Rak dróg żółciowych w okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej (cholangiocarcinoma okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej)
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rak dróg żółciowych w okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej (cholangiocarcinoma) to rzadki, ale wysoce agresywny nowotwór o złym rokowaniu, z 5-letnim przeżyciem na poziomie 7-20%. Mediana całkowitego przeżycia (OS) wynosi około 5,2 miesiąca (95% CI 4,7-5,7), a bez leczenia około 3 miesiące. Czynniki prognostyczne obejmują poziom bilirubiny (wyższy poziom koreluje z krótszym przeżyciem), wiek, płeć, poziom AFP, inwazję naczyniową, rozmiar i liczbę guzów (mediana rozmiaru 6 cm), obecność przerzutów do węzłów chłonnych oraz stadium T. Pięcioletnie przeżycie po resekcji chirurgicznej waha się od 10% do 40%, jednak nawroty po resekcji R0 sięgają 50-70%. Wczesne wykrycie i całkowita resekcja z ujemnymi marginesami (R0) pozostają kluczowe, a ortotopowy przeszczep wątroby (OLT) z terapią neoadjuwantową w przypadku cholangiocarcinoma związanego z PSC może przekraczać 70% 5-letniego przeżycia.

Wprowadzenie do raka dróg żółciowych w okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej

Rak dróg żółciowych w okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej (cholangiocarcinoma okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej) jest rzadkim, lecz wysoce agresywnym nowotworem dróg żółciowych. Choroba ta zazwyczaj występuje w szóstej dekadzie życia i charakteryzuje się szybkim rozprzestrzenianiem oraz złym rokowaniem.12 Nowotwór ten należy do grupy wysoce heterogennych złośliwych guzów dróg żółciowych, które mogą rozwinąć się w dowolnym punkcie drzewa żółciowego. Cichy przebieg kliniczny w połączeniu z agresywnym charakterem i opornością na chemioterapię przyczyniają się do alarmującej śmiertelności, stanowiąc około 2% wszystkich zgonów związanych z nowotworami na świecie rocznie.3

Pomimo postępów w świadomości, wiedzy, diagnostyce i terapii raka dróg żółciowych, rokowanie pacjentów nie poprawiło się znacząco w ostatniej dekadzie, z 5-letnim przeżyciem nadal pozostającym na poziomie 7-20% i wysokim odsetkiem nawrotów po resekcji.4 Wśród czynników ryzyka najczęściej wymienia się pierwotne stwardniające zapalenie dróg żółciowych (PSC), kamicę dróg żółciowych oraz pasożytnicze choroby wątroby.5

Ogólne rokowanie w cholangiocarcinoma okołokątrobowym

Rokowanie u pacjentów z rakiem dróg żółciowych w okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej jest generalnie niekorzystne. Bez leczenia średni czas przeżycia wynosi zaledwie około 3 miesięcy.6 W dużym badaniu obejmującym 2031 pacjentów mediana całkowitego przeżycia (OS) dla ogólnej kohorty wynosiła jedynie 5,2 miesiąca (95% CI 4,7-5,7).7

Pięcioletni wskaźnik przeżycia dla cholangiocarcinoma, który nie rozprzestrzenił się poza drogi żółciowe, waha się od 18% do 23%. Wartość ta spada drastycznie do 2-3% w przypadku nowotworu, który rozprzestrzenił się poza drogi żółciowe.8 Należy jednak pamiętać, że nowe metody leczenia nowotworów stale poprawiają wskaźniki przeżycia i doświadczenia osób żyjących z rakiem, a pięcioletnie wskaźniki przeżycia oparte na statystykach z poprzednich lat nie odzwierciedlają tych najnowszych osiągnięć.9

Czynniki prognostyczne wpływające na przeżycie

Czynniki biochemiczne i kliniczne

Jednym z najważniejszych odkryć jest wpływ poziomu bilirubiny na rokowanie pacjentów. Według analiz Kaplana-Meiera, poziom bilirubiny w momencie początkowej diagnozy wykazuje istotną korelację z czasem przeżycia. Im wyższy poziom bilirubiny, tym krótszy czas przeżycia pacjentów.10 Ten parametr biochemiczny jest uznawany za znaczący czynnik prognostyczny dla przeżycia pacjentów.11

Inne ważne czynniki prognostyczne związane z całkowitym przeżyciem obejmują wiek, płeć, poziom AFP w okresie okołooperacyjnym oraz obecność inwazji naczyniowej.12 Obecność objawów związanych z nowotworem (takich jak ból brzucha czy złe samopoczucie) lub stopień upośledzenia funkcji wątroby również mogą wpływać na rokowanie.13

Czynniki związane z charakterystyką guza

Rozmiar i liczba guzów mają istotny wpływ na rokowanie. W badaniu dotyczącym długoterminowych wyników po resekcji wewnątrzwątrobowego cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), mediana całkowitego przeżycia u pacjentów z pojedynczym iCCA wynosiła 43,2 miesiąca, w porównaniu do 21,2 miesiąca u pacjentów z dwoma guzami i 15,3 miesiąca u osób z trzema lub więcej guzami.14 Większość pacjentów z iCCA zgłasza się do lekarza z dużymi guzami (mediana rozmiaru 6 cm), co negatywnie wpływa na rokowanie.15

Przerzuty do węzłów chłonnych, inwazja naczyń limfatycznych i krwionośnych, dodatnie marginesy histologiczne oraz wyższe stadium T są związane z gorszym przeżyciem i zwiększonym nawrotem.16 Obecność guza dotykającego głównej żyły wrotnej lub wspólnej tętnicy wątrobowej przekraczającego 180 stopni w badaniach obrazowych jest również związana ze złym rokowaniem.17

Warto zauważyć, że obecność typu IV pCCA według klasyfikacji Bismuth (obejmującego zarówno prawe, jak i lewe wewnątrzwątrobowe przewody żółciowe) nie jest już bezwzględnym przeciwwskazaniem do całkowitej resekcji, ponieważ wiąże się z całkowitym przeżyciem podobnym do tego u pacjentów z mniej rozległym zajęciem dróg żółciowych.18 Jednocześnie, w przeciwieństwie do poziomu bilirubiny, samo stadium guza według klasyfikacji Bismuth-Corlette nie jest uznawane za istotny parametr prognostyczny dla przeżycia.19

