Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis

  Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. […] There is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder. […] For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimers disease, and related dementias. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes.

• #2 Psychosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546579/

  Psychosis may result from a primary psychiatric illness, substance use, or another neurologic or medical condition. Brain abnormalities have correlated with first-episode psychotic disorders, including reduced prefrontal, superior, and medial temporal grey matter. Primary psychotic disorders are considered neurodevelopmental abnormalities and believed to develop in utero, although many times the manifestation of psychotic symptoms and full-blown illness correlate with epigenetic or environmental factors (substance abuse, stress, immigration, infection, postpartum period, or other medical causes). There is significant evidence for genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders. […] The incidence of a first-time episode of psychosis is approximately 50 in 100000 people, while the incidence of schizophrenia is about 15 in 100000 people. […] Dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine are all neurotransmitters implicated in psychosis. […] Antipsychotic medications are the gold-standard treatment for psychotic episodes and disorders. […] Early intervention is essential for good long-term outcomes.

• #3 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  Throughout the years, there have been many different theories about what causes psychosis, many of which have been rejected because they were found to be incorrect. […] Recently, it has become increasingly clear that many of the current theories, such as the chemical imbalance theory, the genetic vulnerability theory, the complex disease theory and the stress vulnerability theory all share similar conclusions. The majority of researchers now agree that most cases of psychosis, like many other common disorders, such as heart disease, diabetes and asthma, to name a few, are caused by a combination of inherited genetic factors and external environmental factors. […] It has been known for a very long time that psychosis can seem to run in families. […] Because of this, researchers have been trying to examine why psychosis runs in families by studying twins and adopted children.

• #4 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  Twin studies help researchers understand how much genetics contribute and how much the environment contributes to the development of a psychosis. […] What we found out is that, in general, if one of the identical twins has a psychosis, the other will develop the same illness about 50% of the time, and that this number is lower for non-identical twins. This suggests that genes do play a role in psychosis, but that they are certainly not the only factor contributing to psychosis! […] If genetic factors play a role, then the adopted children of people with psychiatric problems should develop the same problems more frequently than the adopted children of unaffected families. […] However, adoption studies also show that genetic vulnerability factors on their own are usually not enough to cause psychosis. Environmental vulnerability factors are also needed for a person to develop a psychosis.

• #5 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  Twin studies help researchers understand how much genetics contribute and how much the environment contributes to the development of a psychosis. […] What we found out is that, in general, if one of the identical twins has a psychosis, the other will develop the same illness about 50% of the time, and that this number is lower for non-identical twins. This suggests that genes do play a role in psychosis, but that they are certainly not the only factor contributing to psychosis! […] If genetic factors play a role, then the adopted children of people with psychiatric problems should develop the same problems more frequently than the adopted children of unaffected families. […] However, adoption studies also show that genetic vulnerability factors on their own are usually not enough to cause psychosis. Environmental vulnerability factors are also needed for a person to develop a psychosis.

• #6 Psychosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546579/

  Psychosis may result from a primary psychiatric illness, substance use, or another neurologic or medical condition. Brain abnormalities have correlated with first-episode psychotic disorders, including reduced prefrontal, superior, and medial temporal grey matter. Primary psychotic disorders are considered neurodevelopmental abnormalities and believed to develop in utero, although many times the manifestation of psychotic symptoms and full-blown illness correlate with epigenetic or environmental factors (substance abuse, stress, immigration, infection, postpartum period, or other medical causes). There is significant evidence for genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders. […] The incidence of a first-time episode of psychosis is approximately 50 in 100000 people, while the incidence of schizophrenia is about 15 in 100000 people. […] Dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine are all neurotransmitters implicated in psychosis. […] Antipsychotic medications are the gold-standard treatment for psychotic episodes and disorders. […] Early intervention is essential for good long-term outcomes.

• #7 Psychosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546579/

  Psychosis may result from a primary psychiatric illness, substance use, or another neurologic or medical condition. Brain abnormalities have correlated with first-episode psychotic disorders, including reduced prefrontal, superior, and medial temporal grey matter. Primary psychotic disorders are considered neurodevelopmental abnormalities and believed to develop in utero, although many times the manifestation of psychotic symptoms and full-blown illness correlate with epigenetic or environmental factors (substance abuse, stress, immigration, infection, postpartum period, or other medical causes). There is significant evidence for genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders. […] The incidence of a first-time episode of psychosis is approximately 50 in 100000 people, while the incidence of schizophrenia is about 15 in 100000 people. […] Dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine are all neurotransmitters implicated in psychosis. […] Antipsychotic medications are the gold-standard treatment for psychotic episodes and disorders. […] Early intervention is essential for good long-term outcomes.

• #8 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Alcohol misuse and drug misuse can trigger a psychotic episode. […] In rare situations, psychosis can also occur as a side effect of some types of medicine or as a result of an overdose of that medicine. […] Its thought psychosis may be linked to increased activity of neurotransmitters in the brain. […] Evidence for the role of dopamine in psychosis comes from the fact medicines known to reduce the effects of dopamine in the brain also reduce the symptoms of psychosis.

• #9 Psychosis | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/psychosis

  Psychosis occurs in a variety of mental and physical disorders, so it is often difficult to know what has caused a first episode. Research shows that a combination of biological factors, including genetic factors, place a person at greater risk of developing symptoms of psychosis. For such a person, a psychotic episode may be triggered by many different environmental factors, such as stressful events or substance use. […] An imbalance in brain chemicals such as dopamine and serotonin can also be a factor. […] A person who is having symptoms of psychosis should have a thorough medical assessment to rule out any physical illness that may be the cause.

• #10 Psychosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546579/

  Psychosis may result from a primary psychiatric illness, substance use, or another neurologic or medical condition. Brain abnormalities have correlated with first-episode psychotic disorders, including reduced prefrontal, superior, and medial temporal grey matter. Primary psychotic disorders are considered neurodevelopmental abnormalities and believed to develop in utero, although many times the manifestation of psychotic symptoms and full-blown illness correlate with epigenetic or environmental factors (substance abuse, stress, immigration, infection, postpartum period, or other medical causes). There is significant evidence for genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders. […] The incidence of a first-time episode of psychosis is approximately 50 in 100000 people, while the incidence of schizophrenia is about 15 in 100000 people. […] Dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine are all neurotransmitters implicated in psychosis. […] Antipsychotic medications are the gold-standard treatment for psychotic episodes and disorders. […] Early intervention is essential for good long-term outcomes.

