Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis): Epidemiology, causes, and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-causes-of-hypersensitivity-pneumonitis-extrinsic-allergic-alveolitis

  Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is a complex syndrome of varying intensity, clinical presentation, and natural history rather than a single, uniform disease. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and etiologic agents of HP will be reviewed here. The overall prevalence and incidence of HP are thought to be low, but estimates vary considerably depending upon case definitions, intensity of exposure to inciting antigens, season, geographical conditions, local practices and customs, proximity to certain industries, and host risk factors. Much of the epidemiologic information regarding HP has been derived from studies of farmers and bird fanciers. Mild or subclinical HP can escape detection or be misdiagnosed as a viral illness or asthma, either of which may have nonspecific clinical findings that mimic HP.

• #2 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499918/

  The incidence and prevalence are variable largely due to lack of internationally accepted diagnostic criteria, seasonal and geographical variability in antigen exposures and other host factors. Mild HP may also be misdiagnosed due to non-specific findings. The incidence of HP among Swedish farmers as reported in the Sweden population registry is approximately 20 per 100,000 person-years. Other European population registries report HP incidence at 1.5% to 12% of all interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Data from surveys of high-risk occupations report the prevalence of 1.3% to 12% and 8% to 10% for exposed farmers and pigeon-breeders respectively. Globally, bird-related HP is the most commonly reported form of HP. HP is reported more often in middle-aged men. HP occurs more frequently in certain occupational groups and hobbies due to the specific exposures.

• #3 Epidemiology of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis among an Insured Population in the United States: A Claims-based Cohort Analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29236517/

  Rationale: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a complex lung disease resulting from repeated inhalation of a variety of antigens. Limited data exist regarding its epidemiology. […] Objectives: To describe the trends in the annual incidence and prevalence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the United States. […] Results: We identified 7,498 cases that met our hypersensitivity pneumonitis definition over the 10-year study period, including 3,902 with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis and 1,852 with fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. […] The 1-year prevalence rates for hypersensitivity pneumonitis ranged from 1.67 to 2.71 per 100,000 persons, and 1-year cumulative incidence rates ranged from 1.28 to 1.94 per 100,000 persons. […] The prevalence increased with age, ranging from 0.95 per 100,000 among 0- to 9-year-olds to 11.2 per 100,000 among those aged 65 years and older.

• #4 Epidemiology of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis among an Insured Population in the United States: A Claims-based Cohort Analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29236517/

  Rationale: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a complex lung disease resulting from repeated inhalation of a variety of antigens. Limited data exist regarding its epidemiology. […] Objectives: To describe the trends in the annual incidence and prevalence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the United States. […] Results: We identified 7,498 cases that met our hypersensitivity pneumonitis definition over the 10-year study period, including 3,902 with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis and 1,852 with fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. […] The 1-year prevalence rates for hypersensitivity pneumonitis ranged from 1.67 to 2.71 per 100,000 persons, and 1-year cumulative incidence rates ranged from 1.28 to 1.94 per 100,000 persons. […] The prevalence increased with age, ranging from 0.95 per 100,000 among 0- to 9-year-olds to 11.2 per 100,000 among those aged 65 years and older.

• #5 Epidemiology of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis among an Insured Population in the United States: A Claims-based Cohort Analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29236517/

  Rationale: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a complex lung disease resulting from repeated inhalation of a variety of antigens. Limited data exist regarding its epidemiology. […] Objectives: To describe the trends in the annual incidence and prevalence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the United States. […] Results: We identified 7,498 cases that met our hypersensitivity pneumonitis definition over the 10-year study period, including 3,902 with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis and 1,852 with fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. […] The 1-year prevalence rates for hypersensitivity pneumonitis ranged from 1.67 to 2.71 per 100,000 persons, and 1-year cumulative incidence rates ranged from 1.28 to 1.94 per 100,000 persons. […] The prevalence increased with age, ranging from 0.95 per 100,000 among 0- to 9-year-olds to 11.2 per 100,000 among those aged 65 years and older.

• #6 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e96

  A total of 8,678 HP incident cases were confirmed, with age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence rates ranging from 1.14/100,000 in 2020 to 2.16/100,000 in 2012. […] The incidence of HP in this study ranged from 1.14/100,000 to 2.16/100,000 between 2011 and 2020. […] This nationwide study in South Korea analyzed medical claims data to gain valuable insights into the incidence, diagnostic approaches, and treatment patterns of HP. […] This study highlights the importance of improving HP diagnostic methods and management to enhance patient outcomes.

• #7 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499918/

  The incidence and prevalence are variable largely due to lack of internationally accepted diagnostic criteria, seasonal and geographical variability in antigen exposures and other host factors. Mild HP may also be misdiagnosed due to non-specific findings. The incidence of HP among Swedish farmers as reported in the Sweden population registry is approximately 20 per 100,000 person-years. Other European population registries report HP incidence at 1.5% to 12% of all interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Data from surveys of high-risk occupations report the prevalence of 1.3% to 12% and 8% to 10% for exposed farmers and pigeon-breeders respectively. Globally, bird-related HP is the most commonly reported form of HP. HP is reported more often in middle-aged men. HP occurs more frequently in certain occupational groups and hobbies due to the specific exposures.

• #8 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499918/

  The incidence and prevalence are variable largely due to lack of internationally accepted diagnostic criteria, seasonal and geographical variability in antigen exposures and other host factors. Mild HP may also be misdiagnosed due to non-specific findings. The incidence of HP among Swedish farmers as reported in the Sweden population registry is approximately 20 per 100,000 person-years. Other European population registries report HP incidence at 1.5% to 12% of all interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Data from surveys of high-risk occupations report the prevalence of 1.3% to 12% and 8% to 10% for exposed farmers and pigeon-breeders respectively. Globally, bird-related HP is the most commonly reported form of HP. HP is reported more often in middle-aged men. HP occurs more frequently in certain occupational groups and hobbies due to the specific exposures.

• #9 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499918/

  The incidence and prevalence are variable largely due to lack of internationally accepted diagnostic criteria, seasonal and geographical variability in antigen exposures and other host factors. Mild HP may also be misdiagnosed due to non-specific findings. The incidence of HP among Swedish farmers as reported in the Sweden population registry is approximately 20 per 100,000 person-years. Other European population registries report HP incidence at 1.5% to 12% of all interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Data from surveys of high-risk occupations report the prevalence of 1.3% to 12% and 8% to 10% for exposed farmers and pigeon-breeders respectively. Globally, bird-related HP is the most commonly reported form of HP. HP is reported more often in middle-aged men. HP occurs more frequently in certain occupational groups and hobbies due to the specific exposures.

• #10 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/299174-overview

  The exact US prevalence of HP is unknown. Difficulties determining prevalence arise from uncertainties in detection and misdiagnosis. This is compounded by the lack of standardized epidemiologic criteria for diagnosis. […] Estimated prevalence varies by region, climate, and farming practices. A study in New Mexico calculated the yearly incidence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) to be roughly 30 per 100,000; HP accounted for less than 2% of that population. […] Outside the United States, the prevalence of HP varies significantly, depending on the type of exposure. Bird fanciers lung is the most common form of HP worldwide, given a growing poultry husbandry industry. […] The prevalence of farmer’s lung has been reported to be 420-3000 cases per 100,000 persons at risk in the United Kingdom, 4370 cases per 100,000 persons at risk in France, and 1400-1700 cases per 100,000 persons at risk in Finland.

• #11 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/299174-overview

  One epidemiologic study estimated the incidence of ILD to be 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons per year, with HP accounting for 6.6% of those cases. […] HP is usually encountered in the fourth, fifth, or sixth decade of life. One study examined 85 consecutive patients with HP and found a mean age of 53 14 years. […] A clear role for sex has not been defined. Although the majority of deaths occur in males, such differences in prevalence may be confounded by skewed sex representation in various occupations.

