Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anemia Screening – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499905/

  Anemia is a common finding in both inpatient and outpatient settings, defined as a decrease in circulating red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin. […] This condition is often inadequately evaluated or managed. While frequently listed as a standalone diagnosis, anemia is actually a clinical sign that indicates an underlying condition, requiring further investigation to determine its cause. Anemia leads to reduced tissue oxygenation and can worsen the progression of many coexisting diseases. Despite this condition’s vast impact on health, inconsistencies remain in both its formal definition and the protocols for screening. […] In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) set diagnostic criteria for anemia, defining it as hemoglobin levels below 12 g/dL in premenopausal women and below 13 g/dL in both postmenopausal women and men of all ages.

• #2 Anemia – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia

  Anemia occurs when you do not have enough red blood cells or when your red blood cells do not function properly. It is diagnosed when a blood test shows a hemoglobin value of less than 13.5 gm/dl in a man or less than 12.0 gm/dl in a woman. […] The signs and symptoms of anemia can easily be overlooked. In fact, many people do not even realize that they have anemia until it is identified in a blood test. […] The treatment for anemia depends on what causes it. […] Talk with your doctor if you believe you may be at risk for anemia. Your doctor will determine your best course of treatment and, depending on your condition, may refer you to a hematologist, a doctor who specializes in blood disorders.

• #3 Evaluation of Anemia – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/approach-to-the-patient-with-anemia/evaluation-of-anemia

  Anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) as measured by the red cell count, the hematocrit, or the red cell hemoglobin content. […] Anemia is not a diagnosis; it is a manifestation of an underlying disorder. Thus, even mild, asymptomatic anemia should be investigated so that the primary problem can be diagnosed and treated. […] History and physical examination are followed by laboratory testing with a complete blood count, reticulocyte count, and peripheral smear. The differential diagnosis (and cause of anemia) can then be further refined based on the results of testing. […] The diagnostic criterion for anemia is for adult males: Hemoglobin 13.6 g/dL ( 136 g/L), hematocrit 40% ( 0.40), or RBC 4.5 million/mcL ( 4.5 1012/L) and for adult females: Hemoglobin 12 g/dL ( 120 g/L), hematocrit 37% ( 4 million/mcL ( 4 10 12/L).

• #4 Anemia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3929-anemia

  Anemia may cause different symptoms like fatigue, dizziness, pale skin, heart palpitations and feeling short of breath. […] Your healthcare provider will ask questions about your symptoms. As anemia happens when you dont have enough healthy red blood cells, theyll do blood tests, including: […] Chronic anemia can cause serious medical issues like heart attack, heart failure and organ damage. Chronic anemia is anemia that healthcare providers dont diagnose and treat or that continues despite treatment. […] Your treatment will vary depending on the cause. If you have anemia because you have an underlying condition, your provider will treat that condition. But they may also do the following treatments specifically for anemia. Treatments may include dietary supplements or medications. […] Anemia may affect your body in many ways. It may happen for many different reasons. If you have anemia, here are some questions you may want to ask your healthcare provider: What kind of anemia do I have? What caused it? What treatments do you recommend? When will I start to feel better? How long will I need treatment? Can you cure it?

• #5 Anemia – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia

  Anemia occurs when you do not have enough red blood cells or when your red blood cells do not function properly. It is diagnosed when a blood test shows a hemoglobin value of less than 13.5 gm/dl in a man or less than 12.0 gm/dl in a woman. […] The signs and symptoms of anemia can easily be overlooked. In fact, many people do not even realize that they have anemia until it is identified in a blood test. […] The treatment for anemia depends on what causes it. […] Talk with your doctor if you believe you may be at risk for anemia. Your doctor will determine your best course of treatment and, depending on your condition, may refer you to a hematologist, a doctor who specializes in blood disorders.

• #6 Anemia – Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/anemia

  Anemia is a condition where you have low levels of red blood cells or hemoglobin. […] Your doctor will use blood tests to diagnose your anemia and to identify its cause. […] Because anemia has an underlying cause, prompt diagnosis and treatment are very important. […] A blood test will provide counts of your white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. If you have anemia, more tests may determine its type and whether it has a serious cause. […] Your doctor may use more tests to search for the cause of your anemia. […] You may undergo imaging exams to further evaluate certain causes of anemia. […] Treatment depends on your specific diagnosis and the severity of your condition. Your doctor will tailor these treatments to your diagnosis. […] Different diagnoses and their treatments may include: Iron deficiency anemia iron supplements, medications, blood transfusions, surgery, or even cancer treatment.

• #7 Anemia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351366

  To diagnose anemia, your health care provider is likely to ask you about your medical and family history, do a physical exam, and order blood tests. Tests might include: […] A CBC is used to count the number of blood cells in a sample of blood. For anemia, the test measures the amount of the red blood cells in the blood, called hematocrit, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. […] If you get a diagnosis of anemia, you might need more tests to find the cause. Sometimes, it can be necessary to study a sample of bone marrow to diagnose anemia.

• #8 Anemia Screening – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499905/

  Disagreement also exists among the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), various medical academic institutions, and actual clinical practice regarding anemia screening guidelines. […] The evaluation of anemia requires a range of laboratory tests and imaging studies selected based on clinical presentation and suspected etiology. […] Clinical considerations, patient history, and findings from the initial workup should guide the choice of tests. A systematic approach that considers both common and rare causes of anemia ensures accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. […] A thorough patient history and physical examination are essential for guiding diagnostic testing and subsequent treatment. […] If the cause of anemia remains unclear, a broader diagnostic approach is required to narrow potential etiologies systematically.