• #11 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Alcohol misuse and drug misuse can trigger a psychotic episode. […] In rare situations, psychosis can also occur as a side effect of some types of medicine or as a result of an overdose of that medicine. […] Its thought psychosis may be linked to increased activity of neurotransmitters in the brain. […] Evidence for the role of dopamine in psychosis comes from the fact medicines known to reduce the effects of dopamine in the brain also reduce the symptoms of psychosis.

• #12 Common Causes of Psychosis

  https://apibhs.com/2024/04/05/common-causes-of-psychosis

  Imbalances in neurotransmitter levels, particularly dopamine and serotonin, have been linked to the development of psychosis. […] Excessive dopamine activity, for instance, is linked to the occurrence of psychotic symptoms, while serotonin dysregulation may contribute to mood disturbances often observed in psychotic disorders. […] Psychosis often co-occurs with other psychiatric conditions, and identifying them can help inform treatment. […] Environmental triggers, such as stressful life events and trauma, can significantly contribute to the onset of psychosis. […] Additionally, certain substances can directly impact brain chemistry and increase the risk of psychosis. […] Neurological conditions, including injuries and illnesses, pose a significant risk for the development of psychosis due to their direct impact on brain function. […] Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons, are associated with psychosis as they progressively affect brain function.

• #13 Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0615/p856.html

  Psychosis is a symptom complex that may include hallucinations, delusions, disorders of thought, and disorganized speech or behavior. Acute psychosis is primary if it is symptomatic of a psychiatric disorder, or secondary if caused by a specific medical condition. […] If psychosis is caused by a medical condition, the patient may exhibit cognitive changes and abnormal vital signs, and may have visual hallucinations. Illicit drug use is the most common medical cause of acute psychosis. […] A subacute onset of psychosis should raise suspicion for an oncologic cause. […] The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of psychosis is supported by the effectiveness of dopamine receptor antagonists in treating symptoms, and from evidence that psychosis-producing drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and levodopa enhance dopamine secretion. Hypofunction of the N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor may cause schizophrenia.

• #14 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #15 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis

  Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. […] There is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder. […] For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimers disease, and related dementias. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes.

• #16 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #17 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #18 Psychosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis

  Primary psychiatric causes of psychosis include the following: schizophrenia, mood disorders including psychotic depression and bipolar disorder in the manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder and depressive episodes of both bipolar I and bipolar II, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and schizophreniform disorder. […] A very large number of medical conditions can cause psychosis, sometimes called secondary psychosis. […] Various psychoactive substances (both legal and illegal) have been implicated in causing, exacerbating, or precipitating psychotic states or disorders in users, with varying levels of evidence. […] Approximately three percent of people with alcoholism experience psychosis during acute intoxication or withdrawal. […] According to current studies, cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic disorders, and the more often cannabis is used the more likely a person is to develop a psychotic illness. […] Individuals who experience substance-induced psychosis tend to have a greater awareness of their psychosis and tend to have higher levels of suicidal thinking compared to those who have a primary psychotic illness.

• #19 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #20 Psychosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis

  Primary psychiatric causes of psychosis include the following: schizophrenia, mood disorders including psychotic depression and bipolar disorder in the manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder and depressive episodes of both bipolar I and bipolar II, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and schizophreniform disorder. […] A very large number of medical conditions can cause psychosis, sometimes called secondary psychosis. […] Various psychoactive substances (both legal and illegal) have been implicated in causing, exacerbating, or precipitating psychotic states or disorders in users, with varying levels of evidence. […] Approximately three percent of people with alcoholism experience psychosis during acute intoxication or withdrawal. […] According to current studies, cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic disorders, and the more often cannabis is used the more likely a person is to develop a psychotic illness. […] Individuals who experience substance-induced psychosis tend to have a greater awareness of their psychosis and tend to have higher levels of suicidal thinking compared to those who have a primary psychotic illness.

• #21 Psychosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis

  Primary psychiatric causes of psychosis include the following: schizophrenia, mood disorders including psychotic depression and bipolar disorder in the manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder and depressive episodes of both bipolar I and bipolar II, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and schizophreniform disorder. […] A very large number of medical conditions can cause psychosis, sometimes called secondary psychosis. […] Various psychoactive substances (both legal and illegal) have been implicated in causing, exacerbating, or precipitating psychotic states or disorders in users, with varying levels of evidence. […] Approximately three percent of people with alcoholism experience psychosis during acute intoxication or withdrawal. […] According to current studies, cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic disorders, and the more often cannabis is used the more likely a person is to develop a psychotic illness. […] Individuals who experience substance-induced psychosis tend to have a greater awareness of their psychosis and tend to have higher levels of suicidal thinking compared to those who have a primary psychotic illness.

• #22 Psychosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis

  Primary psychiatric causes of psychosis include the following: schizophrenia, mood disorders including psychotic depression and bipolar disorder in the manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder and depressive episodes of both bipolar I and bipolar II, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and schizophreniform disorder. […] A very large number of medical conditions can cause psychosis, sometimes called secondary psychosis. […] Various psychoactive substances (both legal and illegal) have been implicated in causing, exacerbating, or precipitating psychotic states or disorders in users, with varying levels of evidence. […] Approximately three percent of people with alcoholism experience psychosis during acute intoxication or withdrawal. […] According to current studies, cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic disorders, and the more often cannabis is used the more likely a person is to develop a psychotic illness. […] Individuals who experience substance-induced psychosis tend to have a greater awareness of their psychosis and tend to have higher levels of suicidal thinking compared to those who have a primary psychotic illness.

• #23 Psychosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis

  Primary psychiatric causes of psychosis include the following: schizophrenia, mood disorders including psychotic depression and bipolar disorder in the manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder and depressive episodes of both bipolar I and bipolar II, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and schizophreniform disorder. […] A very large number of medical conditions can cause psychosis, sometimes called secondary psychosis. […] Various psychoactive substances (both legal and illegal) have been implicated in causing, exacerbating, or precipitating psychotic states or disorders in users, with varying levels of evidence. […] Approximately three percent of people with alcoholism experience psychosis during acute intoxication or withdrawal. […] According to current studies, cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic disorders, and the more often cannabis is used the more likely a person is to develop a psychotic illness. […] Individuals who experience substance-induced psychosis tend to have a greater awareness of their psychosis and tend to have higher levels of suicidal thinking compared to those who have a primary psychotic illness.

