Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Lip Cancer: A 10-Year Retrospective Epidemiological Study | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/4/1543

  Background: Lip cancer is the most frequent tumor of the oral-maxillary region. A high incidence of lip cancer has been reported among the Italian population over the past decade. […] The dominant cancer type was squamous cell carcinoma of the external lower lip (predominantly in men). […] Individuals aged over 45 years are at higher risk for lip cancer. The high association of the examined risk factors with the rate of squamous cell carcinoma confirms their role in the development of this type of tumor. […] While the incidence of lip cancer is low (1-2%) this is the most frequent tumor of the oral-maxillary region, comprising the 25-30% of all oral cancer. […] The combination of long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from exposure to sunlight and a fair skin has been proposed as one of the etiological factors in the epidemiology of lip cancer.

• #2 Biological and epidemiologic updates on lip and oral cavity cancers – Nocini – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/5366/html

  According to the most recent International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) statistics for the year 2018, a total number of 354,864 lip and oral cavity malignancies are diagnosed each year, accounting for a cumulative age-standardized incidence of 4.0 per 100,000. […] Overall, lip and oral cavity are listed as the 16th most frequently diagnosed cancer (2.0% of all cancers), 11th in men (2.6% of all cancers) and 19th in women (1.3% of all cancers), respectively. […] According to the most recent IARC statistics, a total number of 177,384 people die each year for lip and oral cavity malignancies, accounting for a cumulative age-standardized mortality of 2.0 per 100,000 and actually translating into a 50% worldwide risk of dying after developing these types of cancers. […] Overall, lip and oral cavity are listed as the 15th most frequently deadly cancer (1.9% of all cancers), 12th in men (2.2% of all cancers) and 16th in women (1.4% of all cancers), respectively.

• #3 Biological and epidemiologic updates on lip and oral cavity cancers – Nocini – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/5366/html

  Oral cavity cancers develop from a specific anatomic area extending from the lips within a circular region at the back, encompassing the circumvallate papillae on the tongue dorsum, the frontal tonsil pillars, up to the junction of hard and soft palate. […] The current cumulative age-standardized incidence of lip and oral cancers is 4.0 per 100,000, more than double in men than in women (5.8 vs. 2.3 per 100,000, respectively). […] The cumulative age-standardized mortality for lip and oral cancers is 2.0 per 100,000, again more than double in men than in women (2.8 vs. 1.2 per 100,000, respectively). […] The cumulative risk of death is the highest in Africa, where the ratio between deaths and incidence new cases is 70%. […] Alcohol and cigarette smoking are both responsible for the highest number of deaths in men (80%), whilst chewing tobacco seems to cause the highest number of deaths in women (50%).

• #4 Biological and epidemiologic updates on lip and oral cavity cancers – Nocini – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/5366/html

  According to the most recent International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) statistics for the year 2018, a total number of 354,864 lip and oral cavity malignancies are diagnosed each year, accounting for a cumulative age-standardized incidence of 4.0 per 100,000. […] Overall, lip and oral cavity are listed as the 16th most frequently diagnosed cancer (2.0% of all cancers), 11th in men (2.6% of all cancers) and 19th in women (1.3% of all cancers), respectively. […] According to the most recent IARC statistics, a total number of 177,384 people die each year for lip and oral cavity malignancies, accounting for a cumulative age-standardized mortality of 2.0 per 100,000 and actually translating into a 50% worldwide risk of dying after developing these types of cancers. […] Overall, lip and oral cavity are listed as the 15th most frequently deadly cancer (1.9% of all cancers), 12th in men (2.2% of all cancers) and 16th in women (1.4% of all cancers), respectively.

• #5 Lip Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lip.html

  Rate of New Cases and Deaths per 100,000: The rate of new cases of lip cancer was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 0.02 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Lifetime Risk of Developing Cancer: Approximately 0.1 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with lip cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] Lip cancer is more common in men than women. Tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, and exposure to artificial sunlight (such as from tanning beds) over long periods of time are associated with this cancer. The rate of new cases of lip cancer was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] For lip cancer, death rates increase with age. Men are more likely than women to die of this cancer. The death rate was 0.02 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted.

• #6 Lip Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lip.html

  Rate of New Cases and Deaths per 100,000: The rate of new cases of lip cancer was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 0.02 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Lifetime Risk of Developing Cancer: Approximately 0.1 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with lip cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] Lip cancer is more common in men than women. Tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, and exposure to artificial sunlight (such as from tanning beds) over long periods of time are associated with this cancer. The rate of new cases of lip cancer was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] For lip cancer, death rates increase with age. Men are more likely than women to die of this cancer. The death rate was 0.02 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted.

• #7 Lip Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Survival Rate

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/oral-cancer/types/lip-cancer

  A persistent sore or lump on your lip may be an early symptom of lip cancer, a type of oral cancer. […] Most new cases are diagnosed in patients in their late 60s or early 70s, and it often occurs on the lower lip. […] Oral (mouth) cancers represent about 3 percent of all cancers diagnosed annually in the United States, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and lip cancer is just one form of oral cancer. […] The National Cancer Institutes (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program estimates the chance of developing lip cancer over your entire lifetime at about 0.1 percent, or one chance in a thousand. Newly diagnosed cases of lip cancer amounted to six per 1 million American adults annually from 2014 to 2018. […] Your doctor may decide to perform a panendoscopy, in which a variety of endoscopes (thin, flexible tube-like instruments) are used to look at your throat, esophagus, windpipe (trachea) and the bronchi that branch off into the lungs.

