Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pneumonitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24810-pneumonitis

  The best way to lower your risk of developing pneumonitis is to avoid substances that cause lung inflammation. If you must be around potential irritants, you may be able to reduce your exposure by: […] Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), including an N95 mask that filters irritants from the air you breathe. […] Regularly cleaning and sanitizing heating and cooling systems, hot tubs and humidifiers. […] Regularly vacuuming rugs, carpets and other surfaces to remove dust, animal dander and other irritants. […] Running a high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) air filter in your home to remove airborne allergens.

• #1 Pneumonitis: Symptoms, causes, and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319451

  Pneumonitis can be largely prevented by avoiding the irritants that can cause the condition. […] Routine checking that heating, air-conditioning, and ventilation units are clean and working properly may help prevent airborne irritants from causing pneumonitis. […] People should always be aware of any allergies they might have, and the possible allergens that can be found in areas they visit frequently. Any areas where allergens could be found should be avoided or visited with caution.

• #1 Pneumonitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352628

  If you have pneumonitis caused by chemical irritation or an allergic reaction, your healthcare professional will likely recommend stopping the exposure that’s irritating your lungs. This step should help lessen your symptoms. […] Ways you can lower exposure include: […] Avoiding the triggering substance, if known. This may even mean choosing a different job or hobby if your condition is severe. […] Wearing protective gear. Face protection that filters out particles, such as a pollen mask or a personal dust respirator, may lessen exposure. […] Improving ventilation. Better airflow in the area with the substance causing your symptoms may lessen your exposure. […] Limiting mold growth. Cleaning places mold can grow, such as in hot tubs, ventilation systems and humidifiers, may avoid exposure. Remove water-damaged carpet, furniture and drywall.

• #1 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis): Treatment, prognosis, and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypersensitivity-pneumonitis-extrinsic-allergic-alveolitis-treatment-prognosis-and-prevention

  Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is a syndrome characterized by diffuse inflammation of lung parenchyma and airways in response to the inhalation of antigens to which the patient has been previously sensitized. […] Both environmental and host factors are involved in the production of the HP syndromes, so management theoretically can involve modification of the environment or of the host immune response. […] The treatment, prognosis, and prevention of HP will be reviewed here. […] Antigen avoidance is the cornerstone of treatment for symptomatic HP and usually results in regression of disease. […] Antigen avoidance—Patients with HP should be encouraged to completely avoid (preferred) ongoing exposure to the provocative antigen(s). […] Patients with progression of disease in the context of ongoing exposure should be advised in the strongest terms to avoid the antigen completely and by whatever means necessary.

• #1 Pneumonia – Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/prevention

  Pneumonia can be very serious and even life-threatening. You can take a few steps to try and prevent it. […] Vaccines can help prevent some types of pneumonia. Good hygiene (washing your hands often), quitting smoking, and keeping your immune system strong by getting regular physical activity and eating healthy are other ways to lower your risk of getting pneumonia. […] Vaccines can help prevent pneumonia caused by pneumococcus bacteria or the flu virus. […] Two vaccines are available to prevent infections from the pneumococcus bacteria, the most common type of bacteria that causes pneumonia. […] Pneumococcus vaccines are especially important for people at high risk of pneumonia, including: Adults age 65 or older, Children age 2 or younger, People who have chronic (ongoing) diseases, serious long-term health problems, or weak immune systems.

• #1

  https://www.bumrungrad.com/en/conditions/pneumonitis

  Pneumonitis, especially infectious pneumonitis (pneumonia), has the potential of being life-threatening. The following methods can help with pneumonia prevention: […] Getting vaccinated Doctors recommend that those in high risk groups such as children, adults over 65, and those with compromised immune systems get vaccinated for prevention of pneumonia; vaccines include the influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] Regarding pneumococcal vaccines, protection specifically against Streptococcus pneumonia is highly recommended; 2 vaccines are available, which include: […] Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV) This is recommended for high risk persons and older adults; should be taken every 5 years […] Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) This protects against several strains of pneumococci: PCV 7, PCV 10, which are recommended for children 6 weeks to 5 years of age, and PCV 13, which is recommended for those in high risk groups and older adults.

• #1 Pneumonia – Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/prevention

  Your yearly flu vaccine can help prevent pneumonia caused by the flu. […] The Hib vaccine is recommended for all children under 5 years old in the United States. […] You can take the following steps to help prevent pneumonia: Wash your hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers to kill germs. […] Dont smoke. Smoking prevents your lungs from properly filtering out and defending your body against germs. […] Keep your immune system strong. Get plenty of physical activity and follow a healthy eating plan. […] If your immune system is impaired or weakened, your provider may recommend you take antibiotics to prevent bacteria from growing in your lungs.

