Przewlekły katar u niemowląt
Etiologia i przyczyny

Przewlekły katar u niemowląt jest najczęściej wywoływany przez infekcje wirusowe górnych dróg oddechowych, z dominującą rolą rhinowirusów (odpowiedzialnych za 25-80% przypadków), koronawirusów (10-20%), wirusów grypy (10-15%), adenowirusów (5%) oraz RSV, który jest szczególnie istotny u niemowląt. Wirusy te przenoszą się drogą kropelkową, przez bezpośredni kontakt oraz skażone powierzchnie, a ich największa zakaźność przypada na pierwsze 2-4 dni od pojawienia się objawów. Niemowlęta są szczególnie podatne na infekcje z powodu niedojrzałego układu odpornościowego, ekspozycji w żłobkach, sezonowości (wrzesień-kwiecień), obecności starszego rodzeństwa, ekspozycji na dym tytoniowy, suchego powietrza oraz chorób współistniejących. Częste infekcje (6-8 razy w roku) są naturalnym elementem budowania odporności, a ochrona wrodzona i nabyta, w tym przeciwciała z mleka matki, odgrywają kluczową rolę w ochronie niemowląt.

Etiologia przewlekłego kataru u niemowląt

Przewlekły katar u niemowląt (common cold) jest infekcją wirusową górnych dróg oddechowych, obejmującą nos i gardło. Jest to jedna z najczęstszych dolegliwości wieku niemowlęcego, dotykająca praktycznie wszystkie dzieci w pierwszych latach życia.12 Prawidłowe zrozumienie przyczyn tej choroby jest kluczowe dla właściwego postępowania terapeutycznego.

Czynniki wirusowe

Główną przyczyną przewlekłego kataru u niemowląt są wirusy, których zidentyfikowano ponad 200 różnych typów mogących wywoływać tę chorobę.12 Wśród najczęściej występujących wirusów możemy wyróżnić:

  • Rhinowirusy – odpowiedzialne za 25-80% wszystkich przypadków przeziębień, stanowią najczęstszą przyczynę infekcji12
  • Koronawirusy – odpowiedzialne za około 10-20% przypadków, w tym również SARS-CoV-212
  • Wirusy grypy – stanowią około 10-15% przypadków1
  • Adenowirusy – odpowiedzialne za około 5% przypadków12
  • Syncytialny wirus oddechowy (RSV) – szczególnie istotny u niemowląt, może powodować cięższe infekcje dolnych dróg oddechowych12
  • Enterowirusy – w tym echowirusy i wirusy Coxsackie, szczególnie aktywne w miesiącach letnich12
  • Wirusy paragrypy – mogą powodować objawy podobne do przeziębienia1

Warto zaznaczyć, że rhinowirusy, będące najczęstszą przyczyną przeziębień, występują w ponad 100 różnych serotypach, co znacząco utrudnia rozwój skutecznej odporności u niemowląt.12 To właśnie ogromna różnorodność wirusów odpowiedzialnych za przeziębienia sprawia, że niemowlęta mogą chorować nawet 6-8 razy w ciągu roku.12

Drogi transmisji wirusa

Wirusy powodujące przeziębienie u niemowląt mogą przenosić się na różne sposoby:12

  • Droga powietrzna – kropelki wydzieliny zawierające wirusy rozprzestrzeniają się podczas kaszlu, kichania czy nawet mówienia przez osobę zakażoną. Niemowlę może łatwo zarazić się wdychając te cząsteczki.12
  • Bezpośredni kontakt – osoba z przeziębieniem dotykająca dłoni niemowlęcia może przenieść wirusa, który następnie dostaje się do organizmu dziecka, gdy dotknie ono swoich oczu, nosa lub ust.12
  • Skażone powierzchnie – wirusy mogą przetrwać na zabawkach i innych przedmiotach nawet do 2 godzin, co stanowi potencjalne źródło infekcji, gdy niemowlę dotknie takiego przedmiotu, a następnie swojej twarzy.12

Badania wskazują, że wirusy są najbardziej zakaźne w ciągu pierwszych 2-4 dni od momentu pojawienia się objawów, co znacząco przyczynia się do szybkiego rozprzestrzeniania się infekcji, szczególnie w żłobkach i innych miejscach, gdzie przebywa wiele niemowląt.12

Czynniki ryzyka zachorowania

Istnieje kilka istotnych czynników zwiększających podatność niemowląt na przeziębienia:12

  • Niedojrzały układ odpornościowy – niemowlęta nie miały jeszcze możliwości zbudowania odporności przeciwko wielu wirusom, co czyni je szczególnie podatnymi na infekcje.12
  • Uczęszczanie do żłobka – przebywanie w zamkniętych pomieszczeniach z innymi dziećmi znacząco zwiększa ryzyko ekspozycji na wirusy.12
  • Sezonowość – przeziębienia występują częściej w miesiącach jesiennych i zimowych, między wrześniem a kwietniem, choć nie są bezpośrednio spowodowane niską temperaturą.123
  • Starsze rodzeństwo – starsze dzieci często przynoszą wirusy ze szkoły do domu, gdzie mogą zarazić niemowlęta.12
  • Ekspozycja na dym tytoniowy – niemowlęta przebywające w otoczeniu osób palących są bardziej narażone na częstsze i dłużej trwające przeziębienia.12
  • Suche powietrze – niska wilgotność, szczególnie w okresie zimowym, może wysuszać błony śluzowe nosa, zwiększając podatność na infekcje.12
  • Wcześniactwo – dzieci urodzone przedwcześnie mogą mieć zwiększone ryzyko ciężkich infekcji, szczególnie wywołanych przez RSV.1
  • Choroby współistniejące – niemowlęta z wrodzonymi wadami serca, chorobami układu oddechowego lub zaburzeniami odporności są bardziej narażone na powikłania.12

Rola odporności u niemowląt

Charakterystyczna częstość przeziębień u niemowląt wiąże się bezpośrednio z funkcjonowaniem ich układu odpornościowego:12

  • Odporność wrodzona – wszystkie niemowlęta rodzą się z pewnym poziomem odporności przekazanej od matki, jednak ta ochrona jest ograniczona i stopniowo zanika w ciągu pierwszych miesięcy życia.12
  • Odporność nabyta – po przejściu infekcji określonym wirusem, organizm niemowlęcia zwykle rozwija odporność na ten konkretny szczep, co chroni przed ponownym zakażeniem tym samym wirusem.12
  • Karmienie piersią – niemowlęta karmione piersią otrzymują dodatkowe przeciwciała i składniki odpornościowe z mleka matki, co może zwiększać ich odporność na infekcje wirusowe.12
  • Budowanie odporności – każde przebyte przeziębienie przyczynia się do wzmocnienia układu odpornościowego niemowlęcia, co z czasem prowadzi do zmniejszenia częstości zachorowań w kolejnych latach życia.12

Warto podkreślić, że częste przeziębienia u niemowląt nie świadczą o słabym układzie odpornościowym, lecz są naturalnym elementem procesu budowania odporności.12 Z czasem, gdy dziecko zetknie się z coraz większą liczbą różnych wirusów, liczba zachorowań zwykle się zmniejsza.1

Potencjalne powikłania

Chociaż większość przeziębień u niemowląt przebiega łagodnie i ustępuje bez leczenia, mogą one prowadzić do pewnych powikłań, które wymagają medycznej interwencji:12

  • Ostre zapalenie ucha środkowego (otitis media) – najczęstsze powikłanie przeziębienia u niemowląt.1
  • Zapalenie zatok przynosowych – bakteryjna infekcja zatok będąca konsekwencją wirusowego przeziębienia.1
  • Zapalenie oskrzelików (bronchiolitis) – szczególnie u niemowląt zakażonych RSV, może prowadzić do poważnych problemów z oddychaniem.12
  • Zapalenie płuc – ciężkie powikłanie, które może wymagać hospitalizacji, zwłaszcza u najmłodszych niemowląt.12
  • Zaostrzenie astmy – u niemowląt predysponowanych do astmy, infekcje wirusowe mogą wywoływać napady świszczącego oddechu.12