• #8 Lip Cancer: A 10-Year Retrospective Epidemiological Study | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/4/1543

  The purpose of this study was to provide information about the clinicopathological features of lip cancer in patients in our sample during a 10-year period, and to investigate risk factors associated with the development of this type of tumor. […] The total number of new malignant cases diagnosed as lip cancer between 2000 and 2010 was 540, which comprised 443 male (82%) and 97 (18%) female. […] The most common histological type was SCC, with 436 (80.7%) of the total number of cases. […] A significant association between work-related chronic solar exposure and incidence of cancer in the lower lip, and also with tobacco and alcohol habits, and in these cases, SCC was the most frequent histological type. […] The higher occurrence of disease of the lower lip has been attributed to its position, which usually means that it receives a higher exposure to solar radiation and is also more subjected to the action of the other factors such as tobacco and alcohol.

• #9 Head and neck cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer

  Notably, head and neck cancer secondary to chronic alcohol or tobacco use has been steadily declining as less of the population chronically smokes tobacco. However, HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer is rising, particularly in younger people in westernized nations, which is thought to be reflective of changes in oral sexual practices, specifically with regard to the number of oral sexual partners. […] More than 70% of throat cancers are at an advanced stage when discovered. […] Men are 89% more likely than women to be diagnosed with these cancers and are almost twice as likely to die of them. […] African Americans are disproportionately affected by head and neck cancer, with younger ages of incidence, increased mortality, and more advanced disease at presentation.

• #10 Lip Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Survival Rate

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/oral-cancer/types/lip-cancer

  A persistent sore or lump on your lip may be an early symptom of lip cancer, a type of oral cancer. […] Most new cases are diagnosed in patients in their late 60s or early 70s, and it often occurs on the lower lip. […] Oral (mouth) cancers represent about 3 percent of all cancers diagnosed annually in the United States, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and lip cancer is just one form of oral cancer. […] The National Cancer Institutes (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program estimates the chance of developing lip cancer over your entire lifetime at about 0.1 percent, or one chance in a thousand. Newly diagnosed cases of lip cancer amounted to six per 1 million American adults annually from 2014 to 2018. […] Your doctor may decide to perform a panendoscopy, in which a variety of endoscopes (thin, flexible tube-like instruments) are used to look at your throat, esophagus, windpipe (trachea) and the bronchi that branch off into the lungs.

• #11 Buccal Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Embryology and Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/855235-overview

  In Southeast Asia, the principal risk factor for buccal squamous cell carcinoma is consumption of the betel plant and areca nut as well as additives. Betel quid generally contains betel leaf (or other portions of the betel plant), areca nut, slaked lime, and, sometimes, tobacco. During processing, alkaloids in areca nuts form nitrosamines, two of which are known carcinogens. Slaked lime, when added to betel quid, causes erosion of the oral mucosa, which increases absorption of the components of the betel quid into the submucosa and systemically. […] The peak incidence of buccal squamous cell carcinoma in Southeast Asia is between the fifth and sixth decades of life, likely due to the early and frequent use of betel nut and its derivatives as well as the difference in overall life expectancy compared with the above-mentioned Western regions. In all three regions, Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia, buccal squamous cell carcinoma occurs more frequently in males, although the male preponderance is higher in Southeast Asia.

• #12 Global patterns and trends in cancers of the lip, tongue and mouth – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31986342/

  Objectives: Global descriptions of international patterns and trends in oral cancer are informative in providing insight into the shifting epidemiologic patterns and the potential prevention of these tumours. We present global statistics on these cancers using the comprehensive set of national estimates and recorded data collated at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). […] The estimated number of lip and oral cavity cases and deaths in the 185 countries for the year 2018 was extracted from IARC’s GLOBOCAN database of national estimates. […] Globally, the highest incidence was found in South-Central Asia and parts of Oceania, with the highest estimated incidence rates in Papua New Guinea, Pakistan and India. The highest observed rates of lip cancer were in Australia, while India had the highest incidence rates of mouth and oral tongue cancer. Trends are diverse, with lip cancer incidence rates continuing to decrease for both sexes; the incidence rates of mouth cancer are also in decline in males, although increasing rates among females were observed in some populations. […] There are some grounds for optimism given the prospects for control of these cancers. Primary prevention should however focus on the reduction of the main causes, namely, tobacco and alcohol consumption.

• #13 Changes in the Incidence of Skin and Lip Cancer Between 1978 and 2007 | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  http://www.actasdermo.org/en-changes-in-incidence-skin-lip-articulo-S1578219017300665

  The aim of this study was to analyze trends in the incidence of skin cancer worldwide, in Europe, and in Spain between 1978 and 2007. […] Lip cancer is recorded as a separate entity in cancer registries, and in the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents series it is registered under a different code to that used for NMSC. However, most registered cases of lip cancer are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). […] The incidence rates for lip cancer among males decreased between 1978 and 2007, and the decline was more evident in the last 2 periods. Rates in the female population tended to stabilize. The highest rate recorded for females was in Khon Kaen, Thailand during the period 1983 to 1987, with an ASR of 3.8 cases per 100000 inhabitants. The highest rate for males, by contrast, was in Newfoundland, Canada during the previous period (1978-1982), with an ASR of 15.1 cases per 100000 inhabitants. Worldwide, the highest numbers of new lip cancer cases were registered in Australia, Canada, and Spain.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10389-023-02081-2

  The burden of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking was much higher in men than in women, mainly because men had higher rates of smoking and were more likely to be exposed to secondhand smoke. […] The number of deaths and DALYs steadily escalated in all SDI regions. […] The age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were markedly higher in low-middle-SDI regions than in other regions in all years. […] The three regions with the highest age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were South Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central Europe. […] The three countries with the highest age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were Kiribati, Pakistan, and Palau. […] Overall, the global number of deaths and DALYs from lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking increased yearly from 1990 to 2019, but the age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates showed slight downward trends.