Czynniki socjoekonomiczne i miejsce leczenia

Całkowite przeżycie jest również zależne od czynników socjoekonomicznych.20 Co ciekawe, istnieją znaczące różnice w rokowaniu w zależności od miejsca diagnozy i leczenia. Mediana całkowitego przeżycia wynosiła 9,7 miesiąca (95% CI 7,7-11,7) w ośrodkach akademickich w porównaniu do 4,9 miesiąca (95% CI 4,3-5,4) w ośrodkach nieakademickich (P < 0,001).21

Wskaźnik resekcji i całkowite przeżycie były wyższe u pacjentów zdiagnozowanych w ośrodkach akademickich.22 Korzyść dotycząca całkowitego przeżycia pacjentów zdiagnozowanych w ośrodkach akademickich może być częściowo przypisana różnicy w częstości resekcji między pacjentami zdiagnozowanymi w ośrodkach akademickich i nieakademickich.23 Nawet pacjenci, którzy otrzymywali jedynie leczenie objawowe, mieli wyższe wskaźniki przeżycia, jeśli byli zdiagnozowani w ośrodku akademickim, w porównaniu do tych zdiagnozowanych w ośrodkach nieakademickich.24

Rokowanie w zależności od metody leczenia

Leczenie chirurgiczne

Całkowite przeżycie różni się znacząco w zależności od rodzaju zastosowanego leczenia.25 Resekcja z intencją wyleczenia została przeprowadzona u 310 pacjentów (15% wszystkich pacjentów) w dużym badaniu, a mediana całkowitego przeżycia u tych pacjentów wynosiła 29,6 miesiąca (95% CI 25,2-34,0).26

Ogólnie 5-letnie przeżycie po chirurgicznej resekcji raka dróg żółciowych w okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej waha się od 10% do 40%.27 Jednak nawet po resekcji R0 (z marginesami wolnymi od komórek nowotworowych), nawrót może wynosić nawet 50-70%.28 Celem operacji jest wykonanie całkowitej resekcji z ujemnymi marginesami (R0) z odpowiednią pozostałością wątroby.29

Większość pacjentów wymaga (rozszerzonej) hemihepatektomii z limfadenektomią co najmniej sześciu lokoregionalnych węzłów chłonnych w celu odpowiedniego określenia stadium.30 Wysoka śmiertelność po resekcji, szczególnie u pacjentów w podeszłym wieku, jest zgodna z wcześniejszymi doniesieniami literatury.31

Rak dróg żółciowych jest uleczalny we wczesnych stadiach, jeśli lekarz może chirurgicznie usunąć wszystkie zajęte tkanki. Na tym etapie przeszczep wątroby może być również potencjalną opcją wyleczenia cholangiocarcinoma.32 Jednak tylko niewielka liczba przypadków raka dróg żółciowych jest uleczalna, ponieważ zwykle nie są one diagnozowane, dopóki nowotwór nie rozprzestrzeni się już. W tym momencie pozbycie się cholangiocarcinoma samą operacją jest niemożliwe.33

W ostatniej dekadzie ortotopowy przeszczep wątroby (OLT) wykazał obiecujące wyniki w leczeniu nieresekcyjnego raka dróg żółciowych w okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej. Pięcioletnie przeżycie po OLT w połączeniu z terapią neoadjuwantową w przypadku cholangiocarcinoma powstałego w wyniku PSC przekracza 70% i dlatego powinno być uznane za standard opieki dla tej konkretnej populacji pacjentów.34

Leczenie paliatywne i systemowe

U pacjentów, którzy przeszli leczenie paliatywne z zastosowaniem systemowej terapii przeciwnowotworowej, mediana całkowitego przeżycia wynosiła 12,2 miesiąca (95% CI 11,0-13,3) w grupie 271 pacjentów (13% ogółu).35 Natomiast u 1429 pacjentów (70%), którzy otrzymali jedynie najlepszą opiekę wspomagającą, mediana całkowitego przeżycia wynosiła zaledwie 2,9 miesiąca (95% CI 2,6-3,2).36

Endoskopowy i/lub przezskórny drenaż dróg żółciowych stanowi główny nurt leczenia paliatywnego u pacjentów z nieresekcyjnym rakiem dróg żółciowych w okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej.37 Pomimo ograniczonych danych, chemioterapia jest wskazana u pacjentów z nieresekcyjnymi guzami i odpowiednim stanem sprawności.38

Chemioterapia może być związana z poprawą rokowania tylko u pacjentów z chorobą w stadium III lub niższym. Zastosowanie chemioterapii u pacjentów w stadium IV nie przynosi znaczącej poprawy OS. Zastosowanie radioterapii również nie było związane z poprawą przeżycia u pacjentów z chorobą w stadium III lub IV.39

Wnioski i przyszłe kierunki

Rak dróg żółciowych w okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej pozostaje rzadką, ale agresywną chorobą o bardzo złym długoterminowym rokowaniu.40 Większość pacjentów ma chorągną nieoperacyjną, a leczenie chirurgiczne jest skuteczne tylko u 25-30% pacjentów.41 Znane czynniki ryzyka dla raka dróg żółciowych są zaangażowane tylko w 20% przypadków, co wskazuje na pilną potrzebę ustalenia innych przyczyn choroby w celu poprawy świadomości i polityki badań przesiewowych dla wczesnej diagnozy, co może istotnie wpłynąć na wyniki pacjentów.42

Wysoka heterogeniczność i chemooporność raka dróg żółciowych stanowią ograniczenie dla powszechnych strategii terapeutycznych, ale oferują również unikalną możliwość dla spersonalizowanych, ukierunkowanych terapii.43 Zarządzanie rakiem dróg żółciowych wymaga obecnie dedykowanych ośrodków z multidyscyplinarną wiedzą specjalistyczną, które umożliwiają właściwe przeniesienie podstawowych badań do praktyki klinicznej.44