• #1 Preventing Pneumonia | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/preventing-pneumonia

  Yes, many cases can be prevented. You can reduce your risk of getting pneumonia by following a few simple steps. Here’s how: […] Being up to date on your recommended vaccines like an annual flu shot can help prevent pneumonia. […] Certain people should get vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia, a common form of bacterial pneumonia including: All children younger than 5 years old. […] Additional pneumococcal vaccinations may be recommended for children and adults who are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease depending on their health condition(s). […] There are several other vaccines that can help prevent infections by bacteria and viruses that may lead to pneumonia, including pertussis (whooping cough), chicken pox, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and measles. […] Tobacco damages your lung’s ability to fight off infection, and people who smoke have been found to be at higher risk of getting pneumonia. […] Good health habits a healthy diet, rest, regular exercise, etc. help keep you from getting sick from viruses and respiratory illnesses.

• #1

  https://www.bumrungrad.com/en/conditions/pneumonitis

  Those in high risk groups can take both the influenza and pneumococcal vaccines during the same appointment, having one shot in each arm. After the vaccination, patients may feel a bit of discomfort at the area where the shot was administered; generally the discomfort usually subsides in 2-3 days. […] Adopting the following lifestyle habits may help prevent contracting pneumonia: […] Do not smoke, as tobacco smoke harms the lungs natural defense mechanism against infection; avoid being around cigarette smoke, smoke from fires, automobile exhaust, and cold weather […] Practice good hygiene, wash your hands frequently, and try to avoid crowded areas […] If suffering from a cold or flu, get treated quickly and do not let the condition persist […] Strengthen your immune system by getting sufficient sleep, eating healthy foods, and getting regular exercise […] Be aware of the dangers of excessive alcohol consumption, which can lead to aspiration pneumonia, which develops from liquid, food, vomit, or saliva being inhaled into the lungs.

• #1 Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia: Overview of Aspiration Pneumonia, Predisposing Conditions for Aspiration Pneumonia, Pathophysiology of Aspiration Pneumonia

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296198-overview

  Good dental hygiene including regular visits to a dentist for professional cleanings have been shown effective in preventing aspiration pneumonia. This is particularly important in older adults, patients with Parkinson disease or dementia. […] Position patients with altered consciousness in a semirecumbent position with the head of the bed at a 30-45 angle. This reduces the risk of aspiration leading to pneumonia. […] For patients with known swallowing dysfunction (eg, dysphagia and/or a poor gag reflex), helpful compensatory techniques to reduce aspiration include a soft diet reducing the bite size, nectar-thick or honey-thickened liquids, keeping the chin tucked and the head turned, and repeated swallowing. Although body positioning and changing the consistency of food/liquids are reasonable steps, their efficacy has not been proven in controlled trials.

• #1 Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia: Overview of Aspiration Pneumonia, Predisposing Conditions for Aspiration Pneumonia, Pathophysiology of Aspiration Pneumonia

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296198-overview

  A study found that treatment of patients with gastrostomy tubes with Mosapride citrate (a gastroprokinetic agent) was associated with a lower risk of aspiration pneumonia in comparison to both placebo and proton pump inhibitor treatment. […] The use of nonparticulate antacids and histamine 2 (H2) blockers to reduce gastric acidity has been a common practice. However, gastric acid suppression and consequent loss of the acid barrier to bacteria is associated with a higher rate of pneumonia. […] Avoid oversedating patients.

• #1 Treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients without HIV – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-pneumocystis-pneumonia-in-patients-without-hiv

  Treatment and prophylaxis of PCP in patients without HIV infection will be reviewed here. […] We recommend trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) as the treatment of choice for PCP of any severity in patients without HIV. […] For patients with allergy to TMP-SMX, desensitization should ideally be performed since TMP-SMX is the most effective regimen. […] Regimens for Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis in adults and adolescents.