Ryzyko powikłań jest szczególnie wysokie u niemowląt poniżej 3 miesiąca życia, u wcześniaków oraz u dzieci z chorobami przewlekłymi.12 Szacuje się, że około 5-10% dzieci z przeziębieniem rozwija wtórne powikłania wymagające dalszego leczenia.12

Sezonowość i czynniki środowiskowe

Przeziębienia u niemowląt wykazują wyraźny wzorzec sezonowy, choć mogą występować przez cały rok.12 Warto zaznaczyć, że wbrew powszechnym przekonaniom, przeziębienia nie są bezpośrednio spowodowane ekspozycją na zimno, lecz zwiększoną aktywnością wirusów oraz czynnikami środowiskowymi sprzyjającymi ich rozprzestrzenianiu.12

  • Sezon jesienno-zimowy – najwyższa częstość występowania przeziębień przypada na okres od września do kwietnia, gdy więcej czasu spędzamy w zamkniętych pomieszczeniach.12
  • Niska wilgotność powietrza – zimowe ogrzewanie pomieszczeń często prowadzi do wysuszenia powietrza, co może uszkadzać barierę śluzówkową w nosie niemowląt.1
  • Wirusy letnie – niektóre wirusy, zwłaszcza enterowirusy, wykazują większą aktywność w miesiącach letnich (czerwiec-październik), powodując tzw. przeziębienia letnie.1

Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują, że przeziębienie stanowi jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn wizyt u lekarza oraz nieobecności rodziców w pracy związanej z opieką nad chorym dzieckiem.1 W Stanach Zjednoczonych przeziębienia odpowiadają za około 22 miliony nieobecności w szkole i 20 milionów nieobecności w pracy rocznie.1

Diagnostyka różnicowa

Przy rozpoznawaniu przyczyn przewlekłego kataru u niemowląt należy uwzględnić różne schorzenia, które mogą dawać podobne objawy:12

  • Zapalenie oskrzelików – szczególnie u młodszych niemowląt, często wywołane przez RSV.12
  • Grypa – wirusowa infekcja charakteryzująca się wyższą gorączką i bólami mięśniowymi.12
  • COVID-19 – może przebiegać u niemowląt z objawami podobnymi do przeziębienia, diagnoza wymaga specyficznych testów.12
  • Krztusiec – charakteryzujący się napadowym kaszlem, początkowo może przypominać przeziębienie.1
  • Alergie – mogą dawać podobne objawy, ale zazwyczaj trwają dłużej i mogą pojawiać się sezonowo lub w kontakcie z alergenem.1

Większość przeziębień u niemowląt jest diagnozowana na podstawie objawów klinicznych, bez potrzeby wykonywania specjalistycznych badań.1 W przypadku przedłużających się objawów, wysokiej gorączki lub objawów sugerujących powikłania, lekarz może zlecić dodatkowe badania, takie jak test RSV lub inne badania wirusologiczne.1

Leczenie i zapobieganie

Leczenie przewlekłego kataru u niemowląt opiera się głównie na łagodzeniu objawów, ponieważ nie istnieje skuteczne leczenie przyczynowe przeciwko większości wirusów powodujących przeziębienia.12

Podstawowe zasady leczenia

  • Brak skuteczności antybiotyków – ponieważ przeziębienia są wywołane przez wirusy, antybiotyki nie są skuteczne i nie powinny być stosowane, chyba że rozwiną się wtórne zakażenia bakteryjne.123
  • Unikanie leków na przeziębienie dla niemowląt – leki dostępne bez recepty nie są zalecane dla niemowląt i małych dzieci ze względu na potencjalne działania niepożądane i brak dowodów na ich skuteczność.12
  • Nawodnienie – zapewnienie odpowiedniej ilości płynów jest kluczowe dla zachowania nawilżenia błon śluzowych i rozrzedzenia wydzieliny.1
  • Czas trwania objawów – większość przeziębień ustępuje samoistnie w ciągu 7-10 dni, choć niektóre objawy mogą utrzymywać się dłużej.12

Metody zapobiegania

Zapobieganie przeziębieniom u niemowląt opiera się na ograniczaniu ekspozycji na wirusy i wzmacnianiu układu odpornościowego:12

  • Higiena rąk – częste mycie rąk przez opiekunów i starsze dzieci znacząco ogranicza transmisję wirusów.1
  • Izolacja niemowląt – szczególnie tych poniżej 3 miesiąca życia, od osób z objawami przeziębienia.1
  • Karmienie piersią – dostarcza niemowlęciu przeciwciał i innych składników wspierających odporność.12
  • Nawilżanie powietrza – utrzymywanie odpowiedniej wilgotności w pomieszczeniach może zmniejszać ryzyko infekcji.1
  • Szczepienia – szczepienie kobiet w ciąży przeciwko RSV i krztuścowi może zapewnić ochronę niemowlęciu w pierwszych miesiącach życia.1

Suplementy i alternatywne metody

Badania nad skutecznością różnych suplementów w zapobieganiu i leczeniu przeziębień u niemowląt przynoszą zróżnicowane wyniki:12

  • Cynk – niektóre badania sugerują, że suplementacja cynkiem może zmniejszać nasilenie i czas trwania objawów przeziębienia u dzieci, jeśli jest podawana w ciągu 24 godzin od wystąpienia pierwszych objawów.1
  • Witamina C – regularne przyjmowanie może skracać czas trwania i zmniejszać nasilenie przeziębień, choć nie zapobiega zachorowaniom.12
  • Witamina D – niektóre badania wskazują na rolę w zapobieganiu przeziębieniom.1
  • Probiotyki – mogą zmniejszać częstość i czas trwania przeziębień.1
  • Jeżówka (Echinacea) i czarny bez – tradycyjnie stosowane, jednak dowody naukowe na ich skuteczność są ograniczone.12

Warto podkreślić, że stosowanie jakichkolwiek suplementów u niemowląt powinno być konsultowane z lekarzem, a preparaty ziołowe i suplementy diety nie są zalecane bez nadzoru medycznego.1

Wnioski

Przewlekły katar u niemowląt jest powszechną infekcją wirusową, z którą zetknie się praktycznie każde dziecko w pierwszych latach życia. Główną przyczyną są różnorodne wirusy, z dominującą rolą rhinowirusów. Niemowlęta są szczególnie podatne na infekcje ze względu na niedojrzały układ odpornościowy, który dopiero buduje odporność na liczne patogeny.12

Chociaż przeziębienia są zwykle łagodne i samoograniczające się, mogą prowadzić do powikłań, zwłaszcza u najmłodszych niemowląt i tych z chorobami współistniejącymi. Leczenie opiera się głównie na łagodzeniu objawów, zapewnieniu komfortu dziecku i odpowiednim nawodnieniu. Antybiotyki nie są skuteczne w leczeniu wirusowych infekcji i powinny być stosowane wyłącznie w przypadku wtórnych zakażeń bakteryjnych.123

Zapobieganie przeziębieniom u niemowląt jest trudne ze względu na powszechność wirusów i łatwość ich przenoszenia, jednak praktyki takie jak higiena rąk, ograniczanie kontaktu z osobami chorymi i karmienie piersią mogą zmniejszyć ryzyko zakażenia.12

Chociaż częste przeziębienia mogą być frustrujące dla rodziców, stanowią one naturalny element rozwoju układu odpornościowego dziecka. Z czasem, gdy organizm dziecka zetknie się z coraz większą liczbą wirusów i rozwinie odporność, liczba zachorowań zwykle się zmniejsza.12