Biorąc pod uwagę fakt dominującej późnej diagnozy i słabego rokowania, wczesne wykrycie i odpowiednie leczenie (chirurgia lub chemioterapia) zwiększą przeżywalność pacjentów z rakiem dróg żółciowych w okolicy wątrobowo-dwunastniczej.45 Dalsze badania nad lepszymi metodami wczesnego wykrywania, nowymi strategiami terapeutycznymi i markerami prognostycznymi są niezbędne do poprawy rokowania tej trudnej do leczenia choroby.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management – Soares – Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
    https://hbsn.amegroups.org/article/view/3374/html
    Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis which typically presents in the 6th decade of life. […] A variety of risk factors have been associated with HC, most notably primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), biliary stone disease and parasitic liver disease. […] Lymph node invasion, tumor grade and negative margins are important prognostic indicators. […] Five-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40% however, recurrence can be as high as 50-70% even after R0 resection. […] Despite the limited data, chemotherapy is indicated for patients with unresectable tumors and adequate functional status. […] In general, 5-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40%. […] Of note, even following an R0 resection, recurrence can be as high as 50-70%.
  • #2 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma
    Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer, which means it spreads fast. Most people receive a cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis after its already spread outside of their bile ducts. At this point, bile duct cancer is difficult to treat, and the prognosis (chance of recovery) is usually poor. […] The outlook (prognosis) for people with cholangiocarcinoma is usually poor. […] The five-year survival rate for cholangiocarcinoma that hasnt spread outside of the bile ducts ranges from 18% to 23%. That number drops to 2% to 3% for cancer thats spread beyond bile ducts. […] Still, its important to remember that new cancer treatments are continually improving survival rates and the experiences of people living with cancer. Five-year survival rates reporting on statistics from previous years dont reflect these developments.
  • #3 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) includes a cluster of highly heterogeneous biliary malignant tumours that can arise at any point of the biliary tree. […] The silent presentation of these tumours combined with their highly aggressive nature and refractoriness to chemotherapy contribute to their alarming mortality, representing ~2% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide yearly. […] Despite advances in CCA awareness, knowledge, diagnosis and therapies, patient prognosis has not improved substantially in the past decade, with 5-year survival (720%) and tumour recurrence rates after resection still disappointing. […] Therefore, a detailed study of these types of cancers is urgently needed to improve patient welfare and outcomes. […] The three subtypes of CCA can have different risk factors, pathobiology, clinical presentations, management and prognosis, as well as distinct epidemiological trends.
  • #4 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) includes a cluster of highly heterogeneous biliary malignant tumours that can arise at any point of the biliary tree. […] The silent presentation of these tumours combined with their highly aggressive nature and refractoriness to chemotherapy contribute to their alarming mortality, representing ~2% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide yearly. […] Despite advances in CCA awareness, knowledge, diagnosis and therapies, patient prognosis has not improved substantially in the past decade, with 5-year survival (720%) and tumour recurrence rates after resection still disappointing. […] Therefore, a detailed study of these types of cancers is urgently needed to improve patient welfare and outcomes. […] The three subtypes of CCA can have different risk factors, pathobiology, clinical presentations, management and prognosis, as well as distinct epidemiological trends.
  • #5 Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management – Soares – Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
    https://hbsn.amegroups.org/article/view/3374/html
    Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis which typically presents in the 6th decade of life. […] A variety of risk factors have been associated with HC, most notably primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), biliary stone disease and parasitic liver disease. […] Lymph node invasion, tumor grade and negative margins are important prognostic indicators. […] Five-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40% however, recurrence can be as high as 50-70% even after R0 resection. […] Despite the limited data, chemotherapy is indicated for patients with unresectable tumors and adequate functional status. […] In general, 5-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40%. […] Of note, even following an R0 resection, recurrence can be as high as 50-70%.
  • #6 Long-term outcome and prognostic factors of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4146927/
    AIM: To evaluate the long-term outcome and prognostic factors of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. […] The prognosis of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma is poor, and the survival rate reported so far describes a very limited life expectancy 3 mo if no treatment is offered. […] Initial bilirubin level is a significant prognostic factor for survival of patients. In contrast, age, tumor stage according to the Bismuth-Corlette classification, and types of intervention are not significant prognostic parameters for survival. […] Most important, we found that bilirubin levels at initial diagnosis were a significant prognostic parameter. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that bilirubin levels seemed to correlate with the survival time. […] In conclusion, bilirubin level is a significant prognostic factor for the survival of patients. Endoscopic and/or percutaneous biliary drainage represents the mainstream of palliative treatment for patients with non-resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
  • #7 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    A total of 2031 patients were included and the median overall survival for the overall cohort was 5.2 (95% CI 4.75.7) months. […] Median overall survival was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months in the 310 (15%) patients who underwent surgical resection, 12.2 (95% CI 11.013.3) months in the 271 (13%) who underwent palliative systemic treatment, and 2.9 (95% CI 2.63.2) months in the 1429 (70%) who underwent best supportive care only. […] In patients with pCCA, resection rate and overall survival were higher for patients who were diagnosed in academic centres. […] Median overall survival was 9.7 (95% CI 7.711.7) months in academic centres compared to 4.9 (95% CI 4.35.4) months in nonacademic centres (P .001). […] Overall survival was dependent of age, gender, the presence of metastases, treatment and socioeconomic status.
  • #8 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma
    Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer, which means it spreads fast. Most people receive a cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis after its already spread outside of their bile ducts. At this point, bile duct cancer is difficult to treat, and the prognosis (chance of recovery) is usually poor. […] The outlook (prognosis) for people with cholangiocarcinoma is usually poor. […] The five-year survival rate for cholangiocarcinoma that hasnt spread outside of the bile ducts ranges from 18% to 23%. That number drops to 2% to 3% for cancer thats spread beyond bile ducts. […] Still, its important to remember that new cancer treatments are continually improving survival rates and the experiences of people living with cancer. Five-year survival rates reporting on statistics from previous years dont reflect these developments.
  • #9 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma
    Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer, which means it spreads fast. Most people receive a cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis after its already spread outside of their bile ducts. At this point, bile duct cancer is difficult to treat, and the prognosis (chance of recovery) is usually poor. […] The outlook (prognosis) for people with cholangiocarcinoma is usually poor. […] The five-year survival rate for cholangiocarcinoma that hasnt spread outside of the bile ducts ranges from 18% to 23%. That number drops to 2% to 3% for cancer thats spread beyond bile ducts. […] Still, its important to remember that new cancer treatments are continually improving survival rates and the experiences of people living with cancer. Five-year survival rates reporting on statistics from previous years dont reflect these developments.
  • #10 Long-term outcome and prognostic factors of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4146927/
    AIM: To evaluate the long-term outcome and prognostic factors of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. […] The prognosis of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma is poor, and the survival rate reported so far describes a very limited life expectancy 3 mo if no treatment is offered. […] Initial bilirubin level is a significant prognostic factor for survival of patients. In contrast, age, tumor stage according to the Bismuth-Corlette classification, and types of intervention are not significant prognostic parameters for survival. […] Most important, we found that bilirubin levels at initial diagnosis were a significant prognostic parameter. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that bilirubin levels seemed to correlate with the survival time. […] In conclusion, bilirubin level is a significant prognostic factor for the survival of patients. Endoscopic and/or percutaneous biliary drainage represents the mainstream of palliative treatment for patients with non-resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
  • #11 Long-term outcome and prognostic factors of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4146927/
    AIM: To evaluate the long-term outcome and prognostic factors of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. […] The prognosis of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma is poor, and the survival rate reported so far describes a very limited life expectancy 3 mo if no treatment is offered. […] Initial bilirubin level is a significant prognostic factor for survival of patients. In contrast, age, tumor stage according to the Bismuth-Corlette classification, and types of intervention are not significant prognostic parameters for survival. […] Most important, we found that bilirubin levels at initial diagnosis were a significant prognostic parameter. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that bilirubin levels seemed to correlate with the survival time. […] In conclusion, bilirubin level is a significant prognostic factor for the survival of patients. Endoscopic and/or percutaneous biliary drainage represents the mainstream of palliative treatment for patients with non-resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
  • #12 Prognostic factors in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70124-z
    Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second commonly-seen liver malignancy and one of the most fatal cancers in Taiwan. Survival after diagnosis of ICC remains poor. Long-term survival in patients with ICC is very poor. Compared to non-surgical patients, surgery conveys approximately 18% and 12% better OS rates at 3-year and 5-year, respectively. Early detection and surgical intervention may improve OS substantially in patients with ICC. The outcome after treatment for ICC is far from expectation possibly due to the lack of an effective adjuvant therapy, the aggressive nature of the disease, and the critical location of the tumor in close proximity to vital structures. The majority of patients have unresectable disease and surgery is effective in only 25% to 30% of patients. The effect of adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy/radiotherapy) is inconclusive for patients with ICC who either did or did not undergo surgery. Long-term outcomes for patients with ICC were poor as observed in the current study. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma accounted for less than 8% of primary liver malignancy, and only 32.3% of patients with ICC could initially be managed with liver resection. Most patients (55.6%) presented with stage IV disease when first diagnosed. About 72% of patients with ICC were found to have severe (stage III or IV) disease initially. This condition inherently contributed to the poor prognosis of patients with ICC. Surgery was associated with better outcomes for patients with all stages, though surgical benefit attenuated as stage aggravated. Chemotherapy might be associated with improved prognosis only in patients with disease of stage III or less. The use of chemotherapy for patients with stage IV did not have significant improvement of OS and CSS. The use of radiotherapy was not associated with improved survival either in patients with stages III or IV disease. Other prognostic factors related to OS included age, perioperative AFP level and vascular invasion. The long-term survival of patients with ICC is very poor. Even in the surgery group (all stages), the 5- and 8-year OS rates for patients with ICC were only 36.4% and 32.5%, respectively. Prognostic factors included age, surgery, primary tumor size, multiple tumors, vascular invasion, and negative surgical margin. Chemotherapy was associated with improved survival in patients with stages I-III disease, but not with stage IV disease. Based on the fact of dominantly late stage and poor prognosis, early detection and appropriate treatment (surgery or chemotherapy) will increase survival in patients with ICC.
  • #13 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    Most patients require an (extended) hemi-hepatectomy with lymphadenectomy of at least six locoregional lymph nodes for adequate staging. […] The presence of cancer-related symptoms (such as abdominal pain or malaise) or the degree of liver function impairment can also affect prognosis. […] Overall, the multifaceted interplay of CAFs with tumour cells, immune cells, lymphatic endothelial cells and ECM is continuously evolving and could offer potential therapeutic targets. […] The high heterogeneity and chemoresistance of CCAs represent a limitation for common therapeutic strategies, but it is a unique opportunity for personalized, targeted therapies. […] The known risk factors for CCA are only involved in 20% of cases, indicating the urgent need to ascertain other causes of disease to improve awareness and screening policies for early diagnosis, which might substantially influence patient outcomes. […] CCA management nowadays requires dedicated centres with multidisciplinary expertise that enable the proper translation of basic investigations to clinical practice.
  • #14 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    The presence of Bismuth type IV pCCA (involving both the right and left intrahepatic ducts) is no longer an absolute contraindication for complete resection since it is associated with an OS similar to that in patients with less extensive biliary extension. […] However, tumour abutment on imaging of the main portal vein or common hepatic artery exceeding 180 is associated with a poor prognosis. […] In a study investigating long-term outcomes after resection of iCCA, the median OS in patients with a solitary iCCA was 43.2 months, versus 21.2 months in those with two tumours and 15.3 months in those with three or more tumours. […] The majority of patients with iCCA present with large tumours (median size 6cm). […] The goal of surgery is a complete margin-negative resection (R0) with an adequate future liver remnant.
  • #15 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    The presence of Bismuth type IV pCCA (involving both the right and left intrahepatic ducts) is no longer an absolute contraindication for complete resection since it is associated with an OS similar to that in patients with less extensive biliary extension. […] However, tumour abutment on imaging of the main portal vein or common hepatic artery exceeding 180 is associated with a poor prognosis. […] In a study investigating long-term outcomes after resection of iCCA, the median OS in patients with a solitary iCCA was 43.2 months, versus 21.2 months in those with two tumours and 15.3 months in those with three or more tumours. […] The majority of patients with iCCA present with large tumours (median size 6cm). […] The goal of surgery is a complete margin-negative resection (R0) with an adequate future liver remnant.
