Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Silicosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594245/

  Silicosis is a preventable disease with significant morbidity and mortality that has no cure. […] Silicosis, a type of pneumoconiosis, occurs secondary to the inhalation of RCS and causes progressive, irreversible, and fatal lung inflammation and fibrosis. […] The many diverse forms of silica can be used in various ways. […] Since the early 1990s, denim and artificial stone production have been some of the largest silica-based industries. […] These contemporary manufacturing processes have contributed to the reemergence of silicosis. […] Cumulative respiratory exposure to silica has been identified as the primary factor associated with the development of lung pathology and is impacted by the exposure duration and intensity. […] The newer industries of sand-blasting denim and engineered stone have been associated with alarmingly high rates of silicosis.

• #1 Silicosis – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/silicosis

  Silicosis is a serious chronic (ongoing) lung condition caused by silica dust. […] Silicosis is a long-term lung disease that is caused by inhaling (breathing in) silica dust. Silica is a mineral found in soil, sand and many natural rocks. […] If you work with materials containing silica without proper protective equipment, you can inhale a fine dust. Your body can get rid of some dust. But your lungs can’t cope if: you inhale a lot of silica dust over a long period; you work with products containing a high amount of silica. […] The silica dust damages your lungs over time. […] The types of silicosis, which are based on the type of exposure and the effects on your lungs, include: Acute silicosis which develops within weeks or months of exposure to very high levels of silica dust; Accelerated silicosis due to exposure to large amounts of silica dust for less than 10 years; Chronic silicosis due to exposure to low levels of silica dust for more than 10 years.

• #1 Silicosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment (2025)

  https://www.respiratorytherapyzone.com/silicosis/

  Silicosis is caused primarily by the inhalation of crystalline silica dust, which is commonly encountered in various industries and activities. […] Key sources include: Mining and Quarrying: Operations involving the extraction of minerals and rock often release silica dust. […] Construction: Cutting, grinding, or drilling concrete, stone, and other building materials releases silica particles. […] Sandblasting: The high-pressure blasting of sand to clean or finish surfaces generates significant silica dust. […] Manufacturing: Industries that process stone, clay, and glass, or produce cement often involve silica dust. […] Agriculture: Soil in certain areas can contain natural silica, becoming airborne during plowing or other activities. […] Foundries: Casting processes using silica sand as a mold material can expose workers to silica dust. […] Note: Consistent, prolonged exposure to these fine silica particles, particularly without adequate respiratory protection, leads to the development of silicosis.

• #1 Silicosis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/environmental-and-occupational-lung-diseases/silicosis

  Silicosis is permanent scarring of the lungs caused by inhaling silica (quartz) dust. […] Silicosis is caused by inhalation of tiny particles of crystalline silica (usually quartz). […] Workers at greatest risk are those who move or blast rock and sand (miners, quarry workers, stonecutters, construction workers) or who use silica-containing rock or sand abrasives (sand blasters, glass makers, foundry, gemstone, and ceramic workers, potters). […] Factors that influence the incidence and severity of silicosis include Duration and intensity of exposure and Form and surface characteristics of the silica particles. […] When inhaled, silica dust passes into the lungs, and scavenger cells such as macrophages engulf it. […] Enzymes released by the scavenger cells cause the lung tissue to scar and form nodules.

• #1 Silicosis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/environmental-and-occupational-pulmonary-diseases/silicosis

  Silicosis is caused by inhalation of respirable crystalline silica dust and is characterized by nodular pulmonary fibrosis. […] Silicosis is caused by inhalation of respirable particles of crystalline silica (usually quartz). […] Workers at greatest risk are those who move or blast rock and sand (miners, quarry workers, stonecutters, construction workers) or who use silica-containing rock or sand abrasives (sand blasters, glass makers, foundry, gemstone, and ceramic workers, potters). […] Outbreaks of severe silicosis have also been identified in workers in the engineered stone industry. […] Factors that influence the incidence and severity of silicosis include duration and intensity of exposure and form and surface characteristics of the silica particles. […] Amorphous silica, such as glass or diatomaceous earth, does not have a crystalline structure and does not cause silicosis.

• #1 Silicosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicosis

  Silicosis is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust. […] Silicosis is due to deposition of fine respirable dust (less than 10 micrometers in diameter) containing crystalline silicon dioxide in the form of alpha-quartz, cristobalite, or tridymite. […] The name silicosis (from the Latin silex, or flint) was originally used in 1870 by Achille Visconti. […] With industrialization, as opposed to hand tools, came increased production of dust. […] In the early 21st century, an epidemic of silicosis was caused by the unsafe manufacturing of engineered stone countertops containing quartz (and obsidian), which became popular. […] Silicosis can become „complicated” by the development of severe scarring (progressive massive fibrosis, or also known as conglomerate silicosis), where the small nodules gradually become confluent, reaching a size of 1 cm or greater.

• #1 Silicosis Causes – Silicosis Hub

  https://silicosis.org.au/about-silicosis/silicosis-causes/

  Once silica dust enters your lungs, it can’t be easily removed. Over time, it causes scarring and irreversible damage. […] When you breathe in silica dust, it becomes trapped in tiny air sacs in your lungs called alveoli. Your body’s immune system sends white blood cells (macrophages) to remove the dust, but silica particles are too strong to break down. Instead, the immune cells die, releasing toxic chemicals that trigger ongoing inflammation and scarring. […] Even a small amount of silica dust can cause lasting lung damage. […] High exposure, even for a short term, can cause acute silicosis. […] Yes. Acute silicosis can develop after a few weeks of high exposure. […] Chronic silicosis takes 10-30 years, but acute silicosis can develop within months.

• #1 Silicosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22534002/

  Silicosis is a fibrotic lung disease caused by inhalation of free crystalline silicon dioxide or silica. […] Occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica dust particles occurs in many industries. […] Phagocytosis of crystalline silica in the lung causes lysosomal damage, activating the NALP3 inflammasome and triggering the inflammatory cascade with subsequent fibrosis. […] Mycobacterial diseases, airway obstruction, and lung cancer are associated with silica dust exposure. […] Occupational Diseases* / etiology […] Silicosis* / etiology

• #1 Silicosis Causes | Understanding the Risks of Silica Exposure

  https://silicosis.com/causes

  Silicosis is a debilitating and often fatal lung disease among workers who are employed in mining, tunneling, rock quarrying, rock drilling, crushing stone, chipping, grinding, sandblasting, grinding or polishing in pottery and foundry work, shakeout of molds, construction industry, cutting or manufacturing heat-resistant bricks (fire brick) and many other occupations that expose workers to silica dust. […] The precise mechanism that triggers the development of silicosis is still unclear. What is known is that particles of silica dust get trapped in the tiny sacs (alveoli) in the lungs where air exchange takes place. White blood cells called macrophages in the alveoli ingest the silica and die. The resulting inflammation attracts other macrophages to the region. The nodule forms when the immune system forms fibrous tissue to seal off the reactive area. The disease process may stop at this point, or speed up and destroy large areas of the lung. The fibrosis may continue even after the worker is no longer exposed to silica.

• #1 Silicosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302027-overview

  Crystalline silica is thought to be the most toxic form. […] Experimental data suggest the fibrogenic potential of silica is in the order of tridymite cristobalite quartz. […] The structure of crystalline silica produces opposite electric charges on opposite sides of the physical structure when pressure is applied onto the crystal. […] Silica-induced oxidative stress stimulates specific transcription factors through interaction with toll-like receptors on alveolar macrophages, mediated through nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-B) and activator protein (AP)-1, which further increases cytokine expression, inducing inflammation and fibrosis. […] Epidemiologic evidence supports the increased risk between occupational exposure to crystalline silica dust and the development of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). […] The prevalence of SLE in males with high levels of silica exposure is 10 times higher than that of the general population. […] Silica dust causes exposed macrophages to release antigenic polysaccharides that activate the reticuloendothelial system.