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Common cold in babies – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold-in-babies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351651
    A common cold in a baby is a viral infection in the nose and throat. […] The common cold is an infection of the nose and throat, called an upper respiratory tract infection. More than 200 viruses can cause the common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common. […] A cold virus enters babies’ bodies through the mouth, eyes or nose. […] Once infected by a virus, a baby’s body usually can fight off that same virus in the future. That’s called immunity. But because so many viruses cause colds, babies may have several colds a year and many throughout their lives. Also, some viruses don’t give lasting immunity. […] Babies can be infected with a virus by: Air. Someone who is sick can spread the virus to a baby by talking, sneezing or coughing. […] Direct contact. Someone with a cold who touches a baby’s hand can spread the cold virus to the baby. The baby then can get the virus by touching the eyes, nose or mouth. […] Surfaces. Some viruses live on surfaces for two hours or longer. Babies can catch a virus by touching a surface that has the virus, such as a toy, then touching the eyes, nose or mouth.
  • #1 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview
    Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common cause of the common cold. They chiefly cause upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) but may infect the lower respiratory tract. […] Rhinovirus infections are chiefly limited to the upper respiratory tract but may cause otitis media and sinusitis; they also may exacerbate asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, and serious lower respiratory tract illness in infants, elderly persons, and immunocompromised persons. […] The common cold is an acute respiratory tract infection (RTI) characterized by mild coryzal symptoms, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, and sneezing. Although the list of agents that cause the common cold is large, 66-75% of cases are due to 200 antigenically distinct viruses from 8 different genera. Rhinoviruses are the most common of these (25-80% of cases), followed by coronaviruses (10-20%), influenza viruses (10-15%), and adenoviruses (5%).
  • #1 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print
    The common cold is a group of symptoms caused by a number of different viruses. […] The common cold accounts for approximately 22 million missed days of school and 20 million absences from work, including time away from work caring for ill children. […] The common cold is a group of symptoms caused by a number of different viruses. There are more than 100 different varieties of rhinovirus, the type of virus responsible for the greatest number of colds. Other viruses that cause colds include enteroviruses (echovirus and coxsackieviruses) and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). […] Children under six years average six to eight colds per year (up to one per month, September through April), with symptoms lasting an average of 14 days.
  • #1 Infant colds: What’s normal and what’s not – Sanford Health News
    https://news.sanfordhealth.org/childrens/infant-colds-whats-normal-and-whats-not/
    Colds in babies generally start with a low-grade fever and stuffy or runny nose. […] The general cause of a common cold is a virus. A few common viruses are rhinovirus, enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). […] RSV is a common virus that causes symptoms such as a runny nose, decrease in appetite, coughing, sneezing, fever and wheezing. […] Symptoms of a cold in an infant generally start with a low-grade fever and nasal congestion. […] Children in daycare or school often spread colds to each other. […] Your child can help prevent colds by washing their hands often, by not touching their nose or eyes, and by staying away from people with colds or upper respiratory infections. […] Typical colds don’t cause more than a slight fever in kids. […] Antihistamines don’t work well for the common cold. […] For babies younger than one year, it is enough to keep them well hydrated and comfortable.
  • #1 About Common Cold | Common Cold | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/common-cold/about/index.html
    A cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (also called an upper respiratory infection or URI). Colds usually last less than a week and are caused by different respiratory viruses. […] More than 200 respiratory viruses can cause colds. Rhinoviruses are the most frequent cause of colds in the United States. Other respiratory viruses that can cause colds in the United States include common human coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses (including EV-D68), and human metapneumovirus. […] SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), influenza virus (the virus that causes flu), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can also cause cold-like symptoms but do not cause colds.
  • #1 Colds (0-12 Months)
    https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/colds-0-12-months/
    Colds are caused by many respiratory viruses. Healthy children get about 6 colds in the first year. […] Colds are not serious. With a cold, about 5 to 10% of children develop a complication. Most often, this is an ear or sinus infection. These are caused by a bacteria. […] It’s normal for healthy children to get at least 6 colds a year. This is because there are so many viruses that cause colds. With each new cold, your child’s body builds up immunity to that virus. […] The normal cold lasts about 2 weeks. There are no drugs to make it go away sooner. […] Cold Medicines. Don’t give any drugstore cold or cough medicines to young children. They are not approved by the FDA under 6 years. Reasons: not safe and can cause serious side effects. Also, they are not helpful. They can’t remove dried mucus from the nose. Nasal saline works best. […] No Antibiotics. Antibiotics are not helpful for colds. Antibiotics may be used if your child gets an ear or sinus infection.
  • #1 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics
    Transmission — Colds are transmitted from person-to-person, either by direct contact or by contact with the virus in the environment. Colds are most contagious during the first two to four days. […] […] Direct contact — People with colds typically carry the cold virus on their hands, where it is capable of infecting another person for at least two hours. If a child with a cold touches another child or adult, who then touches their eye, nose, or mouth, the virus can later infect that person. […] […] Infection from particles on surfaces — Some cold viruses can live on surfaces (such as countertops, door handles, or toys) for up to one day. […] […] Inhaling viral particles — Droplets containing viral particles can be exhaled into the air by breathing or coughing. Rhinoviruses are not usually transmitted as a result of contact with infected droplets, although influenza virus and coronavirus can be transmitted via small droplets. Cold viruses are not usually spread through saliva.
  • #1 The Common Cold in Babies: What to Know
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-cold-in-babies-5213257
    Common cold is a respiratory infection that can arise due to infection by over 200 viruses, with the rhinovirus the most common cause. […] The common cold is a respiratory infection that can arise due to infection by over 200 viruses, with the rhinovirus the most common cause. Viruses are expelled in droplets when a sick person exhales or coughs, and they can survive on surfaces. Transmission occurs when they access a babys mucus membranes (the soft tissue of the inside of the nose, in the mouth, or in the eyes). […] By nature, infants are at higher risk of contracting common cold than adults because their immune systems arent fully formed. Several other factors can increase the chances of babies catching it: Other infections, autoimmune disorders, or compromised immunity; Being in daycare or in regular close contact with others; The colder months between December and March see high rates of colds because of increased time spent indoors.
  • #1 Colds in children
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2722603/
    The common cold is caused by viruses that infect the nose, throat and sinuses. A virus is a germ that makes people sick. […] Young children have more colds than older children and adults because they haven’t built up immunity (defences) to the more than 100 different cold viruses that are around. […] Children can catch colds from siblings, parents, other family members, playmates or caregivers. […] If a child gets many colds, it’s not a sign of a weak immune system. It just means he’s exposed to many viruses. […] Some respiratory viruses that cause colds in older children and adults may cause more serious illness when they infect infants and toddlers.
  • #1 Colds in Babies: How to Make Your Little One Feel Better
    https://www.webmd.com/children/identify-child-cold-symptoms
    Babies get so many colds because their immune systems aren’t yet ready to fight off the 100 or so viruses that cause these infections. […] The cold virus spreads through the air when someone who’s sick coughs or sneezes. […] Babies often pick up colds at daycare. Or they can catch it from older brothers and sisters who bring the virus home from school — or from grown-ups who were in close contact with someone who should have stayed home from work.
  • #1 Children and Colds: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Treatments, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/children_colds
    More than 200 different viruses can cause this infection, but the rhinovirus is the most common culprit. […] A cold virus can affect your child’s sinuses, throat, bronchial tubes, and ears. […] Babies and toddlers often have 8 to 10 colds a year before they turn 2 years old. […] Cold season runs from September until March or April, so children usually get sick most often during these months.
  • #1 Common Cold in Toddler: Causes, Symptoms, Remedies for Relief
    https://www.whattoexpect.com/toddler/health-and-safety/colds-in-toddlers/
    Dry air. Winter air holds less moisture, drying out tiny nasal passages and leaving toddlers more at risk for infections. […] Smoking at home. If your tot lives with a smoker, he may catch a cold more frequently. Chemicals in secondhand smoke can damage the lining of his still-developing lungs, and if his parents are smokers, they’ll get more colds than non-smokers, exposing him to their germs.
