Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Common Cold Symptoms in Children: Results of an Internet-Based Surveillance Program

  https://www.jmir.org/2014/6/e144/

  The common cold is one of the most prevalent illnesses in the world. […] Owing to the high rate of incidence, especially among children, the common cold creates a significant economic and social burden. […] As part of an initiative to assess the safety and efficacy of cough and cold ingredients in children 6-11 years of age, a surveillance program was proposed as a means to identify and recruit pediatric subjects for participation in clinical studies. […] The results of this investigation suggest that Internet-based surveillance and recruitment can be useful tools to follow the natural history of colds in children and to enroll subjects in clinical studies of therapies for the treatment of cough and cold.

• #2 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  COMMON COLD OVERVIEW […] The common cold is the most common illness in the United States. Infants and children are affected more often and experience more prolonged symptoms than adults. The common cold accounts for approximately 22 million missed days of school and 20 million absences from work, including time away from work caring for ill children. […] Children under six years average six to eight colds per year (up to one per month, September through April), with symptoms lasting an average of 14 days. This means that a child could be ill with intermittent cold symptoms for nearly half of the days in this time period without cause for concern. […] […] Seasonal patterns — The common cold may occur at any time of year, although most colds occur during the fall and winter months, regardless of the geographic location. Colds are not caused by cold climates or being exposed to cold air.

• #3 Common cold in babies – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold-in-babies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351651

  A common cold in a baby is a viral infection in the nose and throat. A stuffy and runny nose are the main symptoms of a cold. […] All babies are likely to get the common cold. That’s partly because they’re often around older children. Also, babies bodies are not yet ready to fight off many common infections. When their bodies build up protection, it’s called immunity. […] Babies and young children usually have 6 to 8 colds a year. They might have more if they go to child care. […] The common cold is an infection of the nose and throat, called an upper respiratory tract infection. More than 200 viruses can cause the common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common. […] Once infected by a virus, a baby’s body usually can fight off that same virus in the future. That’s called immunity. But because so many viruses cause colds, babies may have several colds a year and many throughout their lives. Also, some viruses don’t give lasting immunity. […] A few factors put babies at higher risk of a common cold. […] Babies are at risk of common colds because they haven’t yet come into contact with most of the viruses that cause them. […] Colds are more common from fall to late spring. But babies can get colds anytime.

• #4 Common Cold in Babies – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/common-cold-in-babies

  Babies will have anywhere from eight to 10 colds by the time they turn 2 years old. […] Signs of a common cold in babies are mostly the same as they are in adults. […] Colds usually clear up on their own, but there are some important symptoms to keep an eye on. […] If your child is under 3 months old and displays the symptoms of a cold, Dr. Lee recommends contacting your pediatrician. […] A cold can quickly turn into something more serious in newborns, so your child’s physician will want to follow the illness. […] Dr. Lee notes that it is especially important to contact the doctor immediately if a newborn under 1 month old has a fever. […] If your child is over 3 months, contact your pediatrician if your baby experiences any of the following symptoms along with the cold. […] At the end of the day, you know your baby best. If you have any questions or concerns, do not hesitate to contact your pediatrician.

• #5 Common cold in babies – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold-in-babies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351651

  A common cold in a baby is a viral infection in the nose and throat. A stuffy and runny nose are the main symptoms of a cold. […] All babies are likely to get the common cold. That’s partly because they’re often around older children. Also, babies bodies are not yet ready to fight off many common infections. When their bodies build up protection, it’s called immunity. […] Babies and young children usually have 6 to 8 colds a year. They might have more if they go to child care. […] The common cold is an infection of the nose and throat, called an upper respiratory tract infection. More than 200 viruses can cause the common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common. […] Once infected by a virus, a baby’s body usually can fight off that same virus in the future. That’s called immunity. But because so many viruses cause colds, babies may have several colds a year and many throughout their lives. Also, some viruses don’t give lasting immunity. […] A few factors put babies at higher risk of a common cold. […] Babies are at risk of common colds because they haven’t yet come into contact with most of the viruses that cause them. […] Colds are more common from fall to late spring. But babies can get colds anytime.

• #6 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Common colds are most frequent from September to April in temperate climates. Rhinovirus infections, which are present throughout the year, account for the initial increase in cold incidence during the fall (causing as many as 80% of colds in this period) and for a second incidence peak at the end of spring. Colds that occur from October through March are caused by the successive appearance of numerous viruses. The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school-aged children. An average of 3-8 colds per year is observed in this age group, and the incidence is even higher in children who attend daycare and preschool. Because of the numerous viral agents involved and the multiple serotypes that several of these agents (especially rhinovirus) have, it is not unusual for younger children to have new colds every month during the winter. Adults and adolescents typically have 2-4 colds per year.

• #7 Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Infections) | California Childcare Health Program

  https://cchp.ucsf.edu/resources/health-safety-notes/common-cold-upper-respiratory-infections

  Young children get colds very often, especially when they live with or play with other children. […] Infants can have up to 10-12 colds a year. […] The viruses that cause colds spread easily. […] Children build immunity to the viruses that cause colds as they get older. […] Children should see a health professional if they have nasal congestion that lasts more than 10 to 14 days, which may mean a sinus infection. […] Encourage vaccinations for COVID-19, flu, and other respiratory infections.

• #8 Common cold – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold

  The common cold is the most common human disease and affects people all over the globe. Adults typically have two to three infections annually, and children may have six to ten colds a year (and up to twelve colds a year for school children). Rates of symptomatic infections increase in the elderly due to declining immunity. […] A common misconception is that one can „catch a cold” merely through prolonged exposure to cold weather. Although it is now known that colds are viral infections, the prevalence of many such viruses are indeed seasonal, occurring more frequently during cold weather. The reason for the seasonality has not been conclusively determined. Possible explanations may include cold temperature-induced changes in the respiratory system, decreased immune response, and low humidity causing an increase in viral transmission rates, perhaps due to dry air allowing small viral droplets to disperse farther and stay in the air longer. […] The apparent seasonality may also be due to social factors, such as people spending more time indoors near infected people, and especially children at school.

• #9 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Common colds are most frequent from September to April in temperate climates. Rhinovirus infections, which are present throughout the year, account for the initial increase in cold incidence during the fall (causing as many as 80% of colds in this period) and for a second incidence peak at the end of spring. Colds that occur from October through March are caused by the successive appearance of numerous viruses. The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school-aged children. An average of 3-8 colds per year is observed in this age group, and the incidence is even higher in children who attend daycare and preschool. Because of the numerous viral agents involved and the multiple serotypes that several of these agents (especially rhinovirus) have, it is not unusual for younger children to have new colds every month during the winter. Adults and adolescents typically have 2-4 colds per year.