• #1 Silicosis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116558/all/Silicosis?q=Chronic+cough

  Pneumoconiosis (fibrogenic or carcinogenic) caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust in the form of quartz, cristobalite, or tridymite. Diagnosis is based on history of exposure and radiographic findings (1). […] Multiple mechanisms proposed, mainly inflammatory with macrophage dysfunction. […] Silica is not dissolved in tissue and remains biologically active for long periods. […] Chronic simple silicosis: 10 to 15 years of exposure to silica dust. […] Chronic complicated silicosis: 15 to 20 years of exposure. […] Accelerated silicosis: 5 to 10 years of heavy exposure. […] Acute silicosis: few weeks to 5 years of massive exposure, particularly in sandblasting (2,3).

• #1 Silicosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302027-overview

  The incidence of silicosis (50%-60%) and mortality (10%-100%) for these occupations far outnumber the mortality (6 per 1000 workers) for chronic silicosis within the silica mining industry. […] Excess silica exposures have also been noted in the hydraulic fracturing industry and construction. […] Acute and high-intensity silica exposure can cause type II pneumocyte hyperthrophy and hyperplasia, such that excessive amounts of proteinaceous surfactant is produced within the alveoli. […] Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) occurs in 18%-37% of workers over an average of 5 years of exposure. […] Smoking and continued silica exposures play a significant role in the radiologic progression of silicosis, from simple to chronic, as well as PMF. […] Silicon and oxygen atoms are organized in a fixed pattern in crystalline silica, as opposed to the random orientation of atoms in amorphous silica.

• #1 Silicosis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/environmental-and-occupational-lung-diseases/silicosis

  With higher-intensity or more prolonged exposures, these nodules coalesce (come together) and cause progressive fibrosis and lung dysfunction, or they sometimes form large masses (called progressive massive fibrosis). […] Amorphous silica, such as glass or diatomaceous earth, does not have a crystalline structure and does not cause silicosis.

• #1

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/silicosis.html

  Silicosis is the result of the bodys response to the presence of silica particles in the lung. […] Silicosis is caused by inhaling dust that contains free crystalline silica. […] The development of silicosis is influenced by several factors, which include: Amount and kind of dust inhaled, Amount of free crystalline silica in the dust, Form of the silica (e.g., crystalline, or amorphous), Size of the inhaled particles, Length of exposure, Individual resistance, Smoking habits, Age of worker.

• #1 Silicosis Lawsuit | Dallas Personal Injury Lawyer Dr. Shezad Malik

  https://www.shezadmalik.com/practice-areas/personal-injury-and-wrongful-death/silicosis-lawsuit/

  Silicosis is a lung disease caused by inhaling microscopic bits of silica, a mineral that is part of sand, rock, and mineral ores such as quartz. […] Silicosis is caused by inhaling respirable crystalline silica dust. Crystalline silica is a basic component of soil, sand, granite, and many other minerals. […] The primary cause of silicosis is occupational exposure to silica dust. […] The risk of developing silicosis is related to the cumulative exposure to respirable crystalline silica, meaning both the concentration of silica in the air and the duration of exposure are critical factors. […] Inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as respirators, and poor implementation of engineering controls, such as water sprays or local exhaust ventilation to reduce airborne dust, contribute to the risk.

• #1 What is Silicosis? | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/environmental-surveillance-toxicology/occupational-health/asbestosis-and-silicosis/what-is-silicosis

  Silicosis is a respiratory disease. It occurs from long-term inhalation of respirable crystalline silica dust. […] How does silica cause silicosis? Silica dust particles enter the body through the airways and embed into the lungs air sacs. The immune system is unable to clear out the dust, which causes lung inflammation. This leads to the formation of lung nodules and scarring called pulmonary fibrosis. The negative health effects associated with silicosis usually take years to develop. […] What are potential contributing factors for silicosis? Time period or duration of exposure to silica, how often exposure occurred, products in contact with and whether protective equipment was used, history of smoking.

• #1 Silicosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302027-overview

  Silicosis is a primary pneumoconiosis involving fibronodular lung disease caused by inhalation of silica dust. Quartz, the most common form of crystalline silica, is abundantly present in granite, slate, and sandstone. […] Although silicosis has been recognized for many centuries, its prevalence increased markedly with the introduction of mechanized mining. […] Complications and mortality related to silica exposure is dose-dependent. […] The current exposure limit has been set at 0.05 mg/m3, but even at these levels, the risk of developing simple silicosis over a life-time of work in the environment is 20%-40%. […] More recently, silicosis outbreaks have been associated with certain occupations; these include artificial stone benchtop fabricators, sandblasters and denim jean sandblasters, jewellery polishers, slatepencil stonemasons, metal grinders, agate mill workers, dental suppliers, electric cable manufacturers, and stone crushers.

• #1

  https://www.dw.com/en/why-silica-dust-could-become-the-new-asbestos-health-risk/a-69875518

  Silicosis can lead to other serious diseases, including lung cancer, but scientists aren’t sure exactly how this happens. Some speculate that the silica dust forms deposits in the lungs and that those deposits cause persistent inflammation. […] The researchers found that if average exposure over a 40-year working lifetime in mining was halved, from 0.1 mg/m3 to 0.05 mg/m3, there would be a reduction of silicosis cases by 77%. […] But he said the issue of silicosis was likely to be much worse in developing countries, where there are few or no safety measures for silica dust. […] „Miners in developing countries are exposed to a lifetime’s worth of dust in a year’s work,” he said.

• #1 Silicosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/silicosis

  Silicosis is a lung disease caused by breathing in (inhaling) silica dust. […] Silica is a common, naturally-occurring crystal. It is found in most rock beds. Silica dust forms during mining, quarrying, tunneling, and working with certain metal ores. Silica is a main part of sand, so glass workers and sand-blasters are also exposed to silica. […] Three types of silicosis occur: Chronic silicosis results from long-term exposure (more than 20 years) to low amounts of silica dust. The silica dust causes swelling in the lungs and chest lymph nodes. This disease may cause people to have trouble breathing. This is the most common form of silicosis. […] Accelerated silicosis occurs after exposure to larger amounts of silica over a shorter period of time (3 to 10 years). Swelling in the lungs and symptoms occur faster than in simple silicosis.

• #1 Silicosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/silicosis

  Acute silicosis results from short-term exposure to very large amounts of silica. The lungs become very inflamed and can fill with fluid, causing severe shortness of breath and a low blood oxygen level. […] Intense exposure to silica can cause disease within a year. But it usually takes at least 10 years of exposure before symptoms occur. Silicosis has become less common since the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) created regulations requiring the use of protective equipment, which limits the amount of silica dust workers inhale.

• #1 What’s the Risk?

  https://www.silica-safe.org/know-the-hazard/whats-the-risk

  A workers chance of becoming ill from exposure to silica dust depends on the tasks performed, the amount of dust they are exposed to, and the frequency of the exposures. […] Each exposure to silica adds into the total load of silica in the lungs in other words, each exposure adds to the lung damage. […] As the total dose increases, so does the likelihood, or the risk, for developing silicosis, lung cancer, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Because a high exposure to silica dust overwhelms the lungs defenses and most of the dust settles deep into the lungs where it does the most damage. […] Researchers have developed estimates of the total dose likely to cause disease. […] The likelihood of getting lung cancer from silica exposure follows a similar pattern, with a significant risk at levels around 0.2 mg/m3 over many years, or higher exposures in a shorter period of time.