• #15 Lip cancer: Symptoms, pictures, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324950

  As with other types of cancer, lip cancer may not always have obvious symptoms in the early stages. People sometimes discover that they have lip cancer during a routine visit to their dentist, according to the ACS. […] Researchers estimated that, in 2020, there were 377,713 new cases of lip and oral cavity cancer globally. […] According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), rates of lip cancer in the U.S. declined in the 30 years between 1992 and 2019 from 1.5 cases per 100,000 persons to 0.6 cases per 100,000 persons. […] Based on data from 2017-2019, the NCI predicts that about 0.1% of men and women will receive a diagnosis of lip cancer at some point in their life. […] Regular visits to the dentist increase the likelihood of detecting lip and other types of oral cancer early. […] If the biopsy confirms a diagnosis of lip cancer, the doctor will order additional tests to help determine the stage of the cancer and if it has spread to other areas of the body.

• #16

  https://scispace.com/papers/epidemiology-of-cancer-of-the-lip-in-the-netherlands-3nikn6vcyq

  There was a positive association between the occurrence of lip cancer and rural residence; rate ratios were 3.3 among males and 3.5 among females. […] Although there was a decreasing trend for lip cancer, the number of cases and the age-standardized incidence rate for intraoral cancer increased over the 15-year study period, suggesting the need for more resource allocation in the areas of research, prevention, and early detection of oral cancer. […] Lip cancer is a frequent disease of the oral cavity and general agreement has been reached concerning stage T and N+ surgical treatment, unresolved questions remain with regard to N0 treatment.

• #17 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-87

  Downward trends have been observed in oral cancer incidence and mortality in the US over the past 30 years; however, these declines are not uniform within this population. […] Several studies have now demonstrated an increase in the incidence and mortality from oral cancers among certain demographic groups, which may have resulted from increased risks or risk behaviors. […] While oral cancer incidence and mortality rates have been declining over the past thirty years, these declines have reversed in the past five years among some demographic groups, including black females and white males. […] Sorting of these data by state revealed that eight states exhibited increasing rates of oral cancer deaths, Nevada, North Carolina, Iowa, Ohio, Maine, Idaho, North Dakota, and Wyoming, in stark contrast to the national downward trend.

• #18 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-87

  Analysis of the AAIR geographic distribution data identified seven states in the highest quantile (11.7 to 13.7 cases per 100,000), the District of Columbia (13.7), Oklahoma (12.7), Louisiana (12.7), Georgia (12.6), Florida (12.5), Maine (12.2) and New Hampshire (11.8). […] Analysis of the AAMR geographic distribution data revealed seven states within the highest quantile (3.3 to 4.4 deaths per 100,000), the District of Columbia (4.4), Arkansas (3.5), South Carolina (3.5), Louisiana (3.4), Alabama (3.3), Maine (3.3) and Nevada (3.3). […] Among these, three states were found to have increasing APC, Maine, Nevada, and Wyoming. […] Analysis of APC from the stratified AAIR data identified 14 states that were in the highest quantiles for oral cancer incidence. […] Two states which did not follow this trend, however, and that were found to have increasing APC, were Maine (+2.2%) and Nevada (+4.6%).

• #19 Biological and epidemiologic updates on lip and oral cavity cancers – Nocini – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/5366/html

  Oral cavity cancers develop from a specific anatomic area extending from the lips within a circular region at the back, encompassing the circumvallate papillae on the tongue dorsum, the frontal tonsil pillars, up to the junction of hard and soft palate. […] The current cumulative age-standardized incidence of lip and oral cancers is 4.0 per 100,000, more than double in men than in women (5.8 vs. 2.3 per 100,000, respectively). […] The cumulative age-standardized mortality for lip and oral cancers is 2.0 per 100,000, again more than double in men than in women (2.8 vs. 1.2 per 100,000, respectively). […] The cumulative risk of death is the highest in Africa, where the ratio between deaths and incidence new cases is 70%. […] Alcohol and cigarette smoking are both responsible for the highest number of deaths in men (80%), whilst chewing tobacco seems to cause the highest number of deaths in women (50%).

• #20 Epidemiology, incidence and mortality of oral cavity and lips cancer and their relationship with the human development index in the world | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  https://home.biomedpress.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/129

  The standardized mortality rate of lip and oral cavity cancer was 1.9 per hundred thousand people in the world that this rate was 2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per hundred thousand people. […] A negative correlation of -0.295 was seen between the standardized mortality rate of lip and oral cavity cancer and the Human Development Index, that this association was statistically significant (p <0.001). [...] Mortality rates and the incidence of oral cancer varies widely throughout the world as the highest amounts have been recorded in developing countries including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, Singapore and Philippines which oral cancer is recorded as the most common form of cancer in it.

• #21 Lip Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lip.html

  Rate of New Cases and Deaths per 100,000: The rate of new cases of lip cancer was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 0.02 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Lifetime Risk of Developing Cancer: Approximately 0.1 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with lip cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] Lip cancer is more common in men than women. Tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, and exposure to artificial sunlight (such as from tanning beds) over long periods of time are associated with this cancer. The rate of new cases of lip cancer was 0.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] For lip cancer, death rates increase with age. Men are more likely than women to die of this cancer. The death rate was 0.02 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted.