  • #16 Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management – Soares – Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
    https://hbsn.amegroups.org/article/view/3374/html
    Lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, positive histologic margins, and higher T stage have all been associated with worse survival and increased recurrence. […] Over the last decade, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has shown promise in the treatment of unresectable HC. […] Five-year survival after OLT when combined with neoadjuvant therapy in HC arising in the setting of PSC is over 70% and should therefore be considered the standard of care for this specific patient population. […] In conclusion, HC is a rare but aggressive disease with a dismal long-term prognosis.
  • #17 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    The presence of Bismuth type IV pCCA (involving both the right and left intrahepatic ducts) is no longer an absolute contraindication for complete resection since it is associated with an OS similar to that in patients with less extensive biliary extension. […] However, tumour abutment on imaging of the main portal vein or common hepatic artery exceeding 180 is associated with a poor prognosis. […] In a study investigating long-term outcomes after resection of iCCA, the median OS in patients with a solitary iCCA was 43.2 months, versus 21.2 months in those with two tumours and 15.3 months in those with three or more tumours. […] The majority of patients with iCCA present with large tumours (median size 6cm). […] The goal of surgery is a complete margin-negative resection (R0) with an adequate future liver remnant.
  • #18 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    The presence of Bismuth type IV pCCA (involving both the right and left intrahepatic ducts) is no longer an absolute contraindication for complete resection since it is associated with an OS similar to that in patients with less extensive biliary extension. […] However, tumour abutment on imaging of the main portal vein or common hepatic artery exceeding 180 is associated with a poor prognosis. […] In a study investigating long-term outcomes after resection of iCCA, the median OS in patients with a solitary iCCA was 43.2 months, versus 21.2 months in those with two tumours and 15.3 months in those with three or more tumours. […] The majority of patients with iCCA present with large tumours (median size 6cm). […] The goal of surgery is a complete margin-negative resection (R0) with an adequate future liver remnant.
  • #19 Long-term outcome and prognostic factors of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4146927/
    AIM: To evaluate the long-term outcome and prognostic factors of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. […] The prognosis of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma is poor, and the survival rate reported so far describes a very limited life expectancy 3 mo if no treatment is offered. […] Initial bilirubin level is a significant prognostic factor for survival of patients. In contrast, age, tumor stage according to the Bismuth-Corlette classification, and types of intervention are not significant prognostic parameters for survival. […] Most important, we found that bilirubin levels at initial diagnosis were a significant prognostic parameter. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that bilirubin levels seemed to correlate with the survival time. […] In conclusion, bilirubin level is a significant prognostic factor for the survival of patients. Endoscopic and/or percutaneous biliary drainage represents the mainstream of palliative treatment for patients with non-resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
  • #20 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    A total of 2031 patients were included and the median overall survival for the overall cohort was 5.2 (95% CI 4.75.7) months. […] Median overall survival was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months in the 310 (15%) patients who underwent surgical resection, 12.2 (95% CI 11.013.3) months in the 271 (13%) who underwent palliative systemic treatment, and 2.9 (95% CI 2.63.2) months in the 1429 (70%) who underwent best supportive care only. […] In patients with pCCA, resection rate and overall survival were higher for patients who were diagnosed in academic centres. […] Median overall survival was 9.7 (95% CI 7.711.7) months in academic centres compared to 4.9 (95% CI 4.35.4) months in nonacademic centres (P .001). […] Overall survival was dependent of age, gender, the presence of metastases, treatment and socioeconomic status.
  • #21 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    A total of 2031 patients were included and the median overall survival for the overall cohort was 5.2 (95% CI 4.75.7) months. […] Median overall survival was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months in the 310 (15%) patients who underwent surgical resection, 12.2 (95% CI 11.013.3) months in the 271 (13%) who underwent palliative systemic treatment, and 2.9 (95% CI 2.63.2) months in the 1429 (70%) who underwent best supportive care only. […] In patients with pCCA, resection rate and overall survival were higher for patients who were diagnosed in academic centres. […] Median overall survival was 9.7 (95% CI 7.711.7) months in academic centres compared to 4.9 (95% CI 4.35.4) months in nonacademic centres (P .001). […] Overall survival was dependent of age, gender, the presence of metastases, treatment and socioeconomic status.
  • #22 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    A total of 2031 patients were included and the median overall survival for the overall cohort was 5.2 (95% CI 4.75.7) months. […] Median overall survival was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months in the 310 (15%) patients who underwent surgical resection, 12.2 (95% CI 11.013.3) months in the 271 (13%) who underwent palliative systemic treatment, and 2.9 (95% CI 2.63.2) months in the 1429 (70%) who underwent best supportive care only. […] In patients with pCCA, resection rate and overall survival were higher for patients who were diagnosed in academic centres. […] Median overall survival was 9.7 (95% CI 7.711.7) months in academic centres compared to 4.9 (95% CI 4.35.4) months in nonacademic centres (P .001). […] Overall survival was dependent of age, gender, the presence of metastases, treatment and socioeconomic status.
  • #23 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    Overall survival differed according to the type of treatment. […] A curative-intent resection was performed in 310 patients (15% of all patients) and median overall survival in these patients was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months. […] The overall survival benefit of patients diagnosed in academic centres can be partially attributed to the difference in resection rate between patients diagnosed in academic and nonacademic centres. […] The high mortality after resection, especially in elderly patients is in line with previous literature. […] Patients with a diagnosis in an academic center that underwent supportive care had higher survival rates compared to those diagnosed in nonacademic centres. […] Despite an increase in resection rate over the study years, the difference in resection rate remains substantial between patients diagnosed in academic and nonacademic centres.
  • #24 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    Overall survival differed according to the type of treatment. […] A curative-intent resection was performed in 310 patients (15% of all patients) and median overall survival in these patients was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months. […] The overall survival benefit of patients diagnosed in academic centres can be partially attributed to the difference in resection rate between patients diagnosed in academic and nonacademic centres. […] The high mortality after resection, especially in elderly patients is in line with previous literature. […] Patients with a diagnosis in an academic center that underwent supportive care had higher survival rates compared to those diagnosed in nonacademic centres. […] Despite an increase in resection rate over the study years, the difference in resection rate remains substantial between patients diagnosed in academic and nonacademic centres.