• #1 Silicosis | Occupational Lung Disease | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/silicosis

  silicosis, a chronic disease of the lungs that is caused by the inhalation of silica dust over long periods of time. […] The disease occurs most commonly in miners, quarry workers, stonecutters, tunnelers, and workers whose jobs involve grinding, sandblasting, polishing, and buffing. […] In most instances, 10 to 20 years of occupational exposure to silica dust are needed for silicosis to develop. […] The disease rarely occurs with exposures to concentrations of less than 6,000,000 particles of silica per cubic foot (about 210,000 per litre) of air. […] Only very small silica particles less than 10 microns (0.0004 inch) in diameter penetrate to the finer air passages of the lungs, and particles of one to three microns do the most damage. […] In the actual disease process, the tiny particles of inhaled silica are taken up in the lungs by scavenger cells, called macrophages, that serve to protect the body from bacterial invasion. […] Silica particles, however, cannot be digested by the macrophages and instead kill them. […] Silicosis predisposes a person to tuberculosis, emphysema, and pneumonia. […] There is no cure for silicosis, and, since there is no effective treatment, control of the disease lies mainly in prevention.

• #1 What Is Silicosis?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/respiratory-health/silicosis

  Various risk factors that are involved in the development of silicosis include: Based on the form of silicon (exposure to the crystalline form of silica has an increased risk than the bound form). […] Depending on the duration and intensity of exposure. […] Depends on the surface characteristics. […] Speed of inhalation after the dust is fractured and converted into airborne. […] Silicosis results from respirable crystalline silica dust inhalation when cutting, grinding, drilling, or crushing materials containing silica. […] The amount of silica dust that results in silicosis varies depending on the size and duration of exposure. […] One exposure to silica may not result in silicosis, but repeated or prolonged exposure can increase the risk of developing the disease. […] Jobs that can result in silicosis include mining, quarrying, and drilling, as well as manufacturing jobs that involve working with silica materials, such as glass, ceramics, and concrete.

• #1 Causes of Silicosis

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/silicosis-causes.htm

  Silicosis is an occupational lung disease. It is caused by the inhalation of: […] Tiny particles of silicon dioxide in the form of crystalline free silica (usually quartz) […] Silicates, minerals containing silicon dioxide bound to other elements, such as talc (less common) […] Factors that increase the chances of acquiring silicosis are: […] Duration and intensity of exposure […] Form of silicon (risk is high in exposure to crystalline form) […] Surface characteristics (risk is high in exposure to uncoated form) […] Exposure immediately after fracturing dust poses greater risk than delayed exposure.

• #1 Silicosis: Causes, Symptoms and Prevention

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/silicosis/

  Silicosis is a progressive lung disease caused by the inhalation of crystalline silica dust. […] The primary cause of silicosis is prolonged exposure to respirable crystalline silica, a mineral commonly found in sand, stone, and concrete. […] The risk is exacerbated by inadequate ventilation and the absence of appropriate protective equipment. […] The prevalence of silicosis is notably higher among workers in industries where silica dust is prevalent. […] Silica dust particles are particularly hazardous due to their small size, allowing them to penetrate deep into the lungs. […] It is caused by inhaling fine particles of silica dust, commonly found in construction, mining, and manufacturing jobs.

• #1 Silicosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594245/

  Although SiNPs show much promise, little is known about their potential adverse effects on humans. […] Long-term occupational exposure to RCS is associated with the development of silicosis, a devastating interstitial lung disease characterized by diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. […] Silicosis is a devastating and incurable condition marked by irreversible lung scarring. […] The prognosis is poor, with a gradually worsening decline in pulmonary function, often leading to the eventual development of respiratory failure and cor pulmonale. […] Although silicosis is currently untreatable, it is undoubtedly preventable. […] Silica exposure and exposure to cigarette smoke have a significant additive, almost multiplicative, effect on the development of lung cancer. […] Additionally, the progression of silicosis may be confused for malignancy or mask the development of early lung cancers.

• #1 Silicosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594245/

  Another important complication of silicosis is the development of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). […] Additionally, although the exact mechanism is not well understood, evidence supports that exposure to silica is linked with the development of certain autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), glomerulonephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #1 Silicosis | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/epi-manual-guide-surveillance-investigation-and-reporting/environmental-disease/silicosis

  Silicosis is an irreversible, progressive disease, especially if further ongoing exposure to respirable crystalline silica is not eliminated. […] Acute silicosis and the rarer accelerated silicosis are caused by intense silica dust exposure over short periods (several months or years). […] Patients with silicosis are at risk for other disorders: Tuberculosis, Lung cancer, Progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), Rheumatoid arthritis. […] All patients with silicosis are at about a 30-fold increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis or nontubercular mycobacterial disease and are more likely to develop both pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations.

• #1 Silicosis – ADDRI

  https://addri.org.au/about-the-diseases/silicosis/

  Silicosis can be prevented by avoiding ongoing exposure to silica dust, wearing protective equipment, wetting down tools and materials to suppress dust (i.e., not dry cutting) and using tools with dust-collecting attachments. […] As at 1 July 2024, engineered stone is banned in most parts of Australia due to the risk to Australian workers of developing silicosis. […] Crystalline silica is extremely dangerous when dust is generated from various work activities and this dust is inhaled. […] There are three types of silicosis based on the level of exposure to respirable crystalline silica: Acute silicosis develops within weeks or months of exposure to very high levels of silica dust. […] Accelerated silicosis due to exposure to large amounts of silica dust for less than 10 years. […] Chronic silicosis due to exposure to low levels of silica dust for more than 10 years. […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis […] Lung cancer […] Chronic kidney disease […] Scleroderma and other autoimmune conditions […] An increased risk of infections such as tuberculosis and fungal diseases.

• #1 What Is Silicosis? | Call Us Today 302-656-5445

  https://www.jcdelaw.com/2021/12/01/silicosis/

  The OSHA has strict standards for workplaces where silica dust is present. […] Workers with chronic silicosis are at higher risk for complications from other illnesses, like tuberculosis, pneumonia, and flu. […] They also commonly develop other lung diseases, such as lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• #1 Silicosis-Causes-Types-Symptoms-Signs-Complications-Diagnosis-Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/silicosis.htm

  Silicosis is a lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline free silica dust. […] It is an occupational disease. […] All patients are at about 30-fold increased risk of pulmonary TB or nontubercular mycobacterial disease. Exposure to silica (without developing silicosis) alone can triple the risk. […] The general term for lung disease caused by inhalation of mineral dust is pneumoconiosis. […] Introduction of mechanized mining brought about an increase in prevalence of silicosis.

• #1 Silicon, Silicates and Silicosis

  https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/silicosis.html

  If you are exposed to dust in the atmosphere from natural or human-caused sources, you may be at risk for permanent health damage due to silicosis. […] Silicon is a naturally occurring element that can cause significant health hazards depending on how and when you become involved with the element. Silicon becomes dangerous when it is airborne and is capable of getting into the air paths of the human body. […] Specifically the silicate particles imbed themselves permanently into the lung tissue making it harder to breathe and essentially over time weakens the immune system and the overall condition of the body. […] Silicosis generally develops over time when there is a consistent exposure of high amount of concentrations of silicates. […] When silicon is in the form of crystalline silica and comes in contact with human lung tissue it is completely toxic. The silicates embed themselves into the lining of the upper lobes in the lungs and create what is recognized as nodular lesions. […] The U.S. National Library of Medicine has stated that people who have silicosis have a higher rate of becoming diagnosed with tuberculosis, due to an unknown connection of silicosis and a weakened immune system.

• #1 Silicosis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/environmental-and-occupational-pulmonary-diseases/silicosis

  Silica exposure is associated with increased risk of COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis). […] Crystalline silica has been identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 human lung carcinogen. […] Several meta-analyses have shown an increase in all histologic types of lung cancer in workers with silicosis. […] Exposure to crystalline silica is associated with increased risk of several systemic rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis.

