sarcoidosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression. […] Stratifying patients according to their genetic profile and then identifying the environmental triggers for each subgroup may be more efficient.

• #52 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/showfulltext792/1/newsid792/525

  Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. Smoking has a significant impact on immune responses. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D, as a fat-soluble vitamin and a steroid pre-hormone, is believed to possess an immune-modulatory effect. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #53 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.51.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the diseases development. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two to three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect auto-immunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #54 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  Socioeconomic status is a hierarchical social classification associated with the income, educational level, occupational class, social class, and the origin of each individual. […] Environmental air pollution mainly comes from energy use and production. […] Studies have linked inhaled silica dust to silicosis, sarcoidosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression. […] Stratifying patients according to their genetic profile and then identifying the environmental triggers for each subgroup may be more efficient.

• #55 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/showfulltext792/1/newsid792/525

  Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. Smoking has a significant impact on immune responses. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D, as a fat-soluble vitamin and a steroid pre-hormone, is believed to possess an immune-modulatory effect. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #56 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.51.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the diseases development. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two to three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect auto-immunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #57 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  Socioeconomic status is a hierarchical social classification associated with the income, educational level, occupational class, social class, and the origin of each individual. […] Environmental air pollution mainly comes from energy use and production. […] Studies have linked inhaled silica dust to silicosis, sarcoidosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression. […] Stratifying patients according to their genetic profile and then identifying the environmental triggers for each subgroup may be more efficient.

• #58 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/showfulltext792/1/newsid792/525

  Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. Smoking has a significant impact on immune responses. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D, as a fat-soluble vitamin and a steroid pre-hormone, is believed to possess an immune-modulatory effect. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #59 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/showfulltext792/1/newsid792/525

  Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. Smoking has a significant impact on immune responses. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D, as a fat-soluble vitamin and a steroid pre-hormone, is believed to possess an immune-modulatory effect. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #60 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3240153/

  The term 'environment’ is frequently used to describe all those susceptibility factors leading to disease that are not explicable on the basis of an identifiable genetic marker. […] The increased risk of RA in females has lead to considerable effort in examining the role of hormonal and pregnancy factors in disease occurrence. […] There is much indirect evidence suggesting that exposure to infectious agents may be the trigger for RA. […] There have been remarkably few studies on factors such as diet, although there is a theoretical basis for investigating the role of omega-3 fatty acids. […] There has been considerable recent interest in understanding the epidemiology of RA. There have been several population studies in many different countries around the world, and observations of differential occurrence (with time, between populations and between the genders) has stimulated a number of analytical studies looking for both genetic and environmental risk factors. […] RA presents an epidemiological challenge and further elucidation of both genetic and environmental factors, together with interactions between them, are likely to be revealed.

• #61 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar578

  Twin studies have consistently showed a fourfold increased concordance in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins. […] The role of HLA DRB1 alleles as a risk factor of RA has been known for 25 years. Associations between different HLA DRB1 alleles have been demonstrated in several populations across the world. […] Data from twin studies in the HLA association and sharing studies have been used to estimate that only 50% of the genetic contribution to RA can be explained by HLA. […] There is much indirect evidence suggesting that exposure to infectious agents may be the trigger for RA. […] There have been remarkably few studies on factors such as diet, although there is a theoretical basis for investigating the role of omega-3 fatty acids. […] Findings from a number of recent studies showed that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of RA.

• #62 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  Socioeconomic status is a hierarchical social classification associated with the income, educational level, occupational class, social class, and the origin of each individual. […] Environmental air pollution mainly comes from energy use and production. […] Studies have linked inhaled silica dust to silicosis, sarcoidosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect autoimmunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression. […] Stratifying patients according to their genetic profile and then identifying the environmental triggers for each subgroup may be more efficient.

• #63 Products – Data Briefs – Number 497 – February 2024

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db497.htm

  In 2022, the age-adjusted prevalence of diagnosed arthritis in adults age 18 and older was 18.9%, with women (21.5%) more likely to have arthritis than men (16.1%). […] Arthritis increased with increasing age, from 3.6% in adults ages 18-34 to 53.9% in those age 75 and older. […] Black non-Hispanic, White non-Hispanic, and other and multiple-race non-Hispanic adults were more likely to have arthritis than Hispanic and Asian non-Hispanic adults. […] The prevalence of arthritis decreased with increasing family income, from 24.7% among those with family income less than 100% of the federal poverty level to 16.6% among those with family income at 400% of the federal poverty level or more. […] The percentage of adults with arthritis increased with decreasing urbanization level and varied by region.

• #64 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis among people aged 20–54 years from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92150-1

  According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the number of people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been increasing year by year from 1990 to 2021. […] The incidence of RA displays both temporal and geographical variability, likely influenced by genetic and environmental factors. […] The SDI in various regions and countries was positively correlated with the incidence and DALYs rates of RA, highlighting the significance of socioeconomic factors in RA management and prevention. […] The rising incidence of RA in high-SDI regions reflects enhanced disease recognition and the adoption of advanced diagnostic technologies, such as rheumatology diagnostic equipment, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody testing, and imaging techniques.

• #65 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis among people aged 20–54 years from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92150-1

  According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the number of people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been increasing year by year from 1990 to 2021. […] The incidence of RA displays both temporal and geographical variability, likely influenced by genetic and environmental factors. […] The SDI in various regions and countries was positively correlated with the incidence and DALYs rates of RA, highlighting the significance of socioeconomic factors in RA management and prevention. […] The rising incidence of RA in high-SDI regions reflects enhanced disease recognition and the adoption of advanced diagnostic technologies, such as rheumatology diagnostic equipment, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody testing, and imaging techniques.

• #66 Epidemiology of, risk factors for, and possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-risk-factors-for-and-possible-causes-of-rheumatoid-arthritis

  Epidemiology of, risk factors for, and possible causes of rheumatoid arthritis […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is estimated to affect approximately 0.24 to 1 percent of the population and to be twice as common in women compared with men. […] The worldwide prevalence of RA has been estimated as 0.24 percent based upon the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Estimates of RA prevalence in the United States and northern European countries are typically higher, usually between 0.5 to 1 percent. […] The annual incidence of RA in the United States and northern European countries is estimated to be approximately 40 per 100,000 persons. […] The incidence and prevalence of RA is much greater in some populations, such as in the Pima Native Americans, where rates are up to 10 times higher than those of most population groups. […] RA has a predilection to affect women, in whom incidence and prevalence rates of RA are twice as high as in men. The lifetime risk of developing RA is 3.6 percent in women and 1.7 percent in men.