• #1 Prophylaxis – Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii) pneumonia in cancer patients

  https://www.eviq.org.au/clinical-resources/side-effect-and-toxicity-management/prophylaxis-and-treatment/220-pneumocystis-jirovecii-pneumonia-pjp-prophyl

  PJP is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in patients (30-60%) following treatment for haematological malignancies or after haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). […] Appropriate and adequate prophylaxis for all moderate- to high-risk patients is a key strategy for improving outcomes as most cases of PJP occur in patients either not receiving adequate prophylaxis or not complying with their prescribed prophylaxis. […] In a meta-analysis of randomized trials of PJP prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients without HIV infection, it was concluded that, in adults, prophylaxis is warranted when the risk of PJP is higher than 3.5%. […] Prophylaxis is recommended in B-cell ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia). […] Prophylaxis in lymphoma will depend on risk factors for PJP. […] Consider prophylaxis during neutropenia. […] Consider prophylaxis if high-dose steroids are used (/= 20 mg prednisolone daily for 4 or more weeks). […] Prophylaxis is generally not required.

• #1 Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/pneumocystis

  Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii, a ubiquitous fungus. […] The incidence of PCP has declined substantially with widespread use of PCP prophylaxis and ART; incidence among people with HIV in Western Europe and the United States is 1 case per 100 person-years. […] There are insufficient data to support isolation as standard practice to prevent PCP. […] Recommendations for Preventing First Episode of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (Primary Prophylaxis) […] Indications for Initiating Primary Prophylaxis: CD4 count 100-200 cells/mm3, if plasma HIV RNA level above detection limits (AI), or CD4 count 100 cells/mm3, regardless of plasma HIV RNA level (AIII). […] TMP-SMX is the recommended prophylactic agent for PCP (AI). […] Indication for Discontinuing Primary Prophylaxis: CD4 count increased from 200 cells/mm3 to 200 cells/mm3 for 3 months in response to ART (AI).

• #1 Pneumocystis Pneumonia Basics | Pneumocystis Pneumonia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumocystis-pneumonia/about/index.html

  There is no vaccine to prevent PCP. Medicine to prevent PCP are recommended for people living with HIV, stem cell transplant patients, and some solid organ transplant patients. […] Healthcare providers might also prescribe medicine to prevent PCP in other patients, such as people who are taking long-term, high-dose corticosteroids. […] The medicine most commonly used to prevent PCP is called trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Other medicines are available for people who cannot take TMP/SMX.

• #1 Role of Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia Prophylaxis with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Among Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases Receiving High-Dose Glucocorticoids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/role-of-pneumocystis-jirovecii-pneumonia-prophylaxis-with-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-among-patients-with-autoimmune-inflammatory-diseases-receiving-high-dose-glucocorticoids-a-systematic-review-an/

  Role of Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia Prophylaxis with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Among Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases Receiving High-Dose Glucocorticoids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis […] Prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is often prescribed to prevent the occurrence of PJP among patients with AIRD. […] The relative risk of PJP was 76% lower (Relative Risk 0.24; 95% CI: 0.07-0.79) among participants who received prophylactic TMP/SMX at any dose, compared to patients who did not receive any prophylaxis. […] Among individuals with AIRD who were included in studies evaluating the use of prophylactic TMP/SMX, the risk for PJP was lower among participants who received TMP/SMX compared to participants who did not receive prophylaxis. […] Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of different prophylactic TMP/SMX dose regimens with long term follow-up are needed to study TMP/SMX utility for preventing PJP among patients with AIRD.

• #1 List of 17 Pneumocystis Pneumonia Prophylaxis Medications Compared

  https://www.drugs.com/condition/pneumocystis-pneumonia-prophylaxis.html

  Involves the taking of medicine for the purpose of preventing Pneumocystis Pneumonia – a fungal lung infection occurring in persons with impaired immune systems. […] The medications listed below are related to or used in the treatment of this condition. […] The drug class: sulfonamides. […] The drug class: leprostatics. […] The drug class: miscellaneous antibiotics. […] The drug class: miscellaneous antibiotics, inhaled anti-infectives. […] The drug class: miscellaneous antibiotics, inhaled anti-infectives. […] The drug class: miscellaneous antimalarials. […] The drug class: miscellaneous antibiotics, inhaled anti-infectives. […] The drug class: miscellaneous antibiotics, inhaled anti-infectives. […] Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

• #1 Prophylactic Antimicrobial Therapy for Acute Aspiration Pneumonitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29438467/

  Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy is frequently prescribed for acute aspiration pneumonitis, with the intent of preventing the development of aspiration pneumonia. […] Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy for patients with acute aspiration pneumonitis does not offer clinical benefit and may generate antibiotic selective pressures that results in the need for escalation of antibiotic therapy among those who develop aspiration pneumonia.