• #1 Silicosis and Sjögren’s Syndrome | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-silicosis-sjogren-s-syndrome-articulo-S1579212919302447

  Although the etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is often unknown, the interaction of various environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals causes an abnormal immune response. […] Thus, exposure to silica dust, in addition to causing respiratory diseases, is considered a risk factor for the development of certain autoimmune diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vasculitis. […] It has been known since the 1950s that silica exposure is associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. […] Since then, multiple studies have linked silica exposure with autoimmune diseases. […] Inhalation of silica dust causes the activation and apoptosis of alveolar macrophages, with the resulting release of antigens.

• #1 What is silicosis? | Action for Pulmonary Fibrosis

  https://www.actionpf.org/information-support/what-is-silicosis

  Silicosis is a type of pulmonary fibrosis, caused by breathing in silica dust. It usually develops many years after exposure to silica dust. […] Silica dust is naturally found in many types of rock, sand and soil. When silica dust enters the lungs, it can irritate the lungs and cause inflammation. This eventually leads to scarring in the lungs or pulmonary fibrosis. […] Silicosis usually develops 10-20 years after exposure to silica dust, so you may not notice any symptoms until long after your exposure. People who are exposed at work are at higher risk of developing the condition. […] Silicosis is not usually fatal in the UK. Silicosis complications include pulmonary hypertension, COPD and lung cancer.

• #1 Silica, Crystalline – Health Effects | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/silica-crystalline/health-effects

  Breathing in very small („respirable”) crystalline silica particles, causes multiple diseases, including silicosis, an incurable lung disease that leads to disability and death. […] Breathing crystalline silica dust can cause silicosis, which in severe cases can be disabling, or even fatal. […] Silicosis typically occurs after 15–20 years of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica. […] Because silicosis affects the immune system, exposure to silica increases the risk of lung infections, such as tuberculosis. […] In rare instances, individuals exposed to very high concentrations of respirable crystalline silica can develop typical silicosis symptoms as well as fever and weight loss within weeks instead of years. […] Studies of workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica have found that these workers are at increased risk of developing kidney disease. […] Silica, Crystalline (Respirable Size). NTP classification: Known to be a human carcinogen. […] IARC Classification: Carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

• #1 Silicosis – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/silicosis

  Not everyone who works with silica dust develops silicosis. The chances of getting silicosis depend on: how much silica dust you come into contact with; how long you were exposed to it for. […] Silicosis can be prevented by: avoiding prolonged exposure to silica dust; wearing effective protective equipment, such as masks; wetting down tools and materials to suppress dust; using tools that have dust-collecting attachments. […] Exposure to silica dust and silicosis can lead to other serious health problems and lung infections, such as: bronchitis; emphysema; lung cancer; tuberculosis (TB); kidney damage.

• #1 Silicosis Lawsuit | Dallas Personal Injury Lawyer Dr. Shezad Malik

  https://www.shezadmalik.com/practice-areas/personal-injury-and-wrongful-death/silicosis-lawsuit/

  The risk of silicosis is also influenced by the type of crystalline silica; for example, quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite, with quartz being the most common and widely encountered in industries. […] The amount of silica dust that can cause silicosis varies based on several factors, including the size of the silica particles, the duration of exposure, the frequency of exposure, and individual susceptibility. […] There is no safe level of silica exposure identified that is guaranteed not to cause silicosis, but there are regulatory limits intended to minimize the risk. […] The key to preventing silicosis is effective control of silica dust at the source, proper use of protective equipment, and adherence to exposure limits and safety protocols.

• #1

  https://bpac.org.nz/2023/silicosis.aspx

  Accelerated silicosis is a progressive respiratory disease (pneumoconiosis) caused by exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) when cutting artificial (engineered) stone. Dry cutting artificial stone produces very high concentrations of ultrafine silica dust that is deposited in the lungs, causing inflammation and fibrosis. […] The pathophysiology of accelerated silicosis is less well defined and likely involves a combination of both chronic and acute silicotic processes; evidence of nodules, fibrosis and alveolar proteinosis have been identified in the pathological findings of people who have worked with artificial stone. […] Accelerated silicosis is preventable. Primary care clinicians should be aware of workplace safety recommendations so they can be discussed with patients, e.g. wet working of engineered stone with local exhaust ventilation (LEV) to minimise exposure, along with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and a fit-tested well-maintained respirator to reduce any residual risk and ensure a safe work environment.

• #1

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/explainer-what-is-silicosis

  Diseases due to silica exposure are serious and potentially lethal, and there is no specific treatment other than supportive care. […] Diseases due to silica exposure for instance, silicosis, lung cancer, connective tissue disorders like scleroderma, kidney disease and chronic obstructive lung disease are entirely preventable. […] There are also workplace standards on exposure to silica dust. […] Australia is seeing the re-emergence of diseases like silicosis and coal workers lung (also known as black lung) that were previously believed to have disappeared.

• #1 Silica dust | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/causes-and-prevention/workplace-cancer/silica-dust

  Silica dust is harmful when inhaled into your lungs. Exposure to silica dust can lead to the development of lung cancer, silicosis (an irreversible scarring and stiffening of the lungs), kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. […] Approximately 587,000 Australian workers were exposed to silica dust in the workplace in 2011. It has been estimated that 5758 of these will develop a lung cancer over the course of their life as a result of that exposure. […] WHS regulations state that health monitoring must be provided to workers who are continually working with silica dust and there is a significant risk to the worker’s health.

• #1 Symptoms and Medical Monitoring | Silica | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/silica/symptoms/index.html

  Breathing in dust from crystalline silica-containing materials can lead to lung disease. […] This condition is called silicosis. […] Silicosis results in permanent lung damage and is a progressive, debilitating, and sometimes fatal disease. […] An important concern is the risk of developing silicosis, a progressive and irreversible lung disease. […] For a clinician to make a diagnosis of silicosis, a worker needs to have a history of exposure to respirable crystalline silica and radiographic or histopathologic findings compatible with the disease. […] The type with the quickest onset is acute silicosis. […] Accelerated silicosis occurs after high levels of exposure and typically presents after 5 to 10 years. […] Chronic silicosis is the most common type. […] Periodic medical monitoring helps to detect silicosis at early stages.

• #1 Silicosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/silicosis

  Silicosis is a type of pulmonary fibrosis, a lung disease caused by breathing in tiny bits of silica, a common mineral found in sand, quartz and many other types of rock. […] Silicosis mainly affects workers exposed to silica dust in jobs such as construction and mining. […] Over time, exposure to silica particles causes scarring in the lungs, which can harm your ability to breathe. […] Approximately 2.3 million U.S. workers are exposed to silica in the workplace. […] Inhaling silica dust particles can permanently scar the lungs and lead to chronic breathing problems.

• #1 Silicosis Update | Blogs | CDC

  https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2015/06/15/silicosis-update/

  Silicosis is a potentially fatal but preventable occupational lung disease caused by inhaling respirable particles containing crystalline silicon dioxide (silica). […] The risks, causes, and prevention of this avoidable disease have been known for decades. […] Onset of silicosis can be faster and the severity of disease worse in the setting of high level exposures, which can cause accelerated or acute silicosis. […] Examples of occupations with known high silica exposure include: mining, quarrying, sandblasting, rock drilling, road construction, pottery making, stone masonry, and tunneling operations. […] New settings for occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica continue to emerge. […] While silicosis mortality in the U.S. has declined over time, the continuing occurrence of silicosis deaths in young adults and reports of new occupations and tasks that place workers at risk for silicosis underscore the need for strengthening efforts to limit workplace exposure to respirable crystalline silica.

• #2 Silicosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22622-silicosis

  Inhaling silica (silicon dioxide) particles leads to scarring (fibrosis) in the lungs of people with silicosis. […] Silicosis is a lung disease caused by inhaling very tiny crystalline particles of silicon dioxide, or silica. […] Silicosis is caused by the damage to your lungs that happens when you breathe in silica dust. This usually happens in an occupational (job-related) setting.