• #67 Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/ace006_12dec_gibofsky_s295to302

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 1% of the worldwide population. […] The overall world prevalence of RA is approximately 0.5% to 1%, but may be declining in the United States. […] Using data from 1995 and 2005, the prevalence of RA in adult Americans was estimated at 1.29 million (0.6%), down from the previous estimate of 2.1 million. […] In 1995, the prevalence of RA in American women (1.06%) was nearly double that in men (0.61%). […] Interestingly, because most data were derived from patients in Minnesota, they may not be generalizable beyond Caucasians. […] There is regional variation in the prevalence of RA. […] The incidence appears to be highest in Pima Indians (5.3%) and Chippewa Indians (6.8%), and lowest in people from China and Japan (0.2%-0.3%), suggesting the possibility that genetic factors contribute to RA. […] These differences in regional RA prevalence also may suggest a role for environmental factors.

• #68 Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/ace006_12dec_gibofsky_s295to302

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 1% of the worldwide population. […] The overall world prevalence of RA is approximately 0.5% to 1%, but may be declining in the United States. […] Using data from 1995 and 2005, the prevalence of RA in adult Americans was estimated at 1.29 million (0.6%), down from the previous estimate of 2.1 million. […] In 1995, the prevalence of RA in American women (1.06%) was nearly double that in men (0.61%). […] Interestingly, because most data were derived from patients in Minnesota, they may not be generalizable beyond Caucasians. […] There is regional variation in the prevalence of RA. […] The incidence appears to be highest in Pima Indians (5.3%) and Chippewa Indians (6.8%), and lowest in people from China and Japan (0.2%-0.3%), suggesting the possibility that genetic factors contribute to RA. […] These differences in regional RA prevalence also may suggest a role for environmental factors.

• #69 What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

  https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/rheumatoid-arthritis-ra-market-insights-epidemiology-and-market-forecast-2020

  Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that wreaks havoc on the joints, causing progressive and destructive polyarthritis. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 18 million people globally live with this condition, with about 1.5 million cases reported in the U.S. […] In exploring the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis, its evident that the landscape is complex. The rheumatoid arthritis prevalence is staggering. In 2023, the total diagnosed prevalent cases of RA across the 7MM (the United States, Japan, EU4, and the UK) were estimated to be around 4.2 million, with expectations for this number to rise during the study period. Focusing on the U.S., approximately 1.4 million individuals were living with RA in 2023. Among the EU4 countries (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain) and the UK, Germany topped the charts with the highest number of moderate to severe RA cases, followed closely by the UK. […] The increasing use of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and evolving strategies underscore the importance of early diagnosis and therapy for rheumatoid arthritis to improve patient outcomes.

• #70 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rheumatoid-Arthritis-Epidemiology.aspx

  In the USA nearly $128 billion is spent each year in medical care and indirect expenses, including lost wages and productivity due to rheumatoid arthritis. […] Those with rheumatoid arthritis are two times more likely to die than persons of the same age without the condition. Rheumatoid arthritis in addition accounts for 22% of all deaths from arthritis and other rheumatic conditions.

• #71 Rheumatoid arthritis in Canada – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis.html

  Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common chronic inflammatory joint disease and is a leading cause of disability worldwide. People with rheumatoid arthritis are at a higher risk of mortality than the general population due to the associated comorbidities that present with this disease. The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), in collaboration with all Canadian provinces and territories, conducts national surveillance of rheumatoid arthritis to support public health action. Approximately 374,000 (1.2%) Canadians aged 16 years and older live with diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis and 23,000 (0.8 per 1,000 persons per year) were newly diagnosed in 2016-2017. The prevalence and incidence of diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis generally increase with age and are higher among females (1.7% and 1.0 per 1,000 persons per year, respectively) compared to males (0.8% and 0.5 per 1,000 persons per year, respectively).

• #72 Rheumatoid arthritis in Canada – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis.html

  Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common chronic inflammatory joint disease and is a leading cause of disability worldwide. People with rheumatoid arthritis are at a higher risk of mortality than the general population due to the associated comorbidities that present with this disease. The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), in collaboration with all Canadian provinces and territories, conducts national surveillance of rheumatoid arthritis to support public health action. Approximately 374,000 (1.2%) Canadians aged 16 years and older live with diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis and 23,000 (0.8 per 1,000 persons per year) were newly diagnosed in 2016-2017. The prevalence and incidence of diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis generally increase with age and are higher among females (1.7% and 1.0 per 1,000 persons per year, respectively) compared to males (0.8% and 0.5 per 1,000 persons per year, respectively).

• #73

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-024-05591-8

  In 2021, 11,195 people were diagnosed with RA in Poland. […] The standardised incidence in Poland was 29 people per 100,000 inhabitants. […] In 2021, 262,265 people in Poland were affected by RA. […] The standardized prevalence (per 100,000 inhabitants) across Poland was 689 people per 100,000 inhabitants. […] The percentage of prevalence of RA in Poland in 2021 was 0.7%. […] Most RA patients in Poland (approximately 66%) are urban residents. […] The prevalence of the disease among women in 2021 was 1.1%, and among men, 0.3%. […] The prevalence of RA in the general Polish population was estimated at 0.7% (1.1% in women and 0.3% in men). […] The high prevalence of RA, affecting around 1% of the general Polish population, allows RA to be classified as a disease with a significant social impact.

• #74

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-024-05591-8

  In 2021, 11,195 people were diagnosed with RA in Poland. […] The standardised incidence in Poland was 29 people per 100,000 inhabitants. […] In 2021, 262,265 people in Poland were affected by RA. […] The standardized prevalence (per 100,000 inhabitants) across Poland was 689 people per 100,000 inhabitants. […] The percentage of prevalence of RA in Poland in 2021 was 0.7%. […] Most RA patients in Poland (approximately 66%) are urban residents. […] The prevalence of the disease among women in 2021 was 1.1%, and among men, 0.3%. […] The prevalence of RA in the general Polish population was estimated at 0.7% (1.1% in women and 0.3% in men). […] The high prevalence of RA, affecting around 1% of the general Polish population, allows RA to be classified as a disease with a significant social impact.