• #1 Pneumonia: Etiology, Care and Prevention | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/infectious-diseases/other-infections/pneumonia-etiology-care-and-prevention/

  Severe pneumonia increases cost, length-of-stay for hospitalizations, increased need for ICU admission and possible intubation/mechanical ventilation, and carries an increased mortality for these patients. Prevention of severe pneumonia follows the same foundation as overall prevention of pneumonia. Vaccination against bacterial pneumonia helps reduce incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), pertussis (whooping cough), and pneumococcal pneumonia. Recommended immunizations that fight viral infections help fight issues with COVID-19, influenza (flu), measles, RSV, and varicella. […] Other practical steps in preventing pneumonia include careful handwashing, cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that may serve as transmission sites, following cough/sneeze etiquette, quitting smoking and avoiding cigarette smoke, and taking steps to manage chronic conditions such as asthma and COPD. Recommendations for avoiding HAP/VAP include: Use of high-flow nasal oxygen and/or noninvasive ventilation if appropriate, Avoid intubation and prevent reintubation if possible, Minimize use of sedation and follow a protocol for sedation vacations, Follow a protocol for weaning and discontinuing mechanical ventilation (MV) to minimize time on MV, Elevate the head of the bed 30o to 45o, Provide early exercise and mobilization, Perform oral care with toothbrushing, Provide early enteral nutrition, Only change ventilator circuits if visibly soiled or malfunctioning, Diagnose and manage dysphagia to reduce risk of aspiration, Implement ventilator bundles and pneumonia prevention bundles, Monitor, measure, and report outcomes on incidence of pneumonia, Educate staff on bundles and monitoring results, Incorporate changes to address areas of weakness, lack of compliance.

• #1 Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Prophylaxis for Cancer Patients during Chemotherapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/2/237

  Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is one type of life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. […] PJP prophylaxis would be important during cancer treatment. […] PJP prophylaxis should be administered in allogeneic HSCT patients for at least six months, and while receiving immunosuppressive therapy. […] PJP prophylaxis should also be considered in patients receiving the prednisolone (PSL) equivalent of 20 mg or more daily for four or more weeks, at least through active treatment. […] TMP/SMX is the first-line drug for PJP prophylaxis, which is widely used in adults and children, and the only drug that has confirmed efficacy in prospective randomized controlled trials. […] Appropriate prophylaxis is important for these patients.

• #1

  https://www.thelungspecialists.com/blog/the-buzz-pneumonia-prevention-part-three

  Alteration of the immune system by diseases such as cancer or the chemotherapy used to treat many of its forms, is associated with an increased pneumonia risk. […] Smokers have as much as a 400% increased risk of pneumonia over the non-smoking population. About 30% of pneumonias could be avoided if smoking was eliminated. […] Vaccination with a pneumonia vaccine called Prevnar 13 can help reduce risk.

• #1 Optimal dose-volume histogram thresholds for radiation pneumonitis prevention in lung cancer patients receiving immunotherapy | Radiation Oncology | Full Text

  https://ro-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13014-025-02639-2

  Symptomatic RP occurred in 30.33% (118/389) and 7.46% (29/389) of patients for grades2 and 3, respectively. […] Patients receiving concurrent immunotherapy-radiotherapy demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of grade2 RP compared to other treatment groups (p<0.05). [...] Immunotherapy did not raise the risk of grade2 RP. Maintaining lung V20<20% may serve as an optimal dosimetric threshold for RP prevention in patients undergoing combined-modality therapy. [...] The goal of this paper is to explore the optimal threshold of DVH parameters for the prevention of RP in patients receiving combined modality therapy for lung cancer in the era of immunotherapy. [...] Our findings are expected to provide critical insights that could inform clinical decision-making and serve as a reference for future clinical research initiatives.

• #1 Seniors, Pneumonia Prevention and Care | Lifeline

  https://www.lifeline.com/blog/seniors-pneumonia-prevention-and-care/

  The most reliable way to prevent pneumonia in the elderly is to get the pneumococcal and influenza vaccine. The pneumococcal vaccine protects you against 23 strains of pneumococcus bacteria. […] Smoking destroys the lungs and makes them more prone to infections. Dropping the vice can help prevent pneumonia. […] Washing hands regularly will help you avoid contracting or transmitting the disease to other people. This is virtually true for caregivers looking after the elderly. You also need to clean and disinfect surfaces in the bathroom and kitchens. […] Staying physically active, eating healthy foods, taking plenty of fluids, and having an adequate sleep can help your stay healthy. It will also improve your immune system to fight all kinds of illnesses.