• #12 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/299174-overview

  The exact US prevalence of HP is unknown. Difficulties determining prevalence arise from uncertainties in detection and misdiagnosis. This is compounded by the lack of standardized epidemiologic criteria for diagnosis. […] Estimated prevalence varies by region, climate, and farming practices. A study in New Mexico calculated the yearly incidence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) to be roughly 30 per 100,000; HP accounted for less than 2% of that population. […] Outside the United States, the prevalence of HP varies significantly, depending on the type of exposure. Bird fanciers lung is the most common form of HP worldwide, given a growing poultry husbandry industry. […] The prevalence of farmer’s lung has been reported to be 420-3000 cases per 100,000 persons at risk in the United Kingdom, 4370 cases per 100,000 persons at risk in France, and 1400-1700 cases per 100,000 persons at risk in Finland.

• #13 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/299174-overview

  The exact US prevalence of HP is unknown. Difficulties determining prevalence arise from uncertainties in detection and misdiagnosis. This is compounded by the lack of standardized epidemiologic criteria for diagnosis. […] Estimated prevalence varies by region, climate, and farming practices. A study in New Mexico calculated the yearly incidence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) to be roughly 30 per 100,000; HP accounted for less than 2% of that population. […] Outside the United States, the prevalence of HP varies significantly, depending on the type of exposure. Bird fanciers lung is the most common form of HP worldwide, given a growing poultry husbandry industry. […] The prevalence of farmer’s lung has been reported to be 420-3000 cases per 100,000 persons at risk in the United Kingdom, 4370 cases per 100,000 persons at risk in France, and 1400-1700 cases per 100,000 persons at risk in Finland.

• #14 Orphanet: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/31740

  The estimated worldwide incidence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is in the 1/125,000-143,000 range and is highly dependent on climatic, geographical, occupational and industrial factors. It has a higher incidence rate among pigeon breeders and farmers. The prevalence is 1/33,000-100,000 in the general population. A large number of acute cases and chronic cases related to mold probably go undiagnosed. […] The diagnosis is based on the combination of features, including clinical manifestations, which are determined by performing a physical examination, imaging (HRCT showing diffuse nodules or ground glass opacities in non-fibrotic HP; mosaicism and air trapping in addition to fibrotic features in fibrotic HP), bronchoalveolar lavage (showing an increased level of lymphocytes), positive serology testing (IgG: precipitins), and rarely, lung biopsy. HP may be difficult to diagnose due to non-specific clinical signs. It may be suspected in individuals with manifestations suggestive of HP who have occupational, recreational, or domestic exposure to specific antigens.

• #15 Orphanet: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/31740

  The estimated worldwide incidence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is in the 1/125,000-143,000 range and is highly dependent on climatic, geographical, occupational and industrial factors. It has a higher incidence rate among pigeon breeders and farmers. The prevalence is 1/33,000-100,000 in the general population. A large number of acute cases and chronic cases related to mold probably go undiagnosed. […] The diagnosis is based on the combination of features, including clinical manifestations, which are determined by performing a physical examination, imaging (HRCT showing diffuse nodules or ground glass opacities in non-fibrotic HP; mosaicism and air trapping in addition to fibrotic features in fibrotic HP), bronchoalveolar lavage (showing an increased level of lymphocytes), positive serology testing (IgG: precipitins), and rarely, lung biopsy. HP may be difficult to diagnose due to non-specific clinical signs. It may be suspected in individuals with manifestations suggestive of HP who have occupational, recreational, or domestic exposure to specific antigens.

• #16 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/299174-overview

  One epidemiologic study estimated the incidence of ILD to be 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons per year, with HP accounting for 6.6% of those cases. […] HP is usually encountered in the fourth, fifth, or sixth decade of life. One study examined 85 consecutive patients with HP and found a mean age of 53 14 years. […] A clear role for sex has not been defined. Although the majority of deaths occur in males, such differences in prevalence may be confounded by skewed sex representation in various occupations.

• #17 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/299174-overview

  One epidemiologic study estimated the incidence of ILD to be 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons per year, with HP accounting for 6.6% of those cases. […] HP is usually encountered in the fourth, fifth, or sixth decade of life. One study examined 85 consecutive patients with HP and found a mean age of 53 14 years. […] A clear role for sex has not been defined. Although the majority of deaths occur in males, such differences in prevalence may be confounded by skewed sex representation in various occupations.

• #18 Epidemiology of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis among an Insured Population in the United States: A Claims-based Cohort Analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29236517/

  Between 56 and 68% of hypersensitivity pneumonitis cases in each year were classified as chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (prevalence, 0.91-1.70 per 100,000 persons; cumulative incidence, 0.63-1.08 per 100,000 persons). […] Most cases (74%) were classified as unspecified hypersensitivity pneumonitis. […] Using U.S. administrative claims-based data, we developed an algorithm with a high sensitivity and specificity for hypersensitivity pneumonitis. […] Between 2004 and 2013, hypersensitivity pneumonitis was more common among women and those older than 65 years.

• #19 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/299174-overview

  One epidemiologic study estimated the incidence of ILD to be 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons per year, with HP accounting for 6.6% of those cases. […] HP is usually encountered in the fourth, fifth, or sixth decade of life. One study examined 85 consecutive patients with HP and found a mean age of 53 14 years. […] A clear role for sex has not been defined. Although the majority of deaths occur in males, such differences in prevalence may be confounded by skewed sex representation in various occupations.

• #20 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/hp/

  HP is uncommon among patients who are actively smoking (which seems to have a protective effect against the development of HP). Smokers with HP-like radiologic features are more likely to have respiratory bronchiolitis (RB-ILD). (Walker 2019) […] HP is most likely in older individuals (with an average age of diagnosis in the 50s-60s). (32706311)

• #21 Krebs von den Lungen-6 surveillance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pneumonitis | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer

  https://jitc.bmj.com/content/12/12/e010114

  Pneumonitis induced on use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is defined as focal or diffuse inflammation of the lung parenchyma and is often associated with diminished survival rates. Consequently, impeding pneumonitis progression is paramount, highlighting the importance of effective screening and surveillance tools in clinical practice. Current guidelines for immune-related adverse event (irAE) management advocate baseline CT before ICI administration and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to assess pre-existing interstitial and chronic lung diseases, respectively. Surveillance strategies involve continuously monitoring symptoms such as dyspnea, persistent cough, chest pain, and fever and assessing oxygen saturation. In cases where pneumonitis is suspected, high-resolution CT and bronchoscopy with biopsy or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sampling is recommended.

• #22 Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy related pneumonitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-therapy-related-pneumonitis?lang=us

  Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis is considered a rare complication with a reported incidence of ~5% (range 1-7%) in monotherapy and slightly higher than 5% in combination therapy. […] It is important to emphasize that not all patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis are symptomatic and CT may detect it before any clinical symptoms start to be evident.

• #23 Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy related pneumonitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-therapy-related-pneumonitis?lang=us

  Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis is considered a rare complication with a reported incidence of ~5% (range 1-7%) in monotherapy and slightly higher than 5% in combination therapy. […] It is important to emphasize that not all patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis are symptomatic and CT may detect it before any clinical symptoms start to be evident.

• #24 Krebs von den Lungen-6 surveillance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pneumonitis | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer

  https://jitc.bmj.com/content/12/12/e010114

  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the clinical feasibility of KL-6 as a highly specific serum marker for ICI-induced pneumonitis. […] Although KL-6 was elevated when pneumonitis occurred in patients with NSCLC, it could not accurately detect pneumonitis. Reportedly, the diagnostic accuracy of KL-6 was low in patients with lung cancer who developed pneumonitis, consistent with our results. For patients with NSCLC, current guidelines recommend early detection of pneumonitis by monitoring subjective symptoms and continuing imaging studies. […] Early detection through KL-6 monitoring allows for timely intervention, preventing treatment interruptions, and minimizing the use of immunosuppressants. Further evidence needs to be accumulated, and if the results are validated in a large cohort and the biomarker can be routinely measured in clinical practice with insurance coverage, it could become a valuable screening tool for a broader range of ICI-treated patients.