• #75

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-024-05591-8

  In 2021, 11,195 people were diagnosed with RA in Poland. […] The standardised incidence in Poland was 29 people per 100,000 inhabitants. […] In 2021, 262,265 people in Poland were affected by RA. […] The standardized prevalence (per 100,000 inhabitants) across Poland was 689 people per 100,000 inhabitants. […] The percentage of prevalence of RA in Poland in 2021 was 0.7%. […] Most RA patients in Poland (approximately 66%) are urban residents. […] The prevalence of the disease among women in 2021 was 1.1%, and among men, 0.3%. […] The prevalence of RA in the general Polish population was estimated at 0.7% (1.1% in women and 0.3% in men). […] The high prevalence of RA, affecting around 1% of the general Polish population, allows RA to be classified as a disease with a significant social impact.

• #76

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-024-05591-8

  In 2021, 11,195 people were diagnosed with RA in Poland. […] The standardised incidence in Poland was 29 people per 100,000 inhabitants. […] In 2021, 262,265 people in Poland were affected by RA. […] The standardized prevalence (per 100,000 inhabitants) across Poland was 689 people per 100,000 inhabitants. […] The percentage of prevalence of RA in Poland in 2021 was 0.7%. […] Most RA patients in Poland (approximately 66%) are urban residents. […] The prevalence of the disease among women in 2021 was 1.1%, and among men, 0.3%. […] The prevalence of RA in the general Polish population was estimated at 0.7% (1.1% in women and 0.3% in men). […] The high prevalence of RA, affecting around 1% of the general Polish population, allows RA to be classified as a disease with a significant social impact.

• #77 The Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Czech Republic – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/the-epidemiology-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-in-the-czech-republic/

  The Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Czech Republic […] To describe the epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in the Czech Republic (CZ) […] We used the administrative database of the National Registry of Reimbursed Health Services (NRRHS) operated by the Czech Institute of Health Information and Statistics (IHIS) to estimate the incidence and prevalence of RA. […] As of 2017, there were 86,906 Czechs with RA, corresponding to a cumulative prevalence of 1.01%. […] Age and sexstandardized RA prevalence for population in 2017 increased over time from 685 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 679 690) per 100,000 population (0.65 %) in 2012 to 1,015 (95% CI 1,008 1,022) per 100,000 population (1.01 %) in 2017. […] Over a 6-year period, we observed an increase in RA prevalence over time. This rise may be attributed to the increasing time to ascertain cases, increasing survival, and/or an increase in the aging background population. Incidence appears to decreasing.

• #78 The Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Czech Republic – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/the-epidemiology-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-in-the-czech-republic/

  The Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Czech Republic […] To describe the epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in the Czech Republic (CZ) […] We used the administrative database of the National Registry of Reimbursed Health Services (NRRHS) operated by the Czech Institute of Health Information and Statistics (IHIS) to estimate the incidence and prevalence of RA. […] As of 2017, there were 86,906 Czechs with RA, corresponding to a cumulative prevalence of 1.01%. […] Age and sexstandardized RA prevalence for population in 2017 increased over time from 685 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 679 690) per 100,000 population (0.65 %) in 2012 to 1,015 (95% CI 1,008 1,022) per 100,000 population (1.01 %) in 2017. […] Over a 6-year period, we observed an increase in RA prevalence over time. This rise may be attributed to the increasing time to ascertain cases, increasing survival, and/or an increase in the aging background population. Incidence appears to decreasing.

• #79 What’s the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

  https://theconversation.com/whats-the-difference-between-osteoarthritis-and-rheumatoid-arthritis-249154

  Rheumatoid arthritis is less common than osteoarthritis, affecting around 514,000 Australians. It mostly impacts the wrists and small joints in the hands and feet, though larger joints such as the elbows, shoulders, knees and ankles can also be involved. […] Rheumatoid arthritis often develops earlier than osteoarthritis but can occur at any age. Onset is most frequent in those aged 35-64. Smoking increases your risk. […] Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis focus on preventing joint damage and reducing inflammation. Its essential to get an early referral to a rheumatologist, so that treatment with medication called disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs can begin quickly. […] With no cure, the overall goal is to achieve remission (where the disease is inactive) or get symptoms under control.

• #80 What’s the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

  https://theconversation.com/whats-the-difference-between-osteoarthritis-and-rheumatoid-arthritis-249154

  Rheumatoid arthritis is less common than osteoarthritis, affecting around 514,000 Australians. It mostly impacts the wrists and small joints in the hands and feet, though larger joints such as the elbows, shoulders, knees and ankles can also be involved. […] Rheumatoid arthritis often develops earlier than osteoarthritis but can occur at any age. Onset is most frequent in those aged 35-64. Smoking increases your risk. […] Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis focus on preventing joint damage and reducing inflammation. Its essential to get an early referral to a rheumatologist, so that treatment with medication called disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs can begin quickly. […] With no cure, the overall goal is to achieve remission (where the disease is inactive) or get symptoms under control.

• #81 Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3240153/

  The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is relatively constant in many populations, at 0.5-1.0%. However, a high prevalence of RA has been reported in the Pima Indians (5.3%) and in the Chippewa Indians (6.8%). In contrast, low occurrences have been reported in populations from China and Japan. […] The descriptive epidemiology of RA is suggestive of a genetic effect. The occurrence of RA is relatively constant with a prevalence of between 0.5 and 1.0%, a frequency that has been reported from several European and North-American populations. […] Specifically, native American-Indian populations have the highest recorded occurrence of RA, with a prevalence of 5.3% noted for the Pima Indians and of 6.8% for the Chippewa Indians. […] In general, the data on the geographical occurrence of RA would support the existence of genetic factors being important and explaining differences in disease risk.

• #82 Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/ace006_12dec_gibofsky_s295to302

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 1% of the worldwide population. […] The overall world prevalence of RA is approximately 0.5% to 1%, but may be declining in the United States. […] Using data from 1995 and 2005, the prevalence of RA in adult Americans was estimated at 1.29 million (0.6%), down from the previous estimate of 2.1 million. […] In 1995, the prevalence of RA in American women (1.06%) was nearly double that in men (0.61%). […] Interestingly, because most data were derived from patients in Minnesota, they may not be generalizable beyond Caucasians. […] There is regional variation in the prevalence of RA. […] The incidence appears to be highest in Pima Indians (5.3%) and Chippewa Indians (6.8%), and lowest in people from China and Japan (0.2%-0.3%), suggesting the possibility that genetic factors contribute to RA. […] These differences in regional RA prevalence also may suggest a role for environmental factors.