• #1 Elderly Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/elderly-pneumonia

  How to prevent pneumonia in older adults […] If youre an older individual, you can help to prevent pneumonia by doing the following: […] Getting the pneumococcal vaccine. This helps to prevent pneumonia due to S. pneumoniae. There are two pneumococcal vaccines for adults ages 65 years and older PPSV23 and PCV13. Ask your doctor about which one is recommended for you. You may qualify for a pneumococcal vaccine before age 65 if you have a weakened immune system or chronic lung, kidney, or heart conditions. […] Getting the influenza vaccine each year. Pneumonia is a potential complication of the flu, so be sure to get your flu vaccine each year. Theres a high-dose flu vaccine thats specially formulated for adults ages 65 years and older. […] Washing your hands regularly. Practicing good hand hygiene can help prevent many types of infections.

• #1 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pneumonia

• #1 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pneumonia-basics

  Pneumonia Prevention […] To avoid pneumonia and the germs that can cause it, take these steps: […] Wash your hands, thoroughly and often. […] Stay away from people who are ill. Also avoid others when you’re sick. […] If you need to cough or sneeze, do it into a tissue, your sleeve, or your elbow. […] Frequently clean surfaces in your home or workspace that people touch a lot. […] Don’t smoke, and avoid secondhand smoke. […] Stick to your treatment plan for any health conditions you have, such as asthma, heart disease, or diabetes. […] Get vaccinated against pneumonia and the flu. […] Keep your immune system healthy by exercising, eating healthy foods, and getting enough sleep. […] Pneumonia vaccine […] There are two types of vaccines that can prevent infection with the pneumococcus bacteria, the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. They’re recommended for:

• #1 FIRS Calls for Urgent Action to Expand Access to Pneumonia Prevention and Treatment Worldwide – FIRS

  https://firsnet.org/the-forum-of-international-respiratory-societies-calls-for-urgent-action-to-expand-access-to-pneumonia-prevention-and-treatment-worldwide/

  On World Pneumonia Day, 12 November 2024, the Forum of International Respiratory Societies (FIRS) is calling for urgent action to prevent pneumonia deaths among high-risk groups particularly children younger than five years and older people. […] New, highly effective interventions to prevent Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) pneumonia in infants and young children have recently become available and can substantially reduce the burden of childhood pneumonia and mortality. […] Ensure equitable and sustained access to vaccines against the commonest pathogens. Ensure access to new highly effective preventive interventions against RSV for infants and young children globally. […] Strengthen health systems to deliver interventions which reduce pneumonia deaths, including provision of effective vaccines, antibiotics and oxygen delivery systems.

• #2 Pneumonia – Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/prevention

  Pneumonia can be very serious and even life-threatening. You can take a few steps to try and prevent it. […] Vaccines can help prevent some types of pneumonia. Good hygiene (washing your hands often), quitting smoking, and keeping your immune system strong by getting regular physical activity and eating healthy are other ways to lower your risk of getting pneumonia. […] Vaccines can help prevent pneumonia caused by pneumococcus bacteria or the flu virus. […] Two vaccines are available to prevent infections from the pneumococcus bacteria, the most common type of bacteria that causes pneumonia. […] Pneumococcus vaccines are especially important for people at high risk of pneumonia, including: Adults age 65 or older, Children age 2 or younger, People who have chronic (ongoing) diseases, serious long-term health problems, or weak immune systems.

• #2 Pneumonitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352628

  If you have pneumonitis caused by chemical irritation or an allergic reaction, your healthcare professional will likely recommend stopping the exposure that’s irritating your lungs. This step should help lessen your symptoms. […] Ways you can lower exposure include: […] Avoiding the triggering substance, if known. This may even mean choosing a different job or hobby if your condition is severe. […] Wearing protective gear. Face protection that filters out particles, such as a pollen mask or a personal dust respirator, may lessen exposure. […] Improving ventilation. Better airflow in the area with the substance causing your symptoms may lessen your exposure. […] Limiting mold growth. Cleaning places mold can grow, such as in hot tubs, ventilation systems and humidifiers, may avoid exposure. Remove water-damaged carpet, furniture and drywall.

• #2 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/interstitial-lung-diseases/hypersensitivity-pneumonitis

  The most important aspect of long-term management of hypersensitivity pneumonitis is avoidance of exposure to antigens. A complete change of environment is rarely realistic, especially for farmers and other workers, in which case dust control measures (such as wetting down compost before disturbing it) or using air filters or protective masks may be effective. […] Fungicides may be used to prevent the growth of antigenic microorganisms (eg, in hay or on sugar cane), but the long-term safety of this approach is unknown. Extensive cleaning of wet ventilation systems, removal of moist carpets, and maintenance of low humidity are also effective in some settings. Patients must be told, however, that these measures may be inadequate if exposure continues.

