Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/

  Anemia is a reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (HCT) or RBC count. […] Anemia is not a diagnosis, but a presentation of an underlying condition. […] The etiology of anemia depends on whether the anemia is hypoproliferative (i.e., corrected reticulocyte count 2%) or hyperproliferative (i.e., corrected reticulocyte count 2%). […] Hypoproliferative anemias are further divided by the mean corpuscular volume into microcytic anemia (MCV80 fl), normocytic anemia (MCV 80-100 fl), and macrocytic anemia (MCV100 fl). […] Macrocytic anemia can be caused by either a hypoproliferative disorder, hemolysis, or both. […] Hemolytic anemia (HA) is divided into extravascular and intravascular causes. […] The main mechanisms involved in anemia are listed below: 1. Increased RBC destruction […] 2. Deficient/defective erythropoiesis. […] The prognosis for anemia depends on the cause of anemia.

• #1 Etiology of Anemia – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/approach-to-the-patient-with-anemia/etiology-of-anemia

  Anemia can result from one or more of 3 basic mechanisms: Blood loss, Deficient or ineffective erythropoiesis, Excessive hemolysis (RBC destruction). […] Blood loss can be Acute or Chronic. […] Chronic blood loss results in anemia if loss is more rapid than can be replaced or, more commonly, if accelerated erythropoiesis depletes body iron stores. […] Deficient or inefficient erythropoiesis has myriad causes. […] Excessive hemolysis can be caused by intrinsic abnormalities of RBCs or by extrinsic factors, such as the presence of antibodies or complement on their surface, that lead to their early destruction.

• #1 Anemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351360

  Anemia occurs when the blood doesn’t have enough hemoglobin or red blood cells. […] This can happen if: […] The body doesn’t make enough hemoglobin or red blood cells. […] Bleeding causes loss of red blood cells and hemoglobin faster than they can be replaced. […] The body destroys red blood cells and the hemoglobin that’s in them. […] Different types of anemia have different causes. […] Iron deficiency anemia. Too little iron in the body causes this most common type of anemia. Bone marrow needs iron to make hemoglobin. Without enough iron, the body can’t make enough hemoglobin for red blood cells. […] Vitamin deficiency anemia. Besides iron, the body needs folate and vitamin B-12 to make enough healthy red blood cells. A diet that doesn’t have enough of these and other key nutrients can result in the body not making enough red blood cells.

• #1 Iron-Deficiency Anemia – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia/iron-deficiency

  Iron deficiency is very common, especially among women and in people who have a diet that is low in iron. […] Other less common causes of iron deficiency include: […] Sometimes it is difficult to diagnose the cause of iron deficiency, or your doctor may be concerned that there is a problem other than iron deficiency causing the anemia. […] Even if the cause of the iron deficiency can be identified and treated, it is still usually necessary to take medicinal iron (more iron than a multivitamin can provide) until the deficiency is corrected and the body’s iron stores are replenished. […] In some cases, your doctor may recommend intravenous (IV) iron. IV iron may be necessary to treat iron deficiency in patients who do not absorb iron well in the gastrointestinal tract, patients with severe iron deficiency or chronic blood loss, patients who are receiving supplemental erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates blood production, or patients who cannot tolerate oral iron. […] It is important to find out why you are anemic and treat the cause as well as the symptoms.

• #1 Iron deficiency anaemia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/

  Iron deficiency anaemia is caused by lack of iron, often because of blood loss or pregnancy. […] Heavy periods and pregnancy are very common causes of iron deficiency anaemia. Heavy periods can be treated with medicine. […] In pregnancy, iron deficiency anaemia is most often caused by a lack of iron in your diet. […] Bleeding in the stomach and intestines is another common cause of iron deficiency anaemia. This can be caused by: […] Any other conditions or actions that cause blood loss could also lead to iron deficiency anaemia.

• #1 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  Iron deficiency anemia develops when body stores of iron drop too low to support normal red blood cell (RBC) production. Inadequate dietary iron, impaired iron absorption, bleeding, or loss of body iron in the urine may be the cause. […] Iron deficiency is defined as a decreased total iron body content. Iron deficiency anemia occurs when iron deficiency is severe enough to diminish erythropoiesis and cause the development of anemia. Iron deficiency is the most prevalent single deficiency state on a worldwide basis. […] Bleeding for any reason produces iron depletion. If sufficient blood loss occurs, iron deficiency anemia ensues. […] Either diminished absorbable dietary iron or excessive loss of body iron can cause iron deficiency. Diminished absorption usually is due to an insufficient intake of dietary iron in an absorbable form. Hemorrhage is the most common cause of excessive loss of body iron, but it can occur with hemoglobinuria from intravascular hemolysis.

• #1 Iron deficiency anaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/nutritional/iron-deficiency-anaemia/

  It’s also very common for women to develop iron deficiency during pregnancy. […] Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract is the most common cause of iron deficiency anaemia in men, as well as women who’ve experienced the menopause (when monthly periods stop). […] Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause bleeding in the stomach. […] Stomach ulcers can cause the stomach lining to bleed, which can lead to anaemia. […] In a few cases, gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by cancer, usually stomach cancer or bowel cancer. […] Gastrointestinal bleeding can also be caused by a condition called angiodysplasia. […] People with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often develop iron deficiency anaemia. […] Other conditions or actions that cause blood loss and may lead to iron deficiency anaemia include inflammatory bowel disease, oesophagitis, schistosomiasis, blood donation, trauma, nosebleeds, and haematuria.

• #1 Iron deficiency – symptoms, causes, treatment & prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/iron-deficiency

  Iron deficiency can cause problems such as fatigue, poor concentration and anaemia. […] Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. […] If you have low iron levels, you can develop anaemia. […] There are 3 main causes of iron deficiency: not eating enough iron-rich foods, trouble absorbing iron, and blood loss. […] A common cause of too much blood loss is having heavy menstrual periods. […] Iron deficiency can cause anaemia. This is when you don’t have enough red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood because of too little iron. […] Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common cause of anaemia.

• #1 Iron Deficiency Anemia – Hematology and Oncology – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/anemias-caused-by-deficient-erythropoiesis/iron-deficiency-anemia

  Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia and usually results from blood loss; malabsorption, such as occurs in celiac disease, is a much less common cause. […] Blood loss is the major cause of iron deficiency. In men and postmenopausal women, the most frequent cause of blood loss is chronic occult bleeding, usually from the gastrointestinal tract (eg, due to peptic ulcer disease, malignancy, hemorrhoids, or vascular ectasias). […] Increased iron requirements may contribute to iron deficiency. From birth to age 2 and during adolescence, when rapid growth requires a large iron intake, dietary iron often is inadequate. […] Decreased iron absorption can result from gastrectomy or malabsorption syndromes such as celiac disease, atrophic gastritis, Helicobacter pylori infection, achlorhydria, short bowel syndrome, and rarely IRIDA (iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia).

• #1 Iron-deficiency anemia

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/iron-deficiency-anemia

  Iron-deficiency anemia means that your body does not have enough iron. […] Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, a condition that happens when your body does not make enough healthy red blood cells or the blood cells do not work correctly. […] Iron-deficiency anemia happens when you dont have enough iron in your body. Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin, the part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen through your blood to all parts of your body. […] What causes iron-deficiency anemia? Women can have low iron levels for several reasons: […] Iron lost through bleeding. Bleeding can cause you to lose more blood cells and iron than your body can replace. […] Increased need for iron during pregnancy. During pregnancy, your body needs more iron than normal to support your developing baby. […] Not eating enough food that contains iron. […] Problems absorbing iron. Certain health conditions, such as Crohn’s disease or celiac disease, or gastric bypass surgery for weight loss can make it harder for your body to absorb iron from food.

• #1 Anemia symptoms, causes and treatments | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/living-kidney-disease/health-problems-caused-kidney-disease/anemia-symptoms-causes-and-treatments

  Anemia happens when there are not enough healthy red blood cells in your body. […] Anemia is a common side effect of kidney disease. […] Anemia usually gets worse as CKD gets worse. If your kidneys are not working as well as they should, you are more likely to get anemia. […] There are two main causes of anemia in CKD: Less erythropoietin (EPO) than normal and Less iron than normal. […] A common cause of anemia in people with CKD is iron deficiency. Iron deficiency means you do not have enough iron in your body. […] Anemia is more common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it can be caused by your CKD. […] The most common types of anemia in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are anemia caused by having too little of a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO) and anemia caused by having too little iron in your body. […] Anemia usually gets worse as your kidney function gets worse.

• #1 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0115/p98.html

  Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide and accounts for approximately one-half of anemia cases. […] Iron deficiency anemia can result from inadequate iron intake, decreased iron absorption, increased iron demand, and increased iron loss. […] Once iron deficiency anemia is identified, the goal is to determine the underlying etiology. Causes include inadequate iron intake, decreased iron absorption, increased iron demand, and increased iron loss.