• #83 The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of Colombian patients

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-81232015000300002

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with an estimated prevalence of between 0.8% and 1.0%. It is most common in women. Epidemiological RA data in Colombia is scarce. The objective was to determine epidemiological and pharmacological characteristics of a population diagnosed with RA across 5 Colombian cities between the years 2009 and 2013. […] Out of a total of 1364 patients, disease prevalence was estimated at 0.15%, with a mean age of 53.2 13.9. […] This is the first study in Colombia to use a large cohort in order to gather valid information that establishes clinical characteristics, disease behavior, comorbidities, and medication trends in the country. […] The estimated disease prevalence was 0.15%. […] These findings provide important information regarding the understanding of this condition. Discovering that 0.15% of this population has or is being treated for RA is an indicator that may reflect an under-diagnosis of the disease and that few patients have easy and timely access to treatment.

• #84 The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of Colombian patients | Revista Colombiana de Reumatología

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-colombiana-reumatologia-374-articulo-the-epidemiology-rheumatoid-arthritis-in-S012181231500047X

  The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of Colombian patients […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with an estimated prevalence of between 0.8% and 1.0%. It is most common in women. Epidemiological RA data in Colombia is scarce. The objective was to determine epidemiological and pharmacological characteristics of a population diagnosed with RA across 5 Colombian cities between the years 2009 and 2013. […] A total of 1364 patients were found that complied with the inclusion criteria. The estimated disease prevalence was 0.15%. General results showed that the average age of patients was 53.213.9 years old. 81.8% of patients were women. […] This is the first study in Colombia to use a large cohort in order to gather valid information that establishes clinical characteristics, disease behavior, comorbidities, and medication trends in the country.

• #85 The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of Colombian patients | Revista Colombiana de Reumatología

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-colombiana-reumatologia-374-articulo-the-epidemiology-rheumatoid-arthritis-in-S012181231500047X

  The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of Colombian patients […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with an estimated prevalence of between 0.8% and 1.0%. It is most common in women. Epidemiological RA data in Colombia is scarce. The objective was to determine epidemiological and pharmacological characteristics of a population diagnosed with RA across 5 Colombian cities between the years 2009 and 2013. […] A total of 1364 patients were found that complied with the inclusion criteria. The estimated disease prevalence was 0.15%. General results showed that the average age of patients was 53.213.9 years old. 81.8% of patients were women. […] This is the first study in Colombia to use a large cohort in order to gather valid information that establishes clinical characteristics, disease behavior, comorbidities, and medication trends in the country.

• #86 The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of Colombian patients

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0121-81232015000300002

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with an estimated prevalence of between 0.8% and 1.0%. It is most common in women. Epidemiological RA data in Colombia is scarce. The objective was to determine epidemiological and pharmacological characteristics of a population diagnosed with RA across 5 Colombian cities between the years 2009 and 2013. […] Out of a total of 1364 patients, disease prevalence was estimated at 0.15%, with a mean age of 53.2 13.9. […] This is the first study in Colombia to use a large cohort in order to gather valid information that establishes clinical characteristics, disease behavior, comorbidities, and medication trends in the country. […] The estimated disease prevalence was 0.15%. […] These findings provide important information regarding the understanding of this condition. Discovering that 0.15% of this population has or is being treated for RA is an indicator that may reflect an under-diagnosis of the disease and that few patients have easy and timely access to treatment.

• #87 The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of Colombian patients | Revista Colombiana de Reumatología

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-colombiana-reumatologia-374-articulo-the-epidemiology-rheumatoid-arthritis-in-S012181231500047X

  Discovering that 0.15% of this population has or is being treated for RA is an indicator that may reflect an under-diagnosis of the disease and that few patients have easy and timely access to treatment. Furthermore, the disease’s prevalence in Colombia is lower than in other countries where statistics have estimated that the prevalence is between 0.5% and 1.0% of the population, although the incidence of the disease has shown variations depending on geographical location. […] According to the above, these findings are related to some extent with data published by other authors, however, this study in the country to use a large cohort, valuable information is provided that establishes clinical characteristics, disease behavior, comorbidities and medication trends in Colombia, allowing the epidemiological profile of patients with RA to be determined.

• #88 Analysis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Epidemiology in Mexico Using the GBD 2019 Study and Forecasting Future Trends for 2030 and 2040 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/analysis-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-epidemiology-in-mexico-using-the-gbd-2019-study-and-forecasting-future-trends-for-2030-and-2040/

  Analysis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Epidemiology in Mexico Using the GBD 2019 Study and Forecasting Future Trends for 2030 and 2040 […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder related to disability and premature mortality. Nowadays, the burden of RA is needed for healthcare planning, resource allocation, and prevention. Considering the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we analyze updated estimates of the prevalence of RA and its associated disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and mortality by age, sex, year, and location, with forecasted prevalence to 2040. […] In 2019, approximately 530,000 individuals were affected by RA, corresponding to 0.5% of the Mexican population (64.0% were females, and 35.9% were aged 15-49 years). The age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates were 427.6 cases and 25.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively.

• #89 Analysis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Epidemiology in Mexico Using the GBD 2019 Study and Forecasting Future Trends for 2030 and 2040 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/analysis-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-epidemiology-in-mexico-using-the-gbd-2019-study-and-forecasting-future-trends-for-2030-and-2040/

  Analysis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Epidemiology in Mexico Using the GBD 2019 Study and Forecasting Future Trends for 2030 and 2040 […] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder related to disability and premature mortality. Nowadays, the burden of RA is needed for healthcare planning, resource allocation, and prevention. Considering the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we analyze updated estimates of the prevalence of RA and its associated disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and mortality by age, sex, year, and location, with forecasted prevalence to 2040. […] In 2019, approximately 530,000 individuals were affected by RA, corresponding to 0.5% of the Mexican population (64.0% were females, and 35.9% were aged 15-49 years). The age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates were 427.6 cases and 25.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively.