  • #1 If your child has cold or flu symptoms | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/if-your-child-has-cold-or-flu-symptoms/
    Viral infections like cold and flu are very common in babies and children and most will make a full recovery without needing treatment. […] The most common causes of cold and flu symptoms in children are viral infections including: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza (flu), rhinovirus, adenovirus. […] There are some conditions which can cause cold and flu symptoms and may require further treatment, such as pneumonia and tonsillitis in toddlers and older children. […] Babies and children born with the following health conditions may be more at risk of serious infection: congenital heart disease where a baby is born with a heart condition, babies born with narrowing of the airways or other respiratory disease, babies born prematurely.
  • #1 Newborn Cold: What to Expect, Treatment, When to See a Doctor
    https://www.healthline.com/health/childrens-health/colds-in-newborns
    All babies are born with some immunity to illness. Even so, it takes time for their brand new immune systems to fully mature. This makes babies susceptible to viral infections, which cause colds. […] There are over 200 types of viruses that can cause colds. […] Another name for a common cold is a viral, upper respiratory infection. They arent caused by bacterial infections and dont respond to antibiotics. […] Colds in newborns arent unusual. The viruses which cause them can live in the air and on hard surfaces for short periods of time. […] Breastfed babies have more immunity than babies exclusively fed formula. This is because breastfeeding supplies antibodies, white blood cells, and enzymes to your baby, which help safeguard them from infection. […] Colds are caused by viruses and are common in newborns. Even breastfed babies get colds, although their immunity is greater than babies who arent breastfed.
  • #1 Coughs, colds, sore throats and ear infections in babies | NCT
    https://www.nct.org.uk/information/baby-toddler/baby-and-toddler-health/coughs-colds-sore-throats-and-ear-infections-babies
    Its very common for babies and young children to have colds. In fact, they can have as many as eight or more a year. This is because they havent had them before (NHS, 2021a). […] The good news is that with each cold their immunity increases, and they will get fewer colds (NHS, 2021a). […] Bronchiolitis affects babies up to two years old. It is caused by a virus, often RSV (respiratory syncytial virus). This is a common virus spread by coughing and sneezing (NHS, 2022). […] Early symptoms are like a cold. For example, sneezing, a runny or blocked nose, a cough or slightly raised temperature (38C) (NHS, 2022). […] Whooping cough or pertussis starts with similar symptoms to a cold, including a sore throat and runny nose. There isnt usually a high temperature (NHS, 2023). […] After seven days or so, coughing bouts start and are worse at night. The baby or child might make a whooping sound between coughs, but this is less common in young babies. They may have difficulty breathing and turn blue or grey (NHS, 2023). […] Its almost impossible to avoid common infections, but there are ways to minimize them. […] Having the RSV and whooping cough vaccinations from 28 weeks of pregnancy can protect the baby for the first few months after theyre born (NHS, 2022; NHS, 2023).
  • #1 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print
    Colds are transmitted from person-to-person, either by direct contact or by contact with the virus in the environment. […] Rhinoviruses are not usually transmitted as a result of contact with infected droplets, although influenza virus and coronavirus can be transmitted via small droplets. […] COVID-19 infection in children is usually mild or even asymptomatic. […] A cold caused by COVID-19 in a child looks like a cold caused by any other cold virus and can only be diagnosed with a COVID-19 test. […] Most children who have colds do not develop complications. However, parents or caregivers should be aware of the signs and symptoms of potential complications. […] Antibiotics are not effective in treating colds. They are necessary only if the cold is complicated by a bacterial infection, like an ear infection, pneumonia, or sinusitis. […] A number of alternative products, including zinc and herbal products such as echinacea, are advertised to treat or prevent the common cold.
  • #1 Common cold in babies – Hancock Health
    https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/common-cold-in-babies/
    A common cold in a baby is a viral infection in the nose and throat. […] The common cold is an infection of the nose and throat, called an upper respiratory tract infection. More than 200 viruses can cause the common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common. […] A cold virus enters babies bodies through the mouth, eyes or nose. […] Babies are at risk of common colds because they havent yet come into contact with most of the viruses that cause them. […] A few factors put babies at higher risk of a common cold. […] A common cold can cause: Acute ear infection, called otitis media. This is the most common complication of the common cold. […] A common cold can lead to other infections, including pneumonia, bronchiolitis and croup. A healthcare professional needs to treat these infections.
  • #1 Rhinovirus (Common Cold) | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/rhinovirus/
    The rhinovirus is the most predominant cause of the common cold. […] Infants may develop more severe disease such as croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. […] Rhinoviruses may trigger asthma attacks.
  • #1 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics
    COMMON COLD CAUSES […] The common cold is a group of symptoms caused by a number of different viruses. There are more than 100 different varieties of rhinovirus, the type of virus responsible for the greatest number of colds. Other viruses that cause colds include enteroviruses (echovirus and coxsackieviruses) and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Because there are so many viruses that cause the symptoms of the common cold, people may have multiple colds each year and dozens over a lifetime. […] […] Seasonal patterns — The common cold may occur at any time of year, although most colds occur during the fall and winter months, regardless of the geographic location. Colds are not caused by cold climates or being exposed to cold air. […]
  • #1 Coughs and colds in children – treatment, prevention, causes | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/coughs-and-colds-in-children
    Most coughs and colds in children are caused by viral infections. […] Cold viruses are spread easily through droplets from the nose and mouth of infected people. […] The common cold is an infection caused by a virus. There are many different viruses that can cause colds. […] Most cough and cold symptoms are caused by viruses. Viruses are easily spread from person to person through droplets from the mouth and nose. […] Colds are not caused by getting cold or wet. […] In some cases, cold symptoms can be caused by other conditions. These include bronchiolitis (younger children) or bronchitis (older children), laryngitis, whooping cough, pneumonia, asthma, croup, and COVID-19. […] Most coughs and colds are caused by viruses and get better on their own within a week. […] Antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial infections. Most coughs are caused by cold viruses, so antibiotics will not help your child get better any faster.
  • #1 All about summer colds: What parents need to know | Summer Health
    https://www.summerhealth.com/blog/summer-colds-children
    Colds are quite common. In fact, theyre the most common type of illness in the US. Children are especially prone to colds. While they can have as many as 12 in a year (!), on average, children less than 6 years old will have 6 to 8 colds in a year. While the majority of those colds will happen during the cooler months, children do catch colds during the summer too. […] Thats because even though the name would have you believe otherwise, colds arent caused by cold temperatures. Theyre caused by viruses. […] Summer colds in children are typically caused by enteroviruses. Enteroviruses are particularly active between the months of June and October, which is why the colds they cause usually happen during the summer.
  • #1 Colds (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cold.html
    The common cold is a contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. […] Most colds are caused by viruses known as rhinoviruses carried in invisible droplets in the air or on things we touch. […] Dry air indoors or outside can lower resistance to infection by the viruses that cause colds. […] Colds are the most common infectious disease in the United States. […] Colds spread through person-to-person contact or by breathing in virus particles, which can travel up to 12 feet through the air when someone with a cold coughs or sneezes. […] Cold symptoms usually begin 2 or 3 days after exposure to a source of infection. […] If symptoms last for more than a week; appear at the same time every year; or happen when your child is around pollen, dust, or animals, an allergy could be to blame. […] Because so many viruses cause colds, there isn’t a vaccine to protect against them.
  • #1 Common Cold in Children | University Hospitals
    https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/common-cold-in-children
    The common cold (upper respiratory infection) is one of the most common illnesses in children. […] Colds happen when a virus irritates (inflames) the lining of the nose and throat. Colds can be caused by more than 200 different viruses. But most colds are caused by rhinoviruses. […] To catch a cold, your child must come in contact with someone who is infected with one of the cold viruses. The cold virus can be spread: […] All children are at risk for the common cold. They are more likely than adults to get a cold. […] A child’s immune system is not as strong as an adult’s when it comes to fighting cold germs. […] Most common colds are diagnosed based on symptoms. […] There is no cure for the common cold. Most children recover from colds on their own. Antibiotics don’t work against viral infections, so they are not prescribed. […] Your child can catch a cold through airborne droplets from or through direct contact with a sick person. […] Most colds are caused by rhinoviruses.