• #22 Lip Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Survival Rate

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/oral-cancer/types/lip-cancer

  According to the NCIs SEER database, the death rate was two per 10 million annually for the years 2015 to 2019. […] The overall five-year relative survival rate, the percentage of people expected to be alive five years after diagnosis, is compared with other cancers below. […] For lip cancer, SEER gives the five-year relative survival rates per stage for the years 2011-2017 as: […] The five-year survival rate for all oral and oropharyngeal cancers is 66 percent, which rises to 85 percent if diagnosed in an early stage, according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.7603/s40730-016-0048-y

  The standardized incidence rate of lip and oral cavity cancer was 4 in every hundred thousand in the world that it was 5.5 in men and 2.5 in women per hundred thousand. […] In 2012, 145353 deaths occurred from lip and oral cavity worldwide from which about 97940 cases related to men and 47413 cases related to women (Sex Ratio = 2.06). […] The five countries with the highest number of deaths from lip and oral cavity cancer included India with 52067 deaths, China with 11,333 deaths, 7266 deaths in Pakistan, Bangladesh with 6071 deaths, and Russia with 5658 deaths. […] A negative correlation of -0.295 was seen between the standardized mortality rate of lip and oral cavity cancer and the Human Development Index, that this association was statistically significant (p 0.001).

• #24 Epidemiology, incidence and mortality of oral cavity and lips cancer and their relationship with the human development index in the world | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  https://home.biomedpress.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/129

  The incidence and mortality of oral cavity cancer is high in the Asian countries especially south eastern of Asia. […] The main cause of the incidence of this cancer is the high consumption of tobacco, especially among consumers of smokeless tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption, and exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays. […] The highest incidence of lip cancer has been reported between white populations in Canada and Australia that is rare among non-whites. […] In 2012, 145353 deaths occurred from lip and oral cavity worldwide from which about 97940 cases related to men and 47413 cases related to women (Sex Ratio = 2.06). […] The five countries with the highest number of deaths from lip and oral cavity cancer included India with 52067 deaths, China with 11,333 deaths, 7266 deaths in Pakistan, Bangladesh with 6071 deaths, and Russia with 5658 deaths.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10389-023-02081-2

  To analyze the worldwide epidemiology of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking. […] The worldwide epidemiology of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking and its spatial distribution differences were analyzed using the age-standardized mortality rate, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate, and estimated annual percent change (EAPC) according to information from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. […] The number of deaths and DALYs associated with lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking globally showed upward trends from 1990 to 2019, but the age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates decreased. […] The age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were markedly higher in low-middle social development index (SDI) regions than in other regions.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10389-023-02081-2

  The burden of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking was much higher in men than in women, mainly because men had higher rates of smoking and were more likely to be exposed to secondhand smoke. […] The number of deaths and DALYs steadily escalated in all SDI regions. […] The age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were markedly higher in low-middle-SDI regions than in other regions in all years. […] The three regions with the highest age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were South Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central Europe. […] The three countries with the highest age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were Kiribati, Pakistan, and Palau. […] Overall, the global number of deaths and DALYs from lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking increased yearly from 1990 to 2019, but the age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates showed slight downward trends.

• #27 Lip Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Survival Rate

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/oral-cancer/types/lip-cancer

  According to the NCIs SEER database, the death rate was two per 10 million annually for the years 2015 to 2019. […] The overall five-year relative survival rate, the percentage of people expected to be alive five years after diagnosis, is compared with other cancers below. […] For lip cancer, SEER gives the five-year relative survival rates per stage for the years 2011-2017 as: […] The five-year survival rate for all oral and oropharyngeal cancers is 66 percent, which rises to 85 percent if diagnosed in an early stage, according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

• #28 Survival Rates for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html

  The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] […] Localized: There is no sign the cancer has spread outside the organ where it started (for example, the lip, tongue, or floor of mouth). […] Regional: The cancer has spread to nearby structures or lymph nodes. […] Distant: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body such as the lungs. […] These numbers are based on people diagnosed with cancers of the oral cavity (mouth) or oropharynx (the part of the throat behind the mouth) between 2012 and 2018. […] 5-Year Relative Survival Rate for Lip: […] Localized: 94% […] Regional: 63% […] Distant: 38% […] All SEER stages combined: 91% […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back after treatment.

• #29 Survival Rates for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html

  The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers in the United States, based on how far the cancer has spread. […] […] Localized: There is no sign the cancer has spread outside the organ where it started (for example, the lip, tongue, or floor of mouth). […] Regional: The cancer has spread to nearby structures or lymph nodes. […] Distant: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body such as the lungs. […] These numbers are based on people diagnosed with cancers of the oral cavity (mouth) or oropharynx (the part of the throat behind the mouth) between 2012 and 2018. […] 5-Year Relative Survival Rate for Lip: […] Localized: 94% […] Regional: 63% […] Distant: 38% […] All SEER stages combined: 91% […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back after treatment.

• #30 Lip cancer: Symptoms, pictures, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324950

  Overall, lip cancer survival rates are good 91% at 5 years, according to the ACS. This means that lip cancer is not a particularly aggressive cancer. […] The treatment options for people with lip cancer depend on the stage and size of the tumor. However, standard therapy usually involves a combination of surgery and radiation therapy. […] People can reduce their risk of lip cancer by using sun protection, limiting alcohol intake, and avoiding the use of tobacco products. […] The outlook for people with lip cancer is generally good if a doctor detects and treats the disease early. […] The ACS reports an overall 5-year survival rate of 91%. If the cancer spreads nearby, 5-year survival drops to 63%. If the cancer spreads even more and to distant areas of the body, survival rates at 5 years are 38%.