• #90 Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol | Systematic Reviews | Full Text

  https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-020-01342-5

  So far, only one meta-analysis has estimated the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Africa. […] We will conduct a new systematic review and meta-analysis to update their estimates and provide more consistent prevalence data on RA in sub-Saharan Africa. […] To the best of our knowledge, there are no real-life contemporary estimates of the prevalence of RA in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Recently, age-standardized prevalence rates of 135.7 to 231.1 per 100 000 sub-Saharan African population were generated from statistical modelling for the Global Burden of Disease study. […] Moreover, RA prevalence is likely increasing within the region, as a growing body of evidence supports an epidemiological transition with rise in the burden of autoimmune rheumatic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.

• #91 Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol | Systematic Reviews | Full Text

  https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-020-01342-5

  So far, only one meta-analysis has estimated the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Africa. […] We will conduct a new systematic review and meta-analysis to update their estimates and provide more consistent prevalence data on RA in sub-Saharan Africa. […] To the best of our knowledge, there are no real-life contemporary estimates of the prevalence of RA in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Recently, age-standardized prevalence rates of 135.7 to 231.1 per 100 000 sub-Saharan African population were generated from statistical modelling for the Global Burden of Disease study. […] Moreover, RA prevalence is likely increasing within the region, as a growing body of evidence supports an epidemiological transition with rise in the burden of autoimmune rheumatic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.

• #92 Epidemiology and treatment patterns of rheumatoid arthritis in a large cohort of Arab patients | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0208240

  There is limited information on the epidemiology and treatment patterns of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) across the Arab region. We aim in this study to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical profile, and treatment patterns of patients of Arab ancestry with RA. […] This is a cross sectional study of 895 patients with established rheumatoid arthritis enrolled from five sites (Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and United Arab Emirates). Demographic characteristics, clinical profile, and treatment patterns are compared between the five countries. […] The majority of our patients are women, have an average disease duration of 10 years, are married and non-smokers, with completed secondary education. We report a high (80%) ever-use of methotrexate (MTX) and steroids among our RA population, while the ever-use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and TNF-inhibitors average around 67% and 33%, respectively. There are variations in RA treatment use between the five country sites. Highest utilization of steroids is identified in Jordan and KSA (p-value 0.001), while the highest ever-use of TNF-inhibitors is reported in KSA (p-value 0.001).

• #93 Epidemiology and treatment patterns of rheumatoid arthritis in a large cohort of Arab patients.

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid30566451

  OBJECTIVES: There is limited information on the epidemiology and treatment patterns of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) across the Arab region. We aim in this study to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical profile, and treatment patterns of patients of Arab ancestry with RA. […] This is a cross sectional study of 895 patients with established rheumatoid arthritis enrolled from five sites (Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and United Arab Emirates). Demographic characteristics, clinical profile, and treatment patterns are compared between the five countries. […] We report a high (80%) ever-use of methotrexate (MTX) and steroids among our RA population, while the ever-use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and TNF-inhibitors average around 67% and 33%, respectively. There are variations in RA treatment use between the five country sites. Highest utilization of steroids is identified in Jordan and KSA.

• #94 Epidemiology and treatment patterns of rheumatoid arthritis in a large cohort of Arab patients | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0208240

  There is limited information on the epidemiology and treatment patterns of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) across the Arab region. We aim in this study to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical profile, and treatment patterns of patients of Arab ancestry with RA. […] This is a cross sectional study of 895 patients with established rheumatoid arthritis enrolled from five sites (Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and United Arab Emirates). Demographic characteristics, clinical profile, and treatment patterns are compared between the five countries. […] The majority of our patients are women, have an average disease duration of 10 years, are married and non-smokers, with completed secondary education. We report a high (80%) ever-use of methotrexate (MTX) and steroids among our RA population, while the ever-use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and TNF-inhibitors average around 67% and 33%, respectively. There are variations in RA treatment use between the five country sites. Highest utilization of steroids is identified in Jordan and KSA (p-value 0.001), while the highest ever-use of TNF-inhibitors is reported in KSA (p-value 0.001).

• #95 Epidemiology and treatment patterns of rheumatoid arthritis in a large cohort of Arab patients.

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid30566451

  OBJECTIVES: There is limited information on the epidemiology and treatment patterns of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) across the Arab region. We aim in this study to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical profile, and treatment patterns of patients of Arab ancestry with RA. […] This is a cross sectional study of 895 patients with established rheumatoid arthritis enrolled from five sites (Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and United Arab Emirates). Demographic characteristics, clinical profile, and treatment patterns are compared between the five countries. […] We report a high (80%) ever-use of methotrexate (MTX) and steroids among our RA population, while the ever-use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and TNF-inhibitors average around 67% and 33%, respectively. There are variations in RA treatment use between the five country sites. Highest utilization of steroids is identified in Jordan and KSA.

• #96 Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis May Be Changing – The Rheumatologist

  https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/epidemiology-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-may-be-changing/

  Over the last three decades, there has been a significant decline in the incidence of rheumatoid factor (RF) positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while the overall incidence of RA has remained about the same, researchers report. […] These trends may suggest changing serological profile of RA over time which may have implications for RA diagnosis and management, Elena Myasoedova, MD, PhD, of Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., tells Reuters Health by email. […] Overall, the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted annual incidence of RA per 100,000 in 2005-2014 was 41, with an incidence of 53 in women and 29 in men, estimates that were similar to the previous decades. […] The proportion of RF-positive RA declined significantly from 69% in the earlier decades to 51% in the 2005-2014 group (P0.001), with a corresponding increase in the proportion of RF-negative RA.

• #97 Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis May Be Changing – The Rheumatologist

  https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/epidemiology-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-may-be-changing/

  Over the last three decades, there has been a significant decline in the incidence of rheumatoid factor (RF) positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while the overall incidence of RA has remained about the same, researchers report. […] These trends may suggest changing serological profile of RA over time which may have implications for RA diagnosis and management, Elena Myasoedova, MD, PhD, of Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., tells Reuters Health by email. […] Overall, the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted annual incidence of RA per 100,000 in 2005-2014 was 41, with an incidence of 53 in women and 29 in men, estimates that were similar to the previous decades. […] The proportion of RF-positive RA declined significantly from 69% in the earlier decades to 51% in the 2005-2014 group (P0.001), with a corresponding increase in the proportion of RF-negative RA.