• #1 Pernicious anemia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000569.htm

  Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. There are many types of anemia. […] Pernicious anemia is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. […] Pernicious anemia is a type of vitamin B12 anemia. The body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells. […] A special protein, called intrinsic factor (IF), binds vitamin B12 so that it can be absorbed in the intestines. This protein is released by cells in the stomach. When the stomach does not make enough intrinsic factor, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. […] Common causes of pernicious anemia include: […] An autoimmune condition in which the body’s immune system attacks the actual intrinsic factor protein or the cells in the lining of your stomach that make it. […] In rare cases, pernicious anemia is passed down through families. This is called congenital pernicious anemia. […] Certain diseases can also raise your risk. […] Pernicious anemia can also occur after gastric bypass surgery.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/causes/

  Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia occurs when a lack of either of these vitamins affects the body’s ability to produce fully functioning red blood cells. […] A vitamin B12 or folate deficiency can be the result of a variety of problems. […] Pernicious anaemia is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in the UK. […] Some people can develop a vitamin B12 deficiency as a result of not getting enough vitamin B12 from their diet. […] Some stomach conditions or stomach operations can prevent the absorption of enough vitamin B12. […] Some conditions that affect your intestines can also stop you absorbing the necessary amount of vitamin B12. […] Some types of medicine can lead to a reduction in the amount of vitamin B12 in your body. […] Some people can experience problems related to a vitamin B12 deficiency, despite appearing to have normal levels of vitamin B12 in their blood.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/causes/

  Like vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia, folate deficiency anaemia can develop for a number of reasons. […] Folate deficiency caused by a lack of dietary folate is more common in people who have a generally unbalanced and unhealthy diet, people who regularly misuse alcohol, and people following a restrictive diet that does not involve eating good sources of folate. […] Sometimes your body may be unable to absorb folate as effectively as it should. […] Some types of medicines reduce the amount of folate in your body or make the folate harder to absorb. […] Your body sometimes requires more folate than normal. This can cause folate deficiency if you cannot meet your body’s demands for the vitamin.

• #1 Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, Test and Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/anemia/

  Anemia is the general name for a condition where the body either cannot make enough healthy red blood cells and/or has too little hemoglobin, the substance that enables red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body. […] Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body, leading to reduced levels of sufficiently functioning red blood cells. Iron deficiency can be caused by a variety of factors and conditions, including internal bleeding, pregnancy, heavy menstruation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and a lack of iron in ones diet. […] Megaloblastic anemia is a type of macrocytic anemia that can be caused by a lack of vitamin B12 or lack of folic acid (folate). This is most often due to a dietary deficiency or malabsorption, e.g. as in pernicious anemia, where the body cannot absorb sufficient amounts of vitamin B12.

• #1 Anemia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198475-overview

  Anemia is strictly defined as a decrease in red blood cell (RBC) mass. […] The decrease may result from blood loss, increased destruction of RBCs (hemolysis), or decreased production of RBCs. […] Basically, only three causes of anemia exist: blood loss, increased destruction of RBCs (hemolysis), and decreased production of RBCs. Each of these causes includes a number of disorders that require specific and appropriate therapy. […] Genetic etiologies include the following: Hemoglobinopathies, Thalassemias, Enzyme abnormalities of the glycolytic pathways, Defects of the RBC cytoskeleton, Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, Rh null disease, Hereditary xerocytosis, Abetalipoproteinemia, Fanconi anemia. […] Nutritional etiologies include the following: Iron deficiency, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency, Starvation and generalized malnutrition.

• #1 Anemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351360

  Anemia of inflammation. Diseases that cause ongoing inflammation can keep the body from making enough red blood cells. […] Aplastic anemia. This rare, life-threatening anemia occurs when the body doesn’t make enough new blood cells. […] Anemias linked to bone marrow disease. Diseases such as leukemia and myelofibrosis can affect how the bone marrow makes blood. […] Hemolytic anemias. This group of anemias is from red blood cells being destroyed faster than bone marrow can replace them. […] Sickle cell anemia. This inherited and sometimes serious condition is a type of hemolytic anemia. An unusual hemoglobin forces red blood cells into an unusual crescent shape, called a sickle. These irregular blood cells die too soon. That causes an ongoing shortage of red blood cells.

• #1 Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/anemia

  Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by defective hemoglobin synthesis in red blood cells, resulting in fewer red blood cells, a shorter lifespan, and easily broken-down red blood cells. […] Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is caused by a lack of G6PD, an enzyme that normally protects red blood cells from oxidative damage caused by drugs or certain foods such as broad beans, long beans, or mung beans. […] Autoimmune hemolytic anemia results from the host’s immune system attacking the host’s red blood cell membrane antigens, destroying red blood cells. […] Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an abnormality in the hemoglobin molecules causing abnormal red blood cells to shape that are not biconcave discs with a dimple in the center but instead are shaped like a sickle or a crescent moon, resulting in inefficient oxygen transport to the body and rapid red blood cell turnover.

• #1 Anemia in Dogs – Dog Owners – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/blood-disorders-of-dogs/anemia-in-dogs

  Hemolytic anemias occur when red blood cells are destroyed. They are usually regenerative. Toxins, red blood cell trauma, infections, immune system defects, and red blood cell membrane defects can all cause hemolytic anemias. […] In dogs, the most common cause of hemolytic anemia is immune mediated. This type of anemia can occur on its own or as a result of tumors, infection, drugs, or vaccinations. […] Many infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or other organisms can lead to anemia, by direct damage to red blood cells (leading to their destruction) or by effects on the elements that produce red blood cells in the bone marrow. […] Nonregenerative anemias can be caused by nutritional deficiencies, chronic disease, kidney disease, or bone marrow diseases. […] Nutritional deficiency anemias develop when the nutrients needed for red blood cell formation are not present in adequate amounts. […] Longterm kidney disease is a common cause of nonregenerative anemia in animals. […] Bone marrow disease or failure from any cause can lead to nonregenerative anemia and a reduction in the number of all types of blood cellsred, white, and platelets.

• #1 Causes of anemia | eClinpath

  https://eclinpath.com/hematology/anemia/causes-of-anemia/

  Drugs: Penicillin (Blue et al 1987) and trimethroprim-sulfur (Thomas and Livesey 1998) have been associated with a drug-induced hemolytic anemia in horses. […] Chronic kidney disease can result in an anemia through multiple mechanisms, as indicated below. […] The anemia is usually non-regenerative and mild to moderate in most animals (95% of dogs in one study [Chervier et al 2012]). […] Various types of infectious agents can cause anemia through multiple mechanisms, including extravascular hemolysis (with or without) intravascular hemolysis, and decreased erythropoiesis (direct inhibition of erythropoiesis by the organism or indirect suppression through inflammatory cytokines or anemia of inflammatory disease).

• #1 Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/anemia

  Infections such as Clostridium bacteria, Mycoplasma bacteria, and Plasmodium spp. (the cause of malaria) cause hemolysis and anemia. […] Loss of red blood cells from the bloodstream includes acute blood loss, such as aortic aneurysm rupture, hemorrhage from trauma, surgery, or childbirth, or chronic blood loss that later causes iron deficiency, such as heavy menstruation, aortic aneurysm, peptic ulcer, hemorrhoids, or colon cancer.

• #1 Diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-and-diagnosis-of-iron-deficiency-and-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-adults

  INTRODUCTION […] The diagnosis of iron deficiency (low iron stores, as measured by iron studies or other testing) is a major public health goal and an important aspect of the care of many adults. This topic will review the causes of iron deficiency in adults and an approach to the diagnostic evaluation. […] […] […] Causes of anemia in adults […] […] […] Causes and risk factors for iron deficiency in adults […] […] […] Causes for lack of response to oral iron therapy […] […] […] Laboratory findings in iron deficiency anemia, alpha or beta thalassemia, and anemia of chronic disease/anemia of inflammation (ACD/AI)

• #1 Aplastic Anemia Causes | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/aplastic-anemia/causes

  Aplastic anemia occurs when blood-forming stem cells in bone marrow can’t produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. The cells that are made are normal. Sometimes there’s a genetic cause that was passed from parent to child, but most often it results from the accidental destruction of stem cells by the immune system. […] Acquired aplastic anemia is usually considered an autoimmune disease. Normally, your immune system attacks only foreign substances. When your immune system attacks your own body, you are said to have an autoimmune disease. Other autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. […] About 75 out of 100 cases of acquired aplastic anemia are idiopathic. This means they have no known cause. In the remaining cases, the cause can often be linked to: Toxins, such as pesticides, arsenic and benzene; Radiation and chemotherapy used to treat cancer; Treatments for other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus; Pregnancy – sometimes, this type of aplastic anemia improves on its own after the woman gives birth; Infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and HIV.

• #1 Aplastic Anemia Causes | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/aplastic-anemia/causes

  Sometimes, cancer from another part of the body can spread to the bone marrow and cause aplastic anemia. […] Hereditary aplastic anemia is passed down through the genes from parent to child. It is usually diagnosed in childhood and is much less common than acquired aplastic anemia. People who develop hereditary aplastic anemia usually have other genetic or developmental abnormalities that cause the aplastic anemia. […] Some inherited conditions can damage stem cells and lead to aplastic anemia, including: Fanconi anemia; Shwachman-Diamond syndrome; Dyskeratosis congenita; Diamond-Blackfan anemia. […] A newly discovered type of hereditary aplastic anemia is due to excessive shortening of the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres. This is usually diagnosed in adults. Family members of the patient may have a history of aplastic anemia or scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs or liver. This type of aplastic anemia can only be diagnosed with special tests.

• #1 Anemia of Chronic Disease: Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14477-anemia-of-chronic-disease

  Anemia of chronic disease happens when you have an autoimmune disease or other illness lasts longer than three months and that causes inflammation. Chronic inflammation can affect your bodys ability to use iron needed to make enough red blood cells. Anemia happens when you dont have enough red blood cells. […] Anemia of chronic disease is linked to: […] Any type of infection. […] Any chronic disease that causes inflammation is likely to cause anemia of chronic disease. If you have a chronic disease, your disease may affect your red blood cells. […] A chronic disease may make red blood cells die sooner than usual or slow down red blood cell production. […] If you have anemia of chronic disease, some of your cells are retaining iron instead of releasing it, so your body cant use it to create new red blood cells.