• #31 ESMO Asia Congress 2023 | OncologyPRO

  https://oncologypro.esmo.org/meeting-resources/esmo-asia-congress-2023/lip-cancer-racial-disparities-treatment-modalities-and-long-term-survival-outcome-in-young-and-adults-versus-older-age-patients

  Lip cancer represents 1-2% of malignancies and accounts for 23.6-30% of all oral cancers. It is more common in the lower lip, However, it may appear in the upper lip also. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common subtype. There is limited data to evaluate racial disparities into different age groups. So this study aims to evaluate the long-term survival outcome for lip cancer in the young and adults compared to the elderly and consider racial disparities. […] The majority were Caucasians (99279 patients) and 114 only were African Americans. The 5-year relative survival for lip cancer in the young and adults age group was 92.6%, while in the old age group was 88.9%; P0.0001. The 5-year relative survival of African Americans in the young and adult age was 85.9% while for Caucasians it was 92.5%, and in African Americans elderly the 5-year relative survival was 60.4% while in Caucasian was 88.9%; P 0.0001.

• #32 Lip Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lip.html

  Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new lip cancer cases have been rising on average 1.2% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been stable over 2014-2023.

• #33

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10389-023-02081-2

  To analyze the worldwide epidemiology of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking. […] The worldwide epidemiology of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking and its spatial distribution differences were analyzed using the age-standardized mortality rate, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate, and estimated annual percent change (EAPC) according to information from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. […] The number of deaths and DALYs associated with lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking globally showed upward trends from 1990 to 2019, but the age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates decreased. […] The age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were markedly higher in low-middle social development index (SDI) regions than in other regions.

• #34

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10389-023-02081-2

  The overall disease burden attributable to smoking is decreasing, but the number of deaths and DALYs are still increasing. […] The worldwide epidemiology of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking has not been reported. […] The global number of deaths in patients with lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking in 1990 was 37,406.69, with an age-standardized mortality rate of 0.94, while the global number of DALYs was 1,040,593.38, with an age standardized DALYs rate of 25.01. […] In 2019, the number of deaths from this type of cancer attributable to smoking was 63,433.56, with an age-standardized mortality rate of 0.77, and the number of DALYs was 1,656,259.98, with an age-standardized mortality rate of 19.69. […] The global number of deaths and DALYs for lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking showed increasing trends year by year from 1990 to 2019, while the age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates showed decreasing trends.

• #35 Changes in the Incidence of Skin and Lip Cancer Between 1978 and 2007 | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  http://www.actasdermo.org/en-changes-in-incidence-skin-lip-articulo-S1578219017300665

  The aim of this study was to analyze trends in the incidence of skin cancer worldwide, in Europe, and in Spain between 1978 and 2007. […] Lip cancer is recorded as a separate entity in cancer registries, and in the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents series it is registered under a different code to that used for NMSC. However, most registered cases of lip cancer are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). […] The incidence rates for lip cancer among males decreased between 1978 and 2007, and the decline was more evident in the last 2 periods. Rates in the female population tended to stabilize. The highest rate recorded for females was in Khon Kaen, Thailand during the period 1983 to 1987, with an ASR of 3.8 cases per 100000 inhabitants. The highest rate for males, by contrast, was in Newfoundland, Canada during the previous period (1978-1982), with an ASR of 15.1 cases per 100000 inhabitants. Worldwide, the highest numbers of new lip cancer cases were registered in Australia, Canada, and Spain.

• #36 Changes in the Incidence of Skin and Lip Cancer Between 1978 and 2007 | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  http://www.actasdermo.org/en-changes-in-incidence-skin-lip-articulo-S1578219017300665

  Maximum rates of lip cancer incidence also decreased in Spain over the 30-year period. The decline was more evident in males, especially during the last 10 years (1998-2007). The highest rate recorded for men was in Cuenca, Spain for the period 1993 to 1997, with an ASR of 14.3 cases per 100000 population. In women, the highest rate (1.6 cases per 100000 population) was observed in the rural population of Cluj in Romania during the period 1978 to 1982. Maximum incidence was higher among males. Spain had the highest incidence of lip cancer in Europe. […] In Spain, like in Europe and the rest of the world, lip cancer rates also declined between 1978 and 2007, with a tendency towards stabilization in the female population. The highest rates were recorded in the period 1993 to 1997. In females, the highest ASR was 1.1 cases per 100000 population, registered in Albacete, while in males, it was 14.3 cases per 100000 population, registered in Cuenca. Incidence rates were highest among males. The regions with the highest rates of lip cancer in Spain were Granada, Navarra, Cuenca, and Albacete.

• #37 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-87

  Furthermore, a detailed analysis of data from these states revealed increasing rates of oral cancer among older white males, also contrary to the overall trends observed at the national level. […] These results signify that, despite the declining long-term trends in oral cancer incidence and mortality nationally, localized geographic areas exist where the incidence and mortality from oral cancers have been increasing. […] Although rates of oral cancer incidence and mortality in the US have declined over the past few decades, these declines have not been consistent or uniform within this population. […] Collaborative reports using data from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) have found increases in the incidence of oral cancer among specific segments of the population, including minorities.

• #38 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline. This is mainly because of an increase in oropharyngeal cancer mortality of almost 2% per year during that time.

• #39 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline. This is mainly because of an increase in oropharyngeal cancer mortality of almost 2% per year during that time.