  • #1
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chest-lungs/Pages/RSV-When-Its-More-Than-Just-a-Cold.aspx
    Almost all children get infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at least once before they are 2 years old. For most healthy children, RSV is like a cold. But some children get very sick with RSV. […] RSV is one of the many viruses that cause respiratory illness. It spreads like a cold virus from person to person. It enters the body through the nose or eyes, usually from contact with infected saliva, mucus or nasal discharge. […] RSV is the most common cause of hospitalization in children under age 1 year. Two to three out of every 100 infants in the US with RSV infection may require a hospital stay. […] RSV causes cold symptoms, which may be followed by bronchiolitis or pneumonia which are infections of the lower airways in the chest or lungs. […] Pediatricians diagnose children with a cold or bronchiolitis by asking about their symptoms and by doing a physical exam. Your pediatrician may do a nasal swab test to determine if your child has RSV or another virus.
  • #1 Common cold in babies – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold-in-babies/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351657
    A healthcare professional can generally diagnose a common cold by a baby’s symptoms. […] Most common colds get better without treatment in 7 to 10 days. […] Antibiotics don’t help cold viruses. […] Cough and cold medicines aren’t safe for infants and young children. They don’t treat the cause of a cold and won’t make it go away sooner. […] What is likely causing my baby’s symptoms? […] Are there other possible causes?
  • #1
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/ear-nose-throat/Pages/Children-and-Colds.aspx
    Colds are caused by viruses (these are much smaller than bacteria). […] For babies under 3 months old, the best way to prevent colds is to keep them away from people who have one. This is especially true during the winter, when more people are sick with viruses. A virus that causes a mild illness in an older child or an adult can cause a more serious one in an infant.
  • #1 A Baby’s First Cold: Stages, Prevention, Treatment
    https://www.parents.com/baby/health/sick-baby/babys-first-cold-flu-season/
    Infants don’t have the antibodies to fight most colds and gastrointestinal infections. This makes them more likely than older kids and adults to get sick. […] Babies are born with some of their gestational parent’s immunity to illness. This immunity can be enhanced by breastfeeding. But that doesn’t completely protect them against the ever-changing collection of viruses that cause upper respiratory infections like the common cold. […] Possible complications from a baby’s cold include: Ear infections, Sinus infections, Pneumonia, Throat infections. […] The simple truth is there’s no quick fix for a cold. Antibiotics aren’t effective against viruses, and most antiviral drugs aren’t approved for babies. […] Instead, your best bet is to use some natural remedies to keep them comfortable, like suctioning mucus, keeping them hydrated, and keeping the air moist with a cool-mist humidifier.
  • #1 Cough and Cold: Causes and Treatment
    https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet/coughs-and-colds-in-children
    There has also been research looking at vitamin C for preventing or treating colds. […] A recent review found that taking vitamin C regularly did not seem to prevent colds in the ordinary population. […] A study published in early 2017 revealed that vitamin D is also useful for preventing colds. […] Echinacea (a herbal treatment) and garlic have traditionally been used for treating colds. […] Black elderberry extract is another natural remedy that has been used traditionally.
  • #1 Cough and Cold: Causes and Treatment
    https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet/coughs-and-colds-in-children
    Most coughs and colds are caused by germs called viruses. […] Viral infections are extremely common in young children. […] A child who lives with people who smoke has an increased risk of developing coughs and colds, and the colds they get may last longer. […] There is no magic cure! Typically, symptoms are worse in the first 2-3 days, and then ease over the next few days as the immune system clears the virus. […] Antibiotics do not kill viruses, so are of no use for common coughs and colds. […] Previous research studies suggest that a mineral called zinc appears to reduce the severity of cold symptoms in healthy children. […] A recent review of the research on zinc supplements and the common cold found that zinc supplements may reduce the length and severity of cold symptoms, when taken within 24 hours of the first symptoms of a cold.
  • #1 Colds in kids & teens: how to treat them | Raising Children Network
    https://raisingchildren.net.au/toddlers/health-daily-care/health-concerns/colds
    Young children get a lot of colds because they haven’t had a chance to build up immunity to the many viruses that cause colds. […] Most colds are caused by viruses. In fact, there are over 200 types of viruses that can cause colds. […] The viruses that cause colds are spread by sneezing, coughing and hand contact. […] Cold weather doesn’t cause colds, but colds are more common in the winter months. […] Supplements like vitamin C and echinacea don’t stop children getting colds. And there’s no evidence that vitamin C or echinacea has any effect on how long or how bad colds are in children if your child starts taking these treatments after they get a cold. But ongoing vitamin C use can reduce the duration and severity of colds in children. […] There’s evidence that probiotics can reduce how often you get colds and how long they last.
  • #1 Viral illnesses
    https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/viral_illnesses/
    Viral illnesses are very common in children and spread easily around childcare, kindergarten or school. […] A viral illness is an infection caused by a germ called a virus. Viruses cause many illnesses, such as the common cold, bronchiolitis, tonsillitis, ear infections, gastroenteritis, flu (influenza), mumps and chickenpox. […] It is common for healthy children to get up to 12 viral infections a year in their first few years of life. […] Almost all viral illnesses are contagious. That is why viruses spread quickly through childcare and schools. […] The best ways to lower their risk of viral illness are to give them nutritious food, vaccinate them, help them avoid cigarette smoke, teach them good hygiene, and keep them away from sick children. […] We do not recommend giving your child any natural remedies (including vaporisers) without professional medical advice. Over-the-counter products such as vitamins or supplements are not necessary and have no or limited scientific evidence to prove their effectiveness in preventing or treating viruses such as colds. […] Children can get COVID-19. In most cases, their symptoms are similar to other cold viruses.
  • #1 Should I Be Worried If My Child Gets Sick Too Often? | University of Utah Health
    https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/kids-zone/all/2023/07/should-i-be-worried-if-my-child-gets-sick-too-often
    Babies, toddlers, and preschoolers get about seven to eight colds a year. […] The main reason your child is getting all those infections is that he or she is being exposed to new viruses all the time. […] There are at least 200 different cold viruses and they’re getting tricky, mutating all the time. […] Colds are not caused by a poor diet or a lack of vitamins. […] They help build up your child’s immune system. […] Many parents are worried that their child has some serious underlying disease because they get a lot of colds. […] A child with an immune system disease doesn’t get any more colds than the average child. […] The difference is that the child with an immune problem will have trouble recovering from the illness. […] The number of colds will decrease over the years as your child’s body builds up a good antibodies supply to the various viruses.
  • #2 Common cold in babies – Hancock Health
    https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/common-cold-in-babies/
    A common cold in a baby is a viral infection in the nose and throat. […] The common cold is an infection of the nose and throat, called an upper respiratory tract infection. More than 200 viruses can cause the common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common. […] A cold virus enters babies bodies through the mouth, eyes or nose. […] Babies are at risk of common colds because they havent yet come into contact with most of the viruses that cause them. […] A few factors put babies at higher risk of a common cold. […] A common cold can cause: Acute ear infection, called otitis media. This is the most common complication of the common cold. […] A common cold can lead to other infections, including pneumonia, bronchiolitis and croup. A healthcare professional needs to treat these infections.
  • #2 Common cold – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold
    Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in causing the common cold, with rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses and enteroviruses being the most common. […] The common cold is an infection of the upper respiratory tract which can be caused by many different viruses. The most commonly implicated is a rhinovirus (30-80%), a type of picornavirus with 99 known serotypes. Other commonly implicated viruses include coronaviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, parainfluenza and RSV. Frequently more than one virus is present. […] The viral cause of some common colds (20-30%) is unknown.
  • #2 Common Cold in Children: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/pediatrics/pediatrician/common-illnesses/common-cold
    The common cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract meaning it messes with your nose, throat and sinuses. […] Colds are caused by viruses more than 200 different types of them. […] In children, colds are usually caused by these viruses: Rhinovirus: This is the number one cause of colds and is most active in early fall, spring and summer. […] Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Common in infants and young children, RSV can cause cold-like symptoms or severe infections, like pneumonia. […] Coronavirus: In addition to COVID-19, other coronaviruses can cause mild respiratory (breathing) symptoms. […] Adenovirus: Common in school-aged children, it can lead to colds, sore throat and more. […] Influenza virus: Some flu strains can mimic cold symptoms in children, but with more fever and muscle aches.