• #24 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #25 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis

  Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. […] There is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder. […] For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimers disease, and related dementias. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes.

• #26 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #27 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis

  Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. […] There is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder. […] For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimers disease, and related dementias. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes.

• #28 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #29

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a: […] mental (psychological) condition […] general medical condition […] substance such as alcohol or drugs […] […] […] Psychosis can sometimes be part of a specific mental health condition. […] For example, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or severe depression. […] […] […] Psychosis can also be a result of: […] a traumatic experience […] stress […] drug misuse […] alcohol misuse […] side effects of prescribed medicines […] a physical condition such as a brain tumour […] lack of sleep […] […] […] The following medical conditions can trigger psychotic episodes in some people: […] HIV and AIDS […] malaria […] syphilis […] Alzheimer’s disease […] Parkinson’s disease […] hypoglycaemia (low level of glucose in the blood)

• #30 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #31 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis

  Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. […] There is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder. […] For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimers disease, and related dementias. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes.

• #32 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #33 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #34 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #35 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #36

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  lupus […] multiple sclerosis […] brain tumour […] […] […] Alcohol misuse and drug misuse can trigger a psychotic episode. […] […] […] Psychosis can also happen during drug withdrawal. This is when you suddenly stop taking substances after using them for a long time. The episodes can happen a few weeks after stopping. […] […] […] Psychosis can also occur as a side effect of some types of medicine. It can also happen as a result of an overdose of that medicine. These are rare.

• #37 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #38 Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/psychotic-disorder-due-another-medical-condition

  Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition arises due to changes in brain function associated with the primary medical condition. This condition may include brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, autoimmune disorders, thyroid disease, Huntingtons disease, central nervous system infections, cerebrovascular disease, auditory or visual nerve damage, multiple sclerosis, stroke, or a migraine headache. […] Medical researchers speculate that some patients with psychotic disorder due to another medical condition have underlying inflammatory or autoimmune disorders that play a role in both the medical condition and the related psychosis. These disorders may also work in tandem with a genetic predisposition to both the medical condition and the associated psychosis. […] The most common individual illnesses that can lead to a psychotic episode include dementia, epilepsy, Huntingdons Disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and many autoimmune conditions, including HIV/AIDs and lupus. Psychosis due to epilepsy has been observed in 2-7.8% of patients. Advanced age is the underlying factor that is most commonly associated with the onset of a psychotic episode associated with another condition.

• #39 Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0615/p856.html

  Psychotic presentations associated with autoimmune disorders raise the possibility of shared genetic features or common exposures to etiologic factors, such as infections. […] Medical conditions associated with psychosis include autoimmune, endocrine, neurologic, and nutritional disorders. […] A subacute onset of psychosis should raise suspicion for an oncologic cause, such as a steroid-producing tumor, space-occupying brain lesion, or paraneoplastic etiology. Genetic or heritable diseases should be considered; for example, Huntington disease may first present with a psychotic episode.

• #40 Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0615/p856.html

  Psychosis is a symptom complex that may include hallucinations, delusions, disorders of thought, and disorganized speech or behavior. Acute psychosis is primary if it is symptomatic of a psychiatric disorder, or secondary if caused by a specific medical condition. […] If psychosis is caused by a medical condition, the patient may exhibit cognitive changes and abnormal vital signs, and may have visual hallucinations. Illicit drug use is the most common medical cause of acute psychosis. […] A subacute onset of psychosis should raise suspicion for an oncologic cause. […] The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of psychosis is supported by the effectiveness of dopamine receptor antagonists in treating symptoms, and from evidence that psychosis-producing drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and levodopa enhance dopamine secretion. Hypofunction of the N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor may cause schizophrenia.

• #41 Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0615/p856.html

  Psychotic presentations associated with autoimmune disorders raise the possibility of shared genetic features or common exposures to etiologic factors, such as infections. […] Medical conditions associated with psychosis include autoimmune, endocrine, neurologic, and nutritional disorders. […] A subacute onset of psychosis should raise suspicion for an oncologic cause, such as a steroid-producing tumor, space-occupying brain lesion, or paraneoplastic etiology. Genetic or heritable diseases should be considered; for example, Huntington disease may first present with a psychotic episode.

• #42 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Alcohol misuse and drug misuse can trigger a psychotic episode. […] In rare situations, psychosis can also occur as a side effect of some types of medicine or as a result of an overdose of that medicine. […] Its thought psychosis may be linked to increased activity of neurotransmitters in the brain. […] Evidence for the role of dopamine in psychosis comes from the fact medicines known to reduce the effects of dopamine in the brain also reduce the symptoms of psychosis.

• #43

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a: […] mental (psychological) condition […] general medical condition […] substance such as alcohol or drugs […] […] […] Psychosis can sometimes be part of a specific mental health condition. […] For example, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or severe depression. […] […] […] Psychosis can also be a result of: […] a traumatic experience […] stress […] drug misuse […] alcohol misuse […] side effects of prescribed medicines […] a physical condition such as a brain tumour […] lack of sleep […] […] […] The following medical conditions can trigger psychotic episodes in some people: […] HIV and AIDS […] malaria […] syphilis […] Alzheimer’s disease […] Parkinson’s disease […] hypoglycaemia (low level of glucose in the blood)

• #44 Understanding the Causes of Psychosis | Blog | TalktoAngel

  https://www.talktoangel.com/blog/understanding-the-causes-of-psychosis

  Substance Abuse:– Substance use is another major cause of psychosis. Certain drugs, especially hallucinogens and stimulants like LSD, methamphetamine, and cocaine, can induce psychotic episodes by altering the brains chemistry. Chronic use of alcohol or other substances, particularly during the formative years of young adulthood, can also lead to permanent brain changes that increase the risk of developing psychosis. Withdrawal from drugs can also cause symptoms of psychosis, which makes addiction and psychosis interlinked in some cases. The stress caused by addiction, along with changes in brain function, can be a recipe for serious mental health issues. […] Mental Health Disorders:- Psychosis is often associated with specific mental health disorders, particularly schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe depression. In these cases, psychosis can occur during episodes of extreme mood swings or emotional distress. For instance, in schizophrenia, individuals may experience chronic psychosis characterized by auditory or visual hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. In bipolar disorder, psychosis typically emerges during manic or depressive episodes, with individuals losing touch with reality. Even severe depression can lead to psychosis, where individuals may believe they are worthless or even have thoughts of death or harm.