• #2 Learn About Silicosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/silicosis/learn-about-silicosis

  Silicosis is an interstitial lung disease caused by breathing in tiny bits of silica, a common mineral found in many types of rock and soil. Over time, exposure to silica particles causes permanent lung scarring, called pulmonary fibrosis. […] When silica dust enters the lungs, it causes inflammation which over time leads to the development of scar tissue that makes breathing difficult. […] When people breathe silica dust, they inhale tiny particles of the mineral silica. Over time, the silica dust particles can cause lung inflammation that leads to the formation of lung nodules and scarring in the lungs called pulmonary fibrosis. […] In some silicosis cases, this scarring can be so severe that it leads to a form of severe fibrosis, known as Progressive Massive Fibrosis (PMF). For these patients, extreme scarring and stiffening of the lung can make it difficult to breathe. […] Silica is the most abundant mineral in the earths crust. So, any occupation that involves chipping, cutting, drilling, or grinding soil, granite, slate, sandstone, or other natural material can cause exposure to silica dust.

• #2 Silicosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/silicosis

  Silicosis is a lung disease caused by breathing in (inhaling) silica dust. […] Silica is a common, naturally-occurring crystal. It is found in most rock beds. Silica dust forms during mining, quarrying, tunneling, and working with certain metal ores. Silica is a main part of sand, so glass workers and sand-blasters are also exposed to silica. […] Three types of silicosis occur: Chronic silicosis results from long-term exposure (more than 20 years) to low amounts of silica dust. The silica dust causes swelling in the lungs and chest lymph nodes. This disease may cause people to have trouble breathing. This is the most common form of silicosis. […] Accelerated silicosis occurs after exposure to larger amounts of silica over a shorter period of time (3 to 10 years). Swelling in the lungs and symptoms occur faster than in simple silicosis.

• #2 Silicosis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/environmental-and-occupational-lung-diseases/silicosis

  Silicosis is permanent scarring of the lungs caused by inhaling silica (quartz) dust. […] Silicosis is caused by inhalation of tiny particles of crystalline silica (usually quartz). […] Workers at greatest risk are those who move or blast rock and sand (miners, quarry workers, stonecutters, construction workers) or who use silica-containing rock or sand abrasives (sand blasters, glass makers, foundry, gemstone, and ceramic workers, potters). […] Factors that influence the incidence and severity of silicosis include Duration and intensity of exposure and Form and surface characteristics of the silica particles. […] When inhaled, silica dust passes into the lungs, and scavenger cells such as macrophages engulf it. […] Enzymes released by the scavenger cells cause the lung tissue to scar and form nodules.

• #2 Silicosis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/environmental-and-occupational-pulmonary-diseases/silicosis

  Silicosis is caused by inhalation of respirable crystalline silica dust and is characterized by nodular pulmonary fibrosis. […] Silicosis is caused by inhalation of respirable particles of crystalline silica (usually quartz). […] Workers at greatest risk are those who move or blast rock and sand (miners, quarry workers, stonecutters, construction workers) or who use silica-containing rock or sand abrasives (sand blasters, glass makers, foundry, gemstone, and ceramic workers, potters). […] Outbreaks of severe silicosis have also been identified in workers in the engineered stone industry. […] Factors that influence the incidence and severity of silicosis include duration and intensity of exposure and form and surface characteristics of the silica particles. […] Amorphous silica, such as glass or diatomaceous earth, does not have a crystalline structure and does not cause silicosis.

• #2 Silicosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment (2025)

  https://www.respiratorytherapyzone.com/silicosis/

  Silicosis is caused primarily by the inhalation of crystalline silica dust, which is commonly encountered in various industries and activities. […] Key sources include: Mining and Quarrying: Operations involving the extraction of minerals and rock often release silica dust. […] Construction: Cutting, grinding, or drilling concrete, stone, and other building materials releases silica particles. […] Sandblasting: The high-pressure blasting of sand to clean or finish surfaces generates significant silica dust. […] Manufacturing: Industries that process stone, clay, and glass, or produce cement often involve silica dust. […] Agriculture: Soil in certain areas can contain natural silica, becoming airborne during plowing or other activities. […] Foundries: Casting processes using silica sand as a mold material can expose workers to silica dust. […] Note: Consistent, prolonged exposure to these fine silica particles, particularly without adequate respiratory protection, leads to the development of silicosis.

• #2 Silicosis Lawsuit: Holding Employers and Manufacturers Accountable | 2/5/2025

  https://www.forthepeople.com/blog/silicosis-lawsuit-holding-employers-and-manufacturers-accountable/

  Silicosis is a serious, often disabling lung disease caused by inhaling fine particles of crystalline silica, a mineral found in construction materials like concrete, brick, engineered stone, and natural stone. […] Silicosis is a form of pneumoconiosis (lung disease) that results from the inhalation of silica dust, which scars and damages lung tissue. […] Silicosis occurs when workers inhale tiny, respirable particles of crystalline silica. The most common causes include: […] Without proper safety measures, workers are at high risk of exposure. […] Recent reports have highlighted a surge in silicosis cases among workers handling engineered stone, particularly those involved in countertop fabrication and installation.

• #2 Silicosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicosis

  Chronic simple silicosis has been reported to occur from environmental exposures to silica in regions with high silica soil content and frequent dust storms. […] Silicosis is the most common occupational lung disease worldwide. […] The prevalence of silicosis led some men to grow what is called a miner’s mustache, in an attempt to intercept as much dust as possible. […] Silicosis has also been identified as one of many long-term health outcomes for first responders from the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, after having been exposed to dust containing high concentrations of respirable crystalline silica, as well as other metals and toxins.

• #2 Silicosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/what-is-silicosis

  Silicosis is your bodys reaction to silica dust buildup in your lungs. […] When you breathe in silica, the tiny particles of dust settle deeply into your breathing passages. Scar patches form on your lung tissue. Scarring stiffens and damages your lungs, and this makes it hard to breathe.

• #2 Silicosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22534002/

  Silicosis is a fibrotic lung disease caused by inhalation of free crystalline silicon dioxide or silica. […] Occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica dust particles occurs in many industries. […] Phagocytosis of crystalline silica in the lung causes lysosomal damage, activating the NALP3 inflammasome and triggering the inflammatory cascade with subsequent fibrosis. […] Mycobacterial diseases, airway obstruction, and lung cancer are associated with silica dust exposure. […] Occupational Diseases* / etiology […] Silicosis* / etiology

• #2 Silicosis Causes – Silicosis Hub

  https://silicosis.org.au/about-silicosis/silicosis-causes/

  Once silica dust enters your lungs, it can’t be easily removed. Over time, it causes scarring and irreversible damage. […] When you breathe in silica dust, it becomes trapped in tiny air sacs in your lungs called alveoli. Your body’s immune system sends white blood cells (macrophages) to remove the dust, but silica particles are too strong to break down. Instead, the immune cells die, releasing toxic chemicals that trigger ongoing inflammation and scarring. […] Even a small amount of silica dust can cause lasting lung damage. […] High exposure, even for a short term, can cause acute silicosis. […] Yes. Acute silicosis can develop after a few weeks of high exposure. […] Chronic silicosis takes 10-30 years, but acute silicosis can develop within months.

• #2 Silicosis Causes | Understanding the Risks of Silica Exposure

  https://silicosis.com/causes

  Silicosis is a debilitating and often fatal lung disease among workers who are employed in mining, tunneling, rock quarrying, rock drilling, crushing stone, chipping, grinding, sandblasting, grinding or polishing in pottery and foundry work, shakeout of molds, construction industry, cutting or manufacturing heat-resistant bricks (fire brick) and many other occupations that expose workers to silica dust. […] The precise mechanism that triggers the development of silicosis is still unclear. What is known is that particles of silica dust get trapped in the tiny sacs (alveoli) in the lungs where air exchange takes place. White blood cells called macrophages in the alveoli ingest the silica and die. The resulting inflammation attracts other macrophages to the region. The nodule forms when the immune system forms fibrous tissue to seal off the reactive area. The disease process may stop at this point, or speed up and destroy large areas of the lung. The fibrosis may continue even after the worker is no longer exposed to silica.