  • #2 About Common Cold | Common Cold | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/common-cold/about/index.html
    A cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (also called an upper respiratory infection or URI). Colds usually last less than a week and are caused by different respiratory viruses. […] More than 200 respiratory viruses can cause colds. Rhinoviruses are the most frequent cause of colds in the United States. Other respiratory viruses that can cause colds in the United States include common human coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses (including EV-D68), and human metapneumovirus. […] SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), influenza virus (the virus that causes flu), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can also cause cold-like symptoms but do not cause colds.
  • #2 RSV in Babies & Children: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/rsv-in-babies-children
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a seasonal virus that spreads easily among babies and children. For many kids, RSV feels like a cold. However, RSV can sometimes lead to complications that cause severe symptoms, like trouble breathing. […] RSV is the most common cause of hospitalization in infants. In the U.S., up to 3% of infants who develop RSV need a hospital stay. […] RSV is a viral infection, meaning a virus causes it. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the name of the specific virus responsible. […] RSV is one of several viruses that spread most widely during respiratory season. […] Yes, RSV is very contagious. The infection spreads easily from person to person through respiratory droplets. […] Possible complications include bronchiolitis and pneumonia. These are lower respiratory infections that can lead to hospitalization.
  • #2 All about summer colds: What parents need to know | Summer Health
    https://www.summerhealth.com/blog/summer-colds-children
    Colds are quite common. In fact, theyre the most common type of illness in the US. Children are especially prone to colds. While they can have as many as 12 in a year (!), on average, children less than 6 years old will have 6 to 8 colds in a year. While the majority of those colds will happen during the cooler months, children do catch colds during the summer too. […] Thats because even though the name would have you believe otherwise, colds arent caused by cold temperatures. Theyre caused by viruses. […] Summer colds in children are typically caused by enteroviruses. Enteroviruses are particularly active between the months of June and October, which is why the colds they cause usually happen during the summer.
  • #2 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics
    COMMON COLD CAUSES […] The common cold is a group of symptoms caused by a number of different viruses. There are more than 100 different varieties of rhinovirus, the type of virus responsible for the greatest number of colds. Other viruses that cause colds include enteroviruses (echovirus and coxsackieviruses) and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Because there are so many viruses that cause the symptoms of the common cold, people may have multiple colds each year and dozens over a lifetime. […] […] Seasonal patterns — The common cold may occur at any time of year, although most colds occur during the fall and winter months, regardless of the geographic location. Colds are not caused by cold climates or being exposed to cold air. […]
  • #2 Should I Be Worried If My Child Gets Sick Too Often? | University of Utah Health
    https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/kids-zone/all/2023/07/should-i-be-worried-if-my-child-gets-sick-too-often
    Babies, toddlers, and preschoolers get about seven to eight colds a year. […] The main reason your child is getting all those infections is that he or she is being exposed to new viruses all the time. […] There are at least 200 different cold viruses and they’re getting tricky, mutating all the time. […] Colds are not caused by a poor diet or a lack of vitamins. […] They help build up your child’s immune system. […] Many parents are worried that their child has some serious underlying disease because they get a lot of colds. […] A child with an immune system disease doesn’t get any more colds than the average child. […] The difference is that the child with an immune problem will have trouble recovering from the illness. […] The number of colds will decrease over the years as your child’s body builds up a good antibodies supply to the various viruses.
  • #2 Common cold in babies
    https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/c/common-cold-in-babies/
    A common cold is a viral infection of your baby’s nose and throat. Nasal congestion and a runny nose are the main signs of a cold. […] The common cold is an infection of the nose and throat (upper respiratory tract infection) that can be caused by one of more than 200 viruses. Rhinoviruses are the most common. […] A cold virus enters your baby’s body through his or her mouth, eyes or nose. […] Once infected by a virus, your baby generally becomes immune to that virus. But because so many viruses cause colds, your baby may have several colds a year and many throughout his or her lifetime. Also, some viruses don’t produce lasting immunity. […] Your baby can be infected with a virus by: Air. When someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks, he or she might directly spread the virus to your baby.
  • #2 Cold | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/cold
    To catch a cold, your child must come in contact with one of the viruses that cause a cold, from someone else who is affected. The cold virus can be transmitted in the following ways: […] A cold is caused by a virus. There are more than 200 different types of viruses that can cause a cold. The most common one is called the rhinovirus, but others include the coronavirus, parainfluenza, adenovirus, enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial viruses.
  • #2 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics
    Transmission — Colds are transmitted from person-to-person, either by direct contact or by contact with the virus in the environment. Colds are most contagious during the first two to four days. […] […] Direct contact — People with colds typically carry the cold virus on their hands, where it is capable of infecting another person for at least two hours. If a child with a cold touches another child or adult, who then touches their eye, nose, or mouth, the virus can later infect that person. […] […] Infection from particles on surfaces — Some cold viruses can live on surfaces (such as countertops, door handles, or toys) for up to one day. […] […] Inhaling viral particles — Droplets containing viral particles can be exhaled into the air by breathing or coughing. Rhinoviruses are not usually transmitted as a result of contact with infected droplets, although influenza virus and coronavirus can be transmitted via small droplets. Cold viruses are not usually spread through saliva.
  • #2 Common cold in babies
    https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/c/common-cold-in-babies/
    Direct contact. Someone with a cold who touches your baby’s hand can spread the cold virus to your baby, who can become infected after touching his or her eyes, nose or mouth. […] Contaminated surfaces. Some viruses live on surfaces for two hours or longer. Your baby may catch a virus by touching a contaminated surface, such as a toy.
  • #2 Colds in Babies: How to Make Your Little One Feel Better
    https://www.webmd.com/children/identify-child-cold-symptoms
    Babies get so many colds because their immune systems aren’t yet ready to fight off the 100 or so viruses that cause these infections. […] The cold virus spreads through the air when someone who’s sick coughs or sneezes. […] Babies often pick up colds at daycare. Or they can catch it from older brothers and sisters who bring the virus home from school — or from grown-ups who were in close contact with someone who should have stayed home from work.
  • #2 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview
    Rhinoviruses are small, nonenveloped, positive (sense) stranded RNA viruses of the Picornaviridae family. More than 100 different serotypes have been identified, categorized into 3 major groups on the basis of specificity for particular receptors: ICAM-1, LDL receptors, and sialoprotein cell receptors. […] Transmission occurs with close exposure to infected respiratory secretions, including hand-to-hand contact, self-inoculation of eyes or nose, and, possibly, large- and small-particle aerosolization. […] Factors that increase the risk and severity of rhinovirus infection include the following: Smoking increases the risk for respiratory infection by approximately 50%; Very young or old individuals are at greater risk, possibly because of decreased immunity; Exposure to infected contacts increases the risk for infection; Touching the conjunctivae or the nose with contaminated fingers or objects increases the risk for infection; Crowding leads to increased transmission (eg, daycare settings).
  • #2 Newborn Cold: What to Expect, Treatment, When to See a Doctor
    https://www.healthline.com/health/childrens-health/colds-in-newborns
    All babies are born with some immunity to illness. Even so, it takes time for their brand new immune systems to fully mature. This makes babies susceptible to viral infections, which cause colds. […] There are over 200 types of viruses that can cause colds. […] Another name for a common cold is a viral, upper respiratory infection. They arent caused by bacterial infections and dont respond to antibiotics. […] Colds in newborns arent unusual. The viruses which cause them can live in the air and on hard surfaces for short periods of time. […] Breastfed babies have more immunity than babies exclusively fed formula. This is because breastfeeding supplies antibodies, white blood cells, and enzymes to your baby, which help safeguard them from infection. […] Colds are caused by viruses and are common in newborns. Even breastfed babies get colds, although their immunity is greater than babies who arent breastfed.
  • #2 The Common Cold in Babies: What to Know
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-cold-in-babies-5213257