• #98 Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis May Be Changing – The Rheumatologist

  https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/epidemiology-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-may-be-changing/

  Seronegative RA can be challenging to diagnose, which may delay treatment initiation and negatively impact the outcomes, Dr. Myasoedova says. The increasing incidence of RF-negative RA suggests the need for increased awareness and timely recognition of this subset of RA by physicians. […] Future studies should investigate the underlying reasons for these trends in RA incidence in order to extend understanding of the risk factors for seropositive and particularly for seronegative RA, she says.

• #99 Rheumatoid arthritis in Canada – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis.html

  Between 2007-2008 and 2016-2017, the age-standardized prevalence of diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis increased among females (from 1.3% to 1.5%) and remained around 0.7% among males. During the same time period, the age-standardized incidence of diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis decreased from 1.2 to 0.9 per 1,000 persons per year in females and from 0.6 to 0.5 per 1,000 persons per year in males. […] The prevalence and incidence of diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis are more common among females compared to males and increase with age.

• #100 Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990–2020, and projections to 2050 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-regional-and-national-burden-rheumatoid-arthritis-1990-2020-and

  We forecast that 317 million (258390) individuals will be living with rheumatoid arthritis worldwide by 2050. […] Global age-standardised prevalence rate and YLDs have increased over the same period, and the number of cases is projected to continue to increase to the year 2050. […] Improved access to early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis globally is required to reduce the future burden of the disease.

• #101 Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990–2020, and projections to 2050 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-regional-and-national-burden-rheumatoid-arthritis-1990-2020-and

  We forecast that 317 million (258390) individuals will be living with rheumatoid arthritis worldwide by 2050. […] Global age-standardised prevalence rate and YLDs have increased over the same period, and the number of cases is projected to continue to increase to the year 2050. […] Improved access to early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis globally is required to reduce the future burden of the disease.

• #102 Analysis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Epidemiology in Mexico Using the GBD 2019 Study and Forecasting Future Trends for 2030 and 2040 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/analysis-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-epidemiology-in-mexico-using-the-gbd-2019-study-and-forecasting-future-trends-for-2030-and-2040/

  The national prevalence and incidence rates of RA are projected to increase to 465.5 and 27.9 by 2030 and 518.9 and 30.2 per 100,000 inhabitants, higher in females than males. […] RA continues to increase in burden, particularly in disability burden. Despite significant investments in clinical care, research, and public health interventions, there appears to be no sign of a reduction in the rate of increase. Certain regions of Mexico, such as Mexico City, Oaxaca, and Zacatecas, are experiencing a disproportionately high burden.

• #103 Analysis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Epidemiology in Mexico Using the GBD 2019 Study and Forecasting Future Trends for 2030 and 2040 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/analysis-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-epidemiology-in-mexico-using-the-gbd-2019-study-and-forecasting-future-trends-for-2030-and-2040/

  The national prevalence and incidence rates of RA are projected to increase to 465.5 and 27.9 by 2030 and 518.9 and 30.2 per 100,000 inhabitants, higher in females than males. […] RA continues to increase in burden, particularly in disability burden. Despite significant investments in clinical care, research, and public health interventions, there appears to be no sign of a reduction in the rate of increase. Certain regions of Mexico, such as Mexico City, Oaxaca, and Zacatecas, are experiencing a disproportionately high burden.

• #104 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Epidemiology Forecast to 2029

  https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/rheumatoid-arthritis-epidemiology-forecast-to-2029/

  In the 8MM, GlobalData epidemiologists forecast an increase in the diagnosed incident cases of RA from 389,747 cases in 2019 to 425,455 cases in 2029, at an AGR of 0.92% over the forecast period. The diagnosed prevalent cases of RA in the 8MM will increase from 4,605,338 cases in 2019 to 5,093,229 cases in 2029, at an AGR of 1.06% over the forecast period. The total prevalent cases of RA in the 8MM will increase from 6,308,268 cases in 2019 to 6,980,823 cases in 2029, at an AGR of 1.07% over the forecast period. RA is more common in women, and the incidence and prevalence of RA typically increases with advancing age. These trends are reflected in GlobalDatas forecast for the diagnosed incident and prevalent (total and diagnosed) cases for the 8MM. […] The Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Epidemiology Report and Model provide an overview of the risk factors and global trends of RA in the eight major markets (8MM: US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Japan, and Australia).

• #105 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Epidemiology Forecast to 2029

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5212224/rheumatoid-arthritis-epidemiology-forecast-to?srsltid=AfmBOor07Vs-oRKsmig8oVga9gV0LNtLkRmNbFKHyaLFMbIG96CwJ3aL

  Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, bone and cartilage erosion, and joint deformity. […] The publisher’s epidemiologists utilized county-specific studies published in peer-reviewed journals to build the forecast. […] The report includes a 10-year epidemiological forecast for the diagnosed incident and prevalent (total and diagnosed) cases of RA in the 8MM, segmented by age, sex, and severity. […] In the 8MM, the publisher’s epidemiologists forecast an increase in the diagnosed incident cases of RA from 389,747 cases in 2019 to 425,455 cases in 2029, at an AGR of 0.92% over the forecast period. […] The diagnosed prevalent cases of RA in the 8MM will increase from 4,605,338 cases in 2019 to 5,093,229 cases in 2029, at an AGR of 1.06% over the forecast period.

• #106 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Epidemiology Forecast to 2029

  https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/rheumatoid-arthritis-epidemiology-forecast-to-2029/

  In the 8MM, GlobalData epidemiologists forecast an increase in the diagnosed incident cases of RA from 389,747 cases in 2019 to 425,455 cases in 2029, at an AGR of 0.92% over the forecast period. The diagnosed prevalent cases of RA in the 8MM will increase from 4,605,338 cases in 2019 to 5,093,229 cases in 2029, at an AGR of 1.06% over the forecast period. The total prevalent cases of RA in the 8MM will increase from 6,308,268 cases in 2019 to 6,980,823 cases in 2029, at an AGR of 1.07% over the forecast period. RA is more common in women, and the incidence and prevalence of RA typically increases with advancing age. These trends are reflected in GlobalDatas forecast for the diagnosed incident and prevalent (total and diagnosed) cases for the 8MM. […] The Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Epidemiology Report and Model provide an overview of the risk factors and global trends of RA in the eight major markets (8MM: US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Japan, and Australia).