• #10 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Common colds are most frequent from September to April in temperate climates. Rhinovirus infections, which are present throughout the year, account for the initial increase in cold incidence during the fall (causing as many as 80% of colds in this period) and for a second incidence peak at the end of spring. Colds that occur from October through March are caused by the successive appearance of numerous viruses. The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school-aged children. An average of 3-8 colds per year is observed in this age group, and the incidence is even higher in children who attend daycare and preschool. Because of the numerous viral agents involved and the multiple serotypes that several of these agents (especially rhinovirus) have, it is not unusual for younger children to have new colds every month during the winter. Adults and adolescents typically have 2-4 colds per year.

• #11 Colds in Babies & Children | CALPOL® UK

  https://www.calpol.co.uk/cough-cold-congestion-information/cold-flu

  Dr Ellie Canon says: More than 200 types of virus can cause the common cold so your child can have one cold right after getting over another, because each one is caused by a different virus. […] A child typically has eight to ten colds a year, while an adult has only two to four. So, in comparison to you, it may seem like your child is sick all the time. […] Its normal for children and adults to get colds more often during the colder months. This is because it is an ideal environment for a cold virus to take hold. […] Most people with a cold are contagious for about 1-2 weeks. You can be infectious a few days before the symptoms appear, up until the symptoms have finished.

• #12 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Internationally, rhinovirus is a significant cause of RTI, as well as a minor cause of bronchiolitis. Rhinoviruses have been found in all countries, even in remote areas such as the Kaluhi Islands and the Amazon. In Brazil, rhinoviruses reportedly cause 46% of acute RTIs. A seasonal increase in incidence during the winter months is observed worldwide. […] Because antibodies to viral serotypes develop over time, the incidence of rhinovirus infection is highest in infants and young children and falls as children approach adulthood. Young children are more likely to have the frequent, close, personal contact necessary to transmit the virus; they commonly pass the infection to family members after acquiring the virus in nurseries, daycare facilities, and schools. Children also may be more contagious by virtue of having higher virus concentrations in secretions and longer duration of viral shedding.

• #13 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  COMMON COLD OVERVIEW […] The common cold is the most common illness in the United States. Infants and children are affected more often and experience more prolonged symptoms than adults. The common cold accounts for approximately 22 million missed days of school and 20 million absences from work, including time away from work caring for ill children. […] Children under six years average six to eight colds per year (up to one per month, September through April), with symptoms lasting an average of 14 days. This means that a child could be ill with intermittent cold symptoms for nearly half of the days in this time period without cause for concern. […] […] Seasonal patterns — The common cold may occur at any time of year, although most colds occur during the fall and winter months, regardless of the geographic location. Colds are not caused by cold climates or being exposed to cold air.

• #14 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Common colds are most frequent from September to April in temperate climates. Rhinovirus infections, which are present throughout the year, account for the initial increase in cold incidence during the fall (causing as many as 80% of colds in this period) and for a second incidence peak at the end of spring. Colds that occur from October through March are caused by the successive appearance of numerous viruses. The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school-aged children. An average of 3-8 colds per year is observed in this age group, and the incidence is even higher in children who attend daycare and preschool. Because of the numerous viral agents involved and the multiple serotypes that several of these agents (especially rhinovirus) have, it is not unusual for younger children to have new colds every month during the winter. Adults and adolescents typically have 2-4 colds per year.

• #15 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research

  https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20

  Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] Rhinovirus, RSV, Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus are the most common causative organisms for common cold in pre-school children. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April. […] Otitis media occurs in 5 to 15 percent of colds in young children. […] Viral URIs are the most important reason for asthma attacks in children.

• #16 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Common colds are most frequent from September to April in temperate climates. Rhinovirus infections, which are present throughout the year, account for the initial increase in cold incidence during the fall (causing as many as 80% of colds in this period) and for a second incidence peak at the end of spring. Colds that occur from October through March are caused by the successive appearance of numerous viruses. The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school-aged children. An average of 3-8 colds per year is observed in this age group, and the incidence is even higher in children who attend daycare and preschool. Because of the numerous viral agents involved and the multiple serotypes that several of these agents (especially rhinovirus) have, it is not unusual for younger children to have new colds every month during the winter. Adults and adolescents typically have 2-4 colds per year.

• #17 Common Cold (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/common-cold-coryza

  Common cold epidemiology […] Adults have an average of two to three colds a year. Children have an average of five to six colds a year. Young children in nursery schools may average up to twelve colds per year. […] It should be noted that the introduction of non-pharmacological interventions for control of COVID-19 spread has been associated with a lower rate of other respiratory viruses across Europe. […] Adults who are in contact with young children have more colds than those who are not. […] Annual epidemics occur within the colder months in temperate climates and during the rainy season in the tropics. […] There are over 200 viruses which cause colds; many people with cold symptoms are found to be infected with several viruses at the same time.

• #18 Common cold – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold

  The common cold is the most common human disease and affects people all over the globe. Adults typically have two to three infections annually, and children may have six to ten colds a year (and up to twelve colds a year for school children). Rates of symptomatic infections increase in the elderly due to declining immunity. […] A common misconception is that one can „catch a cold” merely through prolonged exposure to cold weather. Although it is now known that colds are viral infections, the prevalence of many such viruses are indeed seasonal, occurring more frequently during cold weather. The reason for the seasonality has not been conclusively determined. Possible explanations may include cold temperature-induced changes in the respiratory system, decreased immune response, and low humidity causing an increase in viral transmission rates, perhaps due to dry air allowing small viral droplets to disperse farther and stay in the air longer. […] The apparent seasonality may also be due to social factors, such as people spending more time indoors near infected people, and especially children at school.

• #19 The Common Cold in Babies: What to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-cold-in-babies-5213257

  Common colds (also known as head colds) are, as the name implies, very common. On average adults can expect to catch two to three colds a year, but this number climbs to up to eight to 10 when you look at children and infants. […] Babies are particularly prone to viral infections like this because their immune systems arent fully formed and their activities (especially touching things, sucking on fingers, and putting things in their mouth) can put them in harms way. […] Catching common colds is a normal aspect of development, and a vast majority of cases arent dangerous or fatal. […] Its important for parents to realize that some symptoms that arise can be signs of more dangerous conditions, such as influenza (flu), pertussis (whooping cough), and pneumonia, among others. […] Most cold infections in the U.S. occur during the colder months, from December to March. However, being cold isnt linked to this disease. The higher rate of cases in infants and children during these months because occurs because more time is spent indoors and in close contact with others. This spurs transmission.

• #20 Common cold in babies – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold-in-babies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351651

  A common cold in a baby is a viral infection in the nose and throat. A stuffy and runny nose are the main symptoms of a cold. […] All babies are likely to get the common cold. That’s partly because they’re often around older children. Also, babies bodies are not yet ready to fight off many common infections. When their bodies build up protection, it’s called immunity. […] Babies and young children usually have 6 to 8 colds a year. They might have more if they go to child care. […] The common cold is an infection of the nose and throat, called an upper respiratory tract infection. More than 200 viruses can cause the common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common. […] Once infected by a virus, a baby’s body usually can fight off that same virus in the future. That’s called immunity. But because so many viruses cause colds, babies may have several colds a year and many throughout their lives. Also, some viruses don’t give lasting immunity. […] A few factors put babies at higher risk of a common cold. […] Babies are at risk of common colds because they haven’t yet come into contact with most of the viruses that cause them. […] Colds are more common from fall to late spring. But babies can get colds anytime.