• #2

  https://www.bumrungrad.com/en/conditions/pneumonitis

  Pneumonitis, especially infectious pneumonitis (pneumonia), has the potential of being life-threatening. The following methods can help with pneumonia prevention: […] Getting vaccinated Doctors recommend that those in high risk groups such as children, adults over 65, and those with compromised immune systems get vaccinated for prevention of pneumonia; vaccines include the influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] Regarding pneumococcal vaccines, protection specifically against Streptococcus pneumonia is highly recommended; 2 vaccines are available, which include: […] Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV) This is recommended for high risk persons and older adults; should be taken every 5 years […] Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) This protects against several strains of pneumococci: PCV 7, PCV 10, which are recommended for children 6 weeks to 5 years of age, and PCV 13, which is recommended for those in high risk groups and older adults.

• #2 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pneumonia-basics

  Pneumonia Prevention […] To avoid pneumonia and the germs that can cause it, take these steps: […] Wash your hands, thoroughly and often. […] Stay away from people who are ill. Also avoid others when you’re sick. […] If you need to cough or sneeze, do it into a tissue, your sleeve, or your elbow. […] Frequently clean surfaces in your home or workspace that people touch a lot. […] Don’t smoke, and avoid secondhand smoke. […] Stick to your treatment plan for any health conditions you have, such as asthma, heart disease, or diabetes. […] Get vaccinated against pneumonia and the flu. […] Keep your immune system healthy by exercising, eating healthy foods, and getting enough sleep. […] Pneumonia vaccine […] There are two types of vaccines that can prevent infection with the pneumococcus bacteria, the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. They’re recommended for:

• #2 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pneumonia-basics

  People 50 years and up […] Those with long-term health conditions or a weakened immune system […] Smokers […] All children under 5 years old and children 5 through 18 years old with certain risk factors should also get a pneumonia vaccine. […] A flu shot can also help prevent pneumonia in both kids and adults. So can vaccines that protect against: […] COVID-19 […] Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), a bacteria that can cause pneumonia or meningitis […] Measles […] Whooping cough […] RSV […] Chickenpox

• #2 Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

  How can I prevent pneumonia? The best way to prevent pneumonia is to get vaccinated against bacteria and viruses that commonly cause it. There are also everyday precautions you can take to help reduce your risk of pneumonia. […] There are two types of vaccines (shots) that prevent pneumonia caused by pneumococcal bacteria. Similar to a flu shot, these vaccines wont protect against all types of pneumonia, but if you do get sick, its less likely to be severe. […] As certain viruses can lead to pneumonia, getting vaccinated against COVID-19 and the flu can help reduce your risk of getting pneumonia. […] In addition to getting vaccinated, you can reduce your risk of getting and spreading pneumonia with some healthy habits: Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke. Smoking damages your lungs and makes you more likely to get an infection. […] If you have to stay in a hospital or other healthcare facility, dont be afraid to ask your providers about how to reduce your risk of getting an infection during your stay.

• #2

  https://www.bumrungrad.com/en/conditions/pneumonitis

  Those in high risk groups can take both the influenza and pneumococcal vaccines during the same appointment, having one shot in each arm. After the vaccination, patients may feel a bit of discomfort at the area where the shot was administered; generally the discomfort usually subsides in 2-3 days. […] Adopting the following lifestyle habits may help prevent contracting pneumonia: […] Do not smoke, as tobacco smoke harms the lungs natural defense mechanism against infection; avoid being around cigarette smoke, smoke from fires, automobile exhaust, and cold weather […] Practice good hygiene, wash your hands frequently, and try to avoid crowded areas […] If suffering from a cold or flu, get treated quickly and do not let the condition persist […] Strengthen your immune system by getting sufficient sleep, eating healthy foods, and getting regular exercise […] Be aware of the dangers of excessive alcohol consumption, which can lead to aspiration pneumonia, which develops from liquid, food, vomit, or saliva being inhaled into the lungs.

• #2 Pneumonia – Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/prevention

  Your yearly flu vaccine can help prevent pneumonia caused by the flu. […] The Hib vaccine is recommended for all children under 5 years old in the United States. […] You can take the following steps to help prevent pneumonia: Wash your hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers to kill germs. […] Dont smoke. Smoking prevents your lungs from properly filtering out and defending your body against germs. […] Keep your immune system strong. Get plenty of physical activity and follow a healthy eating plan. […] If your immune system is impaired or weakened, your provider may recommend you take antibiotics to prevent bacteria from growing in your lungs.