• #1 Anemia of chronic disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/anemia-of-chronic-disease

  Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. There are many types of anemia. […] Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is anemia that is found in people with certain long-term (chronic) medical conditions that involve inflammation. […] ACD is a common cause of anemia. Some conditions that can lead to ACD include: Autoimmune disorders, such as Crohn disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis; Cancer, including lymphoma and Hodgkin disease; Long-term infections, such as bacterial endocarditis, osteomyelitis (bone infection), HIV/AIDS, lung abscess, hepatitis B or hepatitis C. […] Anemia may be the first symptom of a serious illness, so finding its cause is very important. […] The anemia will improve when the disease that is causing it is treated.

• #1 Chemotherapy-induced anemia: etiology, pathophysiology, and implicatio | IJCTM

  https://www.dovepress.com/chemotherapy-induced-anemia-etiology-pathophysiology-and-implications–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJCTM

  Anemia, derived from the Greek word anaimia meaning lack of blood, refers to a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood and is commonly associated with cancer. Anemia is the most common and persistent hematological abnormality in oncology patients. Chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) is a consequence of malignant invasion of normal tissue leading to blood loss, bone marrow infiltration with disruption of erythropoiesis, and functional iron deficiency as a consequence of inflammation. CIA is a significant consequence of chemotherapy and may delay or limit therapy as well as contribute to both fatigue and diminished quality of life. […] Partially a consequence of the heterogeneity of CIA, there are large disparities among its reported prevalence. Patients receiving chemotherapy often have comorbid conditions including inadequate renal function, a baseline factor that has not been consistently excluded in prior analyses of CIA.

• #1 Anemia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/anemia/

  Anemia is defined as a decrease in the quantity of circulating red blood cells (RBC), represented by a reduction in hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), or RBC count. […] It is a common condition that can be caused by inadequate RBC production, excessive RBC destruction, or blood loss. The most common cause is iron deficiency. […] Etiology of anemia: Defective heme synthesis: e.g., IDA, lead poisoning. […] Defective globin chain: Thalassemia. […] The causes of microcytic anemia can be remembered with IRON LAST: IRON deficiency, Lead poisoning, Anemia of chronic disease, Sideroblastic anemia, Thalassemia. […] Anemia of chronic disease: Etiology: Inflammation (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus). […] Anemia of chronic disease: Etiology: Malignancy (e.g., lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma).

• #1 Chemotherapy-induced anemia: etiology, pathophysiology, and implicatio | IJCTM

  https://www.dovepress.com/chemotherapy-induced-anemia-etiology-pathophysiology-and-implications–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJCTM

  CIA is often precipitated by platinum-based therapies. Factors that are associated with the development of platinum-induced anemia include early decrease in hemoglobin following treatment, cumulative platinum dose, advanced age, failure to respond to chemotherapy, and high concentration of residual platinum in the bloodstream following administration. […] Malignancy and toxicity-induced inflammatory cytokine cascades reduce erythropoietic function and affect iron homeostasis. Blood transfusions increase prostaglandin E as well as both local and circulating proinflammatory cytokines, some of which include angiogenin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, EGF, and platelet-derived growth factor BB. […] Erythropoiesis stimulating agents in CIA. Erythropoietin (EPO) was initially identified in 1906 and is a circulatory hematopoietic glycoprotein hormone that facilitates erythrocyte production. EPO is expressed by renal and hepatic interstitial cells and is upregulated in the setting of hypoxia to stimulate erythrocyte production in the bone marrow.

• #1 Causes of Anemia

  https://www.spotlightonanemia.com/understandinganemia/causesofanemia.html

  Nutritional deficiency: Iron deficiency, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency, Vitamin D deficiency. […] Inflammatory/chronic disease: Chronic kidney disease, Autoimmune/rheumatologic disease, Cancer, Chronic infection. […] Clonal hematopoiesis: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), Clonal cytopenia of undetermined significance (CCUS), Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] Others: Drug-induced causes, Endocrine/metabolic causes, Blood loss (eg, gastrointestinal bleeding), Hemolysis. […] cases of anemia in older patients is unexplainedGuralnik J et al.J Am Geriatr Soc.2022;70:891-899. Stauder R et al.Blood. 2018;131:505-514. Girelli D et al. Hemasphere. 2018;2:e40. […] Some cases are associated with an increased risk of hematologic malignancies, which should trigger suspicion of underlying MDS, especially with the following: High mean corpuscular volume, Peripheral blood dysplasia, Presence of blasts, Clonal hematopoiesis. […] Diagnosing MDS requires an extensive series of tests, but it is also important to have a high clinical suspicion to identify risk factors for developing MDS, such as advancing ageHasserjian RP et al. Blood. 2023;142:2247-2257. Sekeres MA. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2010;24:287-294.

• #1 Anemia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/anemia/

  Anemia of chronic disease: Etiology: Chronic infections (e.g., tuberculosis). […] Sideroblastic anemia: Etiology: Inherited: X-linked sideroblastic anemia due to a -ALA-synthase gene defect. […] Sideroblastic anemia: Etiology: Acquired: Vitamin B6 deficiency, Lead poisoning, Alcohol use disorder, Drugs (e.g., chloramphenicol, isoniazid, linezolid), Copper deficiency, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Malignancy. […] Pure red cell aplasia: Etiology: Acquired: Most often idiopathic. […] Pure red cell aplasia: Etiology: Possible associated conditions: Thymoma, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Adverse drugs effects (e.g., from phenytoin, chloramphenicol), Parvovirus B19 infection, Autoimmune disorders (e.g., type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis). […] The most common causes of macrocytosis are chronic alcohol consumption, vitamin B12 and/or folate deficiency, and certain medications.

• #1 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/iron-deficiency-anemia-causes-5188964

  Lead poisoning from water or environmental sources can affect the body’s ability to make red blood cells. […] Certain lifestyle habits can increase a person’s risk for iron deficiency anemia. […] Iron deficiency anemia can result from low dietary iron intake, reduced absorption of iron from the diet, blood loss, impaired release of stored iron, or increased iron need in pregnancy.

• #1 Anemia Types, Treatment, Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Iron Deficiency

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/anemia/article_em.htm

  Thalassemia: This is another group of hemoglobin-related causes of anemia. […] Alcoholism: Poor nutrition and deficiencies of vitamins and minerals are associated with alcoholism. […] Bone marrow-related anemia: Anemia may be related to diseases involving the bone marrow. […] Aplastic anemia: Occasionally some viral infections may severely affect the bone marrow and significantly diminish the production of all blood cells. […] Hemolytic anemia: The normal red blood cell shape is important for its function. […] Anemia related to medications: Many common medications can occasionally cause anemia as a side effect in some individuals. […] Other less common causes of anemia include: thyroid problems, cancers, liver disease, autoimmune diseases (lupus), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), lead poisoning, AIDS, malaria, viral hepatitis, mononucleosis, parasitic infections (hookworm), bleeding disorders, and insecticide exposure.

• #1 Anemia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/anemia

  Anemia is a condition in which a person doesnt have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. […] There are many potential causes, including nutritional deficiencies, inherited disorders, an underlying medical issue, medication, or an underlying bone marrow disorder (the bone marrow is where the red blood cells are produced). […] Below is an explanation of the three ways anemia can develop. […] Not enough healthy red blood cells are produced due to: Iron deficiency, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folic acid deficiency, Certain cancers, including leukemia and lymphoma, Cancer treatments, Kidney disease, Kidney failure, Certain medications, Alcohol use disorder, Lead poisoning, Liver disease, Thyroid disease, HIV/AIDS, Bone marrow disorders. […] Healthy red blood cells are destroyed before their expected lifespan due to: Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia, Immune conditions that destroy red blood cells, Liver disease. […] Blood loss or excessive bleeding due to: Heavy menstrual periods, Internal bleeding, Intestinal ulcers, Colon polyps, Colon cancer. […] In addition, pregnant women often have mild anemia due to an increase in the volume of the liquid part of their blood (plasma volume).

• #1 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  Prolonged achlorhydria may produce iron deficiency because acidic conditions are required to release ferric iron from food. […] Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is a hereditary disorder marked by with iron deficiency anemia that is typically unresponsive to oral iron supplementation and may be only partially responsive to parenteral iron therapy.

• #1 What Causes a Person to Become Anemic?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_causes_a_person_to_become_anemic/article.htm

  Anemia is a medical condition in which the person has less red blood cells (RBCs) than what is considered normal for their age and gender. […] Depending on the reason for anemia, the causes may be categorized as: […] Nutritional anemia: When the body cannot make enough hemoglobin due to poor stores of nutrients: eg iron-deficiency anemia, B12 deficiency anemia (due to low B12 in the diet or the inability of the body to absorb B12 as seen in pernicious anemia), or folic acid deficiency. […] Faulty hemoglobin production: When the body makes hemoglobin, but the hemoglobin does not function correctly: eg, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia. […] Anemia when the body does not make enough red blood cells: eg. anemia due to long term or chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, lupus and other chronic diseases, viral infections, radiation injury.

• #1 7 Risk Factors That Could Lead to Anemia – Lindenberg Cancer & Hematology Center Marlton, NJ 08053

  https://lindenbergcancer.com/blog/7-risk-factors-that-could-lead-to-anemia/

  Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks the necessary amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin. […] Anemia is the most common blood disorder, and according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, it affects more than 3 million Americans. […] Any woman who is still viable to have menstruation is at a higher risk of iron deficiency anemia than men or postmenopausal men. […] Due to the excessive blood loss through menstruation and greater demands of blood supply for a developing fetus, pregnant women tend to suffer more from anemia and have a higher chance of getting the condition due to iron-deficiency. […] Although younger children are more prone to anemia, anyone who is consistently lacking the essential nutrients and minerals in their body can develop anemia.