• #21 Colds in Babies & Children | CALPOL® UK

  https://www.calpol.co.uk/cough-cold-congestion-information/cold-flu

  Dr Ellie Canon says: More than 200 types of virus can cause the common cold so your child can have one cold right after getting over another, because each one is caused by a different virus. […] A child typically has eight to ten colds a year, while an adult has only two to four. So, in comparison to you, it may seem like your child is sick all the time. […] Its normal for children and adults to get colds more often during the colder months. This is because it is an ideal environment for a cold virus to take hold. […] Most people with a cold are contagious for about 1-2 weeks. You can be infectious a few days before the symptoms appear, up until the symptoms have finished.

• #22 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research

  https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20

  Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] Rhinovirus, RSV, Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus are the most common causative organisms for common cold in pre-school children. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April. […] Otitis media occurs in 5 to 15 percent of colds in young children. […] Viral URIs are the most important reason for asthma attacks in children.

• #23 Rhinovirus and Enterovirus | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/respiratory/rhino-entero.htm

  About 50% of common colds are caused by some kind of rhinovirus. […] Most infected people have no symptoms or only mild symptoms, but some infections can be serious, especially among infants and people with weakened immune systems. […] People of any age can get enterovirus and rhinovirus infections, but infants, children, and teenagers are more likely than adults to become sick. Each year in the United States, there are millions of cases of the common cold. […] Most people recover within about seven to 10 days. However, people with weakened immune systems, asthma, or respiratory conditions may develop serious illness, such as bronchitis or pneumonia. […] Individual cases of enterovirus are not reportable in Wisconsin. However, clusters of three or more unrelated persons with similar clinical signs and symptoms should be reported to the local health department.

• #24 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research

  https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20

  Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] Rhinovirus, RSV, Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus are the most common causative organisms for common cold in pre-school children. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April. […] Otitis media occurs in 5 to 15 percent of colds in young children. […] Viral URIs are the most important reason for asthma attacks in children.

• #25 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research

  https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20

  Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] Rhinovirus, RSV, Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus are the most common causative organisms for common cold in pre-school children. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April. […] Otitis media occurs in 5 to 15 percent of colds in young children. […] Viral URIs are the most important reason for asthma attacks in children.

• #26 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research

  https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20

  Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] Rhinovirus, RSV, Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus are the most common causative organisms for common cold in pre-school children. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April. […] Otitis media occurs in 5 to 15 percent of colds in young children. […] Viral URIs are the most important reason for asthma attacks in children.

• #27 The Common Cold and Influenza in Children: To Treat or Not to Treat?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/4/858

  The common cold, which is mostly caused by respiratory viruses and clinically represented by the symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) with mainly upper respiratory tract involvement, is an important problem in pediatric practice. […] The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the epidemiology of ARVI. Although non-pharmacological prophylaxis has not completely stopped their spread, it should be noted that in certain countries these measures have resulted in a significant yet temporary decrease in the frequency of respiratory infections in children. […] In children, the most frequently observed ARVI pathogens are RV, IAV/IBV, PIV, RSV, CoV, MPV, and BoV. […] The high frequency of ARVI in children is related to the developmental features of the immune system. […] Several studies were conducted to clarify the features of the epidemiology of ARVI during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was shown that a large proportion of children’s hospital admissions are still due to severe ARVI with RV and RSV being the leading cause. […] The data presented in this descriptive review allows us to conclude that a modern, balanced and evidence-based approach to the choice of ARVI treatments in children should be used in clinical practice.

• #28 The Common Cold and Influenza in Children: To Treat or Not to Treat?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/4/858

  The common cold, which is mostly caused by respiratory viruses and clinically represented by the symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) with mainly upper respiratory tract involvement, is an important problem in pediatric practice. […] The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the epidemiology of ARVI. Although non-pharmacological prophylaxis has not completely stopped their spread, it should be noted that in certain countries these measures have resulted in a significant yet temporary decrease in the frequency of respiratory infections in children. […] In children, the most frequently observed ARVI pathogens are RV, IAV/IBV, PIV, RSV, CoV, MPV, and BoV. […] The high frequency of ARVI in children is related to the developmental features of the immune system. […] Several studies were conducted to clarify the features of the epidemiology of ARVI during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was shown that a large proportion of children’s hospital admissions are still due to severe ARVI with RV and RSV being the leading cause. […] The data presented in this descriptive review allows us to conclude that a modern, balanced and evidence-based approach to the choice of ARVI treatments in children should be used in clinical practice.

• #29 Common Cold (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/common-cold-coryza

  Common cold epidemiology […] Adults have an average of two to three colds a year. Children have an average of five to six colds a year. Young children in nursery schools may average up to twelve colds per year. […] It should be noted that the introduction of non-pharmacological interventions for control of COVID-19 spread has been associated with a lower rate of other respiratory viruses across Europe. […] Adults who are in contact with young children have more colds than those who are not. […] Annual epidemics occur within the colder months in temperate climates and during the rainy season in the tropics. […] There are over 200 viruses which cause colds; many people with cold symptoms are found to be infected with several viruses at the same time.

• #30 Flu, RSV and COVID: Families wonder if this winter’s viral stew will ever end : Shots – Health News : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/01/26/1151333478/your-kids-are-adorable-germ-vectors-heres-how-often-they-get-your-household-sick

  „We saw as soon as a child entered the house, the proportion of weeks that an adult had an infection increased significantly,” Byington says. […] „The findings also suggest that the youngest kids are the ones bringing germs home most often: Children under age 5 were infected with some kind of respiratory virus a full 50% of the year twice as often as older kids and adults.” […] „And while a viral detection didn’t always translate into illness, when they were infected, the littlest kids were 1.5 times more likely to have symptoms, like fever or wheezing.” […] „Byington says all of this means that, in the grand scheme of things, it’s normal for kids to be getting all these viruses.” […] „But it’s all more intense right now because of the disruptions of the pandemic.” […] „Young children without prior exposure to these viruses were hit especially hard.” […] „And there is evidence that younger kids who get multiple infections say, COVID and RSV at the same time can end up with more severe illness than if they’d gotten just one virus at a time.”

• #31 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Transmission — Colds are transmitted from person-to-person, either by direct contact or by contact with the virus in the environment. Colds are most contagious during the first two to four days. […] Direct contact — People with colds typically carry the cold virus on their hands, where it is capable of infecting another person for at least two hours. If a child with a cold touches another child or adult, who then touches their eye, nose, or mouth, the virus can later infect that person. […] Infection from particles on surfaces — Some cold viruses can live on surfaces (such as countertops, door handles, or toys) for up to one day. […] Inhaling viral particles — Droplets containing viral particles can be exhaled into the air by breathing or coughing. Rhinoviruses are not usually transmitted as a result of contact with infected droplets, although influenza virus and coronavirus can be transmitted via small droplets. Cold viruses are not usually spread through saliva.

