Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hernia: What it is, Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15757-hernia

  A hernia occurs when part of your insides bulges through an opening or weakness in the muscle or tissue that contains it. […] Most hernias will need surgical repair, but not necessarily right away. […] A simple physical exam is often enough to diagnose a hernia, depending on the type. […] Your healthcare provider will assess how severe it is and how fast its likely to progress.

• #2 Inguinal hernia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351553

  A physical exam is usually all that’s needed to diagnose an inguinal hernia. Your doctor will check for a bulge in the groin area. Because standing and coughing can make a hernia more prominent, you’ll likely be asked to stand and cough or strain. […] If the diagnosis isn’t readily apparent, your doctor might order an imaging test, such as an abdominal ultrasound, CT scan or MRI.

• #3 Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0615/p844.html/1000

  Inguinal hernias are one of the most common reasons a primary care patient may need referral for surgical intervention. The history and physical examination are usually sufficient to make the diagnosis. […] Although imaging is rarely warranted, ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging can help diagnose a hernia in an athlete without a palpable impulse or bulge on physical examination. […] The diagnosis of an inguinal hernia is usually made through history and physical examination findings. […] Hernias may be easily diagnosed with an adequate physical examination. […] If no bulge is detected with a Valsalva maneuver, a hernia is unlikely. […] Although imaging is rarely needed to diagnose a hernia, it may be useful in certain clinical situations (e.g., suspected sports hernia; recurrent hernia or possible hydrocele; uncertain diagnosis; surgical complications, especially chronic pain).

• #4 Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513332/

  A proper physical exam is essential in the diagnosis of an inguinal hernia. Physical examination is the best way to diagnose a hernia. […] Most inguinal hernias are diagnosed with a thorough history and physical examination. When history strongly suggests a hernia, but none can be elicited on an exam or in situations where body habitus makes physical examination limited, then a radiologic investigation may be warranted. […] Surgical repair is the definitive treatment for an inguinal hernia. As a general rule, all symptomatic inguinal hernias should be repaired when possible. […] The diagnosis and management of inguinal hernia is best done with an interprofessional team. The majority of patients with an inguinal hernia first present to the nurse practitioner and primary care provider. These clinicians should be able to work up a patient with an inguinal hernia and make the appropriate referral to a surgeon.

• #4 Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513332/

  Inguinal hernia repair is an extremely common operation performed by surgeons. More than 800,000 repairs performed annually. These groin hernias can be divided into indirect, direct, and femoral based on location. Most patients present with a bulge or pain in the groin. Healthcare professionals recommend repairing all symptomatic hernias to avoid complications. An open or laparoscopic approach can be used with the goal of defect closure and a tension-free repair. This activity reviews the pathophysiology of inguinal hernia and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in its management. […] Inguinal hernia repair is a common surgery in the United States. It is estimated that about 800,000 inguinal hernias are performed annually. Inguinal hernias account for 75% of all abdominal wall hernias.

• #5 Diagnostic Testing for Hernias: Understand the Different Types

  https://www.herniainfo.com/us/en/blog/diagnostic-testing-for-hernias

  A hernia is often diagnosed by clinical examination and typically appears as a small lump that looks more pronounced when you cough or do strenuous exercise, such as lifting something heavy. To diagnose a hernia, your doctor will feel for a lump and may ask you to stand from a seated position. He or she may also ask you to cough to make the hernia bulge more prominent. […] However, for a more informed diagnosis, your doctor may ask you to undergo a diagnostic procedure like an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI scan. […] An ultrasound image can provide valuable insights into the size, location and characteristics of a hernia. This in turn can help your doctor create an individualized treatment plan specific to your hernia needs. […] CT scans can effectively detect complex hernias and evaluate potential complications such as hernia obstruction or strangulation. They are able to provide detailed anatomical information, aiding in treatment planning. […] MRIs provide detail and clarity, making them particularly useful for complex hernias or cases where surgical planning requires precise anatomical information.

• #6 Hernia Tests and Treatments: Truss, Surgery, & More

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-hernia-treatment

  A physical exam by your health care provider is often enough to diagnose a hernia. Sometimes hernia swelling is visible when you stand upright; usually, the hernia can be felt if you place your hand directly over it and then bear down. Ultrasound may be used to see a femoral hernia, and abdominal X-rays may be ordered to determine if a bowel obstruction is present. […] Hernia surgery is performed under either local or general anesthesia. The surgeon repositions the herniated tissue and, if strangulation has occurred, removes the oxygen-starved part of the organ. The damaged muscle wall will frequently be repaired with synthetic mesh or tissue. […] Hernias may return after surgery, so preventive measures are especially important to help avoid a recurrence.