• #1 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/iron-deficiency-anemia-causes-5188964

  Heavy menstrual bleeding (previously called menorrhagia) can increase the risk for the development of iron deficiency anemia. […] Medical conditions that cause internal bleeding, such as stomach ulcers and colon polyps, can lead to iron deficiency anemia. […] IDA is common during pregnancy. […] IDA can be a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Inflammation causes the liver to make more of a hormone called hepcidin. This hormone will stop iron from leaving cells where it is stored and absorbed in the first part of the small intestine. […] Females between the ages of 15-49 have a higher risk for iron deficiency compared to males of the same age group. […] Family and genetics may play a part in the development of IDA. […] Some age groups may have an increased risk for IDA.

• #1 Anemia in Older Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1001/p437.html

  Anemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in older adults. […] Causes of anemia in older adults include nutritional deficiency, chronic kidney disease, chronic inflammation, and occult blood loss from gastrointestinal malignancy, although in many patients the etiology is unknown. […] Overall, one-third of older patients with anemia have a nutritional deficiency, which includes iron deficiency due to subsidiary causes (e.g., bowel malignancy), one-third have chronic inflammation or chronic kidney disease (CKD), and one-third have an unknown cause. […] If iron deficiency anemia is excluded, anemia of chronic disease is the most likely cause of microcytic or normocytic anemia. […] If the serum ferritin level is greater than 100 ng per mL, or if macrocytic anemia is identified, the most likely cause shifts to other etiologies. […] Treatment of anemia is ultimately guided by the underlying diagnosis.

• #1 Anemia in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/anemia

  Anemia is often a symptom of a disease rather than a disease itself. In some cases, anemia is temporary and caused by a nutritional deficiency or blood loss. In others, its the result of a chronic or inherited condition, including genetic disorders, autoimmune problems, cancers, and other diseases. […] Anemia’s causes are largely dependent on the type of anemia your child suffers from. The most common causes include: […] Nutritional deficiencies (iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12) […] Inherited diseases (e.g., Fanconi anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia) […] Autoimmune diseases […] Bleeding […] Certain cancerous conditions […] Certain medications […] Infections.

• #1 7 Risk Factors That Could Lead to Anemia – Lindenberg Cancer & Hematology Center Marlton, NJ 08053

  https://lindenbergcancer.com/blog/7-risk-factors-that-could-lead-to-anemia/

  Sickle cell anemia is when the patients red blood cells are misshaped and cause them to get stuck in smaller blood vessels. […] Although you may keep your body nourished properly, having a family member with anemia places you at an inheritably higher risk of the condition when compared to someone who does not have any family history with the disease.

• #1 Anemia – causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of anemia

  https://en.medicina.ru/for-patients/diseases/anemia/

  Despite the fact that the study of the disease made it possible to determine the obvious factors associated with the appearance of a deficiency of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, there are other manifestations of it. They are in a latent form, many patients do not even suspect that anemia is associated with these causes. It: fasting and refusal of protein foods. Anemia is common in people who decide to become vegetarians. The body must receive trace elements contained in meat, milk and similar products. If you do not use them, you should find a replacement for them; a number of diseases; pregnancy. In this state, the hormonal system of a woman is greatly altered; research has shown that women during pregnancy are at greater risk of developing a deficiency of certain trace elements, including iron; blood donation. It would seem that people help others, they are checked whether they suffer from diseases. But it is this category of people at risk, and quite often the tests show pathology; doing professional sports. Due to high physical exertion, athletes often receive this diagnosis during routine examinations. This is due to the fact that the muscles „eat” a large amount of iron, creating the basis for the development of the disease.

• #1 Anemia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/a/anemia-in-children.html

  Risk factors for anemia include: Premature or low birth weight, Living in poverty or immigrating from developing country, Too much cows milk, Diet low in iron, or some vitamins or minerals, Surgery or accident with blood loss, Long-term illnesses, such as infections, or kidney or liver disease, Family history of an inherited type of anemia, such as sickle cell anemia. […] The treatment for anemia depends on the cause. Some types don’t need treatment. Other types may need medicine, blood transfusions, surgery, or stem cell transplants. Your child’s healthcare provider may refer you to a hematologist. This is a specialist in treating blood disorders. Treatment may include: Vitamin and mineral drops or pills, Changing your child’s diet, Stopping a medicine that causes anemia, Blood transfusions, Stem cell transplants, Surgery to remove the spleen (very rare).

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is a major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Anaemia can be caused by poor nutrition, infections, chronic diseases, heavy menstruation, pregnancy issues and family history. It is often caused by a lack of iron in the blood. […] Anaemia may be caused by several factors: nutrient deficiencies, inadequate diet (or the inadequate absorption of nutrients), infections, inflammation, chronic diseases, gynaecological and obstetric conditions, and inherited red blood cell disorders. […] Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. […] Infections can be another important cause of anaemia, depending on the local burden of infectious diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV and parasitic infections.

• #1 10 Symptoms of Anemia You Shouldn’t Ignore | Texas Medical Institute

  https://www.texasmedicalinstitute.com/10-symptoms-of-anemia-you-shouldnt-ignore/

  Anemia is a common blood disorder affecting more than 1.6 billion people worldwide. It occurs when the number of healthy red blood cells that carry oxygen through the body drops to an abnormal level, or if the cells don’t contain enough hemoglobin. […] The majority of the approximately 3.5 million Americans with anemia become anemic over time through inadequate iron (microcytic anemia) or low vitamin B-12 levels (pernicious anemia). Both of these, along with folate (a B-9 vitamin), is necessary for the production of healthy red blood cells. […] Those who are most susceptible to anemia are children, females with menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), and pregnant women. People who suffer chronic diseases like ulcers, or people who have recently undergone surgery, may also become anemic. People with African ancestry are especially susceptible to sickle cell anemia, in which the red blood cells are curved like sickles.

• #1 What is Anemia? Causes and Treatment for Anemia

  https://kauveryhospital.com/blog/family-and-general-medicine/anemia-causes-treatment-and-prevention/

  Anemia is a condition in which there are not enough RBCs in the blood to transport oxygen. […] Anemia is a serious health concern that affects many people in the world, both in developed and developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 3 women in the reproductive age of 15-49 years are suffering from anemia, almost 40% of pregnant women are diagnosed with anemia, and 40% of children less than 5 years have anemia. […] There are over 400 types of anemia, which can be divided into four groups: […] Anemia caused by blood loss. […] Anemia caused by decreased or faulty RBC production. […] Anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells. […] Anemia caused by other chronic conditions.

• #1 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/iron-deficiency-anemia-causes-5188964

  Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is when a lack of iron reduces the body’s ability to make enough red blood cells, which are vital to carrying the oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Without enough iron in the blood, you might feel weak, tired, and short of breath. […] According to the American Society of Hematology, iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia. IDA affects 5% of American women and 2% of American men. […] Common causes of IDA include a diet that is low in iron, the body not being able to absorb iron, heavy menstrual bleeding, internal bleeding, pregnancy, chronic kidney disease, and chronic conditions that cause ongoing inflammation. […] IDA often occurs as a result of inadequate intake of iron from the diet. […] Certain medical conditions or surgeries can interfere with how the body absorbs iron.

• #1 The Surprising Causes of Anemia – Consumer ReportsConsumer ReportsSearchAccount InformationAccount InformationFavoritesFavoritesFavoritesSave products iconSavings iconBest time to buy iconRecall tracker iconTV screen optimizer iconSavings iconBest time to

  https://www.consumerreports.org/anemia/causes-of-anemia/

  A 92-year-old woman, a long-term patient still plying her trade as a piano teacher, came to me for a preoperative examination. […] To do that, I needed to pinpoint the cause. […] Anemia is not a disease but a sign of one—and possibly a serious one—so finding the reason for it is important. […] A report in the journal American Family Physician notes that more than 10 percent of people older than 65 have some degree of anemia. […] There are many possible causes, but the most common is iron deficiency due to loss of blood. […] Blood-loss anemia occurs in about 9 to 14 percent of premenopausal women, a result of excessive menstrual bleeding. […] But in men and postmenopausal women that type of anemia is almost always due to gastrointestinal bleeding. […] Other reasons for gastrointestinal bleeding include ulcers, polyps, hemorrhoids, and even cancer.

• #1 Causes of Anemia | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/anemia/causes

  In the United States, 35 percent of older adults with anemia are due to having a poor diet. Forty-five percent of all anemias in older adults are due to chronic medical conditions. Twenty percent of anemias have no known cause. […] In older people, anemia is often caused by more than one condition at the same time. […] Anemia also can be caused by: Low red blood cell production due to disease or nutritional problems, Hereditary diseases, Medications, Alcohol dependency, Bleeding caused by polyps or tumors in the bowels, Kidney stones or tumors, Cancers, Surgery, Heart valve problems.

• #1 Burden of anemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | Journal of Hematology & Oncology | Full Text

  https://jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13045-021-01202-2

  Anemia is a common disease which affects around 40% of children and 30% of reproductive age women and can have major health consequences. […] Although anemia has various correlates based on its underlying pathophysiology, nutritional deficiencies and chronic diseases are generally the most common etiologies of anemia in children and older adults, respectively. […] Globally, most of the prevalent cases were attributable to dietary iron deficiency, as well as hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias. […] In GBD 2019, the following level 3 causes were included for anemia: chronic kidney disease; dietary iron deficiency; endocrine, metabolic, blood and immune disorders; gynecological diseases; hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias; HIV/AIDS; inflammatory bowel disease; intestinal nematode infections; malaria; maternal disorders; other neglected tropical diseases; other unspecified infectious diseases; schistosomiasis; upper digestive system diseases; and vitamin A deficiency.