• #32 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Transmission — Colds are transmitted from person-to-person, either by direct contact or by contact with the virus in the environment. Colds are most contagious during the first two to four days. […] Direct contact — People with colds typically carry the cold virus on their hands, where it is capable of infecting another person for at least two hours. If a child with a cold touches another child or adult, who then touches their eye, nose, or mouth, the virus can later infect that person. […] Infection from particles on surfaces — Some cold viruses can live on surfaces (such as countertops, door handles, or toys) for up to one day. […] Inhaling viral particles — Droplets containing viral particles can be exhaled into the air by breathing or coughing. Rhinoviruses are not usually transmitted as a result of contact with infected droplets, although influenza virus and coronavirus can be transmitted via small droplets. Cold viruses are not usually spread through saliva.

• #33 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Transmission — Colds are transmitted from person-to-person, either by direct contact or by contact with the virus in the environment. Colds are most contagious during the first two to four days. […] Direct contact — People with colds typically carry the cold virus on their hands, where it is capable of infecting another person for at least two hours. If a child with a cold touches another child or adult, who then touches their eye, nose, or mouth, the virus can later infect that person. […] Infection from particles on surfaces — Some cold viruses can live on surfaces (such as countertops, door handles, or toys) for up to one day. […] Inhaling viral particles — Droplets containing viral particles can be exhaled into the air by breathing or coughing. Rhinoviruses are not usually transmitted as a result of contact with infected droplets, although influenza virus and coronavirus can be transmitted via small droplets. Cold viruses are not usually spread through saliva.

• #34 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Transmission — Colds are transmitted from person-to-person, either by direct contact or by contact with the virus in the environment. Colds are most contagious during the first two to four days. […] Direct contact — People with colds typically carry the cold virus on their hands, where it is capable of infecting another person for at least two hours. If a child with a cold touches another child or adult, who then touches their eye, nose, or mouth, the virus can later infect that person. […] Infection from particles on surfaces — Some cold viruses can live on surfaces (such as countertops, door handles, or toys) for up to one day. […] Inhaling viral particles — Droplets containing viral particles can be exhaled into the air by breathing or coughing. Rhinoviruses are not usually transmitted as a result of contact with infected droplets, although influenza virus and coronavirus can be transmitted via small droplets. Cold viruses are not usually spread through saliva.

• #35 Colds in Babies & Children | CALPOL® UK

  https://www.calpol.co.uk/cough-cold-congestion-information/cold-flu

  Dr Ellie Canon says: More than 200 types of virus can cause the common cold so your child can have one cold right after getting over another, because each one is caused by a different virus. […] A child typically has eight to ten colds a year, while an adult has only two to four. So, in comparison to you, it may seem like your child is sick all the time. […] Its normal for children and adults to get colds more often during the colder months. This is because it is an ideal environment for a cold virus to take hold. […] Most people with a cold are contagious for about 1-2 weeks. You can be infectious a few days before the symptoms appear, up until the symptoms have finished.

• #36 Common cold in babies – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold-in-babies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351651

  A common cold in a baby is a viral infection in the nose and throat. A stuffy and runny nose are the main symptoms of a cold. […] All babies are likely to get the common cold. That’s partly because they’re often around older children. Also, babies bodies are not yet ready to fight off many common infections. When their bodies build up protection, it’s called immunity. […] Babies and young children usually have 6 to 8 colds a year. They might have more if they go to child care. […] The common cold is an infection of the nose and throat, called an upper respiratory tract infection. More than 200 viruses can cause the common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common. […] Once infected by a virus, a baby’s body usually can fight off that same virus in the future. That’s called immunity. But because so many viruses cause colds, babies may have several colds a year and many throughout their lives. Also, some viruses don’t give lasting immunity. […] A few factors put babies at higher risk of a common cold. […] Babies are at risk of common colds because they haven’t yet come into contact with most of the viruses that cause them. […] Colds are more common from fall to late spring. But babies can get colds anytime.

• #37 The Common Cold and Influenza in Children: To Treat or Not to Treat?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/4/858

  The common cold, which is mostly caused by respiratory viruses and clinically represented by the symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) with mainly upper respiratory tract involvement, is an important problem in pediatric practice. […] The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the epidemiology of ARVI. Although non-pharmacological prophylaxis has not completely stopped their spread, it should be noted that in certain countries these measures have resulted in a significant yet temporary decrease in the frequency of respiratory infections in children. […] In children, the most frequently observed ARVI pathogens are RV, IAV/IBV, PIV, RSV, CoV, MPV, and BoV. […] The high frequency of ARVI in children is related to the developmental features of the immune system. […] Several studies were conducted to clarify the features of the epidemiology of ARVI during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was shown that a large proportion of children’s hospital admissions are still due to severe ARVI with RV and RSV being the leading cause. […] The data presented in this descriptive review allows us to conclude that a modern, balanced and evidence-based approach to the choice of ARVI treatments in children should be used in clinical practice.

• #38 How Long a Cold Should Last for Your Baby – Business Insider

  https://www.businessinsider.com/how-long-does-a-cold-last-in-babies

  Symptoms for a common cold will typically last 7 to 10 days in infants and children. […] Each year in the US, the common cold infects more people than any other illness, and infants and children are especially susceptible. […] Babies can sometimes catch up to eight colds a year. Nichols says the number depends on how often the baby is exposed to other children who may be sick. For example, babies who attend daycare may catch the cold six to eight times a year, while babies who don’t tend to have fewer colds, about two or three. […] In 2004-05, more than 1,500 US children younger than age 2 went to the emergency room for side effects related to overdoses from cough and cold medications.

• #39 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Internationally, rhinovirus is a significant cause of RTI, as well as a minor cause of bronchiolitis. Rhinoviruses have been found in all countries, even in remote areas such as the Kaluhi Islands and the Amazon. In Brazil, rhinoviruses reportedly cause 46% of acute RTIs. A seasonal increase in incidence during the winter months is observed worldwide. […] Because antibodies to viral serotypes develop over time, the incidence of rhinovirus infection is highest in infants and young children and falls as children approach adulthood. Young children are more likely to have the frequent, close, personal contact necessary to transmit the virus; they commonly pass the infection to family members after acquiring the virus in nurseries, daycare facilities, and schools. Children also may be more contagious by virtue of having higher virus concentrations in secretions and longer duration of viral shedding.

• #40 RSV or a Cold: Which Does My Baby Have?

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/infant-rsv-or-cold

  Its a fact of life: Children get colds. Parents and other adults can pass viruses to their infants. And babies who go to day care or have school-age siblings are at higher risk of getting sick. […] RSV is the top reason for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in babies under 1 year old. Up to 3% of infants end up in the hospital from RSV. […] Every year in the U.S., about 58,000 to 80,000 children under 5 years old must be admitted to the hospital for RSV complications. […] Bronchiolitis (inflammation in the lungs’ tiny airways) and a lung infection called pneumonia are serious complications RSV can cause in vulnerable children. […] Complications from RSV are not common, but you can be prepared if you know what to watch for.