• #7 Diagnosing and Deciding Whether to Treatment an Inguinal Hernia – International Guidelines – California Hernia Specialists

  https://californiaherniaspecialists.com/hernia-basics/diagnosing-deciding-whether-treatment-inguinal-hernia-international-guidelines/

  The first step in the workup for an inguinal hernia is obviously making an accurate diagnosis. […] By far the most common diagnostic test for determining the presence of an inguinal hernia is a Clinical Examination (CE). […] Studies have shows that about 75% of hernias can be diagnosed with this technique. […] When found on an examination, hernia surgeons are accurate in the diagnosis 96% of the time. […] The most common imaging test is an ultrasound of the groin which increases the chances of finding a hernia to about 82%, with its accuracy about 95%. […] Most patients will never need an MRI or a CT scan to diagnose a hernia since the sensitivity is usually not much better than with CE and ultrasound. […] Patients who have symptoms at the time they see me in our office, should have surgery.

• #8 Abdominal Hernias: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview

  Imaging studies are not required in the normal workup of a hernia. However, they may be useful in certain scenarios, as follows: Ultrasonography (US) can be used in differentiating masses in the groin or abdominal wall or in differentiating testicular sources of swelling. […] If an incarcerated or strangulated hernia is suspected, upright chest films or flat and upright abdominal films may be obtained. […] Computed tomography (CT) or ultrasonography may be necessary if a good examination cannot be obtained, because of the patients body habitus, or in order to diagnose a spigelian or obturator hernia. […] Patients should be counseled to avoid those activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure (eg, straining at defecation and lifting heavy objects). This may require restrictions on work or school-related activities, which should be clearly delineated. Patients should also receive instruction regarding ways of applying support to the hernia. Numerous medical device companies have developed support items that can assist with this process.

• #8 Abdominal Hernias: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview

  Abdominal wall hernias are among the most common of all surgical problems. Knowledge of these hernias (usual and unusual) and of protrusions that mimic them is an essential component of the armamentarium of the general and pediatric surgeon. More than 1 million abdominal wall hernia repairs are performed each year in the United States, with inguinal hernia repairs constituting nearly 770,000 of these cases; approximately 90% of all inguinal hernia repairs are performed on males. […] History and physical examination remain the best means of diagnosing hernias. The review of systems should carefully seek out associated conditions, such as ascites, constipation, obstructive uropathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cough. […] Laboratory studies include the following: Stain or culture of nodal tissue, Complete blood count (CBC), Electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine, Urinalysis, Lactate.

• #9 Diagnosing Hernia | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hernia/diagnosis

  Doctors at NYU Langone are experts in diagnosing hernias, which are common in men, women, and children. […] Doctors at NYU Langone typically diagnose a hernia by taking a medical history and performing a physical exam. Sometimes, imaging tests are used to help doctors diagnose a hernia, particularly when the bulge is small or when symptoms can be confused with other conditions, such as endometriosis in women or kidney stones. […] Your doctor may recommend an MRI scan, particularly if your pain gets worse when you exercise. This is because, in some people, participation in sports can cause a hernia that has no visible bulge initially. An MRI scan can detect a tear in the abdominal muscles. […] Your doctor may recommend an ultrasound if you are a woman of childbearing age. This test allows doctors to check for other pelvic conditions, such as ovarian cysts or fibroids, that can cause abdominal pain.

• #10 How is a hernia diagnosed? – Northeast Georgia Health System

  https://www.nghs.com/2021/05/18/how-is-a-hernia-diagnosed

  With the hustle and bustle of the holiday season just around the corner, now is not the time to be sidelined with pain or discomfort. If you’re experiencing signs or symptoms of a hernia, it’s important to talk with your doctor about next steps. […] Hernias are generally pretty straightforward to diagnose. Our hernia repair specialists at the Hernia Center of Northeast Georgia Medical Center will review your symptoms and make a diagnosis based on a physical exam. Depending on the type of hernia he or she suspects, your doctor may order other diagnostic tests. […] Sometimes a hernia cannot be diagnosed through a physical exam alone, and other diagnostic tests are needed. Some examples of these include: Ultrasound. An ultrasound uses sound waves to generate images of your pelvic area and abdomen. In women, ultrasounds can help your doctor rule out other causes of pain, such as ovarian cysts or fibroids. In men, an ultrasound can help diagnose inguinal or scrotal hernias.