• #2 Silicosis Causes | National Jewish Health

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/silicosis/causes

  Silicosis is caused by breathing in high concentrations of silica dust, usually over many years. […] Shorter periods of more intense exposure may also cause silicosis. […] Silicosis may develop and progress while a worker remains exposed or after exposure to crystalline silica has ended.

• #2 Silicosis Lawsuit | Dallas Personal Injury Lawyer Dr. Shezad Malik

  https://www.shezadmalik.com/practice-areas/personal-injury-and-wrongful-death/silicosis-lawsuit/

  The risk of silicosis is also influenced by the type of crystalline silica; for example, quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite, with quartz being the most common and widely encountered in industries. […] The amount of silica dust that can cause silicosis varies based on several factors, including the size of the silica particles, the duration of exposure, the frequency of exposure, and individual susceptibility. […] There is no safe level of silica exposure identified that is guaranteed not to cause silicosis, but there are regulatory limits intended to minimize the risk. […] The key to preventing silicosis is effective control of silica dust at the source, proper use of protective equipment, and adherence to exposure limits and safety protocols.

• #2 Silicosis – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/silicosis

  Not everyone who works with silica dust develops silicosis. The chances of getting silicosis depend on: how much silica dust you come into contact with; how long you were exposed to it for. […] Silicosis can be prevented by: avoiding prolonged exposure to silica dust; wearing effective protective equipment, such as masks; wetting down tools and materials to suppress dust; using tools that have dust-collecting attachments. […] Exposure to silica dust and silicosis can lead to other serious health problems and lung infections, such as: bronchitis; emphysema; lung cancer; tuberculosis (TB); kidney damage.

• #2 What’s the Risk?

  https://www.silica-safe.org/know-the-hazard/whats-the-risk

  A workers chance of becoming ill from exposure to silica dust depends on the tasks performed, the amount of dust they are exposed to, and the frequency of the exposures. […] Each exposure to silica adds into the total load of silica in the lungs in other words, each exposure adds to the lung damage. […] As the total dose increases, so does the likelihood, or the risk, for developing silicosis, lung cancer, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Because a high exposure to silica dust overwhelms the lungs defenses and most of the dust settles deep into the lungs where it does the most damage. […] Researchers have developed estimates of the total dose likely to cause disease. […] The likelihood of getting lung cancer from silica exposure follows a similar pattern, with a significant risk at levels around 0.2 mg/m3 over many years, or higher exposures in a shorter period of time.

• #2

  https://www.dw.com/en/why-silica-dust-could-become-the-new-asbestos-health-risk/a-69875518

  Silicosis can lead to other serious diseases, including lung cancer, but scientists aren’t sure exactly how this happens. Some speculate that the silica dust forms deposits in the lungs and that those deposits cause persistent inflammation. […] The researchers found that if average exposure over a 40-year working lifetime in mining was halved, from 0.1 mg/m3 to 0.05 mg/m3, there would be a reduction of silicosis cases by 77%. […] But he said the issue of silicosis was likely to be much worse in developing countries, where there are few or no safety measures for silica dust. […] „Miners in developing countries are exposed to a lifetime’s worth of dust in a year’s work,” he said.

• #2 Symptoms and Medical Monitoring | Silica | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/silica/symptoms/index.html

  Breathing in dust from crystalline silica-containing materials can lead to lung disease. […] This condition is called silicosis. […] Silicosis results in permanent lung damage and is a progressive, debilitating, and sometimes fatal disease. […] An important concern is the risk of developing silicosis, a progressive and irreversible lung disease. […] For a clinician to make a diagnosis of silicosis, a worker needs to have a history of exposure to respirable crystalline silica and radiographic or histopathologic findings compatible with the disease. […] The type with the quickest onset is acute silicosis. […] Accelerated silicosis occurs after high levels of exposure and typically presents after 5 to 10 years. […] Chronic silicosis is the most common type. […] Periodic medical monitoring helps to detect silicosis at early stages.

• #2 Silicosis – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/silicosis

  Silicosis is a serious chronic (ongoing) lung condition caused by silica dust. […] Silicosis is a long-term lung disease that is caused by inhaling (breathing in) silica dust. Silica is a mineral found in soil, sand and many natural rocks. […] If you work with materials containing silica without proper protective equipment, you can inhale a fine dust. Your body can get rid of some dust. But your lungs can’t cope if: you inhale a lot of silica dust over a long period; you work with products containing a high amount of silica. […] The silica dust damages your lungs over time. […] The types of silicosis, which are based on the type of exposure and the effects on your lungs, include: Acute silicosis which develops within weeks or months of exposure to very high levels of silica dust; Accelerated silicosis due to exposure to large amounts of silica dust for less than 10 years; Chronic silicosis due to exposure to low levels of silica dust for more than 10 years.

• #2 What’s the Risk?

  https://www.silica-safe.org/know-the-hazard/whats-the-risk

  It is important to remember that repeated exposures to silica add up to a total dose that can cause serious lung disease. […] The kinds of exposures we see in high exposure tasks, such as sandblasting and tuckpointing, over time can give a worker enough exposure to put him or her at serious risk for a silica-related illness.

• #2 Silicosis: Causes, Symptoms and Prevention

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/silicosis/

  Silicosis is a progressive lung disease caused by the inhalation of crystalline silica dust. […] The primary cause of silicosis is prolonged exposure to respirable crystalline silica, a mineral commonly found in sand, stone, and concrete. […] The risk is exacerbated by inadequate ventilation and the absence of appropriate protective equipment. […] The prevalence of silicosis is notably higher among workers in industries where silica dust is prevalent. […] Silica dust particles are particularly hazardous due to their small size, allowing them to penetrate deep into the lungs. […] It is caused by inhaling fine particles of silica dust, commonly found in construction, mining, and manufacturing jobs.

• #2 Silicosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302027-overview

  Crystalline silica is thought to be the most toxic form. […] Experimental data suggest the fibrogenic potential of silica is in the order of tridymite cristobalite quartz. […] The structure of crystalline silica produces opposite electric charges on opposite sides of the physical structure when pressure is applied onto the crystal. […] Silica-induced oxidative stress stimulates specific transcription factors through interaction with toll-like receptors on alveolar macrophages, mediated through nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-B) and activator protein (AP)-1, which further increases cytokine expression, inducing inflammation and fibrosis. […] Epidemiologic evidence supports the increased risk between occupational exposure to crystalline silica dust and the development of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). […] The prevalence of SLE in males with high levels of silica exposure is 10 times higher than that of the general population. […] Silica dust causes exposed macrophages to release antigenic polysaccharides that activate the reticuloendothelial system.

• #2 Causes of Silicosis

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/silicosis-causes.htm

  Silicosis is an occupational lung disease. It is caused by the inhalation of: […] Tiny particles of silicon dioxide in the form of crystalline free silica (usually quartz) […] Silicates, minerals containing silicon dioxide bound to other elements, such as talc (less common) […] Factors that increase the chances of acquiring silicosis are: […] Duration and intensity of exposure […] Form of silicon (risk is high in exposure to crystalline form) […] Surface characteristics (risk is high in exposure to uncoated form) […] Exposure immediately after fracturing dust poses greater risk than delayed exposure.