• #41 The Common Cold in Babies: What to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-cold-in-babies-5213257

  Common colds (also known as head colds) are, as the name implies, very common. On average adults can expect to catch two to three colds a year, but this number climbs to up to eight to 10 when you look at children and infants. […] Babies are particularly prone to viral infections like this because their immune systems arent fully formed and their activities (especially touching things, sucking on fingers, and putting things in their mouth) can put them in harms way. […] Catching common colds is a normal aspect of development, and a vast majority of cases arent dangerous or fatal. […] Its important for parents to realize that some symptoms that arise can be signs of more dangerous conditions, such as influenza (flu), pertussis (whooping cough), and pneumonia, among others. […] Most cold infections in the U.S. occur during the colder months, from December to March. However, being cold isnt linked to this disease. The higher rate of cases in infants and children during these months because occurs because more time is spent indoors and in close contact with others. This spurs transmission.

• #42 The Common Cold in Babies: What to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-cold-in-babies-5213257

  By nature, infants are at higher risk of contracting common cold than adults because their immune systems arent fully formed. Several other factors can increase the chances of babies catching it: […] The colder months between December and March see high rates of colds because of increased time spent indoors. […] Common cold is a respiratory infection that can arise due to infection by over 200 viruses, with the rhinovirus the most common cause. […] Viruses are expelled in droplets when a sick person exhales or coughs, and they can survive on surfaces. Transmission occurs when they access a babys mucus membranes (the soft tissue of the inside of the nose, in the mouth, or in the eyes). […] Several conditions can result if common cold cases progress and worsen. These complications include: […] Pneumonia.

• #43 Flu, RSV and COVID: Families wonder if this winter’s viral stew will ever end : Shots – Health News : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/01/26/1151333478/your-kids-are-adorable-germ-vectors-heres-how-often-they-get-your-household-sick

  „We saw as soon as a child entered the house, the proportion of weeks that an adult had an infection increased significantly,” Byington says. […] „The findings also suggest that the youngest kids are the ones bringing germs home most often: Children under age 5 were infected with some kind of respiratory virus a full 50% of the year twice as often as older kids and adults.” […] „And while a viral detection didn’t always translate into illness, when they were infected, the littlest kids were 1.5 times more likely to have symptoms, like fever or wheezing.” […] „Byington says all of this means that, in the grand scheme of things, it’s normal for kids to be getting all these viruses.” […] „But it’s all more intense right now because of the disruptions of the pandemic.” […] „Young children without prior exposure to these viruses were hit especially hard.” […] „And there is evidence that younger kids who get multiple infections say, COVID and RSV at the same time can end up with more severe illness than if they’d gotten just one virus at a time.”

• #44 Factsheet – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/respiratorysyncytialvirus/factsheet/

  RSV has been a notifiable disease in Ireland since January 2012. RSV activity in Ireland is monitored by the HSE-Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC). […] Explore a weekly epidemiological summary of RSV data in Ireland in the Respiratory Virus Notification Data Hub. The latest surveillance reports on RSV and other seasonal respiratory viruses, including influenza, are available on the HPSC website. RSV notifications are also reported in the National Notifiable Disease Hub, and RSV outbreaks are reported in the Weekly Outbreak Report.

• #45 Factsheet – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/respiratorysyncytialvirus/factsheet/

  RSV has been a notifiable disease in Ireland since January 2012. RSV activity in Ireland is monitored by the HSE-Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC). […] Explore a weekly epidemiological summary of RSV data in Ireland in the Respiratory Virus Notification Data Hub. The latest surveillance reports on RSV and other seasonal respiratory viruses, including influenza, are available on the HPSC website. RSV notifications are also reported in the National Notifiable Disease Hub, and RSV outbreaks are reported in the Weekly Outbreak Report.

• #46 Rhinovirus and Enterovirus | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/respiratory/rhino-entero.htm

  About 50% of common colds are caused by some kind of rhinovirus. […] Most infected people have no symptoms or only mild symptoms, but some infections can be serious, especially among infants and people with weakened immune systems. […] People of any age can get enterovirus and rhinovirus infections, but infants, children, and teenagers are more likely than adults to become sick. Each year in the United States, there are millions of cases of the common cold. […] Most people recover within about seven to 10 days. However, people with weakened immune systems, asthma, or respiratory conditions may develop serious illness, such as bronchitis or pneumonia. […] Individual cases of enterovirus are not reportable in Wisconsin. However, clusters of three or more unrelated persons with similar clinical signs and symptoms should be reported to the local health department.

• #47 Common Cold Symptoms in Children: Results of an Internet-Based Surveillance Program

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4090373/

  The results demonstrated that the Internet-based methodology was efficient and effective. […] The enrollment data from the present study indicate that the Internet-based strategy was effective at reaching a wide population of potential subjects in different geographic areas. […] The results of this investigation suggest that Internet-based surveillance and recruitment can be useful tools to follow the natural history of colds in children and to enroll subjects in clinical studies of therapies for the treatment of cough and cold.

• #48 Common cold symptoms in children: results of an Internet-based surveillance program – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24945090/

  Conducting and analyzing clinical studies of cough and cold medications is challenging due to the rapid onset and short duration of the symptoms. […] The objective of the study was to develop an Internet-based surveillance system and to assess the feasibility of using such a system to recruit children for common cold clinical studies, record the natural history of their cold symptoms, and determine the willingness of parents to have their children participate in clinical studies. […] Internet-based surveillance and recruitment can be useful tools to follow colds in children and enroll subjects in clinical studies. However, study designs should account for a potentially high dropout rate and low rate of adherence to study procedures.

• #49 The Common Cold and Influenza in Children: To Treat or Not to Treat?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/4/858

  The common cold, which is mostly caused by respiratory viruses and clinically represented by the symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) with mainly upper respiratory tract involvement, is an important problem in pediatric practice. […] The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the epidemiology of ARVI. Although non-pharmacological prophylaxis has not completely stopped their spread, it should be noted that in certain countries these measures have resulted in a significant yet temporary decrease in the frequency of respiratory infections in children. […] In children, the most frequently observed ARVI pathogens are RV, IAV/IBV, PIV, RSV, CoV, MPV, and BoV. […] The high frequency of ARVI in children is related to the developmental features of the immune system. […] Several studies were conducted to clarify the features of the epidemiology of ARVI during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was shown that a large proportion of children’s hospital admissions are still due to severe ARVI with RV and RSV being the leading cause. […] The data presented in this descriptive review allows us to conclude that a modern, balanced and evidence-based approach to the choice of ARVI treatments in children should be used in clinical practice.

• #50 Common Cold (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/common-cold-coryza

  Common cold epidemiology […] Adults have an average of two to three colds a year. Children have an average of five to six colds a year. Young children in nursery schools may average up to twelve colds per year. […] It should be noted that the introduction of non-pharmacological interventions for control of COVID-19 spread has been associated with a lower rate of other respiratory viruses across Europe. […] Adults who are in contact with young children have more colds than those who are not. […] Annual epidemics occur within the colder months in temperate climates and during the rainy season in the tropics. […] There are over 200 viruses which cause colds; many people with cold symptoms are found to be infected with several viruses at the same time.