• #11 Diagnosing A Hernia: Ultrasound, CT Scan, MRI or X-ray? – G & L Surgical

  https://www.glsurgical.com.sg/diagnosing-a-hernia-ultrasound-ct-scan-mri-or-x-ray/

  When diagnosing a hernia, various imaging tests can provide valuable insights for accurate identification and treatment planning. […] Ultrasound is a widely used and versatile imaging test for diagnosing hernias. […] In the case of hernias, ultrasound can detect different types, such as inguinal, umbilical, and femoral hernias. […] A CT (computed tomography) scan is another powerful imaging tool for diagnosing hernias, especially complex or internal hernias. […] CT scans effectively detect complex hernias and evaluate potential complications such as hernia obstruction or strangulation. […] MRI scans provide detail and clarity, making them particularly useful for complex hernias or cases where surgical planning requires precise anatomical information. […] X-ray imaging, although not typically the primary imaging test for diagnosing hernias, can occasionally reveal indirect signs of certain hernias. […] In conclusion, a combination of physical examination and imaging tests is employed for accurate hernia diagnosis.

• #12 Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0615/p844.html/1000

  The sensitivity of ultrasonography for the detection of groin hernias is greater than 90%, and the specificity is 82% to 86%. […] The choice of open vs. laparoscopic repair depends on surgeon preference, but only about 10 percent of inguinal hernia repairs in the United States are performed via a laparoscopic technique. […] The most common complications of hernia repair are hematomas, including penile or scrotal ecchymosis; seromas; and wound infection. […] Chronic pain is the most common long-term problem after hernia repair, occurring in 5% to 12% of patients, and is related to nerve scarification, mesh contraction, chronic inflammation, or osteitis pubis.

• #13 Abdominal Hernias Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Radiography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-workup

  Laboratory studies are not specific for hernia but may be useful for general medical evaluation. Imaging studies are not required in the normal workup of a hernia; however, radiography, computed tomography (CT), or ultrasonography (US) may be considered in certain circumstances. […] CT of the abdomen and pelvis with oral and intravenous (IV) contrast can help detect many elusive hernias by demonstrating extracoelomic location of the bowel, bladder, or female internal reproductive organs. […] US is helpful in narrowing the differential on both scrotal masses and masses below the inguinal ligament. It can also aid in the decision to drain or aspirate a nodal abscess. Like CT, US may be indicated when a spigelian or obturator hernia is suspected or when the patients body habitus hinders physical examination.

• #14 Hernia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hernia

  Hernia diagnosis involves a physical examination where the doctor may feel for a bulge in your abdominal or groin area that gets larger when you stand, cough, or strain. […] Your doctor will also likely use imaging tests to aid in their diagnosis. These can include abdominal ultrasound, abdominal CT scan, and abdominal MRI scan. […] If your doctor suspects a hiatal hernia, they may use other tests that allow them to assess the inside of your stomach, such as X-rays of your digestive tract and endoscopy.

• #15 Trying to Get A Hernia Diagnosis – Hernia Talk

  https://herniatalk.com/forums/topic/trying-to-get-a-hernia-diagnosis/

  I have learned so much from reading Dr Towfigh’s information and articles that I know I can’t stop advocating for my daughter. […] The upset and frustration for the suffering patient AND the supporting family is enormous. […] As we have reported before, a negative ultrasound is not helpful if the clinical suspicion is high for a hernia. That is, there is a high false negative rate with ultrasounds. If there is a clinical suspicion, then further imaging (CT with Valsalva without contrast) may be warranted. […] My daughter is about 14 months post successful bilateral inguinal hernia laparoscopic surgery. […] She went to her Internist who confirmed by physical exam that she indeed has an umbilical hernia. […] I hate hate hate that my daughter once again has to have surgery but, on the other hand, I am happy that we have a diagnosis and she will again return to living pain free.