    Common cold is a respiratory infection that can arise due to infection by over 200 viruses, with the rhinovirus the most common cause. […] The common cold is a respiratory infection that can arise due to infection by over 200 viruses, with the rhinovirus the most common cause. Viruses are expelled in droplets when a sick person exhales or coughs, and they can survive on surfaces. Transmission occurs when they access a babys mucus membranes (the soft tissue of the inside of the nose, in the mouth, or in the eyes). […] By nature, infants are at higher risk of contracting common cold than adults because their immune systems arent fully formed. Several other factors can increase the chances of babies catching it: Other infections, autoimmune disorders, or compromised immunity; Being in daycare or in regular close contact with others; The colder months between December and March see high rates of colds because of increased time spent indoors.
  • #2 Newborn cold: Symptoms, treatment, and risks
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321114
    It is common for newborn babies to have colds and other illnesses within weeks of birth. […] As a newborn begins to build their immune system, they will likely catch a common cold. […] The viruses that cause the common cold can spread through the air or contact with someone who has the virus. […] Different factors may increase the risk of a newborn catching a cold, such as exposure to older children or being around people who smoke. […] When a parent nurses a baby, the baby may retain some passive immunity for longer due to immune compounds in the milk. […] Colds may turn into serious illnesses, so regular checkups with a pediatrician are vital, especially if a baby has a high fever or shows other symptoms.
  • #2 Cough and Cold: Causes and Treatment
    https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet/coughs-and-colds-in-children
    Most coughs and colds are caused by germs called viruses. […] Viral infections are extremely common in young children. […] A child who lives with people who smoke has an increased risk of developing coughs and colds, and the colds they get may last longer. […] There is no magic cure! Typically, symptoms are worse in the first 2-3 days, and then ease over the next few days as the immune system clears the virus. […] Antibiotics do not kill viruses, so are of no use for common coughs and colds. […] Previous research studies suggest that a mineral called zinc appears to reduce the severity of cold symptoms in healthy children. […] A recent review of the research on zinc supplements and the common cold found that zinc supplements may reduce the length and severity of cold symptoms, when taken within 24 hours of the first symptoms of a cold.
  • #2 Colds (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cold.html
    The common cold is a contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. […] Most colds are caused by viruses known as rhinoviruses carried in invisible droplets in the air or on things we touch. […] Dry air indoors or outside can lower resistance to infection by the viruses that cause colds. […] Colds are the most common infectious disease in the United States. […] Colds spread through person-to-person contact or by breathing in virus particles, which can travel up to 12 feet through the air when someone with a cold coughs or sneezes. […] Cold symptoms usually begin 2 or 3 days after exposure to a source of infection. […] If symptoms last for more than a week; appear at the same time every year; or happen when your child is around pollen, dust, or animals, an allergy could be to blame. […] Because so many viruses cause colds, there isn’t a vaccine to protect against them.
  • #2 A Baby’s First Cold: Stages, Prevention, Treatment
    https://www.parents.com/baby/health/sick-baby/babys-first-cold-flu-season/
    Infants don’t have the antibodies to fight most colds and gastrointestinal infections. This makes them more likely than older kids and adults to get sick. […] Babies are born with some of their gestational parent’s immunity to illness. This immunity can be enhanced by breastfeeding. But that doesn’t completely protect them against the ever-changing collection of viruses that cause upper respiratory infections like the common cold. […] Possible complications from a baby’s cold include: Ear infections, Sinus infections, Pneumonia, Throat infections. […] The simple truth is there’s no quick fix for a cold. Antibiotics aren’t effective against viruses, and most antiviral drugs aren’t approved for babies. […] Instead, your best bet is to use some natural remedies to keep them comfortable, like suctioning mucus, keeping them hydrated, and keeping the air moist with a cool-mist humidifier.
  • #2 Rhinovirus (Common Cold) | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/rhinovirus/
    The rhinovirus is the most predominant cause of the common cold. […] Infants may develop more severe disease such as croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. […] Rhinoviruses may trigger asthma attacks.
  • #2 RSV in Babies & Children: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/rsv-in-babies-children
    Any baby, toddler or child can develop lower respiratory tract infections from RSV. […] Infants with RSV who develop severe bronchiolitis may face a higher risk of an asthma diagnosis during childhood. […] Most infants and children recover from RSV. However, in some cases, RSV can be fatal. […] Infants and children face a higher risk of serious illness if they have underlying conditions affecting their heart, lungs or immune system. Still, its possible for otherwise healthy babies and kids to get very sick from RSV and need care in a hospital or even die.
  • #2 Protect Your Child from Cold & Cough | DocotrsTips
    https://www.manipalhospitals.com/whitefield/blog/causes-of-common-cold-in-children/
    Coughing associated with a cold is a natural reflex that helps clear the airways. Here are the common triggers: […] In some children, cough and cold can be caused by medical conditions like Asthma, Pneumonia, and Bronchiolitis. […] While the common cold is a frequent and seemingly mild illness in children, it has implications for health and development. […] Recurrent cough and cold illnesses can significantly affect your child’s overall growth, including cognitive and physical development, and emotional well-being. […] Respiratory illnesses can be severe for infants and young children. If your baby is less than 3 months old and catches coughs and colds, contact your paediatrician without delay.
  • #2 Colds
    https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/colds/
    Colds are caused by many respiratory viruses. Healthy children get about 6 colds a year. […] Colds are not serious. With a cold, about 5 and 10% of children develop another health problem. Most often, this is an ear or sinus infection. These are caused by a bacteria.
  • #2 Children and Colds: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Treatments, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/children_colds
    More than 200 different viruses can cause this infection, but the rhinovirus is the most common culprit. […] A cold virus can affect your child’s sinuses, throat, bronchial tubes, and ears. […] Babies and toddlers often have 8 to 10 colds a year before they turn 2 years old. […] Cold season runs from September until March or April, so children usually get sick most often during these months.
  • #2 Common Cold in Toddler: Causes, Symptoms, Remedies for Relief
    https://www.whattoexpect.com/toddler/health-and-safety/colds-in-toddlers/
    The common children’s cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. While toddler colds can be caused by more than 200 varieties of contagious viruses, the most frequent causes of the common cold are rhinoviruses. […] The viruses that cause a cold in toddlers live in the air and on surfaces, which means that if someone with a cold breathes (or sneezes) on your tot, or if he picks up something that an infected person has touched, he’ll likely get exposed to the cold virus and may come down with cold symptoms. […] In addition to viruses, there are other factors that may lower your child’s resistance to infection and result in a toddler cold, including the following: The season. Toddler colds occur more often in winter when kids are exposed to more germs while cooped up inside for longer periods.
  • #2 If your child has cold or flu symptoms | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/if-your-child-has-cold-or-flu-symptoms/
    Viral infections like cold and flu are very common in babies and children and most will make a full recovery without needing treatment. […] The most common causes of cold and flu symptoms in children are viral infections including: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza (flu), rhinovirus, adenovirus. […] There are some conditions which can cause cold and flu symptoms and may require further treatment, such as pneumonia and tonsillitis in toddlers and older children. […] Babies and children born with the following health conditions may be more at risk of serious infection: congenital heart disease where a baby is born with a heart condition, babies born with narrowing of the airways or other respiratory disease, babies born prematurely.
  • #2
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chest-lungs/Pages/RSV-When-Its-More-Than-Just-a-Cold.aspx
    Almost all children get infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at least once before they are 2 years old. For most healthy children, RSV is like a cold. But some children get very sick with RSV. […] RSV is one of the many viruses that cause respiratory illness. It spreads like a cold virus from person to person. It enters the body through the nose or eyes, usually from contact with infected saliva, mucus or nasal discharge. […] RSV is the most common cause of hospitalization in children under age 1 year. Two to three out of every 100 infants in the US with RSV infection may require a hospital stay. […] RSV causes cold symptoms, which may be followed by bronchiolitis or pneumonia which are infections of the lower airways in the chest or lungs. […] Pediatricians diagnose children with a cold or bronchiolitis by asking about their symptoms and by doing a physical exam. Your pediatrician may do a nasal swab test to determine if your child has RSV or another virus.
  • #2 Viral illnesses
    https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/viral_illnesses/