• #51 Flu, RSV and COVID: Families wonder if this winter’s viral stew will ever end : Shots – Health News : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/01/26/1151333478/your-kids-are-adorable-germ-vectors-heres-how-often-they-get-your-household-sick

  „We saw as soon as a child entered the house, the proportion of weeks that an adult had an infection increased significantly,” Byington says. […] „The findings also suggest that the youngest kids are the ones bringing germs home most often: Children under age 5 were infected with some kind of respiratory virus a full 50% of the year twice as often as older kids and adults.” […] „And while a viral detection didn’t always translate into illness, when they were infected, the littlest kids were 1.5 times more likely to have symptoms, like fever or wheezing.” […] „Byington says all of this means that, in the grand scheme of things, it’s normal for kids to be getting all these viruses.” […] „But it’s all more intense right now because of the disruptions of the pandemic.” […] „Young children without prior exposure to these viruses were hit especially hard.” […] „And there is evidence that younger kids who get multiple infections say, COVID and RSV at the same time can end up with more severe illness than if they’d gotten just one virus at a time.”

• #52 The Common Cold and Influenza in Children: To Treat or Not to Treat?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/4/858

  The common cold, which is mostly caused by respiratory viruses and clinically represented by the symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) with mainly upper respiratory tract involvement, is an important problem in pediatric practice. […] The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the epidemiology of ARVI. Although non-pharmacological prophylaxis has not completely stopped their spread, it should be noted that in certain countries these measures have resulted in a significant yet temporary decrease in the frequency of respiratory infections in children. […] In children, the most frequently observed ARVI pathogens are RV, IAV/IBV, PIV, RSV, CoV, MPV, and BoV. […] The high frequency of ARVI in children is related to the developmental features of the immune system. […] Several studies were conducted to clarify the features of the epidemiology of ARVI during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was shown that a large proportion of children’s hospital admissions are still due to severe ARVI with RV and RSV being the leading cause. […] The data presented in this descriptive review allows us to conclude that a modern, balanced and evidence-based approach to the choice of ARVI treatments in children should be used in clinical practice.

• #53 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Alcohol-based hand rubs are a good alternative for disinfecting hands if a sink is not available. Hand rubs should be spread over the entire surface of hands, fingers, and wrists until dry and may be used several times. These rubs can be used repeatedly without skin irritation or loss of effectiveness. […] It may be difficult or impossible to completely avoid people who are ill, although caregivers should try to limit direct contact. […] Keep all of the child’s immunizations up to date, including annual influenza (flu) vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine. […] Evidence suggests that children who received a flu vaccine in the current flu season and were infected with COVID-19 were less likely to have symptoms and severe disease. […] Isolate children with symptomatic respiratory infections (including known or suspected COVID-19, flu, and RSV infection) according to local and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance.

• #54 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research

  https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20

  Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] Rhinovirus, RSV, Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus are the most common causative organisms for common cold in pre-school children. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April. […] Otitis media occurs in 5 to 15 percent of colds in young children. […] Viral URIs are the most important reason for asthma attacks in children.

• #55 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research

  https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20

  Bacterial sinusitis during the course of common cold is generally self-limited and is estimated to complicate approximately 6 to 13 percent of viral URIs in children. […] The most important aim of the physician should be to make the differential diagnosis of similar clinical entities that would be close to common cold appropriately. […] Supportive therapy is the only recommended treatment of the common cold since the main reason for common cold are viruses. […] There is no role for antibiotics in the treatment of common cold. […] Frequent handwashing is the main step in prevention.

• #56 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research

  https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20

  Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] Rhinovirus, RSV, Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus are the most common causative organisms for common cold in pre-school children. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April. […] Otitis media occurs in 5 to 15 percent of colds in young children. […] Viral URIs are the most important reason for asthma attacks in children.

• #57 RSV or a Cold: Which Does My Baby Have?

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/infant-rsv-or-cold

  Its a fact of life: Children get colds. Parents and other adults can pass viruses to their infants. And babies who go to day care or have school-age siblings are at higher risk of getting sick. […] RSV is the top reason for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in babies under 1 year old. Up to 3% of infants end up in the hospital from RSV. […] Every year in the U.S., about 58,000 to 80,000 children under 5 years old must be admitted to the hospital for RSV complications. […] Bronchiolitis (inflammation in the lungs’ tiny airways) and a lung infection called pneumonia are serious complications RSV can cause in vulnerable children. […] Complications from RSV are not common, but you can be prepared if you know what to watch for.

• #58 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  COMMON COLD OVERVIEW […] The common cold is the most common illness in the United States. Infants and children are affected more often and experience more prolonged symptoms than adults. The common cold accounts for approximately 22 million missed days of school and 20 million absences from work, including time away from work caring for ill children. […] Children under six years average six to eight colds per year (up to one per month, September through April), with symptoms lasting an average of 14 days. This means that a child could be ill with intermittent cold symptoms for nearly half of the days in this time period without cause for concern. […] […] Seasonal patterns — The common cold may occur at any time of year, although most colds occur during the fall and winter months, regardless of the geographic location. Colds are not caused by cold climates or being exposed to cold air.

• #59 Treatment of the Common Cold in Children and Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0715/p153.html

  Manufacturers of these medications have voluntarily modified the product labels to state that they should not be used in children younger than four years. […] There is no evidence to support the use of most over-the-counter cough remedies in children. […] Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, alone or combined with Bifidobacterium animalis, taken by healthy children during the winter may reduce day care absences; the incidence of fever, cough, and rhinorrhea; and the use of antibiotics. […] Zinc sulfate used prophylactically for at least five months reduces the incidence of viral colds, absences from school, and antibiotic use in children.

• #60 Identifying socio-ecological drivers of common cold in Bhutan: a national surveillance data analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-16069-7

  The common cold is a leading cause of morbidity and contributes significantly to the health costs in Bhutan. There were 2,480,509 notifications of common cold between 2010 and 2018. Children aged 15 years were twice (95% credible interval [CrI] 2.2, 2.5) as likely to get common cold than adults, and males were 12.4% (95 CrI 5.5%, 18.7%) less likely to get common cold than females. The common cold is still considered a leading cause of morbidity, according to the Annual Health Bulletin of the Ministry of Health. In 2004, 264,863 cases of common cold were recorded, while there was a reduction of cases in 2018 by 12% (231,525 cases). However, there are limited studies at the national level on the trends and spatial distribution and factors that drive common cold in the country. The common cold is a seasonal illness and environmental factors play a crucial role in the transmission dynamics of the disease. The incidence of common cold declines with age with children experiencing more episodes with prolonged symptoms than adults. The common cold cases were spatially clustered in Mewang (under Thimphu District) and neighbouring subdistricts in the Western Region, probably related to similar geographical landscapes, and climatic and socio-demographic characteristics. The current study demonstrated a significant increase of colds due to increase in temperature. The finding can be used to prioritize public health resources in areas and times of the year when climatic variables are associated with the transmission of common cold.