• #107 Rheumatoid Arthritis – Epidemiology Forecast to 2029

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5212224/rheumatoid-arthritis-epidemiology-forecast-to?srsltid=AfmBOor07Vs-oRKsmig8oVga9gV0LNtLkRmNbFKHyaLFMbIG96CwJ3aL

  Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, bone and cartilage erosion, and joint deformity. […] The publisher’s epidemiologists utilized county-specific studies published in peer-reviewed journals to build the forecast. […] The report includes a 10-year epidemiological forecast for the diagnosed incident and prevalent (total and diagnosed) cases of RA in the 8MM, segmented by age, sex, and severity. […] In the 8MM, the publisher’s epidemiologists forecast an increase in the diagnosed incident cases of RA from 389,747 cases in 2019 to 425,455 cases in 2029, at an AGR of 0.92% over the forecast period. […] The diagnosed prevalent cases of RA in the 8MM will increase from 4,605,338 cases in 2019 to 5,093,229 cases in 2029, at an AGR of 1.06% over the forecast period.

• #108 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rheumatoid-Arthritis-Epidemiology.aspx

  In the USA nearly $128 billion is spent each year in medical care and indirect expenses, including lost wages and productivity due to rheumatoid arthritis. […] Those with rheumatoid arthritis are two times more likely to die than persons of the same age without the condition. Rheumatoid arthritis in addition accounts for 22% of all deaths from arthritis and other rheumatic conditions.

• #109 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rheumatoid-Arthritis-Epidemiology.aspx

  In the USA nearly $128 billion is spent each year in medical care and indirect expenses, including lost wages and productivity due to rheumatoid arthritis. […] Those with rheumatoid arthritis are two times more likely to die than persons of the same age without the condition. Rheumatoid arthritis in addition accounts for 22% of all deaths from arthritis and other rheumatic conditions.

• #110 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.51.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the diseases development. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two to three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Cigarettes are one of the top environmental considerations in RA patients. […] Low to moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of RA in a dose-dependent, time-dependent and sex-dependent manner. […] Vitamin D intake has been inversely associated with RA risk. […] Nutrition, in general, has been shown to affect auto-immunity strongly. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors, and environmental exposure, such as air pollution and lifestyle, influence the disease occurrence and clinical expression.

• #111 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  The number of published community-based incidence studies is relatively low compared to those referring to RA prevalence. […] Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.5-1.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population. […] For the last decades, much knowledge has been gained on the predisposing factors to RA. Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the disease’s development. […] RA presents a robust genetic background. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two-to-three times more likely to present RA than men. […] Environmental factors like climate change, pollution, and disease-causing microbes can lead to chronic diseases like RA. […] The association between infection during the first year of life and the risk of RA at age 16 years or later has been shown to have a stronger association for seronegative RA.

• #112 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/showfulltext792/1/newsid792/525

  Overall, RA’s global prevalence has been estimated to range from 0.24 to 1%, although rates vary by country and geographical region. […] The number of published community-based incidence studies is relatively low compared to those referring to RA prevalence. […] Higher standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause mortality, up to 1.5-1.6, have been reported in RA patients than in the general population, which in some cases have been related to the disease severity. […] For the last decades, much knowledge has been gained on the predisposing factors to RA. Multiple environmental factors, along with genetic ones, contribute to the disease’s development. […] RA presents a robust genetic background. […] Studies indicate that women are approximately two-to-three times more likely to present RA than men.

• #113 Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990–2020, and projections to 2050 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-regional-and-national-burden-rheumatoid-arthritis-1990-2020-and

  Rheumatoid arthritis deaths have decreased globally over the past three decades, but the number of cases has increased over the same period, and is projected to continue increasing over the next 30 years. […] Rheumatoid arthritis prevalence was estimated in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020 using Bayesian meta-regression models and data from population-based studies and medical claims data (98 prevalence and 25 incidence studies). […] In 2020, an estimated 176 million (95% uncertainty interval 158203) people had rheumatoid arthritis worldwide. […] The age-standardised global prevalence rate was 2088 cases (18682411) per 100000 population, representing a 141% (127154) increase since 1990. […] The age-standardised death rate was 047 (041054) per 100000 population (38300 global deaths [3350044000]), a 238% (175293) decrease from 1990 to 2020.

• #114 Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-022-00827-y

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that predominantly affects the joints. The prevalence of RA varies globally, with generally a higher prevalence in industrialized countries, which may be explained by exposures to environmental risk factors, but also by genetic factors, differing demographics and under-reporting in other parts of the world. […] The estimated prevalence and disease burden of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) vary considerably between geographic regions, with generally higher estimates in industrialized countries and urban settings. […] Aspects involved in the disparity in RA prevalence between populations include genetic factors, environmental exposures, demographics, socioeconomics and reporting of the disease. […] Despite rising RA prevalence, the severity, mortality and disease-associated comorbidities seem to be decreasing.

• #115

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rheumatoid-arthritis

  In 2019, 18 million people worldwide were living with rheumatoid arthritis (1). […] About 70% of people living with rheumatoid arthritis are women, and 55% are older than 55 years (1). […] The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis is higher in industrialized countries, which may be explained by demographics (higher average age), exposures to environmental toxins and lifestyle risk factors, and under-diagnosis in low-and-middle-income countries. […] Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to prevent rheumatoid arthritis and control the disease progression. […] Early diagnosis and management can reduce symptoms, slow the disease and prevent disability. […] WHO is taking action to extend access to care in rheumatoid arthritis in different ways.

• #116 Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990–2020, and projections to 2050 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-regional-and-national-burden-rheumatoid-arthritis-1990-2020-and

  We forecast that 317 million (258390) individuals will be living with rheumatoid arthritis worldwide by 2050. […] Global age-standardised prevalence rate and YLDs have increased over the same period, and the number of cases is projected to continue to increase to the year 2050. […] Improved access to early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis globally is required to reduce the future burden of the disease.

• #117 Is Carpal Tunnel an Early Sign of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/carpal-tunnel-early-sign-rheumatoid-arthritis-2025a1000b3w

  Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) appeared more than twice as frequently in patients before rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis than in those without RA, suggesting that CTS could serve as an early indicator for RA risk. […] A total of 13% of individuals who developed RA were diagnosed with CTS prior to or at the onset of RA compared with 6% in non-RA individuals (odds ratio [OR], 2.23; 95% CI, 1.69-2.94). […] In patients with RA, most CTS diagnoses occurred at least 2 years before the onset of RA. […] Patients with RA were also at an increased risk for CTS following the onset of RA (hazard ratio [HR], 1.78; 95% CI, 1.38-2.30). […] Increased vigilance is needed in individuals with CTS regarding the risk of developing RA.