• #45 Understanding the Causes of Psychosis | Blog | TalktoAngel

  https://www.talktoangel.com/blog/understanding-the-causes-of-psychosis

  Substance Abuse:– Substance use is another major cause of psychosis. Certain drugs, especially hallucinogens and stimulants like LSD, methamphetamine, and cocaine, can induce psychotic episodes by altering the brains chemistry. Chronic use of alcohol or other substances, particularly during the formative years of young adulthood, can also lead to permanent brain changes that increase the risk of developing psychosis. Withdrawal from drugs can also cause symptoms of psychosis, which makes addiction and psychosis interlinked in some cases. The stress caused by addiction, along with changes in brain function, can be a recipe for serious mental health issues. […] Mental Health Disorders:- Psychosis is often associated with specific mental health disorders, particularly schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe depression. In these cases, psychosis can occur during episodes of extreme mood swings or emotional distress. For instance, in schizophrenia, individuals may experience chronic psychosis characterized by auditory or visual hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. In bipolar disorder, psychosis typically emerges during manic or depressive episodes, with individuals losing touch with reality. Even severe depression can lead to psychosis, where individuals may believe they are worthless or even have thoughts of death or harm.

• #46

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  lupus […] multiple sclerosis […] brain tumour […] […] […] Alcohol misuse and drug misuse can trigger a psychotic episode. […] […] […] Psychosis can also happen during drug withdrawal. This is when you suddenly stop taking substances after using them for a long time. The episodes can happen a few weeks after stopping. […] […] […] Psychosis can also occur as a side effect of some types of medicine. It can also happen as a result of an overdose of that medicine. These are rare.

• #47 Psychosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis

  Primary psychiatric causes of psychosis include the following: schizophrenia, mood disorders including psychotic depression and bipolar disorder in the manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder and depressive episodes of both bipolar I and bipolar II, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and schizophreniform disorder. […] A very large number of medical conditions can cause psychosis, sometimes called secondary psychosis. […] Various psychoactive substances (both legal and illegal) have been implicated in causing, exacerbating, or precipitating psychotic states or disorders in users, with varying levels of evidence. […] Approximately three percent of people with alcoholism experience psychosis during acute intoxication or withdrawal. […] According to current studies, cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic disorders, and the more often cannabis is used the more likely a person is to develop a psychotic illness. […] Individuals who experience substance-induced psychosis tend to have a greater awareness of their psychosis and tend to have higher levels of suicidal thinking compared to those who have a primary psychotic illness.

• #48 What Causes Psychosis? | mentalhealthcare.org.uk

  https://www.mentalhealthcare.org.uk/what-causes-psychosis/

  Stress can cause psychosis, however, it is normally only a trigger for people who already have an underlying vulnerability, though not always. […] Recently, there has been lots of research undertaken on the incidence of psychoses and schizophrenia with regards to geographical variation. […] The findings of this research suggest that it is unlikely for these geographical variations to be caused solely by social drift. […] Aside from the physical changes with dopamine and brain chemicals, the brain can be responsible for the psychological causes of psychosis. […] Birth complications were first mooted as a factor for psychosis during the 1930s yet the first studies in adults didnt happen for a further thirty years. […] A British newspaper, The Guardian, reported recently that high-strength cannabis increases an individuals risk of developing mental health problems.

• #49 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Alcohol misuse and drug misuse can trigger a psychotic episode. […] In rare situations, psychosis can also occur as a side effect of some types of medicine or as a result of an overdose of that medicine. […] Its thought psychosis may be linked to increased activity of neurotransmitters in the brain. […] Evidence for the role of dopamine in psychosis comes from the fact medicines known to reduce the effects of dopamine in the brain also reduce the symptoms of psychosis.

• #50

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  lupus […] multiple sclerosis […] brain tumour […] […] […] Alcohol misuse and drug misuse can trigger a psychotic episode. […] […] […] Psychosis can also happen during drug withdrawal. This is when you suddenly stop taking substances after using them for a long time. The episodes can happen a few weeks after stopping. […] […] […] Psychosis can also occur as a side effect of some types of medicine. It can also happen as a result of an overdose of that medicine. These are rare.

• #51 Drug-induced psychosis | Symptoms of drug psychosis – Priory

  https://www.priorygroup.com/mental-health/drug-induced-psychosis

  Drug-induced psychosis relating to prescription medication usually occurs when people aren’t taking the drug at the recommended dose or continuing to use the drug beyond the advised period of time. […] If you’re diagnosed with drug-induced psychosis, it will often be part of a co-morbidity or a diagnosis of substance addiction and an underlying mental illness. […] While removing the drug from your system may remove symptoms of psychosis, if you have an underlying mental health condition such as anxiety or depression which prompted excessive use of a drug, or you have been diagnosed with an existing psychotic disorder such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, you’ll need further treatment to address these conditions and aid recovery. […] Drug-induced psychosis is more apparent when your symptoms wear off after you’ve stopped using the drug.

• #52 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  Throughout the years, there have been many different theories about what causes psychosis, many of which have been rejected because they were found to be incorrect. […] Recently, it has become increasingly clear that many of the current theories, such as the chemical imbalance theory, the genetic vulnerability theory, the complex disease theory and the stress vulnerability theory all share similar conclusions. The majority of researchers now agree that most cases of psychosis, like many other common disorders, such as heart disease, diabetes and asthma, to name a few, are caused by a combination of inherited genetic factors and external environmental factors. […] It has been known for a very long time that psychosis can seem to run in families. […] Because of this, researchers have been trying to examine why psychosis runs in families by studying twins and adopted children.

• #53 Psychosis: Signs, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/psychosis-7371099

  Psychosis occurs when someone experiences a loss of contact with reality. This happens when a person’s thoughts and perceptions become distorted, making it hard to understand what is real and what is not. Psychosis is often described as a „break from reality” because psychosis can change how you think, act, see, feel, and hear things. When this occurs, it is called a „psychotic episode.” […] Researchers are still exploring what causes psychosis. Most theories point to a combination of genetic and environmental factors that play a role in the development of psychosis. What causes psychosis differs from person to person but can include: […] Genetics: Research has linked certain genes to an increased risk of mental health disorders and psychosis. People with a family history of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, may be more likely to experience psychosis themselves.