• #16 Hernia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, & Treatment

  https://www.health.com/hernia-7500889

  Hernias occur due to weaknesses or holes in the abdominal wall, a layer of skin, tissue (known as the peritoneum), and muscle that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and other organs. […] The goals of a hernia diagnosis are to assess the severity of the case and rule out other potential causes of the bulging or other symptoms. […] In addition to taking your mental history and assessing your health status, several diagnostic tests may be used: […] Your healthcare provider will take a close look at the hernia growth, feeling and lightly pressing (palpating) it. […] If they can’t push the bulge back into the abdomen, it’s a sign of strangulation, a potentially severe complication. […] Imaging that relies on soundwaves may be used to assess the hernia; this is sometimes accompanied by a breathing technique called a Vasalva maneuver to raise your intrabdominal pressure. […] CT scans use multiple X-rays to create three-dimensional images of affected areas. […] MRI scans use magnetic fields to visualize the hernia. They are highly effective in detecting hernia cases, correctly identifying inguinal hernias 95% of the time.

• #17 Hiatal hernia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373385

  During an upper endoscopy, a healthcare professional inserts a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light and camera down the throat and into the esophagus. A hiatal hernia is often discovered during a test or procedure to determine the cause of heartburn or pain in the chest or upper abdomen. […] X-ray of your upper digestive system. X-rays are taken after you drink a chalky liquid that coats and fills the inside lining of your digestive tract. […] A procedure to look at the esophagus and stomach, called an endoscopy. Endoscopy is a procedure to examine your digestive system with a long, thin tube with a tiny camera, called an endoscope. […] A test to measure muscle contractions of the esophagus, called an esophageal manometry. This test measures the rhythmic muscle contractions in your esophagus when you swallow.

• #18 Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33064426/

  Groin hernias are caused by a defect of the abdominal wall in the groin area and comprise inguinal and femoral hernias. Inguinal hernias are more common in men. Although groin hernias are easily diagnosed on physical examination in men, ultrasonography is often needed in women. Ultrasonography is also helpful when a recurrent hernia, surgical complication after repair, or other cause of groin pain (e.g., groin mass, hydrocele) is suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging has higher sensitivity and specificity than ultrasonography and is useful for diagnosing occult hernias if clinical suspicion is high despite negative ultrasound findings. Herniography, which involves injecting contrast media into the hernial sac, may be used in selected patients. […] Becoming familiar with the common types of surgical interventions can help family physicians facilitate postoperative care and assess for complications, including recurrence. Laparoscopic repair is associated with shorter recovery time, earlier resumption of activities of daily living, less pain, and lower recurrence rates than open repair. Watchful waiting is a reasonable and safe option in men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias. Watchful waiting is not recommended in patients with symptomatic hernias or in nonpregnant women.

• #19 Hiatal Hernia: Test and Diagnosis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/diagnosing-hiatal-hernias-1742604

  Diagnosing a hiatal hernia involves imaging studies like X-rays, CT scans, and endoscopy. […] A hiatal hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach, and sometimes other abdominal structures, is able to bulge upward into the chest through a defect in the diaphragm. […] For such cases, there are several tests healthcare providers can use to confirm the diagnosis. […] The preferred method of diagnosis of a hiatal hernia is an upper gastrointestinal (GI) barium study. […] A barium study is often enough to make a definitive diagnosis. When it’s unable to do so, a computed tomography (CT) scan may be ordered. […] A hiatal hernia can also be diagnosed with a procedure known as an upper GI endoscopy. […] Esophageal manometry can help your healthcare provider identify motor dysfunctions, such as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and how your hernia may contribute to them.

• #20 Hiatal Hernia: Test and Diagnosis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/diagnosing-hiatal-hernias-1742604

  Esophageal pH monitoring is a test used to record changes in the acidity of your esophagus over a period of time (as measured by the pH). […] Once a hiatal hernia is diagnosed, it is classified by type, which can help direct treatment and/or be used to monitor any changes in your condition. […] While you might want to check yourself for hiatal hernia, imagine tests are almost always needed to make a diagnosis. […] A healthcare provider will classify the type, perform a differential diagnosis to exclude other causes, and then discuss a treatment option.

• #21 Hernia diagnostics: information & hernia diagnostics specialists

  https://www.leading-medicine-guide.com/en/diagnosis/hernia-diagnostics

  Gastroscopy, also known as a gastroscopy, is an imaging examination procedure. It can be used to examine the oesophagus, the stomach and the duodenum from the inside. […] In rare cases, reflux disease, i.e. diaphragmatic hernia (hiatal hernia), cannot be clearly diagnosed by gastrointestinal passage or gastroscopy. In this case, a so-called 24-hour pH-metry must also be carried out.