    Viral illnesses are very common in children and spread easily around childcare, kindergarten or school. […] A viral illness is an infection caused by a germ called a virus. Viruses cause many illnesses, such as the common cold, bronchiolitis, tonsillitis, ear infections, gastroenteritis, flu (influenza), mumps and chickenpox. […] It is common for healthy children to get up to 12 viral infections a year in their first few years of life. […] Almost all viral illnesses are contagious. That is why viruses spread quickly through childcare and schools. […] The best ways to lower their risk of viral illness are to give them nutritious food, vaccinate them, help them avoid cigarette smoke, teach them good hygiene, and keep them away from sick children. […] We do not recommend giving your child any natural remedies (including vaporisers) without professional medical advice. Over-the-counter products such as vitamins or supplements are not necessary and have no or limited scientific evidence to prove their effectiveness in preventing or treating viruses such as colds. […] Children can get COVID-19. In most cases, their symptoms are similar to other cold viruses.
  • #2 Colds (0-12 Months)
    https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/colds-0-12-months/
    Colds are caused by many respiratory viruses. Healthy children get about 6 colds in the first year. […] Colds are not serious. With a cold, about 5 to 10% of children develop a complication. Most often, this is an ear or sinus infection. These are caused by a bacteria. […] It’s normal for healthy children to get at least 6 colds a year. This is because there are so many viruses that cause colds. With each new cold, your child’s body builds up immunity to that virus. […] The normal cold lasts about 2 weeks. There are no drugs to make it go away sooner. […] Cold Medicines. Don’t give any drugstore cold or cough medicines to young children. They are not approved by the FDA under 6 years. Reasons: not safe and can cause serious side effects. Also, they are not helpful. They can’t remove dried mucus from the nose. Nasal saline works best. […] No Antibiotics. Antibiotics are not helpful for colds. Antibiotics may be used if your child gets an ear or sinus infection.
  • #2 Common Cold: Symptoms, How to Treat, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/cold-flu/cold
    The common cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract. The most common cause is a rhinovirus, and the most common symptoms are a stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, and a scratchy, sore throat. […] The common cold is actually a viral infection in your upper respiratory tract. A cold can be caused by more than 200 viruses. The most common are rhinoviruses. […] The common cold is a viral infection in your upper respiratory tract. Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics. In most cases, viruses like the cold just need to run their course. […] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn’t recommend OTC medications for cough and cold symptoms in children younger than 2 because these medications could cause serious and potentially life threatening side effects. […] If your infant is showing signs of a cold, including lethargy or a fever of 100.4F (38C) or higher, see a doctor immediately.
  • #2 Is it the Cold, Flu, COVID or Allergies? | TYLENOL®
    https://www.tylenol.com/children-infants/cold-flu/cold-vs-flu-vs-covid-allergies
    A cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract (includes the nose, sinuses, and throat). Colds can be caused by many viruses.[1] […] Colds are caused by various viruses, most commonly rhinoviruses. […] A child usually has a cold for 3-10 days.[8]
  • #2
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/ear-nose-throat/Pages/Children-and-Colds.aspx
    Colds are caused by viruses (these are much smaller than bacteria). […] For babies under 3 months old, the best way to prevent colds is to keep them away from people who have one. This is especially true during the winter, when more people are sick with viruses. A virus that causes a mild illness in an older child or an adult can cause a more serious one in an infant.
  • #2 Colds in kids & teens: how to treat them | Raising Children Network
    https://raisingchildren.net.au/toddlers/health-daily-care/health-concerns/colds
    Young children get a lot of colds because they haven’t had a chance to build up immunity to the many viruses that cause colds. […] Most colds are caused by viruses. In fact, there are over 200 types of viruses that can cause colds. […] The viruses that cause colds are spread by sneezing, coughing and hand contact. […] Cold weather doesn’t cause colds, but colds are more common in the winter months. […] Supplements like vitamin C and echinacea don’t stop children getting colds. And there’s no evidence that vitamin C or echinacea has any effect on how long or how bad colds are in children if your child starts taking these treatments after they get a cold. But ongoing vitamin C use can reduce the duration and severity of colds in children. […] There’s evidence that probiotics can reduce how often you get colds and how long they last.
  • #2 Cough and Cold: Causes and Treatment
    https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet/coughs-and-colds-in-children
    There has also been research looking at vitamin C for preventing or treating colds. […] A recent review found that taking vitamin C regularly did not seem to prevent colds in the ordinary population. […] A study published in early 2017 revealed that vitamin D is also useful for preventing colds. […] Echinacea (a herbal treatment) and garlic have traditionally been used for treating colds. […] Black elderberry extract is another natural remedy that has been used traditionally.
  • #2 Patient education: The common cold in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-children-beyond-the-basics/print
    Colds are transmitted from person-to-person, either by direct contact or by contact with the virus in the environment. […] Rhinoviruses are not usually transmitted as a result of contact with infected droplets, although influenza virus and coronavirus can be transmitted via small droplets. […] COVID-19 infection in children is usually mild or even asymptomatic. […] A cold caused by COVID-19 in a child looks like a cold caused by any other cold virus and can only be diagnosed with a COVID-19 test. […] Most children who have colds do not develop complications. However, parents or caregivers should be aware of the signs and symptoms of potential complications. […] Antibiotics are not effective in treating colds. They are necessary only if the cold is complicated by a bacterial infection, like an ear infection, pneumonia, or sinusitis. […] A number of alternative products, including zinc and herbal products such as echinacea, are advertised to treat or prevent the common cold.
  • #2 Coughs, colds, sore throats and ear infections in babies | NCT
    https://www.nct.org.uk/information/baby-toddler/baby-and-toddler-health/coughs-colds-sore-throats-and-ear-infections-babies
    Its very common for babies and young children to have colds. In fact, they can have as many as eight or more a year. This is because they havent had them before (NHS, 2021a). […] The good news is that with each cold their immunity increases, and they will get fewer colds (NHS, 2021a). […] Bronchiolitis affects babies up to two years old. It is caused by a virus, often RSV (respiratory syncytial virus). This is a common virus spread by coughing and sneezing (NHS, 2022). […] Early symptoms are like a cold. For example, sneezing, a runny or blocked nose, a cough or slightly raised temperature (38C) (NHS, 2022). […] Whooping cough or pertussis starts with similar symptoms to a cold, including a sore throat and runny nose. There isnt usually a high temperature (NHS, 2023). […] After seven days or so, coughing bouts start and are worse at night. The baby or child might make a whooping sound between coughs, but this is less common in young babies. They may have difficulty breathing and turn blue or grey (NHS, 2023). […] Its almost impossible to avoid common infections, but there are ways to minimize them. […] Having the RSV and whooping cough vaccinations from 28 weeks of pregnancy can protect the baby for the first few months after theyre born (NHS, 2022; NHS, 2023).
  • #3 Coughs and colds in children – treatment, prevention, causes | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/coughs-and-colds-in-children
    Most coughs and colds in children are caused by viral infections. […] Cold viruses are spread easily through droplets from the nose and mouth of infected people. […] The common cold is an infection caused by a virus. There are many different viruses that can cause colds. […] Most cough and cold symptoms are caused by viruses. Viruses are easily spread from person to person through droplets from the mouth and nose. […] Colds are not caused by getting cold or wet. […] In some cases, cold symptoms can be caused by other conditions. These include bronchiolitis (younger children) or bronchitis (older children), laryngitis, whooping cough, pneumonia, asthma, croup, and COVID-19. […] Most coughs and colds are caused by viruses and get better on their own within a week. […] Antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial infections. Most coughs are caused by cold viruses, so antibiotics will not help your child get better any faster.
  • #3 Colds in children | Caring for kids
    https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/colds_in_children
    The common cold is caused by viruses (germs) that infect the nose, throat and sinuses. […] Young children haven’t built up immunity (defenses) to the more than 100 different cold viruses that are around. […] Some respiratory viruses that cause colds in older children and adults may cause more serious illness in babies and toddlers. […] There is no cure for the common cold. […] Antibiotics will not help get rid of a cold.
  • #3 Viruses and Bacteria in the Etiology of the Common Cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC104573/
    Rhinoviruses were the causative agent of the common cold in half of the cases in this investigation. […] This observation emphasizes the need to identify the specific virus in studies of specific antivirals. […] Even those common-cold patients who may have bacterial coinfection seem to recover uneventfully without antibiotic treatment. […] The common cold is a viral illness for which the etiology can be shown in most cases. Bacterial coinfections are very rare. Antibiotic treatment is not necessary in otherwise healthy young adults with common colds.