• #40 Lip Cancer: A 10-Year Retrospective Epidemiological Study | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/4/1543

  Background: Lip cancer is the most frequent tumor of the oral-maxillary region. A high incidence of lip cancer has been reported among the Italian population over the past decade. […] The dominant cancer type was squamous cell carcinoma of the external lower lip (predominantly in men). […] Individuals aged over 45 years are at higher risk for lip cancer. The high association of the examined risk factors with the rate of squamous cell carcinoma confirms their role in the development of this type of tumor. […] While the incidence of lip cancer is low (1-2%) this is the most frequent tumor of the oral-maxillary region, comprising the 25-30% of all oral cancer. […] The combination of long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from exposure to sunlight and a fair skin has been proposed as one of the etiological factors in the epidemiology of lip cancer.

• #41 Lip Cancer: A 10-Year Retrospective Epidemiological Study | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/4/1543

  The purpose of this study was to provide information about the clinicopathological features of lip cancer in patients in our sample during a 10-year period, and to investigate risk factors associated with the development of this type of tumor. […] The total number of new malignant cases diagnosed as lip cancer between 2000 and 2010 was 540, which comprised 443 male (82%) and 97 (18%) female. […] The most common histological type was SCC, with 436 (80.7%) of the total number of cases. […] A significant association between work-related chronic solar exposure and incidence of cancer in the lower lip, and also with tobacco and alcohol habits, and in these cases, SCC was the most frequent histological type. […] The higher occurrence of disease of the lower lip has been attributed to its position, which usually means that it receives a higher exposure to solar radiation and is also more subjected to the action of the other factors such as tobacco and alcohol.

• #42 Lifestyles, environmental and phenotypic factors associated with lip cancer: a case–control study in southern Spain | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6600975

  The risk associated with excessive exposure to sunlight during childhood points also to the importance of protecting children by avoiding the hours of greatest radiation, and protecting exposed sites. […] The finding of an interaction between phototype and antecedents of sporadic warts suggests a possible role of viral agents, probably human papillomavirus and/or immunodeficiency. […] We should also note the association between low educational level and LC, even after adjusting for alcohol, tobacco and phenotype characteristics, and the other risk factors.

• #43 Buccal Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Embryology and Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/855235-overview

  The epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa is strikingly different in Europe and North America than it is in Southeast Asia. In Europe and North America, it accounts for only 10% of all oral cavity cancers, while in Southeast Asia it is the third most common head and neck malignancy and accounts for nearly 30% of oral cavity cancers. These differences are widely thought to be due to varying patterns of tobacco, alcohol, and areca nut use in these regions. Tobacco has at least 28 known carcinogens, and in Europe and North America, the most common etiologic factors for buccal squamous cell carcinoma are alcohol and tobacco abuse. Indeed, in these Western regions, where the peak incidence of oral cavity cancer occurs in the seventh and eighth decades of life, a history of tobacco use has been documented in more than 70% of patients with buccal squamous cell carcinoma.

• #44 Lifestyles, environmental and phenotypic factors associated with lip cancer: a case–control study in southern Spain | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6600975

  The aim of this study was to determine the association between male LC and tobacco consumption and alcohol intake, as well as different environmental and socioeconomic factors, in a high-risk area for LC represented by Granada. […] The multivariate logistic regression model for LC included as predictors the variables related to phenotype, skin reaction to sun exposure, previous common warts, cumulative and early sunlight exposure, cumulative tobacco and alcohol consumption, and a proxy of educational levels. […] The amounts of alcohol and tobacco consumed in a lifetime are also significantly associated. […] The habit of leaving the cigarette on the lip while smoking increases the risk. […] Leaving the cigarette on the lip was predictive of LC risk irrespective of cumulative tobacco consumption.

• #45 Biological and epidemiologic updates on lip and oral cavity cancers – Nocini – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/5366/html

  Oral cavity cancers develop from a specific anatomic area extending from the lips within a circular region at the back, encompassing the circumvallate papillae on the tongue dorsum, the frontal tonsil pillars, up to the junction of hard and soft palate. […] The current cumulative age-standardized incidence of lip and oral cancers is 4.0 per 100,000, more than double in men than in women (5.8 vs. 2.3 per 100,000, respectively). […] The cumulative age-standardized mortality for lip and oral cancers is 2.0 per 100,000, again more than double in men than in women (2.8 vs. 1.2 per 100,000, respectively). […] The cumulative risk of death is the highest in Africa, where the ratio between deaths and incidence new cases is 70%. […] Alcohol and cigarette smoking are both responsible for the highest number of deaths in men (80%), whilst chewing tobacco seems to cause the highest number of deaths in women (50%).

• #46 Incidence of Mouth Cancer in Iraq

  http://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijodh/international-journal-of-oral-and-dental-health-ijodh-9-154.php?jid=ijodh

  The incidence of mouth cancers among Iraqi people is reviewed from 1973-2021 in different Iraqi provinces. The incidence rates are also illustrated in relation to age, sex, site of cancer and year of registration. […] The risk factors for the incidence can be attributed to tobacco and/or alcohol consumption. […] Implementing a national control program should include a primary health care, health education, well-balanced diet, environmental sanitation and health education to stress the important of the hazard of tobacco and alcohol. […] The incidence can be explained by the contributions of smoking, alcohol or hormonal factors as well as exposure to radiation due to men’s job which lead to incidence of lip cancer. […] More than 80% or mouth cancers can be attributed to tobacco and/or alcohol consumption.

• #47

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10389-023-02081-2

  The overall disease burden attributable to smoking is decreasing, but the number of deaths and DALYs are still increasing. […] The worldwide epidemiology of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking has not been reported. […] The global number of deaths in patients with lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking in 1990 was 37,406.69, with an age-standardized mortality rate of 0.94, while the global number of DALYs was 1,040,593.38, with an age standardized DALYs rate of 25.01. […] In 2019, the number of deaths from this type of cancer attributable to smoking was 63,433.56, with an age-standardized mortality rate of 0.77, and the number of DALYs was 1,656,259.98, with an age-standardized mortality rate of 19.69. […] The global number of deaths and DALYs for lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking showed increasing trends year by year from 1990 to 2019, while the age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates showed decreasing trends.