• #54 Acute Psychosis: Differential Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/acute-psychosis-differential-diagnosis-evaluation-management/

  Have you ever wondered about why psychosis develops? […] The underlying cause of these conditions, in any deeper neurobiological sense, is uncertain, but each is listed alongside distinguishing factors in a review by Lieberman and First. […] Broadly speaking, the differential diagnosis of psychosis can be divided into 3 tiers: psychiatric, medical, and drug induced. […] Acute psychotic illness can be triggered by biological, psychological, or sociocultural factors; however, the exact cause of psychosis is unknown. […] Several medical conditions (eg, neurologic, substance-related, autoimmune, drug-induced) have been associated with the onset of psychosis. […] Epidemiologic studies have consistently revealed that stress plays a key role in the onset of psychosis. […] A combination of biological factors (eg, biological sex, genetic factors, family history of a psychotic disorder) elevates the baseline risk of individuals for developing an acute psychosis.

• #55 Psychosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis

  Psychosis may also be temporary or transient, and be caused by medications or substance use disorder (substance-induced psychosis). […] Common causes of chronic (i.e. ongoing or repeating) psychosis include schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and brain damage (usually as a result of alcoholism). […] The diagnosis of a mental-health condition requires excluding other potential causes. […] Tests can be done to check whether psychosis is caused by central nervous system diseases, toxins, or other health problems. […] Traumatic life events have been linked with an elevated risk of developing psychotic symptoms. […] Childhood trauma has specifically been shown to be a predictor of adolescent and adult psychosis. […] Importantly, the relationship between traumatic life events and psychotic symptoms appears to be dose-dependent in which multiple traumatic life events accumulate, compounding symptom expression and severity.

• #56 Psychosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis

  Psychosis may also be temporary or transient, and be caused by medications or substance use disorder (substance-induced psychosis). […] Common causes of chronic (i.e. ongoing or repeating) psychosis include schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and brain damage (usually as a result of alcoholism). […] The diagnosis of a mental-health condition requires excluding other potential causes. […] Tests can be done to check whether psychosis is caused by central nervous system diseases, toxins, or other health problems. […] Traumatic life events have been linked with an elevated risk of developing psychotic symptoms. […] Childhood trauma has specifically been shown to be a predictor of adolescent and adult psychosis. […] Importantly, the relationship between traumatic life events and psychotic symptoms appears to be dose-dependent in which multiple traumatic life events accumulate, compounding symptom expression and severity.

• #57 Psychosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis

  Psychosis may also be temporary or transient, and be caused by medications or substance use disorder (substance-induced psychosis). […] Common causes of chronic (i.e. ongoing or repeating) psychosis include schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and brain damage (usually as a result of alcoholism). […] The diagnosis of a mental-health condition requires excluding other potential causes. […] Tests can be done to check whether psychosis is caused by central nervous system diseases, toxins, or other health problems. […] Traumatic life events have been linked with an elevated risk of developing psychotic symptoms. […] Childhood trauma has specifically been shown to be a predictor of adolescent and adult psychosis. […] Importantly, the relationship between traumatic life events and psychotic symptoms appears to be dose-dependent in which multiple traumatic life events accumulate, compounding symptom expression and severity.

• #58 Psychosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248159

  Psychosis can occur as a result of several factors. It may be a symptom of a mental health condition. Psychotic disorders such as delusional disorder and schizotypal disorder share psychosis as a symptom. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors can lead to psychosis. Certain environmental factors may increase a persons risk of experiencing psychosis, including: maternal infections and pregnancy complications, maternal stress and malnutrition, child abuse, head injury during childhood, migration, drug misuse. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include: brain changes, alcohol or substance misuse, general medical conditions, certain psychiatric and neurological conditions, certain prescription drugs, changes in levels of sex hormones, lack of sleep. […] A traumatic event such as war, sexual assault, or death can also trigger a psychotic episode.

• #59 Psychosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248159

  Psychosis can occur as a result of several factors. It may be a symptom of a mental health condition. Psychotic disorders such as delusional disorder and schizotypal disorder share psychosis as a symptom. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors can lead to psychosis. Certain environmental factors may increase a persons risk of experiencing psychosis, including: maternal infections and pregnancy complications, maternal stress and malnutrition, child abuse, head injury during childhood, migration, drug misuse. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include: brain changes, alcohol or substance misuse, general medical conditions, certain psychiatric and neurological conditions, certain prescription drugs, changes in levels of sex hormones, lack of sleep. […] A traumatic event such as war, sexual assault, or death can also trigger a psychotic episode.

• #60 Psychosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248159

  Psychosis can occur as a result of several factors. It may be a symptom of a mental health condition. Psychotic disorders such as delusional disorder and schizotypal disorder share psychosis as a symptom. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors can lead to psychosis. Certain environmental factors may increase a persons risk of experiencing psychosis, including: maternal infections and pregnancy complications, maternal stress and malnutrition, child abuse, head injury during childhood, migration, drug misuse. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include: brain changes, alcohol or substance misuse, general medical conditions, certain psychiatric and neurological conditions, certain prescription drugs, changes in levels of sex hormones, lack of sleep. […] A traumatic event such as war, sexual assault, or death can also trigger a psychotic episode.

• #61 Psychosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248159

  Psychosis can occur as a result of several factors. It may be a symptom of a mental health condition. Psychotic disorders such as delusional disorder and schizotypal disorder share psychosis as a symptom. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors can lead to psychosis. Certain environmental factors may increase a persons risk of experiencing psychosis, including: maternal infections and pregnancy complications, maternal stress and malnutrition, child abuse, head injury during childhood, migration, drug misuse. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include: brain changes, alcohol or substance misuse, general medical conditions, certain psychiatric and neurological conditions, certain prescription drugs, changes in levels of sex hormones, lack of sleep. […] A traumatic event such as war, sexual assault, or death can also trigger a psychotic episode.

• #62 Psychosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248159

  Psychosis can occur as a result of several factors. It may be a symptom of a mental health condition. Psychotic disorders such as delusional disorder and schizotypal disorder share psychosis as a symptom. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors can lead to psychosis. Certain environmental factors may increase a persons risk of experiencing psychosis, including: maternal infections and pregnancy complications, maternal stress and malnutrition, child abuse, head injury during childhood, migration, drug misuse. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include: brain changes, alcohol or substance misuse, general medical conditions, certain psychiatric and neurological conditions, certain prescription drugs, changes in levels of sex hormones, lack of sleep. […] A traumatic event such as war, sexual assault, or death can also trigger a psychotic episode.