• #2 Silicosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594245/

  Although SiNPs show much promise, little is known about their potential adverse effects on humans. […] Long-term occupational exposure to RCS is associated with the development of silicosis, a devastating interstitial lung disease characterized by diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. […] Silicosis is a devastating and incurable condition marked by irreversible lung scarring. […] The prognosis is poor, with a gradually worsening decline in pulmonary function, often leading to the eventual development of respiratory failure and cor pulmonale. […] Although silicosis is currently untreatable, it is undoubtedly preventable. […] Silica exposure and exposure to cigarette smoke have a significant additive, almost multiplicative, effect on the development of lung cancer. […] Additionally, the progression of silicosis may be confused for malignancy or mask the development of early lung cancers.

• #2 Silicosis | School of Veterinary Medicine

  https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/silicosis

  Silicosis is a respiratory condition caused by inhaling silica dust. […] In humans, silicosis is a well-documented occupational hazard from mining, masonry, quarrying, stone cutting, sandblasting and other industries with exposure to easily inhaled dust from crushing rock. […] In horses, the form of silicate that primarily causes silicosis is cristobalite, but quartz and tridymite can also be responsible for the condition. […] There is no cure for silicosis. […] Horses with long-term exposure to silicate dust can develop silicate associated osteoporosis, which causes bone deformities and predisposes horses to fractures. […] Factors such as genetics, behavior, environment, and length of exposure likely affect development and severity of disease.

• #2 What is Silicosis? | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/environmental-surveillance-toxicology/occupational-health/asbestosis-and-silicosis/what-is-silicosis

  Silicosis is a respiratory disease. It occurs from long-term inhalation of respirable crystalline silica dust. […] How does silica cause silicosis? Silica dust particles enter the body through the airways and embed into the lungs air sacs. The immune system is unable to clear out the dust, which causes lung inflammation. This leads to the formation of lung nodules and scarring called pulmonary fibrosis. The negative health effects associated with silicosis usually take years to develop. […] What are potential contributing factors for silicosis? Time period or duration of exposure to silica, how often exposure occurred, products in contact with and whether protective equipment was used, history of smoking.

• #2 Silicosis Lawsuit | Dallas Personal Injury Lawyer Dr. Shezad Malik

  https://www.shezadmalik.com/practice-areas/personal-injury-and-wrongful-death/silicosis-lawsuit/

  Silicosis is a lung disease caused by inhaling microscopic bits of silica, a mineral that is part of sand, rock, and mineral ores such as quartz. […] Silicosis is caused by inhaling respirable crystalline silica dust. Crystalline silica is a basic component of soil, sand, granite, and many other minerals. […] The primary cause of silicosis is occupational exposure to silica dust. […] The risk of developing silicosis is related to the cumulative exposure to respirable crystalline silica, meaning both the concentration of silica in the air and the duration of exposure are critical factors. […] Inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as respirators, and poor implementation of engineering controls, such as water sprays or local exhaust ventilation to reduce airborne dust, contribute to the risk.

• #2 Silicosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK594245/

  Another important complication of silicosis is the development of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). […] Additionally, although the exact mechanism is not well understood, evidence supports that exposure to silica is linked with the development of certain autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), glomerulonephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #2 Silica, Crystalline – Health Effects | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/silica-crystalline/health-effects

  Breathing in very small („respirable”) crystalline silica particles, causes multiple diseases, including silicosis, an incurable lung disease that leads to disability and death. […] Breathing crystalline silica dust can cause silicosis, which in severe cases can be disabling, or even fatal. […] Silicosis typically occurs after 15–20 years of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica. […] Because silicosis affects the immune system, exposure to silica increases the risk of lung infections, such as tuberculosis. […] In rare instances, individuals exposed to very high concentrations of respirable crystalline silica can develop typical silicosis symptoms as well as fever and weight loss within weeks instead of years. […] Studies of workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica have found that these workers are at increased risk of developing kidney disease. […] Silica, Crystalline (Respirable Size). NTP classification: Known to be a human carcinogen. […] IARC Classification: Carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

• #2 Silicosis-Causes-Types-Symptoms-Signs-Complications-Diagnosis-Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/silicosis.htm

  Silicosis is a lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline free silica dust. […] It is an occupational disease. […] All patients are at about 30-fold increased risk of pulmonary TB or nontubercular mycobacterial disease. Exposure to silica (without developing silicosis) alone can triple the risk. […] The general term for lung disease caused by inhalation of mineral dust is pneumoconiosis. […] Introduction of mechanized mining brought about an increase in prevalence of silicosis.

• #2 Silicosis and Sjögren’s Syndrome | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-silicosis-sjogren-s-syndrome-articulo-S1579212919302447

  Although the etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is often unknown, the interaction of various environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals causes an abnormal immune response. […] Thus, exposure to silica dust, in addition to causing respiratory diseases, is considered a risk factor for the development of certain autoimmune diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vasculitis. […] It has been known since the 1950s that silica exposure is associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. […] Since then, multiple studies have linked silica exposure with autoimmune diseases. […] Inhalation of silica dust causes the activation and apoptosis of alveolar macrophages, with the resulting release of antigens.

• #2 Silicosis and Sjögren’s Syndrome | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-silicosis-sjogren-s-syndrome-articulo-S1579212919302447

  These antigens activate macrophages and dendritic cells that migrate to local lymph nodes, where they stimulate B and T cells, thus perpetuating an autoimmune response. […] It is not clear, however, if it is the exposure to crystalline silica which contributes to the development of autoimmune diseases or if, inversely, the presence of these diseases confers an increased susceptibility to silica dust. […] We believe that occupational exposure to silica must be taken into account in the evaluation of patients with autoimmune diseases and vice versa.

• #2 Silicosis – ADDRI

  https://addri.org.au/about-the-diseases/silicosis/

  Silicosis can be prevented by avoiding ongoing exposure to silica dust, wearing protective equipment, wetting down tools and materials to suppress dust (i.e., not dry cutting) and using tools with dust-collecting attachments. […] As at 1 July 2024, engineered stone is banned in most parts of Australia due to the risk to Australian workers of developing silicosis. […] Crystalline silica is extremely dangerous when dust is generated from various work activities and this dust is inhaled. […] There are three types of silicosis based on the level of exposure to respirable crystalline silica: Acute silicosis develops within weeks or months of exposure to very high levels of silica dust. […] Accelerated silicosis due to exposure to large amounts of silica dust for less than 10 years. […] Chronic silicosis due to exposure to low levels of silica dust for more than 10 years. […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis […] Lung cancer […] Chronic kidney disease […] Scleroderma and other autoimmune conditions […] An increased risk of infections such as tuberculosis and fungal diseases.

• #2 Silicosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/silicosis?lang=us

  Silicosis (plural: silicoses) is a fibrotic pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of fine particles of crystalline silicon dioxide (silica). Certain occupations such as mining, quarrying, denim sandblasting and tunneling are associated with silicosis. […] Treatment is to remove the exposure, although silicosis may progress despite removal from the dust environment. […] In acute silicosis particularly, the clinical course is usually progressive and ends in death due to cor pulmonale and respiratory failure therapy with corticosteroids. […] Carcinoma and tuberculosis are potentially serious complications of silicosis.

• #2 Silicosis Causes – Silicosis Hub

  https://silicosis.org.au/about-silicosis/silicosis-causes/

  Silicosis is a preventable lung disease caused by exposure to silica dust — but with the right precautions, you can protect yourself. […] Silica dust comes from natural materials like stone, sand, and quartz, as well as man-made products like concrete and engineered stone. When disturbed during work, silica particles become airborne and invisible to the naked eye. If inhaled repeatedly or in large quantities, these particles can cause permanent scarring of the lungs. […] Silica dust comes from natural and man-made materials found on job sites and worksites. […] While silica exists naturally in many materials, it becomes most dangerous when disturbed. […] Many soils naturally contain silica, and activities like plowing, tilling, and harvesting can generate silica-containing dust. […] If you work in construction, stone masonry, tunneling, or mining, you may be exposed to silica dust daily.