• #22

  https://www.hcavirginia.com/healthy-living/blog/umbilical-hernia-what-to-expect-following-diagnosis

  Vilok Vijayanagar, DO, is a board-certified and fellowship-trained general surgeon with TriCities Surgical Associates in Colonial Heights, Virginia, part of the HCA Virginia Physicians network and an affiliate of TriCities Hospital. He specializes in robotic and minimally invasive surgery and is an expert in the diagnosis and repair of umbilical hernias in children and adults. […] An umbilical hernia occurs when fat or a small part of the intestine protrudes through a weakness in the abdominal wall, creating an obvious bulge or swelling near the belly button. […] Umbilical hernias are more likely to accompany physiological conditions that increase pressure in the abdomen, such as: […] If an umbilical hernia does not resolve in early childhood, it typically requires surgery. […] In addition to a physical examination of the umbilical hernia, Dr. Vijayanagar may order an x-ray, MRI, or CT scan to help determine the degree of strangulation and necessary treatment. […] Umbilical hernia repair surgery is a safe, routine procedure that usually is performed on an outpatient basis.

• #23 Hernia: Causes, treatments, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142334

  Hernias often produce no troublesome symptoms, but abdominal complaints may signal a serious problem. […] They are usually straightforward to diagnose, simply by feeling and looking for the bulge. […] Treatment is a choice between watchful waiting and corrective surgery, either via an open or keyhole operation. […] A hernia occurs when there is a weakness or hole in the peritoneum, the muscular wall that usually keeps abdominal organs in place. […] This defect in the peritoneum allows organs and tissues to push through, or herniate, producing a bulge. […] A hernia can be congenital (present at birth) or develop in children who have a weakness in their abdominal wall. […] In many cases, a hernia is no more than a painless swelling that presents no problems and needs no immediate medical attention.

• #24 Abdominal Wall Hernia: Diagnosis and Treatment – Dr. ABTIN KHOSRAVI, MD

  https://ocroboticsurgery.com/abdominal-wall-hernia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Learning about abdominal wall hernias isnt just about understanding medical jargon; its about gaining knowledge to support your overall health and well-being. […] Because of this, a timely diagnosis and treatment plan from a hernia doctor in Los Alamitos is important. […] Diagnostics play an important role in identifying the presence of an abdominal wall hernia and helping a hernia doctor in Los Alamitos to determine the best course of action. […] After the medical history assessment, a thorough physical examination will be performed. […] Along with the medical history and physical exam, diagnostic tests are often performed by hernia doctors in Los Alamitos to help them confirm the presence of abdominal wall hernias and determine their severity. […] A differential diagnosis helps distinguish abdominal wall hernias from other potential causes of stomach area discomforts, such as muscle strain, lipoma, or lymphadenopathy.

• #25 Hernia Diagnosis – Dr Anastasios Christodoulou

  https://www.doctorchristodoulou.com/content/hernias-screening-diagnosis

  The diagnosis of abdominal wall hernias is usually based on physical examination and, if necessary, a series of imaging studies, such as ultrasound and computerized tomography (C.T.). […] A thorough physical examination is usually enough to identify a lump that bulges out when coughing or straining and thus reveal the nature of the problem. […] However, attention should be paid because sometimes a palpable mass in the inguinal area may not be a hernia but a lipoma, lymph node block or a testicular mass. […] The website content is strictly informative and is not intended as a substitute for the medical assessment, diagnosis or method of treatment for any medical condition described.

• #26 The Challenge of Diagnosing Hernias in Women: Surgical Associates of North Texas: Advanced Laparoscopic Surgeons

  https://www.surgicalassociatesofnorthtexas.com/blog/the-challenge-of-diagnosing-hernias-in-women

  Hernias are much more common in men than in women which is why inguinal, or groin pain in a man is often originally suspected to be due to an inguinal hernia. […] I is not unusual for a female who has a hernia to undergo an average of four surgeries before finally identifying the real cause of her pelvic, or inguinal pain. […] Hernias, specifically inguinal or groin hernias, are more common in men than in women. […] In women, however, inguinal hernias are still the most common type of hernia, but the female anatomy is such that hernias are frequently not nearly as obvious as in men. […] Many women undergo treatment, take medication, and even have surgical procedures to treat such issues as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and ovarian cysts. […] If youve been through an overabundance of diagnostic testing or endured countless doctors exams and procedures to address your abdominal, pelvic, or groin pain to no avail, Dr. deVilleneuve can help. […] Dr. deVilleneuve knows what symptoms to consider and how to diagnose a hernia that other medical professionals may have missed. […] If youve suffered with unexplained pelvic pain, it could be a small hernia thats causing such disruptive symptoms in your daily life.