• #1 Burden of anemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | Journal of Hematology & Oncology | Full Text

  https://jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13045-021-01202-2

  Although there were sex and country differences in the proportion of prevalent cases of anemia attributable to the underlying causes, globally the most prevalent cases were accounted for by dietary iron deficiency (males: 66.1%, females: 56.8%), as well as hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias (male: 13.6%, female:16.1%). […] The present study reported the burden of anemia and its attributable underlying causes at the global, regional and national levels using GBD 2019 data. […] Despite the multifactorial nature of the disease, dietary iron deficiency remains the leading cause of anemia in all regions.

• #1 Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/80746

  Anemia affects a third of the world’s population and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality, decreased work productivity, and impaired neurological development. Understanding anemia’s varied and complex etiology is crucial for developing effective interventions that address the context-specific causes of anemia and for monitoring anemia control programs. […] We emphasize the risk factors most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including nutritional deficiencies, infection/inflammation, and genetic hemoglobin disorders. Recent work has furthered our understanding of anemia’s complex etiology, including the proportion of anemia caused by iron deficiency (ID) and the role of inflammation and infection. Accumulating evidence indicates that the proportion of anemia due to ID differs by population group, geographical setting, infectious disease burden, and the prevalence of other anemia causes. Further research is needed to explore the role of additional nutritional deficiencies, the contribution of infectious and chronic disease, as well as the importance of genetic hemoglobin disorders in certain populations.

• #1 Causes of Anemia | USAID Advancing Nutrition

  https://www.advancingnutrition.org/resources/anemia-toolkit/causes-anemia

  It is important to recognize the relationships among nutritional and non-nutritional causes of anemia; each may affect and be affected by the other. […] In 2010, four of the five most common causes of anemia were non-nutritional: hookworm disease, sickle cell disorders, thalassemias, and malaria. […] Nevertheless, the Global Burden of Disease identified iron deficiency as the leading cause of anemia. […] The toolkit emphasizes assessment of inherited blood disorders, infections, and iron status to understand the ecology of anemia. […] This narrative review describes the causes and risk factors, and related data needs for reducing anemia for different population subgroups within a country and presents principles for the design and implementation of effective strategies to prevent and treat anemia.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia may be caused by several factors: nutrient deficiencies through inadequate diets or inadequate absorption of nutrients, infections (e.g. malaria, parasitic infections, tuberculosis, HIV), inflammation, chronic diseases, gynaecological and obstetric conditions, and inherited red blood cell disorders. […] The most common nutritional cause of anaemia is iron deficiency, although deficiencies in folate, vitamins B12 and A are also important causes. […] Anaemia is an indicator of both poor nutrition and poor health. […] While iron deficiency anaemia is the most common form and can often be treated through dietary changes, other forms of anaemia must be treated by addressing underlying infections and chronic conditions requiring comprehensive health interventions.

• #1 Causes of Anemia

  https://www.spotlightonanemia.com/understandinganemia/causesofanemia.html

  Anemia in older patients usually has multiple underlying causesAlvarez-Payares JC et al.Cureus. 2021;13:e19971. […] Diagnosing the root cause of anemia can be difficult, and the workup is often complicated by comorbidities that mask the underlying etiologyAlvarez-Payares JC et al.Cureus. 2021;13:e19971. […] When the cause of anemia is uncertain based on the patients history and physical examination, a thorough assessment is necessary to identify its underlying origin, primarily relying on a diagnosis by exclusionGoodnough LT, Schrier SL.Am J Hematol. 2014;89:88-96. Guralnik J et al.J Am Geriatr Soc.2022;70:891-899. […] Possible causes of anemia in older patientsAlvarez-Payares JC et al.Cureus. 2021;13:e19971. Stauder R et al. Blood. 2018;131:505-514. Girelli D et al. Hemasphere. 2018;2:e40.

• #1

  https://healthmatch.io/anemia/normocytic-anemia

  Normocytic anemia typically develops as a result of systemic disease and chronic infections. […] Underlying causes of normocytic anemia can include cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chronic kidney disease. Medical conditions resulting in faster-than-normal red blood cell breakdown can also contribute. […] Typical causes include nutrient deficiencies, multifactorial (e.g., combined vitamin B12 and iron deficiency), anemia of chronic disease, anemia of chronic kidney disease, anemia of heart failure, hypothyroidism, cancer-associated anemia, early blood loss that hasn’t caused iron deficiency, partially treated anemia, acute blood loss, diseases that cause hemolysis, such as sickle cell anemia, bone marrow failure syndromes, leukemias, aplastic anemia, and pure red blood cell aplasia. […] Insufficient red blood cell production appears to cause most cases of normocytic anemia.

• #1 Anemia – Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/anemia

  Anemia is a condition where you have low levels of red blood cells or hemoglobin. […] Many different things can cause anemia. […] There are many different causes of anemia, and treatments vary widely. […] Anemia varies in severity and duration. Because anemia has an underlying cause, prompt diagnosis and treatment are very important. […] Common symptoms of anemia include fatigue, irritability, headaches and difficulty concentrating. […] If you have anemia, more tests may determine its type and whether it has a serious cause. […] Your doctor may use more tests to search for the cause of your anemia. […] Treatment depends on your specific diagnosis and the severity of your condition. […] Different diagnoses and their treatments may include: Iron deficiency anemia iron supplements, medications, blood transfusions, surgery, or even cancer treatment; Vitamin deficiency anemia vitamin B-12 injections and folic acid supplements; Anemia related to chronic disease treatment of the underlying disease, blood transfusions, or synthetic hormone injections to boost red blood cell production; Aplastic anemia medications and blood transfusions to boost red blood cell levels; Anemia related to autoimmune disorders drugs to suppress the immune system; Anemia related to bone marrow disease medication, chemotherapy or bone marrow transplant; Hemolytic anemia spleen removal, drugs to suppress the immune system, blood transfusions, or blood filtering; Sickle cell anemia medications, oxygen, blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, antibiotics, bone marrow transplant; Thalassemia blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, spleen removal, or bone marrow transplant.

• #2 Anemia – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia/causes

  You may develop anemia if your body doesnt make enough red blood cells or loses too many red blood cells. […] Many conditions can cause anemia. […] Some types of anemias are caused by factors you cant change, like your family history or your age. Other anemias are caused by factors you can manage, like eating habits or other health conditions that control how your body makes red blood cells. […] Any condition that causes you to lose a lot of blood increases your risk of anemia. […] If you have a family history of inherited types of anemia, you may have an increased risk. […] People who do not get nutrients like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid to make healthy red blood cells have a higher risk of anemia. […] Chronic (long-term) kidney disease, inflammation from an infection, cancer, or an autoimmune disease can cause your body to make fewer red blood cells. Certain medicines or treatments such as chemotherapy for cancer can also raise your risk of anemia.

• #2 Anemia | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/anemia.html

  If you have anemia, your blood does not carry enough oxygen to the rest of your body. The most common cause of anemia is not having enough iron. Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives the red color to blood. It carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. […] Anemia has three main causes: blood loss, lack of red blood cell production, and high rates of red blood cell destruction. […] Conditions that may lead to anemia include: Heavy periods, Pregnancy, Ulcers, Colon polyps or colon cancer, Inherited disorders, A diet that does not have enough iron, folic acid or vitamin B12, Blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, or cancer, Aplastic anemia, a condition that can be inherited or acquired, G6PD deficiency, a metabolic disorder.

• #2 Anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia

  Anemia can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. […] Causes of blood loss include bleeding due to inflammation of the stomach or intestines, bleeding from surgery, serious injury, or blood donation. […] Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, folate deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, thalassemia and a number of bone marrow tumors. […] Causes of increased breakdown include genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia, infections such as malaria, and certain autoimmune diseases like autoimmune hemolytic anemia. […] The causes of anemia may be classified as impaired red blood cell (RBC) production, increased RBC destruction (hemolytic anemia), blood loss and fluid overload (hypervolemia). […] The most common cause of anemia is blood loss, but this usually does not cause any lasting symptoms unless a relatively impaired RBC production develops, in turn, most commonly by iron deficiency.

• #2 Iron deficiency anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355034

  Iron deficiency anemia occurs when your body doesn’t have enough iron to produce hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the part of red blood cells that gives blood its red color and enables the red blood cells to carry oxygenated blood throughout your body. […] If you aren’t consuming enough iron, or if you’re losing too much iron, your body can’t produce enough hemoglobin, and iron deficiency anemia will eventually develop. […] Causes of iron deficiency anemia include: […] Blood loss. Blood contains iron within red blood cells. So if you lose blood, you lose some iron. Women with heavy periods are at risk of iron deficiency anemia because they lose blood during menstruation. Slow, chronic blood loss within the body such as from a peptic ulcer, a hiatal hernia, a colon polyp or colorectal cancer can cause iron deficiency anemia. Gastrointestinal bleeding can result from regular use of some over-the-counter pain relievers, especially aspirin.

• #2 Diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-and-diagnosis-of-iron-deficiency-and-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-adults

  INTRODUCTION […] The diagnosis of iron deficiency (low iron stores, as measured by iron studies or other testing) is a major public health goal and an important aspect of the care of many adults. This topic will review the causes of iron deficiency in adults and an approach to the diagnostic evaluation. […] […] […] Causes of anemia in adults […] […] […] Causes and risk factors for iron deficiency in adults […] […] […] Causes for lack of response to oral iron therapy […] […] […] Laboratory findings in iron deficiency anemia, alpha or beta thalassemia, and anemia of chronic disease/anemia of inflammation (ACD/AI)

• #2 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/iron-deficiency-anemia-causes-5188964

  Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is when a lack of iron reduces the body’s ability to make enough red blood cells, which are vital to carrying the oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Without enough iron in the blood, you might feel weak, tired, and short of breath. […] According to the American Society of Hematology, iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia. IDA affects 5% of American women and 2% of American men. […] Common causes of IDA include a diet that is low in iron, the body not being able to absorb iron, heavy menstrual bleeding, internal bleeding, pregnancy, chronic kidney disease, and chronic conditions that cause ongoing inflammation. […] IDA often occurs as a result of inadequate intake of iron from the diet. […] Certain medical conditions or surgeries can interfere with how the body absorbs iron.