• #2

  https://bpac.org.nz/2023/silicosis.aspx

  Accelerated silicosis is a progressive respiratory disease (pneumoconiosis) caused by exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) when cutting artificial (engineered) stone. Dry cutting artificial stone produces very high concentrations of ultrafine silica dust that is deposited in the lungs, causing inflammation and fibrosis. […] The pathophysiology of accelerated silicosis is less well defined and likely involves a combination of both chronic and acute silicotic processes; evidence of nodules, fibrosis and alveolar proteinosis have been identified in the pathological findings of people who have worked with artificial stone. […] Accelerated silicosis is preventable. Primary care clinicians should be aware of workplace safety recommendations so they can be discussed with patients, e.g. wet working of engineered stone with local exhaust ventilation (LEV) to minimise exposure, along with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and a fit-tested well-maintained respirator to reduce any residual risk and ensure a safe work environment.

• #2 Silicosis Update | Blogs | CDC

  https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2015/06/15/silicosis-update/

  Silicosis is a potentially fatal but preventable occupational lung disease caused by inhaling respirable particles containing crystalline silicon dioxide (silica). […] The risks, causes, and prevention of this avoidable disease have been known for decades. […] Onset of silicosis can be faster and the severity of disease worse in the setting of high level exposures, which can cause accelerated or acute silicosis. […] Examples of occupations with known high silica exposure include: mining, quarrying, sandblasting, rock drilling, road construction, pottery making, stone masonry, and tunneling operations. […] New settings for occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica continue to emerge. […] While silicosis mortality in the U.S. has declined over time, the continuing occurrence of silicosis deaths in young adults and reports of new occupations and tasks that place workers at risk for silicosis underscore the need for strengthening efforts to limit workplace exposure to respirable crystalline silica.

• #2 Silicosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/silicosis

  Acute silicosis results from short-term exposure to very large amounts of silica. The lungs become very inflamed and can fill with fluid, causing severe shortness of breath and a low blood oxygen level. […] Intense exposure to silica can cause disease within a year. But it usually takes at least 10 years of exposure before symptoms occur. Silicosis has become less common since the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) created regulations requiring the use of protective equipment, which limits the amount of silica dust workers inhale.

• #2 Four Column Grid with Links

  https://www.racp.edu.au/policy-and-advocacy/division-faculty-and-chapter-priorities/faculty-of-occupational-environmental-medicine/silicosis/overview

  The minimum Total Lung Burden of respirable crystalline silica needed to trigger accelerated silicosis or chronic silicosis isn’t known. The rate of change in lung function deterioration for workers with accelerated silicosis is on average 10 times faster than the normal age-related deterioration. […] Factors that have given rise to the silicosis epidemic include: Composition of artificial stone products the various materials it’s made from, including respiratory very high levels of respirable crystalline silica (RCS). […] Silicosis can occur in various industries including those with natural silica sources like mining. […] Almost all cases of silicosis, especially those in younger age groups, are in stonemasons working with engineered stone. […] Silicosis associated with engineered stone has been found to be associated with a shorter duration of exposure, more rapid disease progression and higher mortality. […] Regular health surveillance to detect early lung changes is important as silicosis isn’t often diagnosed until it is in advanced stages.

• #2 FloridaHealthFinder | Silicosis | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/000134

  Silicosis is a lung disease caused by breathing in (inhaling) silica dust. […] Silica is a common, naturally-occurring crystal. It is found in most rock beds. Silica dust forms during mining, quarrying, tunneling, and working with certain metal ores. Silica is a main part of sand, so glass workers and sand-blasters are also exposed to silica. […] Three types of silicosis occur: Chronic silicosis results from long-term exposure (more than 20 years) to low amounts of silica dust. […] Accelerated silicosis occurs after exposure to larger amounts of silica over a shorter period of time (3 to 10 years). […] Acute silicosis results from short-term exposure to very large amounts of silica. […] Intense exposure to silica can cause disease within a year. But it usually takes at least 10 years of exposure before symptoms occur. […] Silicosis has become less common since the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) created regulations requiring the use of protective equipment, which limits the amount of silica dust workers inhale.

• #2 Silicosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302027-overview

  Silicosis is a primary pneumoconiosis involving fibronodular lung disease caused by inhalation of silica dust. Quartz, the most common form of crystalline silica, is abundantly present in granite, slate, and sandstone. […] Although silicosis has been recognized for many centuries, its prevalence increased markedly with the introduction of mechanized mining. […] Complications and mortality related to silica exposure is dose-dependent. […] The current exposure limit has been set at 0.05 mg/m3, but even at these levels, the risk of developing simple silicosis over a life-time of work in the environment is 20%-40%. […] More recently, silicosis outbreaks have been associated with certain occupations; these include artificial stone benchtop fabricators, sandblasters and denim jean sandblasters, jewellery polishers, slatepencil stonemasons, metal grinders, agate mill workers, dental suppliers, electric cable manufacturers, and stone crushers.

• #2 Silicosis Lawsuit | Causes, Symptoms and Legal News

  https://www.motleyrice.com/toxic-exposure/silicosis-lawsuit

  Silicosis is an incurable lung disease that inhaling silica dust may cause. […] Experts believe that 2.3 million workers in the U.S. are exposed to silica in the workplace. Studies suggest this increases their risk of developing silicosis. […] Silicosis is an incurable lung disease linked to inhaling silica dust. Surface fabricators, construction workers, miners and other trade workers are often exposed to silica at work. […] There are two forms of silica: crystalline and non-crystalline (sometimes referred to as amorphous silica). Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) crystalline silica small enough to inhale can be dangerous to lung health. […] Silica dust is a potential hazard in workplaces where materials that contain crystalline silica are cut, demolished, drilled, ground or sanded.

• #2 What Is Silicosis?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/respiratory-health/silicosis

  Various risk factors that are involved in the development of silicosis include: Based on the form of silicon (exposure to the crystalline form of silica has an increased risk than the bound form). […] Depending on the duration and intensity of exposure. […] Depends on the surface characteristics. […] Speed of inhalation after the dust is fractured and converted into airborne. […] Silicosis results from respirable crystalline silica dust inhalation when cutting, grinding, drilling, or crushing materials containing silica. […] The amount of silica dust that results in silicosis varies depending on the size and duration of exposure. […] One exposure to silica may not result in silicosis, but repeated or prolonged exposure can increase the risk of developing the disease. […] Jobs that can result in silicosis include mining, quarrying, and drilling, as well as manufacturing jobs that involve working with silica materials, such as glass, ceramics, and concrete.

• #2 Silicosis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/environmental-and-occupational-pulmonary-diseases/silicosis

  Silica exposure is associated with increased risk of COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis). […] Crystalline silica has been identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 human lung carcinogen. […] Several meta-analyses have shown an increase in all histologic types of lung cancer in workers with silicosis. […] Exposure to crystalline silica is associated with increased risk of several systemic rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis.

• #3 Silicosis – ADDRI

  https://addri.org.au/about-the-diseases/silicosis/

  Silicosis can be prevented by avoiding ongoing exposure to silica dust, wearing protective equipment, wetting down tools and materials to suppress dust (i.e., not dry cutting) and using tools with dust-collecting attachments. […] As at 1 July 2024, engineered stone is banned in most parts of Australia due to the risk to Australian workers of developing silicosis. […] Crystalline silica is extremely dangerous when dust is generated from various work activities and this dust is inhaled. […] There are three types of silicosis based on the level of exposure to respirable crystalline silica: Acute silicosis develops within weeks or months of exposure to very high levels of silica dust. […] Accelerated silicosis due to exposure to large amounts of silica dust for less than 10 years. […] Chronic silicosis due to exposure to low levels of silica dust for more than 10 years. […] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis […] Lung cancer […] Chronic kidney disease […] Scleroderma and other autoimmune conditions […] An increased risk of infections such as tuberculosis and fungal diseases.

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