• #25 Non-specific interstitial pneumonia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/non-specific-interstitial-pneumonia-1?lang=us

  Non-specific interstitial pneumonia typically tends to present in middle-aged adults 40-50 years of age. It may be more common in the White European population. The overall prevalence is higher in women due to an association with collagen vascular disease, but the prevalence of idiopathic NSIP is similar in both genders. […] Smoking is neither protective nor a risk factor for NSIP.

• #26 Non-specific interstitial pneumonia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/non-specific-interstitial-pneumonia-1?lang=us

  Non-specific interstitial pneumonia typically tends to present in middle-aged adults 40-50 years of age. It may be more common in the White European population. The overall prevalence is higher in women due to an association with collagen vascular disease, but the prevalence of idiopathic NSIP is similar in both genders. […] Smoking is neither protective nor a risk factor for NSIP.

• #27 Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cryptogenic_organizing_pneumonia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is approximately accounts to 5 to 10% of the chronic infiltrative lung disease in the United States. […] The incidence of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is approximately 1.1 per 100,000 individuals in iceland. […] The incidence of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is estimated to be 6-7 cases per 100,000 individuals in Canada. […] Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia commonly affects people of 50-60 years of age. […] Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia rarely affects children. […] There is no racial predilection to cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. […] Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia affects men and women equally.

• #28 Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cryptogenic_organizing_pneumonia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is approximately accounts to 5 to 10% of the chronic infiltrative lung disease in the United States. […] The incidence of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is approximately 1.1 per 100,000 individuals in iceland. […] The incidence of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is estimated to be 6-7 cases per 100,000 individuals in Canada. […] Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia commonly affects people of 50-60 years of age. […] Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia rarely affects children. […] There is no racial predilection to cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. […] Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia affects men and women equally.

• #29 Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cryptogenic_organizing_pneumonia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is approximately accounts to 5 to 10% of the chronic infiltrative lung disease in the United States. […] The incidence of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is approximately 1.1 per 100,000 individuals in iceland. […] The incidence of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is estimated to be 6-7 cases per 100,000 individuals in Canada. […] Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia commonly affects people of 50-60 years of age. […] Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia rarely affects children. […] There is no racial predilection to cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. […] Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia affects men and women equally.

• #30 Aspiration pneumonia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aspiration_pneumonia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence and prevalence of aspiration pneumonia are underestimated. It is mostly because of similarities between pneumonias from different causes and lack of specific marker to distinguish pneumonias from each other. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 300,000 to 600,000 individuals annually in the United States. The prevalence of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 5,000 to 15,000 per 100,000 individuals admitted in the hospital due to community acquired pneumonia. The mortality rate of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 10.6-21%. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 70-80 years. Males are more commonly affected by aspiration pneumonia than females. There is no racial predilection to aspiration pneumonia. […] The prevalence of aspiration pneumonia is estimated to be 5% to 15% of all pneumonias in the hospitalized population. […] Aspiration pneumonia commonly affects children and elderly. […] Males are more commonly affected by aspiration pneumonia than females.

• #31 Aspiration pneumonia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aspiration_pneumonia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence and prevalence of aspiration pneumonia are underestimated. It is mostly because of similarities between pneumonias from different causes and lack of specific marker to distinguish pneumonias from each other. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 300,000 to 600,000 individuals annually in the United States. The prevalence of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 5,000 to 15,000 per 100,000 individuals admitted in the hospital due to community acquired pneumonia. The mortality rate of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 10.6-21%. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 70-80 years. Males are more commonly affected by aspiration pneumonia than females. There is no racial predilection to aspiration pneumonia. […] The prevalence of aspiration pneumonia is estimated to be 5% to 15% of all pneumonias in the hospitalized population. […] Aspiration pneumonia commonly affects children and elderly. […] Males are more commonly affected by aspiration pneumonia than females.

• #32 Aspiration pneumonia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aspiration_pneumonia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence and prevalence of aspiration pneumonia are underestimated. It is mostly because of similarities between pneumonias from different causes and lack of specific marker to distinguish pneumonias from each other. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 300,000 to 600,000 individuals annually in the United States. The prevalence of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 5,000 to 15,000 per 100,000 individuals admitted in the hospital due to community acquired pneumonia. The mortality rate of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 10.6-21%. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 70-80 years. Males are more commonly affected by aspiration pneumonia than females. There is no racial predilection to aspiration pneumonia. […] The prevalence of aspiration pneumonia is estimated to be 5% to 15% of all pneumonias in the hospitalized population. […] Aspiration pneumonia commonly affects children and elderly. […] Males are more commonly affected by aspiration pneumonia than females.

• #33 Aspiration pneumonia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aspiration_pneumonia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence and prevalence of aspiration pneumonia are underestimated. It is mostly because of similarities between pneumonias from different causes and lack of specific marker to distinguish pneumonias from each other. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 300,000 to 600,000 individuals annually in the United States. The prevalence of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 5,000 to 15,000 per 100,000 individuals admitted in the hospital due to community acquired pneumonia. The mortality rate of aspiration pneumonia is approximately 10.6-21%. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 70-80 years. Males are more commonly affected by aspiration pneumonia than females. There is no racial predilection to aspiration pneumonia. […] The prevalence of aspiration pneumonia is estimated to be 5% to 15% of all pneumonias in the hospitalized population. […] Aspiration pneumonia commonly affects children and elderly. […] Males are more commonly affected by aspiration pneumonia than females.

• #34 Pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE) surveillance system – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia_of_unknown_etiology_(PUE)_surveillance_system

  The pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE) surveillance system is a Chinese monitoring system, established in response to the 20022004 SARS outbreak to track emerging respiratory infections, including avian flu and SARS. […] Lessons from an active surveillance pilot to assess the pneumonia of unknown etiology surveillance system in China, 2016: the need to increase clinician participation in the detection and reporting of emerging respiratory infectious diseases.

• #35

  https://journals.lww.com/aptm/fulltext/2022/15040/surveillance_system_based_physician_reporting_of.2.aspx

  The PUE surveillance-based reporting system is a crucial tool for controlling outbreaks of pneumonia caused by unknown pathogens and identifying emerging infectious diseases. […] This study revealed the low PUE reporting rates among clinicians in China. […] Two factors associated with the reporting of such cases were the attendance of in-hospital training related to PUE and the presence of a hospital-based expert panel on PUE. […] Clinicians who had received in-hospital training related to PUE were more likely to report PUE cases than those who had not, and clinicians whose hospitals had expert panels on PUE were more likely to report PUE cases than those whose hospitals did not. […] Our analysis revealed two factors significantly associated with the reporting of such cases: the attendance of in-hospital training related to PUE and the presence of a hospital-based expert panel on PUE. […] This result emphasizes the crucial roles of PUE-related training and expert panels in promoting PUE case reporting. […] The reporting process should be appropriately optimized to improve reporting rates.