• #61 How Long a Cold Should Last for Your Baby – Business Insider

  https://www.businessinsider.com/how-long-does-a-cold-last-in-babies

  Symptoms for a common cold will typically last 7 to 10 days in infants and children. […] Each year in the US, the common cold infects more people than any other illness, and infants and children are especially susceptible. […] Babies can sometimes catch up to eight colds a year. Nichols says the number depends on how often the baby is exposed to other children who may be sick. For example, babies who attend daycare may catch the cold six to eight times a year, while babies who don’t tend to have fewer colds, about two or three. […] In 2004-05, more than 1,500 US children younger than age 2 went to the emergency room for side effects related to overdoses from cough and cold medications.

• #62 Treatment of the Common Cold in Children and Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0715/p153.html

  The common cold, or upper respiratory tract infection, is one of the leading reasons for physician visits. […] In children, there is a potential for harm and no benefits with over-the-counter cough and cold medications; therefore, they should not be used in children younger than four years. […] Prophylactic probiotics, zinc sulfate, nasal saline irrigation, and the herbal preparation Chizukit reduce the incidence of colds in children. […] Cold and cough medications are among the top 20 substances leading to death in children younger than five years. […] In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended that over-the-counter cough and cold medications be avoided in children younger than two years. […] After the removal of over-the-counter infant cough and cold medications from pharmacy shelves, the estimated number of emergency department visits for adverse events involving these medications was cut in half for children younger than two years.

• #63 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  COVID-19 infection in children is usually mild or even asymptomatic. Severe infection, hospitalization, and death are less common in children than adults. […] Most children who have colds do not develop complications. However, parents or caregivers should be aware of the signs and symptoms of potential complications. […] COMMON COLD PREVENTION […] Simple hygiene measures can help to prevent infection with the viruses that cause colds. These measures include: […] Hand washing is an essential and highly effective way to prevent the spread of infection. Hands should be wet with water and plain soap, and rubbed together for 15 to 30 seconds. It is not necessary to use antibacterial hand soap. Teach children to wash their hands before and after eating and after coughing or sneezing.

• #64 Treatment of the Common Cold | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0901/p281.html

  Good hand hygiene is the most effective and practical way to prevent URIs in children and adults. The use of hand sanitizer is more protective than hand washing and is associated with shorter duration of symptoms and fewer school absences. Washing hands several times per day for at least 15 to 30 seconds can help prevent illness. Interventions with limited or no effectiveness for the prevention of the common cold include ginseng and echinacea, adenovirus vaccination, vitamin C or D, probiotics, and water gargles. […] Safe and effective treatment options for symptoms of the common cold in children vary somewhat from those for adults. Nasal saline irrigation, analgesics, and time are the mainstays of treatment for URIs in children.

• #65 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Alcohol-based hand rubs are a good alternative for disinfecting hands if a sink is not available. Hand rubs should be spread over the entire surface of hands, fingers, and wrists until dry and may be used several times. These rubs can be used repeatedly without skin irritation or loss of effectiveness. […] It may be difficult or impossible to completely avoid people who are ill, although caregivers should try to limit direct contact. […] Keep all of the child’s immunizations up to date, including annual influenza (flu) vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine. […] Evidence suggests that children who received a flu vaccine in the current flu season and were infected with COVID-19 were less likely to have symptoms and severe disease. […] Isolate children with symptomatic respiratory infections (including known or suspected COVID-19, flu, and RSV infection) according to local and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance.

• #66 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Alcohol-based hand rubs are a good alternative for disinfecting hands if a sink is not available. Hand rubs should be spread over the entire surface of hands, fingers, and wrists until dry and may be used several times. These rubs can be used repeatedly without skin irritation or loss of effectiveness. […] It may be difficult or impossible to completely avoid people who are ill, although caregivers should try to limit direct contact. […] Keep all of the child’s immunizations up to date, including annual influenza (flu) vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine. […] Evidence suggests that children who received a flu vaccine in the current flu season and were infected with COVID-19 were less likely to have symptoms and severe disease. […] Isolate children with symptomatic respiratory infections (including known or suspected COVID-19, flu, and RSV infection) according to local and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance.

• #67 The Common Cold in Babies: What to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-cold-in-babies-5213257

  Keys to the prevention of common cold in infants and children include: […] Keeping your child isolated from those who are infected. […] Common colds in babies are very common, and, in most cases, they can be effectively managed at home. […] Symptoms lasting longer than 10 days, trouble breathing or wheezing, and high or prolonged fever warrant medical attention and may be signs of another infection or complications.

• #68 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Alcohol-based hand rubs are a good alternative for disinfecting hands if a sink is not available. Hand rubs should be spread over the entire surface of hands, fingers, and wrists until dry and may be used several times. These rubs can be used repeatedly without skin irritation or loss of effectiveness. […] It may be difficult or impossible to completely avoid people who are ill, although caregivers should try to limit direct contact. […] Keep all of the child’s immunizations up to date, including annual influenza (flu) vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine. […] Evidence suggests that children who received a flu vaccine in the current flu season and were infected with COVID-19 were less likely to have symptoms and severe disease. […] Isolate children with symptomatic respiratory infections (including known or suspected COVID-19, flu, and RSV infection) according to local and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance.

• #69 Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Infections) | California Childcare Health Program

  https://cchp.ucsf.edu/resources/health-safety-notes/common-cold-upper-respiratory-infections

  Young children get colds very often, especially when they live with or play with other children. […] Infants can have up to 10-12 colds a year. […] The viruses that cause colds spread easily. […] Children build immunity to the viruses that cause colds as they get older. […] Children should see a health professional if they have nasal congestion that lasts more than 10 to 14 days, which may mean a sinus infection. […] Encourage vaccinations for COVID-19, flu, and other respiratory infections.

• #70 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Alcohol-based hand rubs are a good alternative for disinfecting hands if a sink is not available. Hand rubs should be spread over the entire surface of hands, fingers, and wrists until dry and may be used several times. These rubs can be used repeatedly without skin irritation or loss of effectiveness. […] It may be difficult or impossible to completely avoid people who are ill, although caregivers should try to limit direct contact. […] Keep all of the child’s immunizations up to date, including annual influenza (flu) vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine. […] Evidence suggests that children who received a flu vaccine in the current flu season and were infected with COVID-19 were less likely to have symptoms and severe disease. […] Isolate children with symptomatic respiratory infections (including known or suspected COVID-19, flu, and RSV infection) according to local and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance.

• #71 Treatment of the Common Cold in Children and Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0715/p153.html

  The common cold, or upper respiratory tract infection, is one of the leading reasons for physician visits. […] In children, there is a potential for harm and no benefits with over-the-counter cough and cold medications; therefore, they should not be used in children younger than four years. […] Prophylactic probiotics, zinc sulfate, nasal saline irrigation, and the herbal preparation Chizukit reduce the incidence of colds in children. […] Cold and cough medications are among the top 20 substances leading to death in children younger than five years. […] In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended that over-the-counter cough and cold medications be avoided in children younger than two years. […] After the removal of over-the-counter infant cough and cold medications from pharmacy shelves, the estimated number of emergency department visits for adverse events involving these medications was cut in half for children younger than two years.