• #2 Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia: Overview of Aspiration Pneumonia, Predisposing Conditions for Aspiration Pneumonia, Pathophysiology of Aspiration Pneumonia

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296198-overview

  A study found that treatment of patients with gastrostomy tubes with Mosapride citrate (a gastroprokinetic agent) was associated with a lower risk of aspiration pneumonia in comparison to both placebo and proton pump inhibitor treatment. […] The use of nonparticulate antacids and histamine 2 (H2) blockers to reduce gastric acidity has been a common practice. However, gastric acid suppression and consequent loss of the acid barrier to bacteria is associated with a higher rate of pneumonia. […] Avoid oversedating patients.

• #2 Prophylaxis – Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii) pneumonia in cancer patients

  https://www.eviq.org.au/clinical-resources/side-effect-and-toxicity-management/prophylaxis-and-treatment/220-pneumocystis-jirovecii-pneumonia-pjp-prophyl

  PJP is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in patients (30-60%) following treatment for haematological malignancies or after haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). […] Appropriate and adequate prophylaxis for all moderate- to high-risk patients is a key strategy for improving outcomes as most cases of PJP occur in patients either not receiving adequate prophylaxis or not complying with their prescribed prophylaxis. […] In a meta-analysis of randomized trials of PJP prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients without HIV infection, it was concluded that, in adults, prophylaxis is warranted when the risk of PJP is higher than 3.5%. […] Prophylaxis is recommended in B-cell ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia). […] Prophylaxis in lymphoma will depend on risk factors for PJP. […] Consider prophylaxis during neutropenia. […] Consider prophylaxis if high-dose steroids are used (/= 20 mg prednisolone daily for 4 or more weeks). […] Prophylaxis is generally not required.

• #2 Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/pneumocystis

  Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii, a ubiquitous fungus. […] The incidence of PCP has declined substantially with widespread use of PCP prophylaxis and ART; incidence among people with HIV in Western Europe and the United States is 1 case per 100 person-years. […] There are insufficient data to support isolation as standard practice to prevent PCP. […] Recommendations for Preventing First Episode of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (Primary Prophylaxis) […] Indications for Initiating Primary Prophylaxis: CD4 count 100-200 cells/mm3, if plasma HIV RNA level above detection limits (AI), or CD4 count 100 cells/mm3, regardless of plasma HIV RNA level (AIII). […] TMP-SMX is the recommended prophylactic agent for PCP (AI). […] Indication for Discontinuing Primary Prophylaxis: CD4 count increased from 200 cells/mm3 to 200 cells/mm3 for 3 months in response to ART (AI).

• #2 Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Prophylaxis for Cancer Patients during Chemotherapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/2/237

  Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is one type of life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. […] PJP prophylaxis would be important during cancer treatment. […] PJP prophylaxis should be administered in allogeneic HSCT patients for at least six months, and while receiving immunosuppressive therapy. […] PJP prophylaxis should also be considered in patients receiving the prednisolone (PSL) equivalent of 20 mg or more daily for four or more weeks, at least through active treatment. […] TMP/SMX is the first-line drug for PJP prophylaxis, which is widely used in adults and children, and the only drug that has confirmed efficacy in prospective randomized controlled trials. […] Appropriate prophylaxis is important for these patients.

• #2 Pneumocystis Pneumonia Basics | Pneumocystis Pneumonia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pneumocystis-pneumonia/about/index.html

  There is no vaccine to prevent PCP. Medicine to prevent PCP are recommended for people living with HIV, stem cell transplant patients, and some solid organ transplant patients. […] Healthcare providers might also prescribe medicine to prevent PCP in other patients, such as people who are taking long-term, high-dose corticosteroids. […] The medicine most commonly used to prevent PCP is called trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Other medicines are available for people who cannot take TMP/SMX.

• #2 Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in PWH – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/shea-journal-club/june-2024/pneumocystis-jirovecii-pneumonia-prophylaxis-in-pwh/

  A network meta-analysis concludes that TMP-SMX remains the most effective agent for PJP prophylaxis in PWH and is the only agent associated with PJP-related & all-cause mortality benefit. […] Prophylactic regimens include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), dapsone-based regimens (DBRs), atovaquone, and aerosolized pentamidine (AP). […] The authors found that TMP-SMX is the most effective agent for PJP prophylaxis in PWH and is the only agent to confer a mortality benefit compared with no treatment/placebo but has a higher risk of discontinuation due to adverse events. […] In conclusion, TMP-SMX should continue to be recommended as the first-line agent for prophylaxis among PJP. The authors propose further study to find the optimal prophylactic dose of TMP-SMX to balance efficacy and safety.