• #36

  https://journals.lww.com/aptm/fulltext/2022/15040/surveillance_system_based_physician_reporting_of.2.aspx

  To describe the current reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE) and factors that affect reporting by clinicians in China using the PUE surveillance system in order to provide a reference for improving PUE reporting rates in the future. […] This study showed a low PUE case reporting rate and a poor understanding of PUE reporting among the investigated clinicians. […] There is a need to promote and reinforce PUE surveillance system training among medical staff. […] Improvements are needed to optimize PUE case surveillance; however, a systematic survey of the entire identification process for PUE cases must first be conducted to identify the factors affecting PUE cases reporting. […] Our findings will provide a reference for improving the efficiency of PUE surveillance, thereby facilitating the management of potential emerging infectious diseases in the future.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/aptm/fulltext/2022/15040/surveillance_system_based_physician_reporting_of.2.aspx

  The PUE surveillance-based reporting system is a crucial tool for controlling outbreaks of pneumonia caused by unknown pathogens and identifying emerging infectious diseases. […] This study revealed the low PUE reporting rates among clinicians in China. […] Two factors associated with the reporting of such cases were the attendance of in-hospital training related to PUE and the presence of a hospital-based expert panel on PUE. […] Clinicians who had received in-hospital training related to PUE were more likely to report PUE cases than those who had not, and clinicians whose hospitals had expert panels on PUE were more likely to report PUE cases than those whose hospitals did not. […] Our analysis revealed two factors significantly associated with the reporting of such cases: the attendance of in-hospital training related to PUE and the presence of a hospital-based expert panel on PUE. […] This result emphasizes the crucial roles of PUE-related training and expert panels in promoting PUE case reporting. […] The reporting process should be appropriately optimized to improve reporting rates.

• #38

  https://journals.lww.com/aptm/fulltext/2022/15040/surveillance_system_based_physician_reporting_of.2.aspx

  The PUE surveillance-based reporting system is a crucial tool for controlling outbreaks of pneumonia caused by unknown pathogens and identifying emerging infectious diseases. […] This study revealed the low PUE reporting rates among clinicians in China. […] Two factors associated with the reporting of such cases were the attendance of in-hospital training related to PUE and the presence of a hospital-based expert panel on PUE. […] Clinicians who had received in-hospital training related to PUE were more likely to report PUE cases than those who had not, and clinicians whose hospitals had expert panels on PUE were more likely to report PUE cases than those whose hospitals did not. […] Our analysis revealed two factors significantly associated with the reporting of such cases: the attendance of in-hospital training related to PUE and the presence of a hospital-based expert panel on PUE. […] This result emphasizes the crucial roles of PUE-related training and expert panels in promoting PUE case reporting. […] The reporting process should be appropriately optimized to improve reporting rates.

• #39 Surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients – Lam – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4906/html

  In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology, causative agents and outcomes of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Hong Kong. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause for hospital admission. It was estimated that the annual incidence rate of CAP in adults was about 2.6 per 1,000 inhabitants with annual mortality rates about 0.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. […] The causative agents of pneumonia were identified in 60% of cases in the present study. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen of CAP in our cohort, contributing to about 15% of the CAP. […] In our study, pneumococcus and influenza were major causes of severe CAP. It was suggested that people infected by influenza may be prone to bacterial chest infection. […] Pneumococcal and influenza immunizations may be effective to reduce the incidence of CAP. Such vaccine should be provided to the high risk group so that it may improve the outcome of severe chest infection.

• #40 Surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients – Lam – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4906/html

  In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology, causative agents and outcomes of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Hong Kong. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause for hospital admission. It was estimated that the annual incidence rate of CAP in adults was about 2.6 per 1,000 inhabitants with annual mortality rates about 0.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. […] The causative agents of pneumonia were identified in 60% of cases in the present study. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen of CAP in our cohort, contributing to about 15% of the CAP. […] In our study, pneumococcus and influenza were major causes of severe CAP. It was suggested that people infected by influenza may be prone to bacterial chest infection. […] Pneumococcal and influenza immunizations may be effective to reduce the incidence of CAP. Such vaccine should be provided to the high risk group so that it may improve the outcome of severe chest infection.

• #41 Surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients – Lam – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4906/html

  In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology, causative agents and outcomes of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Hong Kong. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause for hospital admission. It was estimated that the annual incidence rate of CAP in adults was about 2.6 per 1,000 inhabitants with annual mortality rates about 0.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. […] The causative agents of pneumonia were identified in 60% of cases in the present study. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen of CAP in our cohort, contributing to about 15% of the CAP. […] In our study, pneumococcus and influenza were major causes of severe CAP. It was suggested that people infected by influenza may be prone to bacterial chest infection. […] Pneumococcal and influenza immunizations may be effective to reduce the incidence of CAP. Such vaccine should be provided to the high risk group so that it may improve the outcome of severe chest infection.

• #42 Surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients – Lam – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4906/html

  In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology, causative agents and outcomes of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Hong Kong. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause for hospital admission. It was estimated that the annual incidence rate of CAP in adults was about 2.6 per 1,000 inhabitants with annual mortality rates about 0.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. […] The causative agents of pneumonia were identified in 60% of cases in the present study. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen of CAP in our cohort, contributing to about 15% of the CAP. […] In our study, pneumococcus and influenza were major causes of severe CAP. It was suggested that people infected by influenza may be prone to bacterial chest infection. […] Pneumococcal and influenza immunizations may be effective to reduce the incidence of CAP. Such vaccine should be provided to the high risk group so that it may improve the outcome of severe chest infection.

• #43 Feasibility of Metatranscriptomics for Pneumonia Surveillance in Adults With HIV – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/news/metatranscriptomics-effective-for-pneumonia-surveillance-in-hiv-infection/

  Researchers evaluated the use of metatranscriptomic RNA sequencing for the epidemiologic surveillance of pneumonia pathogens in patients with HIV infection. […] Metatranscriptomic RNA sequencing, a culture-independent method to detect respiratory pathogens, was effective in the epidemiologic surveillance of pneumonia pathogens in adults with HIV infection, according to results of a study published in The Lancet Microbe. […] The researchers concluded, this study provides a proof-of-concept for culture independent metatranscriptomics for respiratory pathogen surveillance in a vulnerable population [residing in] a region with a high burden of pneumonia.

• #44 Feasibility of Metatranscriptomics for Pneumonia Surveillance in Adults With HIV – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/news/metatranscriptomics-effective-for-pneumonia-surveillance-in-hiv-infection/

  Researchers evaluated the use of metatranscriptomic RNA sequencing for the epidemiologic surveillance of pneumonia pathogens in patients with HIV infection. […] Metatranscriptomic RNA sequencing, a culture-independent method to detect respiratory pathogens, was effective in the epidemiologic surveillance of pneumonia pathogens in adults with HIV infection, according to results of a study published in The Lancet Microbe. […] The researchers concluded, this study provides a proof-of-concept for culture independent metatranscriptomics for respiratory pathogen surveillance in a vulnerable population [residing in] a region with a high burden of pneumonia.

• #45 Enhanced Surveillance for Pneumonia | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/emerging-infections-program/projects/completed/enhanced-pneumonia-surveillance-eps/

  The Enhanced Pneumonia Surveillance (EPS) project is a population-based project that is established to gather demographic and epidemiologic data on hospitalized patients admitted with pneumonia at two hospitals located in New Haven County, Connecticut. […] Characterize the demographic and epidemiologic characteristics of pneumonia admissions […] Better understand the burden of hospital admissions due to pneumonia […] Calculate rates of pneumonia admissions on a statewide basis […] Active surveillance is conducted on admission logs received from infection control and hospital information system personnel at the surveillance hospitals to identify potential cases. […] Between March 1, 2004 through April 31, 2005, 36,857 patients were admitted to these hospitals from the 7-town catchment area. Of these 1,826 (5%) met the studys inclusion criteria and were classified as patients hospitalized due to severe pneumonia.