• #2 Iron deficiency anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355034

  A lack of iron in your diet. Your body regularly gets iron from the foods you eat. If you consume too little iron, over time your body can become iron deficient. Examples of iron-rich foods include meat, eggs, leafy green vegetables and iron-fortified foods. For proper growth and development, infants and children need iron from their diets, too. […] An inability to absorb iron. Iron from food is absorbed into your bloodstream in your small intestine. An intestinal disorder, such as celiac disease, which affects your intestine’s ability to absorb nutrients from digested food, can lead to iron deficiency anemia. If part of your small intestine has been bypassed or removed surgically, that may affect your ability to absorb iron and other nutrients. […] Pregnancy. Without iron supplementation, iron deficiency anemia occurs in many pregnant women because their iron stores need to serve their own increased blood volume as well as be a source of hemoglobin for the growing fetus.

• #2 Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/iron-deficiency-anemia

  Having low levels of iron can mean you have iron-deficiency anemia. It can occur for many reasons, including not consuming enough iron or experiencing blood loss. […] Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia. It occurs when your body doesn’t have enough iron, which your body needs to make hemoglobin. […] In women of childbearing age, a common cause of iron-deficiency anemia is a loss of iron in the blood due to heavy menstruation or pregnancy. A poor diet, or certain intestinal diseases that affect how the body absorbs iron, can also cause iron-deficiency anemia. […] According to the ASH, iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia. There are many reasons that a person might become deficient in iron. These include: […] Heavy menstrual bleeding is a common cause of iron-deficiency anemia in women of childbearing age. So is pregnancy, because your body needs more iron during this time in order to create enough oxygen for the baby.

• #2 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/iron-deficiency-anemia-causes-5188964

  Lead poisoning from water or environmental sources can affect the body’s ability to make red blood cells. […] Certain lifestyle habits can increase a person’s risk for iron deficiency anemia. […] Iron deficiency anemia can result from low dietary iron intake, reduced absorption of iron from the diet, blood loss, impaired release of stored iron, or increased iron need in pregnancy.

• #2 What Causes Pernicious Anemia? | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/patient-resources/blood-disorders/what-pernicious-anemia/what-causes-pernicious-anemia

  Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor or other causes, such as infections, surgery, medicines, or diet. […] A lack of intrinsic factor also can occur if you’ve had part or all of your stomach surgically removed. This type of surgery reduces the number of parietal cells available to make intrinsic factor. […] Pernicious anemia also has other causes, besides a lack of intrinsic factor. Malabsorption in the small intestine and a diet lacking vitamin B12 both can lead to pernicious anemia. […] Sometimes pernicious anemia occurs because the body’s small intestine can’t properly absorb vitamin B12. […] Some people get pernicious anemia because they don’t have enough vitamin B12 in their diets. This cause of pernicious anemia is less common than other causes. […] Strict vegetarians who don’t eat any animal or dairy products and don’t take a vitamin B12 supplement are at risk for pernicious anemia. […] Other groups, such as the elderly and people who suffer from alcoholism, also may be at risk for pernicious anemia. These people may not get the proper nutrients in their diets.

• #2 Anemia: Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/anemia.html

  Problems absorbing iron from food because of Crohn’s disease or celiac disease can also result in anemia. […] Vitamin deficiency anemia: Besides iron, the body also needs two different B-vitamins folate and B12 to make enough red blood cells. […] Sickle cell anemia or sickle cell disease (SDC): This inherited disease causes red blood cells to become crescent-shaped rather than round. […] Aplastic anemia: Aplastic anemia is a rare, life-threatening condition that develops when bone marrow stops making enough new blood cells, including red cells, white cells and platelets. […] Hemolytic anemias: This disorder causes red blood cells to be destroyed faster than bone marrow can replace them. […] Anemia of inflammation: Also called anemia of chronic disease, anemia of inflammation commonly occurs in people with chronic conditions that cause inflammation. […] When a person has a disease or infection that causes inflammation, the immune system responds in a way that changes how the body works, resulting in anemia.

• #2 Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/anemia

  Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by defective hemoglobin synthesis in red blood cells, resulting in fewer red blood cells, a shorter lifespan, and easily broken-down red blood cells. […] Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is caused by a lack of G6PD, an enzyme that normally protects red blood cells from oxidative damage caused by drugs or certain foods such as broad beans, long beans, or mung beans. […] Autoimmune hemolytic anemia results from the host’s immune system attacking the host’s red blood cell membrane antigens, destroying red blood cells. […] Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an abnormality in the hemoglobin molecules causing abnormal red blood cells to shape that are not biconcave discs with a dimple in the center but instead are shaped like a sickle or a crescent moon, resulting in inefficient oxygen transport to the body and rapid red blood cell turnover.

• #2 Anemia: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia

  Factors that decrease red blood cell production can be divided into two categories: acquired and inherited. […] Acquired factors that can decrease RBC production include inadequate dietary intake of nutrients for red blood cell production, such as iron, vitamin B12, or folate. […] Anything that causes destruction or loss of red blood cells at a rate faster than they’re made can also cause anemia. […] Inherited causes of increased red blood cell destruction can include sickle cell disease, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, thalassemia, pyruvate kinase deficiency, hereditary spherocytosis, and hereditary elliptocytosis.

• #2 Causes of anemia | eClinpath

  https://eclinpath.com/hematology/anemia/causes-of-anemia/

  More severe anemias (<20% HCT) were seen more frequently in IMHA (Chervier et al 2012). [...] Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is most common in the dog (Garden et al 2019) but can occur in other species, including cats (Swann et al 2016). [...] IMHA can be primary or non-associative or secondary or associative due to drugs (e.g. penicillin in horses) or erythroparasites (e.g. Babesia sp., Mycoplasma haemofelis), with primary or non-associative causes being more common (Woodward and White 2020). [...] Causes of associative IMHA: Neoplasia: Lymphoma in horses (McGovern et al 2011), lymphoma/lymphoid leukemia in dogs and cats (intermediate to low level of evidence, Garden et al 2019). [...] Infections: Post-Streptococcal infections (purpura hemorrhagica is an immune complex vasculitis that is secondary to infection with Streptococcus equi var equi, the causative organism of Strangles), Clostridium perfringens (horses [Reef 1983, Weiss and Moritz 2003]), Babesiosis in dogs and cats (intermediate to high level of evidence, Garden et al 2019), viral infections (FeLV in cats, Garden et al 2019), Mycoplasma haemofelis (Garden et al 2019), Anaplasmosis (intermediate to low level of evidence in dogs and cats, Garden et al 2019).

• #2 Anemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/

  Anemia is a reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (HCT) or RBC count. […] Anemia is not a diagnosis, but a presentation of an underlying condition. […] The etiology of anemia depends on whether the anemia is hypoproliferative (i.e., corrected reticulocyte count 2%) or hyperproliferative (i.e., corrected reticulocyte count 2%). […] Hypoproliferative anemias are further divided by the mean corpuscular volume into microcytic anemia (MCV80 fl), normocytic anemia (MCV 80-100 fl), and macrocytic anemia (MCV100 fl). […] Macrocytic anemia can be caused by either a hypoproliferative disorder, hemolysis, or both. […] Hemolytic anemia (HA) is divided into extravascular and intravascular causes. […] The main mechanisms involved in anemia are listed below: 1. Increased RBC destruction […] 2. Deficient/defective erythropoiesis. […] The prognosis for anemia depends on the cause of anemia.

• #2 Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, Test and Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/anemia/

  Aplastic anemia is a consequence of damage or dysfunction in the bone marrow cells, causing them to produce fewer red blood cells than needed. This may be the result of a number of conditions, including infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders, as well as certain substances and cancer treatments. Rarely, aplastic anemia may run in families. […] Hemolytic anemia occurs as a result of red blood cells being destroyed more quickly than usual. This can be caused by a number of different conditions, some of which may run in families. […] There are many possible causes of anemia. These include: Dietary deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin B12, folic acid and iron […] Malabsorption of nutrients, e.g. in celiac disease, Crohns disease […] Substantial blood loss, e.g. from heavy menstruation or inflammatory bowel disease

• #2 Anemia of chronic disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/anemia-of-chronic-disease

  Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. There are many types of anemia. […] Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is anemia that is found in people with certain long-term (chronic) medical conditions that involve inflammation. […] ACD is a common cause of anemia. Some conditions that can lead to ACD include: Autoimmune disorders, such as Crohn disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis; Cancer, including lymphoma and Hodgkin disease; Long-term infections, such as bacterial endocarditis, osteomyelitis (bone infection), HIV/AIDS, lung abscess, hepatitis B or hepatitis C. […] Anemia may be the first symptom of a serious illness, so finding its cause is very important. […] The anemia will improve when the disease that is causing it is treated.

• #2

  https://healthmatch.io/anemia/normocytic-anemia

  You can be born with normocytic anemia (congenital) or acquire the condition through disease or underlying infection. […] Anemia of inflammation affects people with chronic diseases. […] In this type of anemia, you may have normal or increased iron levels in muscle tissue, but it cannot move into your blood because of inflammation. […] Anemia of inflammation can occur in people with congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary difficulties, and obesity.