• #118 Is Carpal Tunnel an Early Sign of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/carpal-tunnel-early-sign-rheumatoid-arthritis-2025a1000b3w

  Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) appeared more than twice as frequently in patients before rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis than in those without RA, suggesting that CTS could serve as an early indicator for RA risk. […] A total of 13% of individuals who developed RA were diagnosed with CTS prior to or at the onset of RA compared with 6% in non-RA individuals (odds ratio [OR], 2.23; 95% CI, 1.69-2.94). […] In patients with RA, most CTS diagnoses occurred at least 2 years before the onset of RA. […] Patients with RA were also at an increased risk for CTS following the onset of RA (hazard ratio [HR], 1.78; 95% CI, 1.38-2.30). […] Increased vigilance is needed in individuals with CTS regarding the risk of developing RA.

• #119 Is Carpal Tunnel an Early Sign of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/carpal-tunnel-early-sign-rheumatoid-arthritis-2025a1000b3w

  Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) appeared more than twice as frequently in patients before rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis than in those without RA, suggesting that CTS could serve as an early indicator for RA risk. […] A total of 13% of individuals who developed RA were diagnosed with CTS prior to or at the onset of RA compared with 6% in non-RA individuals (odds ratio [OR], 2.23; 95% CI, 1.69-2.94). […] In patients with RA, most CTS diagnoses occurred at least 2 years before the onset of RA. […] Patients with RA were also at an increased risk for CTS following the onset of RA (hazard ratio [HR], 1.78; 95% CI, 1.38-2.30). […] Increased vigilance is needed in individuals with CTS regarding the risk of developing RA.

• #120

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rheumatoid-arthritis

  In 2019, 18 million people worldwide were living with rheumatoid arthritis (1). […] About 70% of people living with rheumatoid arthritis are women, and 55% are older than 55 years (1). […] The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis is higher in industrialized countries, which may be explained by demographics (higher average age), exposures to environmental toxins and lifestyle risk factors, and under-diagnosis in low-and-middle-income countries. […] Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to prevent rheumatoid arthritis and control the disease progression. […] Early diagnosis and management can reduce symptoms, slow the disease and prevent disability. […] WHO is taking action to extend access to care in rheumatoid arthritis in different ways.

• #121 Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-022-00827-y

  The aetiopathogenesis of RA involves interaction between predisposing genetic factors and environmental triggers, mostly at mucosal sites (oral cavity, respiratory system and intestinal tract), resulting in the mucosal origin hypothesis. […] Many RA risk factors are modifiable, including dietary habits and inhalation of pollutants such as tobacco smoke; modifications are being incorporated in prevention strategies.

• #122 Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis | Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-022-00827-y

  The aetiopathogenesis of RA involves interaction between predisposing genetic factors and environmental triggers, mostly at mucosal sites (oral cavity, respiratory system and intestinal tract), resulting in the mucosal origin hypothesis. […] Many RA risk factors are modifiable, including dietary habits and inhalation of pollutants such as tobacco smoke; modifications are being incorporated in prevention strategies.

• #123 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis among people aged 20–54 years from 1990 to 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92150-1

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a global epidemic. We conducted a cross-sectional study using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset to examine RA trends in patients aged 20-54 years worldwide. Key outcomes included incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), as well as trends over time, stratifying by region, country, age, sex, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Over the past 32 years, the global RA-related incidence rate increased from 11.66 (95% UI 9.60-13.94) to 13.48 (95% UI 11.08-16.06) per 100,000 population. RA-related DALYs rate increased from 26.37 (95% UI 18.43-36.99) to 30.71 (95% UI 20.82-44.08) per 100,000 population, with females bearing a higher burden. And the RA-related mortality rate decreased from 0.09 (95% UI 0.08-0.1) to 0.06 (95% UI 0.05-0.07) per 100,000 population. Regional disparities were evident, with lower SDI regions experiencing the larger change. Smoking remained a significant risk factor, accounting for 9.01% of RA-related mortality in 2021. Overall, we highlighted the rising global burden of RA, particularly among females and in lower SDI regions, emphasizing disparities in healthcare resources, prevention, and early diagnosis.

• #124 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10815538/

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory arthritis worldwide, significantly impacting patients and population health. The disease affects women primarily, with a female-to-male ratio of three to one. […] Epidemiological studies highlight the link between the environment and genetic susceptibility to RA. […] Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors associated with RA is crucial in light of the changing disease patterns, emerging treatment options, and the importance of personalised healthcare approaches for different disease subsets. […] Overall, RAs global prevalence has been estimated to range from 0.24 to 1%, although rates vary by country and geographical region. […] The number of published community-based incidence studies is relatively low compared to those referring to RA prevalence.

• #125 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/newsid792/525/showfulltext792/1

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory arthritis worldwide, significantly impacting patients and population health. The disease affects women primarily, with a female-to-male ratio of three to one. […] Epidemiological studies highlight the link between the environment and genetic susceptibility to RA. […] This review summarises the most decisive evidence on epidemiology and genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors for RA. […] Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors associated with RA is crucial in light of the changing disease patterns, emerging treatment options, and the importance of personalised healthcare approaches for different disease subsets. […] Overall, RA’s global prevalence has been estimated to range from 0.24 to 1%, although rates vary by country and geographical region.

• #126 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.mjrheum.org/current-issue/showfulltext792/1/newsid792/525

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory arthritis worldwide, significantly impacting patients and population health. The disease affects women primarily, with a female-to-male ratio of three to one. […] Epidemiological studies highlight the link between the environment and genetic susceptibility to RA. The so-called shared epitope is the most significant risk factor that seems to act synergetic with other environmental factors in the disease occurrence. […] Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors associated with RA is crucial in light of the changing disease patterns, emerging treatment options, and the importance of personalised healthcare approaches for different disease subsets. Factors such as environmental conditions, genetics, epigenetics, comorbidities, and patient-reported outcomes should be considered while analysing the epidemiology of RA.

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