• #46 Enhanced Surveillance for Pneumonia | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/emerging-infections-program/projects/completed/enhanced-pneumonia-surveillance-eps/

  The Enhanced Pneumonia Surveillance (EPS) project is a population-based project that is established to gather demographic and epidemiologic data on hospitalized patients admitted with pneumonia at two hospitals located in New Haven County, Connecticut. […] Characterize the demographic and epidemiologic characteristics of pneumonia admissions […] Better understand the burden of hospital admissions due to pneumonia […] Calculate rates of pneumonia admissions on a statewide basis […] Active surveillance is conducted on admission logs received from infection control and hospital information system personnel at the surveillance hospitals to identify potential cases. […] Between March 1, 2004 through April 31, 2005, 36,857 patients were admitted to these hospitals from the 7-town catchment area. Of these 1,826 (5%) met the studys inclusion criteria and were classified as patients hospitalized due to severe pneumonia.

• #47 Enhanced Surveillance for Pneumonia | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/emerging-infections-program/projects/completed/enhanced-pneumonia-surveillance-eps/

  The Enhanced Pneumonia Surveillance (EPS) project is a population-based project that is established to gather demographic and epidemiologic data on hospitalized patients admitted with pneumonia at two hospitals located in New Haven County, Connecticut. […] Characterize the demographic and epidemiologic characteristics of pneumonia admissions […] Better understand the burden of hospital admissions due to pneumonia […] Calculate rates of pneumonia admissions on a statewide basis […] Active surveillance is conducted on admission logs received from infection control and hospital information system personnel at the surveillance hospitals to identify potential cases. […] Between March 1, 2004 through April 31, 2005, 36,857 patients were admitted to these hospitals from the 7-town catchment area. Of these 1,826 (5%) met the studys inclusion criteria and were classified as patients hospitalized due to severe pneumonia.

• #48 Enhanced Surveillance for Pneumonia | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/emerging-infections-program/projects/completed/enhanced-pneumonia-surveillance-eps/

  The Enhanced Pneumonia Surveillance (EPS) project is a population-based project that is established to gather demographic and epidemiologic data on hospitalized patients admitted with pneumonia at two hospitals located in New Haven County, Connecticut. […] Characterize the demographic and epidemiologic characteristics of pneumonia admissions […] Better understand the burden of hospital admissions due to pneumonia […] Calculate rates of pneumonia admissions on a statewide basis […] Active surveillance is conducted on admission logs received from infection control and hospital information system personnel at the surveillance hospitals to identify potential cases. […] Between March 1, 2004 through April 31, 2005, 36,857 patients were admitted to these hospitals from the 7-town catchment area. Of these 1,826 (5%) met the studys inclusion criteria and were classified as patients hospitalized due to severe pneumonia.

• #49 Enhanced Surveillance for Pneumonia | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/emerging-infections-program/projects/completed/enhanced-pneumonia-surveillance-eps/

  The highest rates were observed in the fall and winter months, and among those =65 years of age. […] Similar rates were observed among males (5.9 per 1,000 population) and females (6.4 per 1,000 population), and among Whites (6.6 per 1,000 population) and Blacks (6.4 per 1,000 population). […] Hispanics (4.7 per 1,000 population) and Asians (2.6 per 1,000 population) had lower rates of hospitalized pneumonia. […] Risk of hospital admission for pneumonia among non-ECF residents varied by season while risk for ECF residents was similar regardless of season. […] ECF residents and those = 65 years of age were significantly more likely to die of their hospitalized pneumonia than non-ECF residents (p-value 0.001). […] A potential pathogen was identified in only 28% of hospitalized pneumonia cases. […] Continued surveillance is warranted to document trends over time. Efforts to improve pathogen detection among hospitalized pneumonia cases are needed to better understand hospitalized pneumonia epidemiology.

• #50 Enhanced Surveillance for Pneumonia | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/emerging-infections-program/projects/completed/enhanced-pneumonia-surveillance-eps/

  The highest rates were observed in the fall and winter months, and among those =65 years of age. […] Similar rates were observed among males (5.9 per 1,000 population) and females (6.4 per 1,000 population), and among Whites (6.6 per 1,000 population) and Blacks (6.4 per 1,000 population). […] Hispanics (4.7 per 1,000 population) and Asians (2.6 per 1,000 population) had lower rates of hospitalized pneumonia. […] Risk of hospital admission for pneumonia among non-ECF residents varied by season while risk for ECF residents was similar regardless of season. […] ECF residents and those = 65 years of age were significantly more likely to die of their hospitalized pneumonia than non-ECF residents (p-value 0.001). […] A potential pathogen was identified in only 28% of hospitalized pneumonia cases. […] Continued surveillance is warranted to document trends over time. Efforts to improve pathogen detection among hospitalized pneumonia cases are needed to better understand hospitalized pneumonia epidemiology.

• #51 Respiratory Pathogen Epidemiology from the Systematic Influenza-like Illness and Pneumonia Surveillance Programmes – Public Health Bulletin South Africa

  https://www.phbsa.ac.za/respiratory-pathogen-epidemiology-from-the-systematic-influenza-like-illness-and-pneumonia-surveillance-programmes/

  Syndromic respiratory illness surveillance programmes coordinated by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) include pneumonia surveillance and two influenza-like illness (ILI) programmes: systematic ILI surveillance at public health clinics (ILI-PHC surveillance programme) and the Viral Watch programme (ILI-Viral Watch) at private practices. […] In the pneumonia surveillance programme in 2020, influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (28/33, 84.8%) was most commonly detected followed by a few influenza B/Victoria (4/33, 12.1%) viruses. […] A total of 11 cases of B. pertussis was detected in 2020 (10/6 065, 0.2%) and 2021 (1/9 055, 0.01%) from ILI-PHC and pneumonia surveillance programmes. […] In the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, these surveillance programmes managed to monitor four pathogens (influenza, RSV, B. pertussis and SARS-CoV-2). With these surveillance programmes, we were able to report changes in transmission of respiratory pathogens and detect SARS-CoV-2 variants. This should be a sustainable platform to monitor for future changes in SARS-CoV-2 transmission and changes in epidemiology of other pathogens.

• #52 Respiratory Pathogen Epidemiology from the Systematic Influenza-like Illness and Pneumonia Surveillance Programmes – Public Health Bulletin South Africa

  https://www.phbsa.ac.za/respiratory-pathogen-epidemiology-from-the-systematic-influenza-like-illness-and-pneumonia-surveillance-programmes/

  Syndromic respiratory illness surveillance programmes coordinated by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) include pneumonia surveillance and two influenza-like illness (ILI) programmes: systematic ILI surveillance at public health clinics (ILI-PHC surveillance programme) and the Viral Watch programme (ILI-Viral Watch) at private practices. […] In the pneumonia surveillance programme in 2020, influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (28/33, 84.8%) was most commonly detected followed by a few influenza B/Victoria (4/33, 12.1%) viruses. […] A total of 11 cases of B. pertussis was detected in 2020 (10/6 065, 0.2%) and 2021 (1/9 055, 0.01%) from ILI-PHC and pneumonia surveillance programmes. […] In the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, these surveillance programmes managed to monitor four pathogens (influenza, RSV, B. pertussis and SARS-CoV-2). With these surveillance programmes, we were able to report changes in transmission of respiratory pathogens and detect SARS-CoV-2 variants. This should be a sustainable platform to monitor for future changes in SARS-CoV-2 transmission and changes in epidemiology of other pathogens.

• #53 National syndromic surveillance for pneumonia in South Africa | Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

  https://health.uct.ac.za/department-paediatrics/research-about-research-department-research-units-research-centre-adolescent-and-child-health-reach/national-syndromic-surveillance-pneumonia-south-africa

  Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalisation and death in children and adults in South Africa. HIV-infected individuals of all age groups have a substantially elevated risk of hospitalisation and death due to pneumonia. […] A sustainable, representative syndromic pneumonia surveillance programme is needed. […] Estimate the burden of total and aetiology-specific pneumonia-related hospitalization and mortality in HIV-infected and -uninfected children and adults. Monitor trends in the relative contribution of important respiratory pathogens to the syndrome of pneumonia. […] Describe the demographic and epidemiologic characteristics (including severity) of pneumonia cases presenting to sentinel surveillance sites and describe how these vary by age group, HIV status, aetiology and temporally. […] Determine the seasonality of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and other respiratory pathogens. […] National syndromic surveillance for pneumonia in South Africa.