• #63 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #64 Understanding the Causes of Psychosis | Blog | TalktoAngel

  https://www.talktoangel.com/blog/understanding-the-causes-of-psychosis

  Medical Conditions and Neurological Disorders:- Sometimes, psychosis is the result of underlying medical conditions, particularly neurological disorders. Conditions such as brain injuries, strokes, or brain tumours can impact the regions of the brain that govern cognition and perception, leading to psychosis. Infections that affect the brain, like encephalitis, can also cause psychotic symptoms. Additionally, certain chronic medical conditions like Parkinsons disease or Alzheimers disease may present with psychosis as the disease progresses. Even severe sleep deprivation or nutritional deficiencies can alter mental functioning to the point of psychosis. […] Sleep Deprivation:- Believe it or not, a lack of sleep can be a significant trigger for psychosis. Sleep is essential for maintaining mental health, and extended periods of sleep deprivation can lead to cognitive impairments, including hallucinations and delusions. Many people who are severely sleep-deprived report experiencing psychotic-like symptoms, such as hearing voices or feeling paranoid. This is why its so important to maintain a healthy sleep schedule for both physical health and mental well-being.

• #65 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  Twin studies help researchers understand how much genetics contribute and how much the environment contributes to the development of a psychosis. […] What we found out is that, in general, if one of the identical twins has a psychosis, the other will develop the same illness about 50% of the time, and that this number is lower for non-identical twins. This suggests that genes do play a role in psychosis, but that they are certainly not the only factor contributing to psychosis! […] If genetic factors play a role, then the adopted children of people with psychiatric problems should develop the same problems more frequently than the adopted children of unaffected families. […] However, adoption studies also show that genetic vulnerability factors on their own are usually not enough to cause psychosis. Environmental vulnerability factors are also needed for a person to develop a psychosis.

• #66 Psychosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychosis

  People with psychosis cannot tell what is real and what is not. […] Psychosis can be caused or triggered by certain mental illnesses and/or drug use in vulnerable people. […] The causes of psychosis are complex. However, psychosis is thought to be caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. […] It’s likely that some people are born with a predisposition to develop this kind of illness and that certain things can trigger their first episode. […] Common triggers include: stress, use of drugs such as marijuana, LSD, speed or others, certain prescription medicines. […] People with particular risk factors are more likely to develop psychosis, including: mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression, a family history of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, a history of illegal drug use. […] Some medical conditions have been known to cause psychosis, although this is rare. […] Research also shows that too much dopamine may be associated with psychosis.

• #67 Causes of psychosis

  https://toolkit.lifeline.org.au/topics/psychotic-illness/causes-of-psychosis

  Understanding psychosis isn’t always straightforward. It can result from a combination of things like genetics, environment, and life experiences. […] Chemicals called neurotransmitters help your brain cells talk to one another. When you experience psychosis, the communication between these cells can get mixed up, impacting your thoughts and beliefs. […] Your brain has specific parts that help you make sense of the world around you. When you experience psychosis, these parts change, affecting how you see and understand things around you. […] By learning more about the causes of psychosis, we can reduce stigma and create more understanding and kindness for you and everyone affected. […] The highest risk factor for psychosis is having a family history. Some family genes can make you more likely to experience changes in your brain. While this genetic link can increase your chance of developing psychosis, it does not necessarily mean that you will.

• #68 Causes of psychosis

  https://toolkit.lifeline.org.au/topics/psychotic-illness/causes-of-psychosis

  Understanding psychosis isn’t always straightforward. It can result from a combination of things like genetics, environment, and life experiences. […] Chemicals called neurotransmitters help your brain cells talk to one another. When you experience psychosis, the communication between these cells can get mixed up, impacting your thoughts and beliefs. […] Your brain has specific parts that help you make sense of the world around you. When you experience psychosis, these parts change, affecting how you see and understand things around you. […] By learning more about the causes of psychosis, we can reduce stigma and create more understanding and kindness for you and everyone affected. […] The highest risk factor for psychosis is having a family history. Some family genes can make you more likely to experience changes in your brain. While this genetic link can increase your chance of developing psychosis, it does not necessarily mean that you will.

• #69 Causes of psychosis

  https://toolkit.lifeline.org.au/topics/psychotic-illness/causes-of-psychosis

  Life events matter, too. For example, if you have these sensitive genes and you’ve been through a lot of stress or tough times, this combination could increase your risk. But remember, its often not just one single factor that can result in psychosis. […] Hormonal influences […] Environmental factors […] Psychosocial factors

• #70 Psychosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychosis

  People with psychosis cannot tell what is real and what is not. […] Psychosis can be caused or triggered by certain mental illnesses and/or drug use in vulnerable people. […] The causes of psychosis are complex. However, psychosis is thought to be caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. […] It’s likely that some people are born with a predisposition to develop this kind of illness and that certain things can trigger their first episode. […] Common triggers include: stress, use of drugs such as marijuana, LSD, speed or others, certain prescription medicines. […] People with particular risk factors are more likely to develop psychosis, including: mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression, a family history of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, a history of illegal drug use. […] Some medical conditions have been known to cause psychosis, although this is rare. […] Research also shows that too much dopamine may be associated with psychosis.

• #71 Psychosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychosis

  People with psychosis cannot tell what is real and what is not. […] Psychosis can be caused or triggered by certain mental illnesses and/or drug use in vulnerable people. […] The causes of psychosis are complex. However, psychosis is thought to be caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. […] It’s likely that some people are born with a predisposition to develop this kind of illness and that certain things can trigger their first episode. […] Common triggers include: stress, use of drugs such as marijuana, LSD, speed or others, certain prescription medicines. […] People with particular risk factors are more likely to develop psychosis, including: mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression, a family history of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, a history of illegal drug use. […] Some medical conditions have been known to cause psychosis, although this is rare. […] Research also shows that too much dopamine may be associated with psychosis.

• #72 Psychosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/psychosis

  People with psychosis cannot tell what is real and what is not. […] Psychosis can be caused or triggered by certain mental illnesses and/or drug use in vulnerable people. […] The causes of psychosis are complex. However, psychosis is thought to be caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. […] It’s likely that some people are born with a predisposition to develop this kind of illness and that certain things can trigger their first episode. […] Common triggers include: stress, use of drugs such as marijuana, LSD, speed or others, certain prescription medicines. […] People with particular risk factors are more likely to develop psychosis, including: mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression, a family history of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, a history of illegal drug use. […] Some medical conditions have been known to cause psychosis, although this is rare. […] Research also shows that too much dopamine may be associated with psychosis.