• #2

  https://www.thelungspecialists.com/blog/the-buzz-pneumonia-prevention-part-three

  Alteration of the immune system by diseases such as cancer or the chemotherapy used to treat many of its forms, is associated with an increased pneumonia risk. […] Smokers have as much as a 400% increased risk of pneumonia over the non-smoking population. About 30% of pneumonias could be avoided if smoking was eliminated. […] Vaccination with a pneumonia vaccine called Prevnar 13 can help reduce risk.

• #2 Optimal dose-volume histogram thresholds for radiation pneumonitis prevention in lung cancer patients receiving immunotherapy | Radiation Oncology | Full Text

  https://ro-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13014-025-02639-2

  The above analyses suggested that immunotherapy did not add extra risk to the incidence of grade2 or grade3 RP, and grade2 RP was tightly correlated with DVH parameters. […] V20, V5, and MLD were key parameters for the prediction of incidence of RP. […] Our data indicated that when V20 is maintained at or below 20%, the incidence of grade2 RP ranges from 4.05 to 8.73%. In stark contrast, when the V20 threshold surpasses 20%, this incidence escalates alarmingly to between 53.8% and 65.5%. […] Maintaining V20<20% proves critical for treatment optimization.

• #2 Elderly Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/elderly-pneumonia

  How to prevent pneumonia in older adults […] If youre an older individual, you can help to prevent pneumonia by doing the following: […] Getting the pneumococcal vaccine. This helps to prevent pneumonia due to S. pneumoniae. There are two pneumococcal vaccines for adults ages 65 years and older PPSV23 and PCV13. Ask your doctor about which one is recommended for you. You may qualify for a pneumococcal vaccine before age 65 if you have a weakened immune system or chronic lung, kidney, or heart conditions. […] Getting the influenza vaccine each year. Pneumonia is a potential complication of the flu, so be sure to get your flu vaccine each year. Theres a high-dose flu vaccine thats specially formulated for adults ages 65 years and older. […] Washing your hands regularly. Practicing good hand hygiene can help prevent many types of infections.

• #2

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chest-lungs/Pages/Pneumonia.aspx

  Your child can be vaccinated against pneumococcal infections, a bacterial cause of pneumonia. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children starting at 2 months of age receive this immunization (called pneumococcal conjugate). A series of doses is given at 2, 4, 6, and 12 to 15 months of age, at the same time that children receive other childhood vaccines. […] Another pneumococcal vaccine (pneumococcal polysaccharide) also is recommended for older children (2 through 5 years of age) who have a high risk of developing a pneumococcal infection. These include children with: […] It’s also recommended for children taking medications or who have diseases that weaken their immune system. Some children with certain medical conditions may need a second dose of the vaccine.

• #2 Pneumonia – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for ap

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pneumonia-causes-symptoms-types-treatment-prevention

  Prevention and control of pneumonia include the following preventive measures, which are essential in reducing the risk of pneumonia. These strategies help protect individuals from the infection, especially those in high-risk groups: […] Vaccination: Vaccines, such as pneumococcal, RSV, COVID-19, and flu vaccines, can help prevent many common types of pneumonia caused by various causative agents, including bacteria and viruses. Immunisation against certain conditions, including Hib, measles, pneumococcus, and whooping cough (pertussis), is the most effective way to prevent pneumonia. Preventing it in children is an important component of a strategy to decrease child mortality. […] Practicing good hygiene: Regular handwashing and avoiding close contact with people affected by pneumonia can reduce the spread of germs (microorganisms) and prevent respiratory infections that may lead to pneumonia.

• #2 American Thoracic Society | Urgent Need for Increased Global Access…

  https://site.thoracic.org/about-us/news/urgent-need-for-increased-global-access-to-effective-prevention-and-treatment-of-pneumonia

  Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in young children. Over 650,000 children under 5 die from pneumonia each year – especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Pneumonia is also a major cause of deaths among the elderly. However, pneumonia can be prevented and treated. […] There are several effective preventive strategies for pneumonia, including: good nutrition, prevention of HIV, hand washing, reducing exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution, and effective vaccines. New vaccines have recently been developed to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common cause of pneumonia in infants and a frequent cause in the elderly. However, global access and affordability of these vaccines is needed. […] With effective preventive and treatment strategies, dramatic reductions in mortality and improved childhood survival, as outlined in Sustainable Development Goal 3.2, should be possible.

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