• #54 National syndromic surveillance for pneumonia in South Africa | Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

  https://health.uct.ac.za/department-paediatrics/research-about-research-department-research-units-research-centre-adolescent-and-child-health-reach/national-syndromic-surveillance-pneumonia-south-africa

  Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalisation and death in children and adults in South Africa. HIV-infected individuals of all age groups have a substantially elevated risk of hospitalisation and death due to pneumonia. […] A sustainable, representative syndromic pneumonia surveillance programme is needed. […] Estimate the burden of total and aetiology-specific pneumonia-related hospitalization and mortality in HIV-infected and -uninfected children and adults. Monitor trends in the relative contribution of important respiratory pathogens to the syndrome of pneumonia. […] Describe the demographic and epidemiologic characteristics (including severity) of pneumonia cases presenting to sentinel surveillance sites and describe how these vary by age group, HIV status, aetiology and temporally. […] Determine the seasonality of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and other respiratory pathogens. […] National syndromic surveillance for pneumonia in South Africa.

• #55 Interrater Reliability of Surveillance for Ventilator-Associated Events and Pneumonia | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/interrater-reliability-of-surveillance-for-ventilatorassociated-events-and-pneumonia/AC19729634C6ECD07C4AA8A0C53AEB7F

  OBJECTIVE To compare interrater reliabilities for ventilator-associated event (VAE) surveillance, traditional ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) surveillance, and clinical diagnosis of VAP by intensivists. […] CONCLUSIONS Prospective surveillance using VAE criteria is more reliable than traditional VAP surveillance and clinical VAP diagnosis; the correlation between VAEs and clinically recognized pulmonary deterioration is poor.

• #56 Influenza Pneumonia Surveillance among Hospitalized Adults May Underestimate the Burden of Severe Influenza Disease | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113903

  Policy makers who implement influenza vaccine programs or interventions to increase influenza vaccine coverage must first understand the epidemiology of influenza in the targeted population. […] In an effort to standardize influenza surveillance and to increase influenza morbidity data collection from low resource settings, the WHO established guidelines to standardize influenza surveillance worldwide and developed tools to use such data to estimate the burden of severe influenza disease. […] Surveillance studies which only consider hospitalizations that include a diagnosis of pneumonia may underestimate the total burden of influenza hospitalizations. […] Our study found that disease modelling approaches will estimate 50% fewer cases of influenza-associated hospitalizations if pneumonia ICD-9-CM codes are required as compared to more sensitive respiratory or circulatory ICD-9-CM codes.

• #57 Influenza Pneumonia Surveillance among Hospitalized Adults May Underestimate the Burden of Severe Influenza Disease | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113903

  Policy makers who implement influenza vaccine programs or interventions to increase influenza vaccine coverage must first understand the epidemiology of influenza in the targeted population. […] In an effort to standardize influenza surveillance and to increase influenza morbidity data collection from low resource settings, the WHO established guidelines to standardize influenza surveillance worldwide and developed tools to use such data to estimate the burden of severe influenza disease. […] Surveillance studies which only consider hospitalizations that include a diagnosis of pneumonia may underestimate the total burden of influenza hospitalizations. […] Our study found that disease modelling approaches will estimate 50% fewer cases of influenza-associated hospitalizations if pneumonia ICD-9-CM codes are required as compared to more sensitive respiratory or circulatory ICD-9-CM codes.

• #58 Influenza Pneumonia Surveillance among Hospitalized Adults May Underestimate the Burden of Severe Influenza Disease | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113903

  If adult influenza surveillance is limited to patients with pneumonia, our data suggest that a substantial proportion of influenza-associated hospitalizations may be missed. Such underestimates might affect the perceived value or cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination, particularly in countries with only limited influenza surveillance data.

• #59 Surveillance of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis in children aged under 5 years: Field Guide

  https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/49153

  This field guide was prepared by PAHO to support health workers participating in the epidemiological surveillance of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis. […] Pneumonia is among the leading causes of hospitalization and death for children aged under 5 years in the Region of the Americas. […] The introduction of the Hib vaccine in countries of the Region produced a dramatic decline of invasive disease due to this bacterium, and pneumococcus is now the principal etiologic agent responsible for bacterial pneumonia and meningitis in children aged under 5 years.

• #60 Surveillance of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis in children aged under 5 years: Field Guide

  https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/49153

  This field guide was prepared by PAHO to support health workers participating in the epidemiological surveillance of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis. […] Pneumonia is among the leading causes of hospitalization and death for children aged under 5 years in the Region of the Americas. […] The introduction of the Hib vaccine in countries of the Region produced a dramatic decline of invasive disease due to this bacterium, and pneumococcus is now the principal etiologic agent responsible for bacterial pneumonia and meningitis in children aged under 5 years.

• #61 Analysis of national surveillance of respiratory pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-022-07263-z

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lower airways, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) specifically refers to clinical signs and symptoms of pneumonia acquired outside a hospital setting. In the United States, CAP is the most common cause of hospitalization among children, with an annual incidence of 15.722.5 hospitalizations per 100,000 children. According to statistics from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, nearly half (44.6%) of the 1.59 million pneumonia patients in 2015 were reported to be children under the age of 10, and in 2018, children under the age of 10 often have respiratory system diseases, which are the most common diseases for outpatient and inpatient visits, with pneumonia ranking second among the causes of inpatient visits. […] There have been reports of the distribution of pathogens, epidemic trends, and antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens to respiratory infections in adults, but there have been no nationwide reports in children and adolescents in Korea. In particular, CAP in children and adolescents accounts for more than 50% of all cases, the pathogen of pneumonia is different from that of adults, and recent vaccination has resulted in changes in pathogens. For this reason, a nationalized study is needed to analyze the prevalence, epidemic characteristics, and pathogens of pneumonia in children and adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish a monitoring network for CAP among children in connection with community-based cooperative hospitals and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). In addition, we studied the distribution of pathogens, epidemic trends of CAP, and antibiotic usage and resistance of bacterial pathogens.

• #62 Analysis of national surveillance of respiratory pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-022-07263-z

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lower airways, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) specifically refers to clinical signs and symptoms of pneumonia acquired outside a hospital setting. In the United States, CAP is the most common cause of hospitalization among children, with an annual incidence of 15.722.5 hospitalizations per 100,000 children. According to statistics from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, nearly half (44.6%) of the 1.59 million pneumonia patients in 2015 were reported to be children under the age of 10, and in 2018, children under the age of 10 often have respiratory system diseases, which are the most common diseases for outpatient and inpatient visits, with pneumonia ranking second among the causes of inpatient visits. […] There have been reports of the distribution of pathogens, epidemic trends, and antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens to respiratory infections in adults, but there have been no nationwide reports in children and adolescents in Korea. In particular, CAP in children and adolescents accounts for more than 50% of all cases, the pathogen of pneumonia is different from that of adults, and recent vaccination has resulted in changes in pathogens. For this reason, a nationalized study is needed to analyze the prevalence, epidemic characteristics, and pathogens of pneumonia in children and adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish a monitoring network for CAP among children in connection with community-based cooperative hospitals and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). In addition, we studied the distribution of pathogens, epidemic trends of CAP, and antibiotic usage and resistance of bacterial pathogens.