• #73 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis

  Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. […] There is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder. […] For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimers disease, and related dementias. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes.

• #74 Causes – Psychosis – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/psychosis/causes/

  Psychosis can be caused by a mental (psychological) condition, a general medical condition, or alcohol or drug misuse. […] The following conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: schizophrenia a mental health condition that causes hallucinations and delusions, bipolar disorder a person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of low mood (depression) and highs or elated mood (mania), severe stress or anxiety, severe depression feelings of persistent sadness, including postnatal depression, which some women experience after having a baby, lack of sleep. […] The underlying psychological cause often influences the type of psychotic episode someone experiences. […] The following medical conditions have been known to trigger psychotic episodes in some people: HIV and AIDS, malaria, syphilis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, hypoglycaemia (an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood), lupus, multiple sclerosis, brain tumour, sudden illness or injury, such as a high temperature or a head injury.

• #75 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  We also cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just genetic vulnerability. Similarly, we cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just environmental vulnerability. […] While we cannot change the amount of genetic vulnerability we have, we can do something to alter our environmental vulnerability. […] Some examples of protective factors are: medication, effective coping strategies for dealing with stress, eating the right amounts of good healthy food, getting enough sleep and regular exercise. […] However, studies show that the chances for developing many types of psychosis are higher for family members of people with a psychosis. […] Genetic counselling does NOT tell people how to live their lives, nor does it make reproductive decisions for people.

• #76 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  We also cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just genetic vulnerability. Similarly, we cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just environmental vulnerability. […] While we cannot change the amount of genetic vulnerability we have, we can do something to alter our environmental vulnerability. […] Some examples of protective factors are: medication, effective coping strategies for dealing with stress, eating the right amounts of good healthy food, getting enough sleep and regular exercise. […] However, studies show that the chances for developing many types of psychosis are higher for family members of people with a psychosis. […] Genetic counselling does NOT tell people how to live their lives, nor does it make reproductive decisions for people.

• #77 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  We also cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just genetic vulnerability. Similarly, we cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just environmental vulnerability. […] While we cannot change the amount of genetic vulnerability we have, we can do something to alter our environmental vulnerability. […] Some examples of protective factors are: medication, effective coping strategies for dealing with stress, eating the right amounts of good healthy food, getting enough sleep and regular exercise. […] However, studies show that the chances for developing many types of psychosis are higher for family members of people with a psychosis. […] Genetic counselling does NOT tell people how to live their lives, nor does it make reproductive decisions for people.

• #78 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  We also cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just genetic vulnerability. Similarly, we cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just environmental vulnerability. […] While we cannot change the amount of genetic vulnerability we have, we can do something to alter our environmental vulnerability. […] Some examples of protective factors are: medication, effective coping strategies for dealing with stress, eating the right amounts of good healthy food, getting enough sleep and regular exercise. […] However, studies show that the chances for developing many types of psychosis are higher for family members of people with a psychosis. […] Genetic counselling does NOT tell people how to live their lives, nor does it make reproductive decisions for people.

• #79 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  We also cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just genetic vulnerability. Similarly, we cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just environmental vulnerability. […] While we cannot change the amount of genetic vulnerability we have, we can do something to alter our environmental vulnerability. […] Some examples of protective factors are: medication, effective coping strategies for dealing with stress, eating the right amounts of good healthy food, getting enough sleep and regular exercise. […] However, studies show that the chances for developing many types of psychosis are higher for family members of people with a psychosis. […] Genetic counselling does NOT tell people how to live their lives, nor does it make reproductive decisions for people.

• #80 Psychosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546579/

  Psychosis may result from a primary psychiatric illness, substance use, or another neurologic or medical condition. Brain abnormalities have correlated with first-episode psychotic disorders, including reduced prefrontal, superior, and medial temporal grey matter. Primary psychotic disorders are considered neurodevelopmental abnormalities and believed to develop in utero, although many times the manifestation of psychotic symptoms and full-blown illness correlate with epigenetic or environmental factors (substance abuse, stress, immigration, infection, postpartum period, or other medical causes). There is significant evidence for genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders. […] The incidence of a first-time episode of psychosis is approximately 50 in 100000 people, while the incidence of schizophrenia is about 15 in 100000 people. […] Dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine are all neurotransmitters implicated in psychosis. […] Antipsychotic medications are the gold-standard treatment for psychotic episodes and disorders. […] Early intervention is essential for good long-term outcomes.

• #81 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  First, genetic testing may help clinicians with the diagnosis of different types of psychosis and could also lead to better identification of people who are at risk of developing it. […] Second, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis might help us to identify and understand the role of the environmental vulnerability factors that are important in the development of psychosis. […] Third, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis may lead to better treatments, based on a better understanding of the biological mechanisms of psychosis. […] This is probably going to be the first way in which genetic research directly benefits individuals with psychosis and their families because finding the right medication that works well to relieve symptoms without causing nasty side effects has often been a long and painful process of trial and error.

• #82 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  First, genetic testing may help clinicians with the diagnosis of different types of psychosis and could also lead to better identification of people who are at risk of developing it. […] Second, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis might help us to identify and understand the role of the environmental vulnerability factors that are important in the development of psychosis. […] Third, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis may lead to better treatments, based on a better understanding of the biological mechanisms of psychosis. […] This is probably going to be the first way in which genetic research directly benefits individuals with psychosis and their families because finding the right medication that works well to relieve symptoms without causing nasty side effects has often been a long and painful process of trial and error.

• #83 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  First, genetic testing may help clinicians with the diagnosis of different types of psychosis and could also lead to better identification of people who are at risk of developing it. […] Second, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis might help us to identify and understand the role of the environmental vulnerability factors that are important in the development of psychosis. […] Third, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis may lead to better treatments, based on a better understanding of the biological mechanisms of psychosis. […] This is probably going to be the first way in which genetic research directly benefits individuals with psychosis and their families because finding the right medication that works well to relieve symptoms without causing nasty side effects has often been a long and painful process of trial and error.

• #84 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  First, genetic testing may help clinicians with the diagnosis of different types of psychosis and could also lead to better identification of people who are at risk of developing it. […] Second, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis might help us to identify and understand the role of the environmental vulnerability factors that are important in the development of psychosis. […] Third, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis may lead to better treatments, based on a better understanding of the biological mechanisms of psychosis. […] This is probably going to be the first way in which genetic research directly benefits individuals with psychosis and their families because finding the right medication that works well to relieve symptoms without causing nasty side effects has often been a long and painful process of trial and error.