• #2 Causes of anemia | eClinpath

  https://eclinpath.com/hematology/anemia/causes-of-anemia/

  Drugs: Penicillin (Blue et al 1987) and trimethroprim-sulfur (Thomas and Livesey 1998) have been associated with a drug-induced hemolytic anemia in horses. […] Chronic kidney disease can result in an anemia through multiple mechanisms, as indicated below. […] The anemia is usually non-regenerative and mild to moderate in most animals (95% of dogs in one study [Chervier et al 2012]). […] Various types of infectious agents can cause anemia through multiple mechanisms, including extravascular hemolysis (with or without) intravascular hemolysis, and decreased erythropoiesis (direct inhibition of erythropoiesis by the organism or indirect suppression through inflammatory cytokines or anemia of inflammatory disease).

• #2 Chemotherapy-induced anemia: etiology, pathophysiology, and implicatio | IJCTM

  https://www.dovepress.com/chemotherapy-induced-anemia-etiology-pathophysiology-and-implications–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJCTM

  Iron deficiency anemia in malignancy develops as a consequence of tumor-site blood loss, suppressed erythropoiesis from neoplastic bone marrow infiltration, as well as cytokine-induced suppression of iron utilization. […] The heterogeneity among patients with malignancies, coupled with the diverse pathophysiology of anemia in cancer, necessitates the personalization of guidelines for the treatment of CIA.

• #2 Anemia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/anemia/

  Anemia of chronic disease: Etiology: Chronic infections (e.g., tuberculosis). […] Sideroblastic anemia: Etiology: Inherited: X-linked sideroblastic anemia due to a -ALA-synthase gene defect. […] Sideroblastic anemia: Etiology: Acquired: Vitamin B6 deficiency, Lead poisoning, Alcohol use disorder, Drugs (e.g., chloramphenicol, isoniazid, linezolid), Copper deficiency, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Malignancy. […] Pure red cell aplasia: Etiology: Acquired: Most often idiopathic. […] Pure red cell aplasia: Etiology: Possible associated conditions: Thymoma, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Adverse drugs effects (e.g., from phenytoin, chloramphenicol), Parvovirus B19 infection, Autoimmune disorders (e.g., type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis). […] The most common causes of macrocytosis are chronic alcohol consumption, vitamin B12 and/or folate deficiency, and certain medications.

• #2 Anemia – Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/anemia

  Anemia is a condition where you have low levels of red blood cells or hemoglobin. […] Many different things can cause anemia. […] There are many different causes of anemia, and treatments vary widely. […] Anemia varies in severity and duration. Because anemia has an underlying cause, prompt diagnosis and treatment are very important. […] Common symptoms of anemia include fatigue, irritability, headaches and difficulty concentrating. […] If you have anemia, more tests may determine its type and whether it has a serious cause. […] Your doctor may use more tests to search for the cause of your anemia. […] Treatment depends on your specific diagnosis and the severity of your condition. […] Different diagnoses and their treatments may include: Iron deficiency anemia iron supplements, medications, blood transfusions, surgery, or even cancer treatment; Vitamin deficiency anemia vitamin B-12 injections and folic acid supplements; Anemia related to chronic disease treatment of the underlying disease, blood transfusions, or synthetic hormone injections to boost red blood cell production; Aplastic anemia medications and blood transfusions to boost red blood cell levels; Anemia related to autoimmune disorders drugs to suppress the immune system; Anemia related to bone marrow disease medication, chemotherapy or bone marrow transplant; Hemolytic anemia spleen removal, drugs to suppress the immune system, blood transfusions, or blood filtering; Sickle cell anemia medications, oxygen, blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, antibiotics, bone marrow transplant; Thalassemia blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, spleen removal, or bone marrow transplant.

• #2 Iron-Refractory Iron Deficiency Anemia (IRIDA) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/irida

  Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is a rare form of iron deficiency anemia. […] While iron deficiency anemia is generally an acquired disease and due to insufficient iron in the child’s diet or chronic blood loss, children with IRIDA are born with a gene mutation that causes iron deficiency. […] IRIDA is caused by mutations in the gene TMPRSS6. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder, which means both parents must have a copy of the gene mutation and pass it on to their child. […] The TMPRSS6 gene encodes a particular liver protein that regulates the production of hepcidin, an iron regulatory hormone. […] In children with IRIDA, the TMPRSS6 mutation causes elevated levels of hepcidin, which ultimately impairs the body’s ability to both absorb and use iron. […] There is some evidence that relatives that carry one abnormal copy of TMPRSS6 (e.g., parents) are more susceptible to acquired iron deficiency.

• #2 What Causes a Person to Become Anemic?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_causes_a_person_to_become_anemic/article.htm

  Hemolytic anemia: due to increased RBC breakdown by the body eg. anemia due to certain medications, mechanical factors (a leaky heart valve or aneurysm), infection or an autoimmune disease. […] Anemia of increased blood loss is seen in conditions such as ulcers, piles (hemorrhoids) and gastritis. […] The most common type of anemia is due to deficiency of iron in the body, called iron-deficiency anemia.

• #2 7 Risk Factors That Could Lead to Anemia – Lindenberg Cancer & Hematology Center Marlton, NJ 08053

  https://lindenbergcancer.com/blog/7-risk-factors-that-could-lead-to-anemia/

  Sickle cell anemia is when the patients red blood cells are misshaped and cause them to get stuck in smaller blood vessels. […] Although you may keep your body nourished properly, having a family member with anemia places you at an inheritably higher risk of the condition when compared to someone who does not have any family history with the disease.

• #2 Anemia and Women | The Well Project

  https://www.thewellproject.org/hiv-information/anemia-and-women

  Anemia can happen if you have too few red blood cells (RBCs) or if the hemoglobin (HGB) level in your red blood cells is below normal. […] There are many possible causes of anemia, including: […] Too little iron. This most often happens because a woman loses too much blood during heavy or long menstrual periods, has frequent nosebleeds, or bleeding from the bowels; referred to as „iron deficiency anemia.” […] HIV itself can reduce the production of red blood cells in bone marrow (soft substance inside bones). […] Anemia is a common condition for women living with HIV, and it is often overlooked. […] The most common type of anemia worldwide is iron deficiency anemia, which is caused by a shortage of iron. Women are especially likely to develop this type of anemia for several reasons. […] Women need extra iron during pregnancy for the proper development of their babies. […] When advanced HIV disease is the cause of anemia, HIV treatment may improve symptoms.

• #2 10 Causes of Anemia in Older Adults – TYE Medical

  https://tyemedical.com/blog/10-causes-of-anemia-in-older-adults/?srsltid=AfmBOoouR9U0g58m2dek00omVd6W8v5sjcsIRW8EIp453_pkor_lkcW1

  The damage from advanced kidney disease hinders the production of a specific hormone that triggers bone marrow to produce red blood cells. […] Aside from kidney disease, other conditions affect red blood cell production like: Diabetes, Lupus, Cancer, Rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, HIV/AIDS. […] If you have hemolytic anemia, your red blood cells are destroyed faster than your body can produce them. […] Long-term inflammation is connected to many chronic illnesses besides anemia. […] As you age, a number of issues can interfere with RBC production. […] Chronic diseases and prescriptions also become more common as you age, which make you more likely to develop anemia. […] Iron deficiency and internal bleeding are two major causes of anemia.

• #2 Iron deficiency anaemia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/

  Iron deficiency anaemia is caused by lack of iron, often because of blood loss or pregnancy. […] Heavy periods and pregnancy are very common causes of iron deficiency anaemia. Heavy periods can be treated with medicine. […] In pregnancy, iron deficiency anaemia is most often caused by a lack of iron in your diet. […] Bleeding in the stomach and intestines is another common cause of iron deficiency anaemia. This can be caused by: […] Any other conditions or actions that cause blood loss could also lead to iron deficiency anaemia.

• #2 Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children

  Anemia is a common health problem in children. The most common cause of anemia is not getting enough iron. […] Iron-deficiency anemia can be caused by: […] Diets low in iron. A child gets iron from the food in their diet. But only a small amount of the iron in food is actually absorbed by the body. […] Body changes. When the body goes through a growth spurt, it needs more iron for making more red blood cells. […] Gastrointestinal (GI) tract problems. Poor absorption of iron is common after some forms of GI surgeries. […] Blood loss. Loss of blood can cause a decrease of iron. Sources of blood loss may include GI bleeding, menstrual bleeding, or injury. […] Iron-deficiency anemia may cause delayed growth and development. […] You can often prevent iron-deficiency anemia through screening and taking iron supplements. […] Iron-deficiency anemia is not having enough iron in the blood. Iron is needed for hemoglobin. […] Iron supplements and iron-rich foods are used to treat iron-deficiency anemia.

• #2 What causes anaemia in men?

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/causes-symptoms-of-anaemia-in-men

  Menstruation and pregnancy often lead to the misconception that anaemia is primarily a women’s issue. However, this isn’t true; anaemia can equally affect men. […] There are many reasons for anaemia or anemia in males, from an underlying disease to deficiencies in the body. […] One of the causes of anaemia in young males could be inherited anaemia since birth. […] Are you wondering what causes anaemia? Well, apart from inherited anaemia, there could be many causes of anaemia in elderly males and also in young ones. […] Some people may be suffering from a chronic disease that makes it difficult for the body to utilise iron and create red blood cells. In such a situation, the person may suffer from anaemia. […] Hemolytic anaemia is an autoimmune disease. The exact cause of this autoimmune disease is yet unknown. In this condition, the red blood cells in the body are attacked by the immune system.