• #63 Analysis of national surveillance of respiratory pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-022-07263-z

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lower airways, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) specifically refers to clinical signs and symptoms of pneumonia acquired outside a hospital setting. In the United States, CAP is the most common cause of hospitalization among children, with an annual incidence of 15.722.5 hospitalizations per 100,000 children. According to statistics from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, nearly half (44.6%) of the 1.59 million pneumonia patients in 2015 were reported to be children under the age of 10, and in 2018, children under the age of 10 often have respiratory system diseases, which are the most common diseases for outpatient and inpatient visits, with pneumonia ranking second among the causes of inpatient visits. […] There have been reports of the distribution of pathogens, epidemic trends, and antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens to respiratory infections in adults, but there have been no nationwide reports in children and adolescents in Korea. In particular, CAP in children and adolescents accounts for more than 50% of all cases, the pathogen of pneumonia is different from that of adults, and recent vaccination has resulted in changes in pathogens. For this reason, a nationalized study is needed to analyze the prevalence, epidemic characteristics, and pathogens of pneumonia in children and adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish a monitoring network for CAP among children in connection with community-based cooperative hospitals and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). In addition, we studied the distribution of pathogens, epidemic trends of CAP, and antibiotic usage and resistance of bacterial pathogens.

• #64 Analysis of national surveillance of respiratory pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-022-07263-z

  Pneumonia is an infection of the lower airways, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) specifically refers to clinical signs and symptoms of pneumonia acquired outside a hospital setting. In the United States, CAP is the most common cause of hospitalization among children, with an annual incidence of 15.722.5 hospitalizations per 100,000 children. According to statistics from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, nearly half (44.6%) of the 1.59 million pneumonia patients in 2015 were reported to be children under the age of 10, and in 2018, children under the age of 10 often have respiratory system diseases, which are the most common diseases for outpatient and inpatient visits, with pneumonia ranking second among the causes of inpatient visits. […] There have been reports of the distribution of pathogens, epidemic trends, and antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens to respiratory infections in adults, but there have been no nationwide reports in children and adolescents in Korea. In particular, CAP in children and adolescents accounts for more than 50% of all cases, the pathogen of pneumonia is different from that of adults, and recent vaccination has resulted in changes in pathogens. For this reason, a nationalized study is needed to analyze the prevalence, epidemic characteristics, and pathogens of pneumonia in children and adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish a monitoring network for CAP among children in connection with community-based cooperative hospitals and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). In addition, we studied the distribution of pathogens, epidemic trends of CAP, and antibiotic usage and resistance of bacterial pathogens.

• #65 Analysis of national surveillance of respiratory pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-022-07263-z

  This study established a surveillance network for monitoring respiratory infections in Korean children. This research provided scientific evidence of policies for managing pneumonia in children and adolescents in Korea by identifying trends in the prevalence of pathogens in children and adolescents with CAP. It will also contribute to the analysis of antibiotic resistance status for bacteria and proper treatment guidelines for children’s respiratory infections in Korea. In addition, this nationwide network system can help to search for a novel pathogen and monitor new respiratory infections such as COVID-19 and provide early national strategies in preparation for a new epidemic.

• #66 Krebs von den Lungen-6 surveillance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pneumonitis | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer

  https://jitc.bmj.com/content/12/12/e010114

  Pneumonitis induced on use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is defined as focal or diffuse inflammation of the lung parenchyma and is often associated with diminished survival rates. Consequently, impeding pneumonitis progression is paramount, highlighting the importance of effective screening and surveillance tools in clinical practice. Current guidelines for immune-related adverse event (irAE) management advocate baseline CT before ICI administration and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to assess pre-existing interstitial and chronic lung diseases, respectively. Surveillance strategies involve continuously monitoring symptoms such as dyspnea, persistent cough, chest pain, and fever and assessing oxygen saturation. In cases where pneumonitis is suspected, high-resolution CT and bronchoscopy with biopsy or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sampling is recommended.

• #67 Krebs von den Lungen-6 surveillance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pneumonitis | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer

  https://jitc.bmj.com/content/12/12/e010114

  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the clinical feasibility of KL-6 as a highly specific serum marker for ICI-induced pneumonitis. […] Although KL-6 was elevated when pneumonitis occurred in patients with NSCLC, it could not accurately detect pneumonitis. Reportedly, the diagnostic accuracy of KL-6 was low in patients with lung cancer who developed pneumonitis, consistent with our results. For patients with NSCLC, current guidelines recommend early detection of pneumonitis by monitoring subjective symptoms and continuing imaging studies. […] Early detection through KL-6 monitoring allows for timely intervention, preventing treatment interruptions, and minimizing the use of immunosuppressants. Further evidence needs to be accumulated, and if the results are validated in a large cohort and the biomarker can be routinely measured in clinical practice with insurance coverage, it could become a valuable screening tool for a broader range of ICI-treated patients.

• #68 Krebs von den Lungen-6 surveillance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pneumonitis | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer

  https://jitc.bmj.com/content/12/12/e010114

  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the clinical feasibility of KL-6 as a highly specific serum marker for ICI-induced pneumonitis. […] Although KL-6 was elevated when pneumonitis occurred in patients with NSCLC, it could not accurately detect pneumonitis. Reportedly, the diagnostic accuracy of KL-6 was low in patients with lung cancer who developed pneumonitis, consistent with our results. For patients with NSCLC, current guidelines recommend early detection of pneumonitis by monitoring subjective symptoms and continuing imaging studies. […] Early detection through KL-6 monitoring allows for timely intervention, preventing treatment interruptions, and minimizing the use of immunosuppressants. Further evidence needs to be accumulated, and if the results are validated in a large cohort and the biomarker can be routinely measured in clinical practice with insurance coverage, it could become a valuable screening tool for a broader range of ICI-treated patients.

• #69

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12281-019-00349-3

  The range of immuno-compromised patients at risk of PCP continues to expand. […] The clinical presentation of respiratory distress may be mild/moderate in the HIV-positive patient, but fulminant in HIV-negative. […] This review will summarize the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic options for PCP, and also briefly cover therapeutic management, the emerging issue of resistance and PCP in paediatric age group. […] Increasing Pneumocystis pneumonia, England, UK, 20002010. […] Changing epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia, Northern Ireland, UK and implications for prevention, 1 July 201131 July 2012. […] Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period. […] Systematic review of outbreaks of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: evidence that P. jirovecii is a transmissible organism and the implications for healthcare infection control. […] Outbreak of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in renal transplant recipients: P. jiroveci is contagious to the susceptible host.

• #70

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12281-019-00349-3

  The range of immuno-compromised patients at risk of PCP continues to expand. […] The clinical presentation of respiratory distress may be mild/moderate in the HIV-positive patient, but fulminant in HIV-negative. […] This review will summarize the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic options for PCP, and also briefly cover therapeutic management, the emerging issue of resistance and PCP in paediatric age group. […] Increasing Pneumocystis pneumonia, England, UK, 20002010. […] Changing epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia, Northern Ireland, UK and implications for prevention, 1 July 201131 July 2012. […] Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period. […] Systematic review of outbreaks of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: evidence that P. jirovecii is a transmissible organism and the implications for healthcare infection control. […] Outbreak of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in renal transplant recipients: P. jiroveci is contagious to the susceptible host.

• #71

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12281-019-00349-3

  The range of immuno-compromised patients at risk of PCP continues to expand. […] The clinical presentation of respiratory distress may be mild/moderate in the HIV-positive patient, but fulminant in HIV-negative. […] This review will summarize the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic options for PCP, and also briefly cover therapeutic management, the emerging issue of resistance and PCP in paediatric age group. […] Increasing Pneumocystis pneumonia, England, UK, 20002010. […] Changing epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia, Northern Ireland, UK and implications for prevention, 1 July 201131 July 2012. […] Epidemiologic trends and clinical features of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients in a tertiary-care hospital in Korea over a 15-year-period. […] Systematic review of outbreaks of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: evidence that P. jirovecii is a transmissible organism and the implications for healthcare infection control. […] Outbreak of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in renal transplant recipients: P. jiroveci is contagious to the susceptible host.