  • #25 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    Overall survival differed according to the type of treatment. […] A curative-intent resection was performed in 310 patients (15% of all patients) and median overall survival in these patients was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months. […] The overall survival benefit of patients diagnosed in academic centres can be partially attributed to the difference in resection rate between patients diagnosed in academic and nonacademic centres. […] The high mortality after resection, especially in elderly patients is in line with previous literature. […] Patients with a diagnosis in an academic center that underwent supportive care had higher survival rates compared to those diagnosed in nonacademic centres. […] Despite an increase in resection rate over the study years, the difference in resection rate remains substantial between patients diagnosed in academic and nonacademic centres.
  • #26 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    Overall survival differed according to the type of treatment. […] A curative-intent resection was performed in 310 patients (15% of all patients) and median overall survival in these patients was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months. […] The overall survival benefit of patients diagnosed in academic centres can be partially attributed to the difference in resection rate between patients diagnosed in academic and nonacademic centres. […] The high mortality after resection, especially in elderly patients is in line with previous literature. […] Patients with a diagnosis in an academic center that underwent supportive care had higher survival rates compared to those diagnosed in nonacademic centres. […] Despite an increase in resection rate over the study years, the difference in resection rate remains substantial between patients diagnosed in academic and nonacademic centres.
  • #27 Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management – Soares – Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
    https://hbsn.amegroups.org/article/view/3374/html
    Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis which typically presents in the 6th decade of life. […] A variety of risk factors have been associated with HC, most notably primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), biliary stone disease and parasitic liver disease. […] Lymph node invasion, tumor grade and negative margins are important prognostic indicators. […] Five-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40% however, recurrence can be as high as 50-70% even after R0 resection. […] Despite the limited data, chemotherapy is indicated for patients with unresectable tumors and adequate functional status. […] In general, 5-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40%. […] Of note, even following an R0 resection, recurrence can be as high as 50-70%.
  • #28 Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management – Soares – Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
    https://hbsn.amegroups.org/article/view/3374/html
    Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis which typically presents in the 6th decade of life. […] A variety of risk factors have been associated with HC, most notably primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), biliary stone disease and parasitic liver disease. […] Lymph node invasion, tumor grade and negative margins are important prognostic indicators. […] Five-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40% however, recurrence can be as high as 50-70% even after R0 resection. […] Despite the limited data, chemotherapy is indicated for patients with unresectable tumors and adequate functional status. […] In general, 5-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40%. […] Of note, even following an R0 resection, recurrence can be as high as 50-70%.
  • #29 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    The presence of Bismuth type IV pCCA (involving both the right and left intrahepatic ducts) is no longer an absolute contraindication for complete resection since it is associated with an OS similar to that in patients with less extensive biliary extension. […] However, tumour abutment on imaging of the main portal vein or common hepatic artery exceeding 180 is associated with a poor prognosis. […] In a study investigating long-term outcomes after resection of iCCA, the median OS in patients with a solitary iCCA was 43.2 months, versus 21.2 months in those with two tumours and 15.3 months in those with three or more tumours. […] The majority of patients with iCCA present with large tumours (median size 6cm). […] The goal of surgery is a complete margin-negative resection (R0) with an adequate future liver remnant.
  • #30 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    Most patients require an (extended) hemi-hepatectomy with lymphadenectomy of at least six locoregional lymph nodes for adequate staging. […] The presence of cancer-related symptoms (such as abdominal pain or malaise) or the degree of liver function impairment can also affect prognosis. […] Overall, the multifaceted interplay of CAFs with tumour cells, immune cells, lymphatic endothelial cells and ECM is continuously evolving and could offer potential therapeutic targets. […] The high heterogeneity and chemoresistance of CCAs represent a limitation for common therapeutic strategies, but it is a unique opportunity for personalized, targeted therapies. […] The known risk factors for CCA are only involved in 20% of cases, indicating the urgent need to ascertain other causes of disease to improve awareness and screening policies for early diagnosis, which might substantially influence patient outcomes. […] CCA management nowadays requires dedicated centres with multidisciplinary expertise that enable the proper translation of basic investigations to clinical practice.
  • #31 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    Overall survival differed according to the type of treatment. […] A curative-intent resection was performed in 310 patients (15% of all patients) and median overall survival in these patients was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months. […] The overall survival benefit of patients diagnosed in academic centres can be partially attributed to the difference in resection rate between patients diagnosed in academic and nonacademic centres. […] The high mortality after resection, especially in elderly patients is in line with previous literature. […] Patients with a diagnosis in an academic center that underwent supportive care had higher survival rates compared to those diagnosed in nonacademic centres. […] Despite an increase in resection rate over the study years, the difference in resection rate remains substantial between patients diagnosed in academic and nonacademic centres.
  • #32 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma
    Bile duct cancer is curable in the early stages if your provider can surgically remove all affected tissue. At this point, a liver transplant may also be a potential option for curing cholangiocarcinoma. […] But only a small amount of bile duct cancers are curable because theyre usually not diagnosed until the cancer has already spread. At this point, its impossible to get rid of cholangiocarcinoma with surgery alone.
  • #33 Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21524-cholangiocarcinoma
    Bile duct cancer is curable in the early stages if your provider can surgically remove all affected tissue. At this point, a liver transplant may also be a potential option for curing cholangiocarcinoma. […] But only a small amount of bile duct cancers are curable because theyre usually not diagnosed until the cancer has already spread. At this point, its impossible to get rid of cholangiocarcinoma with surgery alone.
  • #34 Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management – Soares – Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
    https://hbsn.amegroups.org/article/view/3374/html
    Lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, positive histologic margins, and higher T stage have all been associated with worse survival and increased recurrence. […] Over the last decade, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has shown promise in the treatment of unresectable HC. […] Five-year survival after OLT when combined with neoadjuvant therapy in HC arising in the setting of PSC is over 70% and should therefore be considered the standard of care for this specific patient population. […] In conclusion, HC is a rare but aggressive disease with a dismal long-term prognosis.
  • #35 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    A total of 2031 patients were included and the median overall survival for the overall cohort was 5.2 (95% CI 4.75.7) months. […] Median overall survival was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months in the 310 (15%) patients who underwent surgical resection, 12.2 (95% CI 11.013.3) months in the 271 (13%) who underwent palliative systemic treatment, and 2.9 (95% CI 2.63.2) months in the 1429 (70%) who underwent best supportive care only. […] In patients with pCCA, resection rate and overall survival were higher for patients who were diagnosed in academic centres. […] Median overall survival was 9.7 (95% CI 7.711.7) months in academic centres compared to 4.9 (95% CI 4.35.4) months in nonacademic centres (P .001). […] Overall survival was dependent of age, gender, the presence of metastases, treatment and socioeconomic status.
  • #36 Nationwide treatment and outcomes of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8359996/
    A total of 2031 patients were included and the median overall survival for the overall cohort was 5.2 (95% CI 4.75.7) months. […] Median overall survival was 29.6 (95% CI 25.234.0) months in the 310 (15%) patients who underwent surgical resection, 12.2 (95% CI 11.013.3) months in the 271 (13%) who underwent palliative systemic treatment, and 2.9 (95% CI 2.63.2) months in the 1429 (70%) who underwent best supportive care only. […] In patients with pCCA, resection rate and overall survival were higher for patients who were diagnosed in academic centres. […] Median overall survival was 9.7 (95% CI 7.711.7) months in academic centres compared to 4.9 (95% CI 4.35.4) months in nonacademic centres (P .001). […] Overall survival was dependent of age, gender, the presence of metastases, treatment and socioeconomic status.
  • #37 Long-term outcome and prognostic factors of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4146927/
    AIM: To evaluate the long-term outcome and prognostic factors of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. […] The prognosis of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma is poor, and the survival rate reported so far describes a very limited life expectancy 3 mo if no treatment is offered. […] Initial bilirubin level is a significant prognostic factor for survival of patients. In contrast, age, tumor stage according to the Bismuth-Corlette classification, and types of intervention are not significant prognostic parameters for survival. […] Most important, we found that bilirubin levels at initial diagnosis were a significant prognostic parameter. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that bilirubin levels seemed to correlate with the survival time. […] In conclusion, bilirubin level is a significant prognostic factor for the survival of patients. Endoscopic and/or percutaneous biliary drainage represents the mainstream of palliative treatment for patients with non-resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
  • #38 Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management – Soares – Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
    https://hbsn.amegroups.org/article/view/3374/html
    Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis which typically presents in the 6th decade of life. […] A variety of risk factors have been associated with HC, most notably primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), biliary stone disease and parasitic liver disease. […] Lymph node invasion, tumor grade and negative margins are important prognostic indicators. […] Five-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40% however, recurrence can be as high as 50-70% even after R0 resection. […] Despite the limited data, chemotherapy is indicated for patients with unresectable tumors and adequate functional status. […] In general, 5-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40%. […] Of note, even following an R0 resection, recurrence can be as high as 50-70%.
  • #39 Prognostic factors in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70124-z
    Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second commonly-seen liver malignancy and one of the most fatal cancers in Taiwan. Survival after diagnosis of ICC remains poor. Long-term survival in patients with ICC is very poor. Compared to non-surgical patients, surgery conveys approximately 18% and 12% better OS rates at 3-year and 5-year, respectively. Early detection and surgical intervention may improve OS substantially in patients with ICC. The outcome after treatment for ICC is far from expectation possibly due to the lack of an effective adjuvant therapy, the aggressive nature of the disease, and the critical location of the tumor in close proximity to vital structures. The majority of patients have unresectable disease and surgery is effective in only 25% to 30% of patients. The effect of adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy/radiotherapy) is inconclusive for patients with ICC who either did or did not undergo surgery. Long-term outcomes for patients with ICC were poor as observed in the current study. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma accounted for less than 8% of primary liver malignancy, and only 32.3% of patients with ICC could initially be managed with liver resection. Most patients (55.6%) presented with stage IV disease when first diagnosed. About 72% of patients with ICC were found to have severe (stage III or IV) disease initially. This condition inherently contributed to the poor prognosis of patients with ICC. Surgery was associated with better outcomes for patients with all stages, though surgical benefit attenuated as stage aggravated. Chemotherapy might be associated with improved prognosis only in patients with disease of stage III or less. The use of chemotherapy for patients with stage IV did not have significant improvement of OS and CSS. The use of radiotherapy was not associated with improved survival either in patients with stages III or IV disease. Other prognostic factors related to OS included age, perioperative AFP level and vascular invasion. The long-term survival of patients with ICC is very poor. Even in the surgery group (all stages), the 5- and 8-year OS rates for patients with ICC were only 36.4% and 32.5%, respectively. Prognostic factors included age, surgery, primary tumor size, multiple tumors, vascular invasion, and negative surgical margin. Chemotherapy was associated with improved survival in patients with stages I-III disease, but not with stage IV disease. Based on the fact of dominantly late stage and poor prognosis, early detection and appropriate treatment (surgery or chemotherapy) will increase survival in patients with ICC.
  • #40 Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management – Soares – Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition
    https://hbsn.amegroups.org/article/view/3374/html
    Lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, positive histologic margins, and higher T stage have all been associated with worse survival and increased recurrence. […] Over the last decade, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has shown promise in the treatment of unresectable HC. […] Five-year survival after OLT when combined with neoadjuvant therapy in HC arising in the setting of PSC is over 70% and should therefore be considered the standard of care for this specific patient population. […] In conclusion, HC is a rare but aggressive disease with a dismal long-term prognosis.
  • #41 Prognostic factors in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70124-z
    Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second commonly-seen liver malignancy and one of the most fatal cancers in Taiwan. Survival after diagnosis of ICC remains poor. Long-term survival in patients with ICC is very poor. Compared to non-surgical patients, surgery conveys approximately 18% and 12% better OS rates at 3-year and 5-year, respectively. Early detection and surgical intervention may improve OS substantially in patients with ICC. The outcome after treatment for ICC is far from expectation possibly due to the lack of an effective adjuvant therapy, the aggressive nature of the disease, and the critical location of the tumor in close proximity to vital structures. The majority of patients have unresectable disease and surgery is effective in only 25% to 30% of patients. The effect of adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy/radiotherapy) is inconclusive for patients with ICC who either did or did not undergo surgery. Long-term outcomes for patients with ICC were poor as observed in the current study. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma accounted for less than 8% of primary liver malignancy, and only 32.3% of patients with ICC could initially be managed with liver resection. Most patients (55.6%) presented with stage IV disease when first diagnosed. About 72% of patients with ICC were found to have severe (stage III or IV) disease initially. This condition inherently contributed to the poor prognosis of patients with ICC. Surgery was associated with better outcomes for patients with all stages, though surgical benefit attenuated as stage aggravated. Chemotherapy might be associated with improved prognosis only in patients with disease of stage III or less. The use of chemotherapy for patients with stage IV did not have significant improvement of OS and CSS. The use of radiotherapy was not associated with improved survival either in patients with stages III or IV disease. Other prognostic factors related to OS included age, perioperative AFP level and vascular invasion. The long-term survival of patients with ICC is very poor. Even in the surgery group (all stages), the 5- and 8-year OS rates for patients with ICC were only 36.4% and 32.5%, respectively. Prognostic factors included age, surgery, primary tumor size, multiple tumors, vascular invasion, and negative surgical margin. Chemotherapy was associated with improved survival in patients with stages I-III disease, but not with stage IV disease. Based on the fact of dominantly late stage and poor prognosis, early detection and appropriate treatment (surgery or chemotherapy) will increase survival in patients with ICC.
  • #42 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    Most patients require an (extended) hemi-hepatectomy with lymphadenectomy of at least six locoregional lymph nodes for adequate staging. […] The presence of cancer-related symptoms (such as abdominal pain or malaise) or the degree of liver function impairment can also affect prognosis. […] Overall, the multifaceted interplay of CAFs with tumour cells, immune cells, lymphatic endothelial cells and ECM is continuously evolving and could offer potential therapeutic targets. […] The high heterogeneity and chemoresistance of CCAs represent a limitation for common therapeutic strategies, but it is a unique opportunity for personalized, targeted therapies. […] The known risk factors for CCA are only involved in 20% of cases, indicating the urgent need to ascertain other causes of disease to improve awareness and screening policies for early diagnosis, which might substantially influence patient outcomes. […] CCA management nowadays requires dedicated centres with multidisciplinary expertise that enable the proper translation of basic investigations to clinical practice.
  • #43 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    Most patients require an (extended) hemi-hepatectomy with lymphadenectomy of at least six locoregional lymph nodes for adequate staging. […] The presence of cancer-related symptoms (such as abdominal pain or malaise) or the degree of liver function impairment can also affect prognosis. […] Overall, the multifaceted interplay of CAFs with tumour cells, immune cells, lymphatic endothelial cells and ECM is continuously evolving and could offer potential therapeutic targets. […] The high heterogeneity and chemoresistance of CCAs represent a limitation for common therapeutic strategies, but it is a unique opportunity for personalized, targeted therapies. […] The known risk factors for CCA are only involved in 20% of cases, indicating the urgent need to ascertain other causes of disease to improve awareness and screening policies for early diagnosis, which might substantially influence patient outcomes. […] CCA management nowadays requires dedicated centres with multidisciplinary expertise that enable the proper translation of basic investigations to clinical practice.
  • #44 Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0310-z
    Most patients require an (extended) hemi-hepatectomy with lymphadenectomy of at least six locoregional lymph nodes for adequate staging. […] The presence of cancer-related symptoms (such as abdominal pain or malaise) or the degree of liver function impairment can also affect prognosis. […] Overall, the multifaceted interplay of CAFs with tumour cells, immune cells, lymphatic endothelial cells and ECM is continuously evolving and could offer potential therapeutic targets. […] The high heterogeneity and chemoresistance of CCAs represent a limitation for common therapeutic strategies, but it is a unique opportunity for personalized, targeted therapies. […] The known risk factors for CCA are only involved in 20% of cases, indicating the urgent need to ascertain other causes of disease to improve awareness and screening policies for early diagnosis, which might substantially influence patient outcomes. […] CCA management nowadays requires dedicated centres with multidisciplinary expertise that enable the proper translation of basic investigations to clinical practice.
  • #45 Prognostic factors in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-70124-z
    Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second commonly-seen liver malignancy and one of the most fatal cancers in Taiwan. Survival after diagnosis of ICC remains poor. Long-term survival in patients with ICC is very poor. Compared to non-surgical patients, surgery conveys approximately 18% and 12% better OS rates at 3-year and 5-year, respectively. Early detection and surgical intervention may improve OS substantially in patients with ICC. The outcome after treatment for ICC is far from expectation possibly due to the lack of an effective adjuvant therapy, the aggressive nature of the disease, and the critical location of the tumor in close proximity to vital structures. The majority of patients have unresectable disease and surgery is effective in only 25% to 30% of patients. The effect of adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy/radiotherapy) is inconclusive for patients with ICC who either did or did not undergo surgery. Long-term outcomes for patients with ICC were poor as observed in the current study. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma accounted for less than 8% of primary liver malignancy, and only 32.3% of patients with ICC could initially be managed with liver resection. Most patients (55.6%) presented with stage IV disease when first diagnosed. About 72% of patients with ICC were found to have severe (stage III or IV) disease initially. This condition inherently contributed to the poor prognosis of patients with ICC. Surgery was associated with better outcomes for patients with all stages, though surgical benefit attenuated as stage aggravated. Chemotherapy might be associated with improved prognosis only in patients with disease of stage III or less. The use of chemotherapy for patients with stage IV did not have significant improvement of OS and CSS. The use of radiotherapy was not associated with improved survival either in patients with stages III or IV disease. Other prognostic factors related to OS included age, perioperative AFP level and vascular invasion. The long-term survival of patients with ICC is very poor. Even in the surgery group (all stages), the 5- and 8-year OS rates for patients with ICC were only 36.4% and 32.5%, respectively. Prognostic factors included age, surgery, primary tumor size, multiple tumors, vascular invasion, and negative surgical margin. Chemotherapy was associated with improved survival in patients with stages I-III disease, but not with stage IV disease. Based on the fact of dominantly late stage and poor prognosis, early detection and appropriate treatment (surgery or chemotherapy) will increase survival in patients with ICC.