• #27 Hernia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hernia/

  A GP will usually be able to identify a hernia by examining the affected area. […] In some cases, they may refer you to a nearby hospital for an ultrasound scan to confirm the diagnosis or assess the extent of the problem. […] Once a diagnosis has been confirmed, a GP or hospital doctor will determine whether surgery to repair the hernia is necessary. […] A number of factors will be considered when deciding whether surgery is appropriate, including: the type of hernia some types of hernia are more likely to become strangulated or cause a bowel obstruction than others, the content of your hernia if the hernia contains a part of your bowel, muscle or other tissue, there may be a risk of strangulation or obstruction, your symptoms and the impact on your daily life surgery may be recommended if your symptoms are severe or getting worse, or if the hernia is affecting your ability to carry out your normal activities, your general health surgery may be too much of a risk if your general health is poor.

• #28 Inguinal Hernia – Classification – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/general/small-bowel/inguinal-hernia/

  Any patient with a symptomatic inguinal hernia (significant mass or discomfort) should be offered surgical intervention. […] The risk of strangulation is no more than about 2% per year with an inguinal hernia. […] The main complications of an inguinal hernia are incarceration, strangulation, and obstruction. […] The diagnosis is a clinical one and only warrants further investigation if there is diagnostic uncertainty or features of complication. […] Most cases are repaired via open approach.

• #29 Hernia: Causes, treatments, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142334

  A hernia may, however, be the cause of discomfort and pain, with symptoms often becoming worse when standing, straining, or lifting heavy items. […] In some cases, a hernia needs immediate surgery, for instance, when part of the gut becomes obstructed or strangulated by an inguinal hernia. […] For a hernia without symptoms, the usual course of action is to watch and wait, but this can be risky for certain types of hernia, such as femoral hernias. […] It remains unclear whether non-emergency surgery is worthwhile for hernia repair in cases of an inguinal hernia without symptoms that can be pushed back into the abdomen. […] Others recommend surgical repair to remove the risk of later strangulation of the gut, a complication where blood supply is cut off to an area of tissue, which requires an emergency procedure.

• #30 Sports Hernia (Athletic Pubalgia) – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/sports-hernia-athletic-pubalgia/

  Sports hernia is a painful, soft tissue injury that occurs in the groin area. It most often occurs during sports that require sudden changes of direction or intense twisting movements. […] Although a sports hernia may lead to a traditional inguinal hernia, it is a different injury. […] Because different tissues may be affected and a traditional hernia may not exist, the medical community prefers the term „athletic pubalgia” to refer to this type of injury. […] A sports hernia will usually cause severe pain in the groin area at the time of the injury. The pain typically gets better with rest but comes back when you return to sports activity, especially with twisting movements. […] A sports hernia does not cause a visible bulge in the groin, like the more common inguinal hernia does.

• #31 Sports Hernia (Athletic Pubalgia) – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/sports-hernia-athletic-pubalgia/

  If you have a sports hernia, when your doctor does a physical examination, they will likely find tenderness in the groin or above the pubis. […] To help determine whether you have a sports hernia, your doctor will likely ask you to do a sit-up or flex your trunk (torso) against resistance. If you have a sports hernia, these tests will be painful. […] After your doctor completes a thorough exam, they may order X-rays or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to help determine whether you have a sports hernia. […] In many cases, 4 to 6 weeks of physical therapy will resolve any pain and allow an athlete to return to sports. […] Surgery to repair the torn tissues in the groin can be done as a traditional, open procedure with one long incision or an endoscopic procedure. […] More than 90% of patients who go through nonsurgical treatment and then surgery are able to return to sports activity.