• #72 Pneumocystis Pneumonia Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment & Next Steps in New Review (Discoveries & Impact July 2023) < Yale School of Medicine

  https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/pneumocystis-pneumonia-epidemiology-diagnosis-treatment-and-next-steps-in-new-review/

  Pneumocystis jirovecii is a pathogen that causes severe illness and even death for people who are immunocompromised due to solid organ transplantation. When the organism is inhaled by an immunocompromised individual, infection can occur. The infection may lead to Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), which can be passed from person-to-person in medical settings. Unfortunately, PCP has been seen to occur more than a year after organ transplantation, and higher rates have been reported in patients who have received heart, lung, and combined heart-lung transplants. […] In the article, Current Concepts in the Diagnosis and Management of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Solid Organ Transplantation, infectious disease specialists Paul Trubin, MD, and Marwan Azar, MD, FAST, FIDSA, explore the epidemiology of Pneumocystis jirovecii, share the clinical presentations of the pathogen, outline the steps to diagnose PCP, and walk through the treatment options for the disease, with a particular focus on organ transplant recipients.

• #73

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02314-w

  Immunosuppression constitutes a significant risk for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). […] 6% of individuals showed at least one episode of immunosuppression during the study period with systemic steroids (39.8%) and hematologic neoplasms (26.7%) being most common. […] Immunosuppression was recorded in 7.7% of CAPs. […] Our study elucidates the relevance of particular immunosuppressive conditions including systemic steroids for occurrence and prognosis of CAP. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with a significant healthcare burden in elderly and multimorbid patients. […] The number of people at risk is presumably rising due to improved survival of patients with immunosuppressive conditions and increasing implementation of immune-modulating treatments for a variety of diseases.

• #74

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02314-w

  Immunosuppression constitutes a significant risk for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). […] 6% of individuals showed at least one episode of immunosuppression during the study period with systemic steroids (39.8%) and hematologic neoplasms (26.7%) being most common. […] Immunosuppression was recorded in 7.7% of CAPs. […] Our study elucidates the relevance of particular immunosuppressive conditions including systemic steroids for occurrence and prognosis of CAP. […] Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with a significant healthcare burden in elderly and multimorbid patients. […] The number of people at risk is presumably rising due to improved survival of patients with immunosuppressive conditions and increasing implementation of immune-modulating treatments for a variety of diseases.

• #75

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02314-w

  A recent study reported an increase to 6.6% within the last decade. […] In hospitalized patients with CAP, studies reported up to 18-25% immunosuppression. […] In order to target preventive measures like vaccines or drug prophylaxis and to potentially address modifiable immunosuppressive conditions in patients at risk, such information is key. […] Immunosuppression can be obtained by both an underlying condition and a drug-induced deficiency. […] Immunosuppression in general was present in 36% of the 630 cases making it the most substantial risk factor (HR 17.1 [95%-CI 12.0-24.5]), while age and level of long-term care played a limited role only. […] Immunosuppression also leads to an extensively elevated hospitalization rate for CAP associated with rare pathogens (HR 17.6 [95%-CI 12.6-24.6]).

• #76

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02314-w

  A recent study reported an increase to 6.6% within the last decade. […] In hospitalized patients with CAP, studies reported up to 18-25% immunosuppression. […] In order to target preventive measures like vaccines or drug prophylaxis and to potentially address modifiable immunosuppressive conditions in patients at risk, such information is key. […] Immunosuppression can be obtained by both an underlying condition and a drug-induced deficiency. […] Immunosuppression in general was present in 36% of the 630 cases making it the most substantial risk factor (HR 17.1 [95%-CI 12.0-24.5]), while age and level of long-term care played a limited role only. […] Immunosuppression also leads to an extensively elevated hospitalization rate for CAP associated with rare pathogens (HR 17.6 [95%-CI 12.6-24.6]).

• #77

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02314-w

  Our large, population-based study demonstrated that 6% of an adult German population showed episodes of immunosuppression within 4 years. […] Taken together, our data provides implications for targeting preventive strategies like vaccination or specific pharmaceutic prophylactics for patients at risk.

• #78

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02314-w

  Our large, population-based study demonstrated that 6% of an adult German population showed episodes of immunosuppression within 4 years. […] Taken together, our data provides implications for targeting preventive strategies like vaccination or specific pharmaceutic prophylactics for patients at risk.

• #79 NHS England » RightCare community-acquired pneumonia scenario

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/rightcare-community-acquired-pneumonia-scenario/

  Specific strategies can be taken to reduce the risk of acquiring pneumonia in the community. These include improving behaviours such as the uptake of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations, smoking cessation, better oral hygiene, reducing excess alcohol use and ensuring the home is both warm and free from moulds. […] All pneumonia patients should receive appropriate follow-up at around six weeks after completing treatment. This will often include a radiograph to ensure resolution of the consolidation. […] Assessing mortality risk using the CRB65 score in primary care and the CURB65 score in hospitals informs clinical judgement and supports decision-making. […] The Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Care Bundle was developed by the British Thoracic Society. It is available for use by clinical teams and describes four high impact actions in secondary care that should happen within four hours of a patient being admitted.

• #80 NHS England » RightCare community-acquired pneumonia scenario

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/rightcare-community-acquired-pneumonia-scenario/

  Specific strategies can be taken to reduce the risk of acquiring pneumonia in the community. These include improving behaviours such as the uptake of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations, smoking cessation, better oral hygiene, reducing excess alcohol use and ensuring the home is both warm and free from moulds. […] All pneumonia patients should receive appropriate follow-up at around six weeks after completing treatment. This will often include a radiograph to ensure resolution of the consolidation. […] Assessing mortality risk using the CRB65 score in primary care and the CURB65 score in hospitals informs clinical judgement and supports decision-making. […] The Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Care Bundle was developed by the British Thoracic Society. It is available for use by clinical teams and describes four high impact actions in secondary care that should happen within four hours of a patient being admitted.

• #81 NHS England » RightCare community-acquired pneumonia scenario

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/rightcare-community-acquired-pneumonia-scenario/

  Specific strategies can be taken to reduce the risk of acquiring pneumonia in the community. These include improving behaviours such as the uptake of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations, smoking cessation, better oral hygiene, reducing excess alcohol use and ensuring the home is both warm and free from moulds. […] All pneumonia patients should receive appropriate follow-up at around six weeks after completing treatment. This will often include a radiograph to ensure resolution of the consolidation. […] Assessing mortality risk using the CRB65 score in primary care and the CURB65 score in hospitals informs clinical judgement and supports decision-making. […] The Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Care Bundle was developed by the British Thoracic Society. It is available for use by clinical teams and describes four high impact actions in secondary care that should happen within four hours of a patient being admitted.

• #82 NHS England » RightCare community-acquired pneumonia scenario

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/rightcare-community-acquired-pneumonia-scenario/

  It can take up to six months for patients to fully recover from the symptoms of pneumonia with fatigue being the last symptom to go. NICE recommends that all patients and their carers should be given appropriate information at discharge about the expected recovery times. […] At the integrated care system population level, there are likely to be thousands of people at risk from developing community-acquired pneumonia.

• #83 NHS England » RightCare community-acquired pneumonia scenario

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/rightcare-community-acquired-pneumonia-scenario/

  It can take up to six months for patients to fully recover from the symptoms of pneumonia with fatigue being the last symptom to go. NICE recommends that all patients and their carers should be given appropriate information at discharge about the expected recovery times. […] At the integrated care system population level, there are likely to be thousands of people at risk from developing community-acquired pneumonia.

Zobacz więcej