• #2 Anemia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/a/anemia-in-children.html

  Anemia is a common problem in children. About 20% of children in the U.S. will be diagnosed with anemia at some point. A child who has anemia doesn’t have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a type of protein that allows red blood cells to carry oxygen to other cells in the body. […] There are many types of anemia. Your child may have one of these: […] Iron deficiency anemia. This is when the child doesn’t have enough iron in the blood. Iron is needed to form hemoglobin. This is the most common cause of anemia. […] Anemia has three main causes: Loss of red blood cells, Inability to make enough red blood cells, Destruction of red blood cells. […] Decreased red blood cells or hemoglobin levels may be due to: Inherited red blood cell defects, Infections, Some diseases, Certain medicines, Lack of some vitamins or minerals in the diet.

• #2 Burden of anemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | Journal of Hematology & Oncology | Full Text

  https://jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13045-021-01202-2

  Anemia is a common disease which affects around 40% of children and 30% of reproductive age women and can have major health consequences. […] Although anemia has various correlates based on its underlying pathophysiology, nutritional deficiencies and chronic diseases are generally the most common etiologies of anemia in children and older adults, respectively. […] Globally, most of the prevalent cases were attributable to dietary iron deficiency, as well as hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias. […] In GBD 2019, the following level 3 causes were included for anemia: chronic kidney disease; dietary iron deficiency; endocrine, metabolic, blood and immune disorders; gynecological diseases; hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias; HIV/AIDS; inflammatory bowel disease; intestinal nematode infections; malaria; maternal disorders; other neglected tropical diseases; other unspecified infectious diseases; schistosomiasis; upper digestive system diseases; and vitamin A deficiency.

• #2 Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments – The Woman’s Clinic

  https://twc-ms.com/anemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO), anemia affects nearly a quarter of the world’s population; which equates to over 1.6 billion people. […] It is a condition that is similarly correlated with malnutrition around the world, principally due to the role of iron deficiency in many cases of anemia. […] In general, anemia is often associated with poor health outcomes, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that it claims the lives of over 5000 people per year. […] Anemia almost always comes about because of some underlying condition, but the primary cause typically falls into one of the following categories: […] Impaired red blood cell production: When red blood cell production is impaired, the body’s overall count is lower and is incapable of producing sufficient numbers for normal functioning.

• #2 What is Anemia? Causes and Treatment for Anemia

  https://kauveryhospital.com/blog/family-and-general-medicine/anemia-causes-treatment-and-prevention/

  Anemia is a condition in which there are not enough RBCs in the blood to transport oxygen. […] Anemia is a serious health concern that affects many people in the world, both in developed and developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 3 women in the reproductive age of 15-49 years are suffering from anemia, almost 40% of pregnant women are diagnosed with anemia, and 40% of children less than 5 years have anemia. […] There are over 400 types of anemia, which can be divided into four groups: […] Anemia caused by blood loss. […] Anemia caused by decreased or faulty RBC production. […] Anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells. […] Anemia caused by other chronic conditions.

• #2 Causes of Anemia | USAID Advancing Nutrition

  https://www.advancingnutrition.org/resources/anemia-toolkit/causes-anemia

  It is important to recognize the relationships among nutritional and non-nutritional causes of anemia; each may affect and be affected by the other. […] In 2010, four of the five most common causes of anemia were non-nutritional: hookworm disease, sickle cell disorders, thalassemias, and malaria. […] Nevertheless, the Global Burden of Disease identified iron deficiency as the leading cause of anemia. […] The toolkit emphasizes assessment of inherited blood disorders, infections, and iron status to understand the ecology of anemia. […] This narrative review describes the causes and risk factors, and related data needs for reducing anemia for different population subgroups within a country and presents principles for the design and implementation of effective strategies to prevent and treat anemia.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia may be caused by several factors: nutrient deficiencies through inadequate diets or inadequate absorption of nutrients, infections (e.g. malaria, parasitic infections, tuberculosis, HIV), inflammation, chronic diseases, gynaecological and obstetric conditions, and inherited red blood cell disorders. […] The most common nutritional cause of anaemia is iron deficiency, although deficiencies in folate, vitamins B12 and A are also important causes. […] Anaemia is an indicator of both poor nutrition and poor health. […] While iron deficiency anaemia is the most common form and can often be treated through dietary changes, other forms of anaemia must be treated by addressing underlying infections and chronic conditions requiring comprehensive health interventions.

• #2 Burden of anemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | Journal of Hematology & Oncology | Full Text

  https://jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13045-021-01202-2

  Although there were sex and country differences in the proportion of prevalent cases of anemia attributable to the underlying causes, globally the most prevalent cases were accounted for by dietary iron deficiency (males: 66.1%, females: 56.8%), as well as hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias (male: 13.6%, female:16.1%). […] The present study reported the burden of anemia and its attributable underlying causes at the global, regional and national levels using GBD 2019 data. […] Despite the multifactorial nature of the disease, dietary iron deficiency remains the leading cause of anemia in all regions.

• #2 Causes of Anemia | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/anemia/causes

  In the United States, 35 percent of older adults with anemia are due to having a poor diet. Forty-five percent of all anemias in older adults are due to chronic medical conditions. Twenty percent of anemias have no known cause. […] In older people, anemia is often caused by more than one condition at the same time. […] Anemia also can be caused by: Low red blood cell production due to disease or nutritional problems, Hereditary diseases, Medications, Alcohol dependency, Bleeding caused by polyps or tumors in the bowels, Kidney stones or tumors, Cancers, Surgery, Heart valve problems.

• #2 Anemia in Older Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1001/p437.html

  Anemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in older adults. […] Causes of anemia in older adults include nutritional deficiency, chronic kidney disease, chronic inflammation, and occult blood loss from gastrointestinal malignancy, although in many patients the etiology is unknown. […] Overall, one-third of older patients with anemia have a nutritional deficiency, which includes iron deficiency due to subsidiary causes (e.g., bowel malignancy), one-third have chronic inflammation or chronic kidney disease (CKD), and one-third have an unknown cause. […] If iron deficiency anemia is excluded, anemia of chronic disease is the most likely cause of microcytic or normocytic anemia. […] If the serum ferritin level is greater than 100 ng per mL, or if macrocytic anemia is identified, the most likely cause shifts to other etiologies. […] Treatment of anemia is ultimately guided by the underlying diagnosis.

• #2 Anemia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/anemia/

  Anemia is defined as a decrease in the quantity of circulating red blood cells (RBC), represented by a reduction in hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), or RBC count. […] It is a common condition that can be caused by inadequate RBC production, excessive RBC destruction, or blood loss. The most common cause is iron deficiency. […] Etiology of anemia: Defective heme synthesis: e.g., IDA, lead poisoning. […] Defective globin chain: Thalassemia. […] The causes of microcytic anemia can be remembered with IRON LAST: IRON deficiency, Lead poisoning, Anemia of chronic disease, Sideroblastic anemia, Thalassemia. […] Anemia of chronic disease: Etiology: Inflammation (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus). […] Anemia of chronic disease: Etiology: Malignancy (e.g., lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma).

• #2 Anemia Resource Center

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/anemia/

  Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen transport. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include iron supplements, vitamin B12 injections, or blood transfusions. […] Iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, and chronic diseases are the main causes of anemia. […] Yes, iron-rich foods and vitamins are essential for lowering the risk of anemia. […] It depends on the cause. Many types of anemia can be managed or cured.

• #2 7 Risk Factors That Could Lead to Anemia – Lindenberg Cancer & Hematology Center Marlton, NJ 08053

  https://lindenbergcancer.com/blog/7-risk-factors-that-could-lead-to-anemia/

  Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks the necessary amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin. […] Anemia is the most common blood disorder, and according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, it affects more than 3 million Americans. […] Any woman who is still viable to have menstruation is at a higher risk of iron deficiency anemia than men or postmenopausal men. […] Due to the excessive blood loss through menstruation and greater demands of blood supply for a developing fetus, pregnant women tend to suffer more from anemia and have a higher chance of getting the condition due to iron-deficiency. […] Although younger children are more prone to anemia, anyone who is consistently lacking the essential nutrients and minerals in their body can develop anemia.

• #2 Iron-Deficiency Anemia – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia/iron-deficiency

  Iron deficiency is very common, especially among women and in people who have a diet that is low in iron. […] Other less common causes of iron deficiency include: […] Sometimes it is difficult to diagnose the cause of iron deficiency, or your doctor may be concerned that there is a problem other than iron deficiency causing the anemia. […] Even if the cause of the iron deficiency can be identified and treated, it is still usually necessary to take medicinal iron (more iron than a multivitamin can provide) until the deficiency is corrected and the body’s iron stores are replenished. […] In some cases, your doctor may recommend intravenous (IV) iron. IV iron may be necessary to treat iron deficiency in patients who do not absorb iron well in the gastrointestinal tract, patients with severe iron deficiency or chronic blood loss, patients who are receiving supplemental erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates blood production, or patients who cannot tolerate oral iron. […] It is important to find out why you are anemic and treat the cause as well as the symptoms.

• #3 Anemia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198475-overview

  Anemia is strictly defined as a decrease in red blood cell (RBC) mass. […] The decrease may result from blood loss, increased destruction of RBCs (hemolysis), or decreased production of RBCs. […] Basically, only three causes of anemia exist: blood loss, increased destruction of RBCs (hemolysis), and decreased production of RBCs. Each of these causes includes a number of disorders that require specific and appropriate therapy. […] Genetic etiologies include the following: Hemoglobinopathies, Thalassemias, Enzyme abnormalities of the glycolytic pathways, Defects of the RBC cytoskeleton, Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, Rh null disease, Hereditary xerocytosis, Abetalipoproteinemia, Fanconi anemia. […] Nutritional etiologies include the following: Iron deficiency, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency, Starvation and generalized malnutrition.

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