• #85 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  First, genetic testing may help clinicians with the diagnosis of different types of psychosis and could also lead to better identification of people who are at risk of developing it. […] Second, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis might help us to identify and understand the role of the environmental vulnerability factors that are important in the development of psychosis. […] Third, finding the genes that increase vulnerability to psychosis may lead to better treatments, based on a better understanding of the biological mechanisms of psychosis. […] This is probably going to be the first way in which genetic research directly benefits individuals with psychosis and their families because finding the right medication that works well to relieve symptoms without causing nasty side effects has often been a long and painful process of trial and error.

• #86 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  When a mutation occurs in a gene that contains the instructions for a brain protein, like a neurotransmitter, it may contribute to a chemical imbalance in the brain, which is one of the factors in the development of psychosis. […] Researchers have found mutations in several genes, which scientists think might contribute to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, however, each of these genes is thought to increase a persons vulnerability to psychosis by only a small proportion. […] There are many different environmental factors that have each been shown to lead to a small increase in the likelihood of someone developing psychosis. […] IMPORTANT it is unlikely that people with psychosis will have all of the environmental vulnerability factors listed above! […] Although two people can both be diagnosed with the same psychosis (e.g. schizophrenia), they may not have the same set of symptoms. This is called heterogeneity. One explanation for this heterogeneity is that these two people may have different genetic and environmental vulnerability factors causing the illness.

• #87 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  When a mutation occurs in a gene that contains the instructions for a brain protein, like a neurotransmitter, it may contribute to a chemical imbalance in the brain, which is one of the factors in the development of psychosis. […] Researchers have found mutations in several genes, which scientists think might contribute to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, however, each of these genes is thought to increase a persons vulnerability to psychosis by only a small proportion. […] There are many different environmental factors that have each been shown to lead to a small increase in the likelihood of someone developing psychosis. […] IMPORTANT it is unlikely that people with psychosis will have all of the environmental vulnerability factors listed above! […] Although two people can both be diagnosed with the same psychosis (e.g. schizophrenia), they may not have the same set of symptoms. This is called heterogeneity. One explanation for this heterogeneity is that these two people may have different genetic and environmental vulnerability factors causing the illness.

• #88 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  We also cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just genetic vulnerability. Similarly, we cant rule out the possibility that in a very small minority of cases, psychosis might be caused by just environmental vulnerability. […] While we cannot change the amount of genetic vulnerability we have, we can do something to alter our environmental vulnerability. […] Some examples of protective factors are: medication, effective coping strategies for dealing with stress, eating the right amounts of good healthy food, getting enough sleep and regular exercise. […] However, studies show that the chances for developing many types of psychosis are higher for family members of people with a psychosis. […] Genetic counselling does NOT tell people how to live their lives, nor does it make reproductive decisions for people.

• #89 Understanding Psychosis – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis

  Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. […] There is no one cause of psychosis. Psychosis appears to result from a complex combination of genetic risk, differences in brain development, and exposure to stressors or trauma. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression. However, a person can experience psychosis and never be diagnosed with schizophrenia or any other disorder. […] For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimers disease, and related dementias. […] Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certain prescription medications, and the misuse of alcohol or drugs. A mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is typically diagnosed by excluding these other causes.

• #90 Causes and Outcome of Psychosis (Chapter 5.2) – Seminars in General Adult Psychiatry

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/seminars-in-general-adult-psychiatry/causes-and-outcome-of-psychosis/366B382635F9256F86871AF5F12A0BBA/core-reader

  Psychosis is characterized by distortions in thinking (e.g. fixed, false beliefs), in perception (e.g. hearing voices or less commonly seeing things that are not there), emotions, language, sense of self and behaviour. […] We now know that the aetiology of psychosis is multifactorial. Genetic and environmental factors occasionally act alone but usually in combination as well as operate at a number of levels and over time to influence an individuals likelihood of developing psychotic symptoms.

• #91 What Causes Psychosis? – Early Psychosis Intervention

  https://www.earlypsychosis.ca/what-causes-psychosis/

  Throughout the years, there have been many different theories about what causes psychosis, many of which have been rejected because they were found to be incorrect. […] Recently, it has become increasingly clear that many of the current theories, such as the chemical imbalance theory, the genetic vulnerability theory, the complex disease theory and the stress vulnerability theory all share similar conclusions. The majority of researchers now agree that most cases of psychosis, like many other common disorders, such as heart disease, diabetes and asthma, to name a few, are caused by a combination of inherited genetic factors and external environmental factors. […] It has been known for a very long time that psychosis can seem to run in families. […] Because of this, researchers have been trying to examine why psychosis runs in families by studying twins and adopted children.

• #92 Psychosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546579/

  Psychosis may result from a primary psychiatric illness, substance use, or another neurologic or medical condition. Brain abnormalities have correlated with first-episode psychotic disorders, including reduced prefrontal, superior, and medial temporal grey matter. Primary psychotic disorders are considered neurodevelopmental abnormalities and believed to develop in utero, although many times the manifestation of psychotic symptoms and full-blown illness correlate with epigenetic or environmental factors (substance abuse, stress, immigration, infection, postpartum period, or other medical causes). There is significant evidence for genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders. […] The incidence of a first-time episode of psychosis is approximately 50 in 100000 people, while the incidence of schizophrenia is about 15 in 100000 people. […] Dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine are all neurotransmitters implicated in psychosis. […] Antipsychotic medications are the gold-standard treatment for psychotic episodes and disorders. […] Early intervention is essential for good long-term outcomes.

• #93 Psychosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546579/

  Psychosis may result from a primary psychiatric illness, substance use, or another neurologic or medical condition. Brain abnormalities have correlated with first-episode psychotic disorders, including reduced prefrontal, superior, and medial temporal grey matter. Primary psychotic disorders are considered neurodevelopmental abnormalities and believed to develop in utero, although many times the manifestation of psychotic symptoms and full-blown illness correlate with epigenetic or environmental factors (substance abuse, stress, immigration, infection, postpartum period, or other medical causes). There is significant evidence for genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders. […] The incidence of a first-time episode of psychosis is approximately 50 in 100000 people, while the incidence of schizophrenia is about 15 in 100000 people. […] Dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine are all neurotransmitters implicated in psychosis. […] Antipsychotic medications are the gold-standard treatment for psychotic episodes and disorders. […] Early intervention is essential for good long-term outcomes.

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