• #32 Inguinal Hernia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/i/inguinal-hernia

  A hernia occurs when a portion of an organ within the abdomen, such as the intestines, protrudes through a weakness in the muscles of the abdomen. A hernia that occurs in the groin area is called an inguinal hernia. […] The diagnosis is made by a thorough medical history and careful physical examination by a physician. […] Inguinal hernias require an operation, and to avoid the risk of abdominal organs becoming incarcerated, this is generally done as soon as possible. […] After surgery, the risk of the hernia returning is extremely low.

• #33 Hernia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hernia/

  Although most hernias will not get better without surgery, they will not necessarily get worse. […] There are 2 main ways surgery for hernias can be carried out: open surgery where a cut is made to allow the surgeon to push the lump back into the tummy, laparoscopy (keyhole surgery) this is a less invasive, but more difficult, technique where several smaller cuts are made, allowing the surgeon to use various special instruments to repair the hernia. […] If your doctor recommends having surgery, it’s important to be aware of the potential risks, as well as the possibility of the hernia coming back.

• #34 Diagnosing and Deciding Whether to Treatment an Inguinal Hernia – International Guidelines – California Hernia Specialists

  https://californiaherniaspecialists.com/hernia-basics/diagnosing-deciding-whether-treatment-inguinal-hernia-international-guidelines/

  Thus, in patients with symptoms, I recommend surgery at that time. […] Regardless, about 3 out of every 4 patients who just watches his or her hernia will need surgery at some point. […] 75% of hernias will get progressively larger and more painful with time? This is why we highly recommend scheduling a visit with us when any symptoms occur.

• #35 Hernia Exam and Diagnosis: What You Need to Know – Center for Hernia Repair Sarasota

  https://www.centerforherniarepair.com/blog/hernia-exam-and-diagnosis-what-you-need-to-know/

  A hernia can cause significant discomfort and, if left untreated, may lead to serious health issues. Identifying a hernia early is key to preventing complications and ensuring effective treatment. […] Diagnosing a hernia correctly is crucial for effective treatment and management. […] Physical examination by an experienced hernia specialist is often the most important in making the diagnosis of a hernia. […] If the physical exam is inconclusive, imaging tests such as an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be recommended to confirm the presence and location of the hernia. […] Diagnosing a hernia early is important for many reasons. […] Seeking medical advice is not just about confirming whether you have a hernia; it’s about understanding the best course of action for your specific condition. […] Remember, the earlier a hernia is diagnosed, the more options you have for effective treatment, and the less likely you are to face complications.

• #36 Hernia

  https://www.adena.org/types-of-care/conditions/hernias

  Laparoscopic robotic surgery makes hernia repair precise and efficient with a quicker recovery time. […] Hernias are typically diagnosed with a physical exam. Other tests, such as blood work, urinalysis, and CT scans may also be used to identify hernias. […] Treatment for hernias offered at Adena Health System include minimally invasive robotic-assisted surgery (laparoscopic) and open surgery. […] Most hernias need to be repaired as quickly as possible to avoid complications and reduce the risk of developing an incarcerated hernia or a strangulation, which occurs when the intestine becomes entrapped and blood flow is reduced. […] Ignoring a hernia may lead to additional health complications.

• #37 Turn Your Head And Cough The First Step In A Hernia Diagnosis

  https://www.virtua.org/articles/turn-your-head-and-cough-the-first-step-in-a-hernia-diagnosis

  Most people are hesitant to have hernia surgery because they think its more involved than it really is. In fact, most hernia surgeries are minimally invasive and performed on an outpatient basis. […] The most common method for hernia repair is laparoscopic surgery. […] After laparoscopic or robotic hernia surgery, most patients go home the same day and, within 2 to 4 weeks, theyre back to their regular routine without restrictions.

• #38 Inguinal Hernia: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16266-inguinal-hernia

  An inguinal hernia occurs when abdominal tissue, such as belly fat or a loop of intestines, bulges through an opening in your lower abdominal wall. […] A physical examination is usually enough to diagnose an inguinal hernia. Your healthcare provider will try to see and feel the hernia. […] Healthcare providers recommend surgery for most inguinal hernias, and for all in children and women. […] Most inguinal hernias will eventually cause symptoms, and children and women are more at risk of dangerous complications. […] An inguinal hernia is one of the most common conditions to affect all people, including 1 in 4 men. […] If you or your child are diagnosed with an inguinal hernia, it’s best to treat it right away before it becomes more complicated.

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