• #48 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #49

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity. […] Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC.

• #50 Lifestyles, environmental and phenotypic factors associated with lip cancer: a case–control study in southern Spain | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6600975

  The risk associated with excessive exposure to sunlight during childhood points also to the importance of protecting children by avoiding the hours of greatest radiation, and protecting exposed sites. […] The finding of an interaction between phototype and antecedents of sporadic warts suggests a possible role of viral agents, probably human papillomavirus and/or immunodeficiency. […] We should also note the association between low educational level and LC, even after adjusting for alcohol, tobacco and phenotype characteristics, and the other risk factors.

• #51 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #52 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #53 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #54 Incidence of Mouth Cancer in Iraq

  http://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijodh/international-journal-of-oral-and-dental-health-ijodh-9-154.php?jid=ijodh

  The relationship between diet and nutrition to the risk of cancer development has been established by several epidemiological studies. […] Other risk factors include genetic, sun exposure, mate drinking (tea-like beverage), viral infection, fungal infection and chronic trauma. […] Age-group 61-70 years was highly affected as stated by the Iraqi Cancer Registry. […] Mouth cancer is incident among all types of communities and population samples from both urban and rural regions of Iraq. […] Therefore, due to lack of effective chemotherapy or vaccine against cancer, an urgent and efficient preventive and control measures is essential.

• #55 Buccal Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Embryology and Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/855235-overview

  In Southeast Asia, the principal risk factor for buccal squamous cell carcinoma is consumption of the betel plant and areca nut as well as additives. Betel quid generally contains betel leaf (or other portions of the betel plant), areca nut, slaked lime, and, sometimes, tobacco. During processing, alkaloids in areca nuts form nitrosamines, two of which are known carcinogens. Slaked lime, when added to betel quid, causes erosion of the oral mucosa, which increases absorption of the components of the betel quid into the submucosa and systemically. […] The peak incidence of buccal squamous cell carcinoma in Southeast Asia is between the fifth and sixth decades of life, likely due to the early and frequent use of betel nut and its derivatives as well as the difference in overall life expectancy compared with the above-mentioned Western regions. In all three regions, Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia, buccal squamous cell carcinoma occurs more frequently in males, although the male preponderance is higher in Southeast Asia.

• #56 Lip Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lip.html

  Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new lip cancer cases have been rising on average 1.2% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been stable over 2014-2023.

• #57 Lip cancer: Symptoms, pictures, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324950

  Lip cancer is a form of cancer that starts in the lips and mouth. Early signs and symptoms can include sores or lumps on the lips or in the mouth. Treatment will depend on the size and location of the tumor. […] According to a 2022 study, more than 90% of oral mucosa cancers, including lip cancers, begin in the squamous cells of the epidermis. Squamous cells are thin, flat cells that line the lips and other areas of the mouth. These cells grow out of control and form lesions or tumors on the lips. […] Early diagnosis is key to treating the cancer and preventing it from spreading to other parts of the body. […] Anyone can get lip cancer. However, the condition is more common in males and people between the ages of 50 and 60. […] According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), people who have mouth sores that do not heal within 2 weeks or that partially heal and then come back should see a doctor.

• #58 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #59 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #60 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #61 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #62 Lip cancer: Symptoms, pictures, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324950

  Overall, lip cancer survival rates are good 91% at 5 years, according to the ACS. This means that lip cancer is not a particularly aggressive cancer. […] The treatment options for people with lip cancer depend on the stage and size of the tumor. However, standard therapy usually involves a combination of surgery and radiation therapy. […] People can reduce their risk of lip cancer by using sun protection, limiting alcohol intake, and avoiding the use of tobacco products. […] The outlook for people with lip cancer is generally good if a doctor detects and treats the disease early. […] The ACS reports an overall 5-year survival rate of 91%. If the cancer spreads nearby, 5-year survival drops to 63%. If the cancer spreads even more and to distant areas of the body, survival rates at 5 years are 38%.

• #63 Lip cancer: Symptoms, pictures, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324950

  As with other types of cancer, lip cancer may not always have obvious symptoms in the early stages. People sometimes discover that they have lip cancer during a routine visit to their dentist, according to the ACS. […] Researchers estimated that, in 2020, there were 377,713 new cases of lip and oral cavity cancer globally. […] According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), rates of lip cancer in the U.S. declined in the 30 years between 1992 and 2019 from 1.5 cases per 100,000 persons to 0.6 cases per 100,000 persons. […] Based on data from 2017-2019, the NCI predicts that about 0.1% of men and women will receive a diagnosis of lip cancer at some point in their life. […] Regular visits to the dentist increase the likelihood of detecting lip and other types of oral cancer early. […] If the biopsy confirms a diagnosis of lip cancer, the doctor will order additional tests to help determine the stage of the cancer and if it has spread to other areas of the body.

• #64

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage. […] Implementing of cancer screening programs is hindered by fragmented, low-resource settings lacking workforce and technical facilities common in developing countries, underscoring the need for an organized healthcare system as a primary requirement. […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach. […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue.

• #65

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity. […] Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC.

• #66

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity. […] Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC.

• #67

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity. […] Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC.

• #68

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity. […] Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC.

• #69

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity. […] Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC.