• #72 Treatment of the Common Cold in Children and Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0715/p153.html

  Manufacturers of these medications have voluntarily modified the product labels to state that they should not be used in children younger than four years. […] There is no evidence to support the use of most over-the-counter cough remedies in children. […] Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, alone or combined with Bifidobacterium animalis, taken by healthy children during the winter may reduce day care absences; the incidence of fever, cough, and rhinorrhea; and the use of antibiotics. […] Zinc sulfate used prophylactically for at least five months reduces the incidence of viral colds, absences from school, and antibiotic use in children.

• #73 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  There have been few clinical trials of cold medications (antihistamines, decongestants, cough medicines, and expectorants) in infants and children. We do not recommend their use in infants and children because of the lack of proven efficacy and the potential risk of dangerous side effects. […] Caregivers should encourage their child to drink an adequate amount of fluids; it is not necessary to drink extra fluids. […] Antibiotics are not effective in treating colds. They are necessary only if the cold is complicated by a bacterial infection, like an ear infection, pneumonia, or sinusitis. […] A number of alternative products, including zinc, vitamin C, and herbal products such as echinacea, are advertised to treat or prevent the common cold. None of these treatments is recommended. […] Simple hygiene measures can help to prevent infection with the viruses that cause colds, including hand washing or use of an alcohol-based hand rub and limiting contact with others who are ill.

• #74 Treatment of the Common Cold in Children and Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0715/p153.html

  The common cold, or upper respiratory tract infection, is one of the leading reasons for physician visits. […] In children, there is a potential for harm and no benefits with over-the-counter cough and cold medications; therefore, they should not be used in children younger than four years. […] Prophylactic probiotics, zinc sulfate, nasal saline irrigation, and the herbal preparation Chizukit reduce the incidence of colds in children. […] Cold and cough medications are among the top 20 substances leading to death in children younger than five years. […] In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended that over-the-counter cough and cold medications be avoided in children younger than two years. […] After the removal of over-the-counter infant cough and cold medications from pharmacy shelves, the estimated number of emergency department visits for adverse events involving these medications was cut in half for children younger than two years.

• #75 Treatment of the Common Cold in Children and Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0715/p153.html

  Manufacturers of these medications have voluntarily modified the product labels to state that they should not be used in children younger than four years. […] There is no evidence to support the use of most over-the-counter cough remedies in children. […] Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, alone or combined with Bifidobacterium animalis, taken by healthy children during the winter may reduce day care absences; the incidence of fever, cough, and rhinorrhea; and the use of antibiotics. […] Zinc sulfate used prophylactically for at least five months reduces the incidence of viral colds, absences from school, and antibiotic use in children.

• #76 Common Cold Symptoms in Children: Results of an Internet-Based Surveillance Program

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4090373/

  Conducting and analyzing clinical studies of cough and cold medications is challenging due to the rapid onset and short duration of the symptoms. […] As part of an initiative to assess the safety and efficacy of cough and cold ingredients in children 6-11 years of age, a surveillance program was proposed as a means to identify and recruit pediatric subjects for clinical studies. […] The objective of the study was to develop an Internet-based surveillance system and to assess the feasibility of using such a system to recruit children for common cold clinical studies, record the natural history of their cold symptoms, and determine the willingness of parents to have their children participate in clinical studies. […] Internet-based surveillance and recruitment can be useful tools to follow colds in children and enroll subjects in clinical studies.

• #77 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Common Cold Symptoms in Children: Results of an Internet-Based Surveillance Program

  https://www.jmir.org/2014/6/e144/

  The common cold is one of the most prevalent illnesses in the world. […] Owing to the high rate of incidence, especially among children, the common cold creates a significant economic and social burden. […] As part of an initiative to assess the safety and efficacy of cough and cold ingredients in children 6-11 years of age, a surveillance program was proposed as a means to identify and recruit pediatric subjects for participation in clinical studies. […] The results of this investigation suggest that Internet-based surveillance and recruitment can be useful tools to follow the natural history of colds in children and to enroll subjects in clinical studies of therapies for the treatment of cough and cold.

• #78 When a common cold may trigger early supportive care – Children’s NationalSearchLink to: Facial analysis technology successfully used to identify Noonan syndrome in diverse populationsLink to: William D. Gaillard, M.D., elected Second Vice President of th

  https://innovationdistrict.childrensnational.org/when-a-common-cold-may-trigger-early-supportive-care/

  Among the implications of this study, Dr. Perez sees the potential to use phenotypical (clinical markers, such as retractions and wheezing) and biological biomarkers to better personalize patients’ treatments. […] Dr. Perez says further research in this area should pursue a number of paths, including: A longitudinal study to elucidate which children will benefit from asthma-like treatment, such as bronchodilators or corticosteroids.

• #79 Identifying socio-ecological drivers of common cold in Bhutan: a national surveillance data analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-16069-7

  The common cold is a leading cause of morbidity and contributes significantly to the health costs in Bhutan. There were 2,480,509 notifications of common cold between 2010 and 2018. Children aged 15 years were twice (95% credible interval [CrI] 2.2, 2.5) as likely to get common cold than adults, and males were 12.4% (95 CrI 5.5%, 18.7%) less likely to get common cold than females. The common cold is still considered a leading cause of morbidity, according to the Annual Health Bulletin of the Ministry of Health. In 2004, 264,863 cases of common cold were recorded, while there was a reduction of cases in 2018 by 12% (231,525 cases). However, there are limited studies at the national level on the trends and spatial distribution and factors that drive common cold in the country. The common cold is a seasonal illness and environmental factors play a crucial role in the transmission dynamics of the disease. The incidence of common cold declines with age with children experiencing more episodes with prolonged symptoms than adults. The common cold cases were spatially clustered in Mewang (under Thimphu District) and neighbouring subdistricts in the Western Region, probably related to similar geographical landscapes, and climatic and socio-demographic characteristics. The current study demonstrated a significant increase of colds due to increase in temperature. The finding can be used to prioritize public health resources in areas and times of the year when climatic variables are associated with the transmission of common cold.

• #80 When a common cold may trigger early supportive care – Children’s NationalSearchLink to: Facial analysis technology successfully used to identify Noonan syndrome in diverse populationsLink to: William D. Gaillard, M.D., elected Second Vice President of th

  https://innovationdistrict.childrensnational.org/when-a-common-cold-may-trigger-early-supportive-care/

  Among the implications of this study, Dr. Perez sees the potential to use phenotypical (clinical markers, such as retractions and wheezing) and biological biomarkers to better personalize patients’ treatments. […] Dr. Perez says further research in this area should pursue a number of paths, including: A longitudinal study to elucidate which children will benefit from asthma-like treatment, such as bronchodilators or corticosteroids.

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