• #70

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage. […] Implementing of cancer screening programs is hindered by fragmented, low-resource settings lacking workforce and technical facilities common in developing countries, underscoring the need for an organized healthcare system as a primary requirement. […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach. […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue.

• #71

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  India has a high incidence of oral cancer, attributed to cultural, ethnic, and geographical factors, along with prevalent addictive habits. Among men, oral cancer ranks as the most diagnosed cancer and has the highest incidence. Among women, it ranks as the third most prevalent cancer in the country. […] The National Cancer Institute estimates that in 2023, there will be 54,540 new cases of oral cancer globally. […] Despite advancements in oral cancer therapy, the prognosis for OSCC remains unfavorable. Therefore, the focus should be on oral cancer prevention. […] Oral cancer screening is a preventive measure designed to identify early signs of oral cancer or precancerous lesions in the mouth. […] There are different methods and techniques currently available for oral cancer screening that can potentially aid in screening healthy individuals who show no symptoms.

• #72 Trends in Incidence of Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx — United States 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915a1.htm

  Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx account for 3% of cancers diagnosed annually in the United States; risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and HPV infection. […] During 2007-2016, incidence rates increased for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx combined, base of tongue, anterior tongue, gum, tonsil, oropharynx, and other oral cavity and pharynx. […] Ongoing implementation of proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce excessive alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates might help prevent cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. […] Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx can be caused by exposure to risk factors that are common in the United States, including tobacco use, alcohol use, and HPV infection. Cancer control initiatives that use proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates could help reduce cancer risk.

• #73 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-87

  Furthermore, a detailed analysis of data from these states revealed increasing rates of oral cancer among older white males, also contrary to the overall trends observed at the national level. […] These results signify that, despite the declining long-term trends in oral cancer incidence and mortality nationally, localized geographic areas exist where the incidence and mortality from oral cancers have been increasing. […] Although rates of oral cancer incidence and mortality in the US have declined over the past few decades, these declines have not been consistent or uniform within this population. […] Collaborative reports using data from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) have found increases in the incidence of oral cancer among specific segments of the population, including minorities.

• #74 Lip Cancer: A 10-Year Retrospective Epidemiological Study | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/4/1543

  Background: Lip cancer is the most frequent tumor of the oral-maxillary region. A high incidence of lip cancer has been reported among the Italian population over the past decade. […] The dominant cancer type was squamous cell carcinoma of the external lower lip (predominantly in men). […] Individuals aged over 45 years are at higher risk for lip cancer. The high association of the examined risk factors with the rate of squamous cell carcinoma confirms their role in the development of this type of tumor. […] While the incidence of lip cancer is low (1-2%) this is the most frequent tumor of the oral-maxillary region, comprising the 25-30% of all oral cancer. […] The combination of long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from exposure to sunlight and a fair skin has been proposed as one of the etiological factors in the epidemiology of lip cancer.

• #75 Lip Cancer: A 10-Year Retrospective Epidemiological Study | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/4/1543

  The purpose of this study was to provide information about the clinicopathological features of lip cancer in patients in our sample during a 10-year period, and to investigate risk factors associated with the development of this type of tumor. […] The total number of new malignant cases diagnosed as lip cancer between 2000 and 2010 was 540, which comprised 443 male (82%) and 97 (18%) female. […] The most common histological type was SCC, with 436 (80.7%) of the total number of cases. […] A significant association between work-related chronic solar exposure and incidence of cancer in the lower lip, and also with tobacco and alcohol habits, and in these cases, SCC was the most frequent histological type. […] The higher occurrence of disease of the lower lip has been attributed to its position, which usually means that it receives a higher exposure to solar radiation and is also more subjected to the action of the other factors such as tobacco and alcohol.

• #76 Global patterns and trends in cancers of the lip, tongue and mouth – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31986342/

  Objectives: Global descriptions of international patterns and trends in oral cancer are informative in providing insight into the shifting epidemiologic patterns and the potential prevention of these tumours. We present global statistics on these cancers using the comprehensive set of national estimates and recorded data collated at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). […] The estimated number of lip and oral cavity cases and deaths in the 185 countries for the year 2018 was extracted from IARC’s GLOBOCAN database of national estimates. […] Globally, the highest incidence was found in South-Central Asia and parts of Oceania, with the highest estimated incidence rates in Papua New Guinea, Pakistan and India. The highest observed rates of lip cancer were in Australia, while India had the highest incidence rates of mouth and oral tongue cancer. Trends are diverse, with lip cancer incidence rates continuing to decrease for both sexes; the incidence rates of mouth cancer are also in decline in males, although increasing rates among females were observed in some populations. […] There are some grounds for optimism given the prospects for control of these cancers. Primary prevention should however focus on the reduction of the main causes, namely, tobacco and alcohol consumption.

• #77 The worldwide epidemiology of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | springermedicine.com

  https://www.springermedicine.com/the-worldwide-epidemiology-of-lip-and-oral-cavity-cancer-attribu/26060598

  The worldwide epidemiology of lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking and its spatial distribution differences were analyzed using the age-standardized mortality rate, age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate, and estimated annual percent change (EAPC) according to information from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. […] The number of deaths and DALYs associated with lip and oral cavity cancer attributable to smoking globally showed upward trends from 1990 to 2019, but the age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates decreased. […] The age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were markedly higher in low-middle social development index (SDI) regions than in other regions. […] The overall disease burden attributable to smoking is decreasing, but the number of deaths and DALYs are still increasing. […] Moreover, there are regional and national differences, and high-risk regions and countries should implement targeted interventions to reduce the burden.

Zobacz więcej