• #9 Anemia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351366

  To diagnose anemia, your health care provider is likely to ask you about your medical and family history, do a physical exam, and order blood tests. Tests might include: […] A CBC is used to count the number of blood cells in a sample of blood. For anemia, the test measures the amount of the red blood cells in the blood, called hematocrit, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. […] If you get a diagnosis of anemia, you might need more tests to find the cause. Sometimes, it can be necessary to study a sample of bone marrow to diagnose anemia.

• #10 Anemia – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia/diagnosis

  To diagnose anemia, your doctor may ask you questions about your risk factors and order blood tests or other diagnostic tests. […] The complete blood count is one of the most common blood tests. […] Red blood cell levels that are higher or lower than normal could be a sign of anemia. […] Hemoglobin levels that are higher or lower than normal may be a sign of anemia. […] Hematocrit levels that are too low may be a sign of anemia. […] Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels that are higher or lower than normal may be a sign of anemia. […] Bone marrow tests check whether your bone marrow is healthy and making normal amounts of blood cells. […] Bone marrow tests may require you to go to the hospital or a surgery center. […] Your doctor may order other tests to learn whether you have any complications from anemia or to rule out other conditions.

• #11 Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/anemia

  A complete blood count (CBC): The CBC measures the number, size, and shape of red blood cells, as well as the hemoglobin level and hematocrit (Hct%) in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, including the levels of vitamin B12 and vitamin B9 (folate) in whole blood. […] Peripheral blood smear is a laboratory hematology diagnostic test in which blood drops onto a slide and spreads around. The stained slides will then be examined under a microscope to determine the characteristics of the blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. […] Bone marrow aspiration or biopsy is a laboratory blood test that examines the pathology of the bone marrow by removing a small sample of bone marrow tissue for microscopic examination of its cellular content and composition to diagnose difficult-to-diagnose hematological diseases such as anemia of unknown cause, leukemia, or aplastic anemia.

• #12 Anemia Blood Test: Test Types, Results, What’s Normal?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia/anemia-blood-test

  There are several types of blood tests that can be used to diagnose anemia. A complete blood count (CBC) is most commonly used, but other types of tests can also be useful. Some tests may also help determine whats causing anemia. […] In most cases, anemia can be easily diagnosed with specific blood tests. These tests look at factors such as how many red blood cells you have and the health of your blood cells. This information is then used to confirm a diagnosis of anemia. […] A complete blood count (CBC) is usually the first test thats ordered to diagnose anemia. Its often used to help diagnose other conditions, too. […] When its used for anemia, doctors pay particularly close attention to your red blood cell and hemoglobin levels. […] Another value thats usually shown on a CBC, which may help diagnose anemia, is mean corpuscular volume. If this value is low, it may indicate a microcytic anemia, such as iron deficiency, and if this value is high, it may indicate a macrocytic anemia (B12 deficiency).

• #13 Diagnosis of Anemia & Leukemia – Pathology

  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/pathology/chapter/diagnosis-of-anemia/

  As mentioned earlier, anemia would have first been detected as part of the hematology test which calculates number and size of RBCs, alongside WBC and platelets. […] Two departments in the pathology lab are primarily responsible for assisting in a diagnosis of Anemia: […] The Immunochemistry department tests patient serum to directly determine levels of circulating and stored iron present. Serum Iron, Ferritin, and Transferrin are tests commonly used for this purpose. […] Hematology indirectly determines the levels of iron present by evaluating the status of circulating erythrocytes. Hemoglobin levels, Hematocrit, and Red Cell Indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) are tests commonly used for this purpose. […] Anemia states will be reflected in the size, shape, and color of red cells. A Complete Blood Count will evaluate these indices as a routine and standard part of hematology testing to determine a patients Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC).

• #14 Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/anemia

  A complete blood count (CBC): The CBC measures the number, size, and shape of red blood cells, as well as the hemoglobin level and hematocrit (Hct%) in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, including the levels of vitamin B12 and vitamin B9 (folate) in whole blood. […] Peripheral blood smear is a laboratory hematology diagnostic test in which blood drops onto a slide and spreads around. The stained slides will then be examined under a microscope to determine the characteristics of the blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. […] Bone marrow aspiration or biopsy is a laboratory blood test that examines the pathology of the bone marrow by removing a small sample of bone marrow tissue for microscopic examination of its cellular content and composition to diagnose difficult-to-diagnose hematological diseases such as anemia of unknown cause, leukemia, or aplastic anemia.

• #15 How Anemia Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/anemia-diagnosis-4797978

  Blood tests can also help to narrow down the type of anemia you may have. Other lab tests can be used to identify the cause of your anemia. […] Common lab tests to diagnose anemia include: Complete blood count (CBC): This is the most important test used to detect anemia. It is a standard blood test, and you don’t need any special preparation beforehand. Blood is drawn from a vein for the test. […] Your report will include your RBC count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, and a description of the size of your RBCs. A low RBC count, low hemoglobin, or low hematocrit means you have anemia. […] Large RBCs (macrocytic anemia) may indicate vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency or pernicious anemia. Small RBCs (microcytic anemia) may indicate iron deficiency or bleeding. […] A blood smear is a blood sample that is carefully examined under a microscope. This evaluation can provide a description of your RBCs and may identify diseases such as sickle cell anemia.

• #16 Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-anemia-basics

  A complete blood count (CBC) test will measure your red blood cells, hemoglobin, and other parts of your blood. Your doctor will ask about your family history and your medical history after the CBC. Theyll probably do some tests, including: […] Blood smear or differential to count your white blood cells, check the shape of your red blood cells, and look for unusual cells […] Reticulocyte count to check for immature red blood cells.

• #17 Blood Test for Anemia: 8 Exams to Help Confirm a Diagnosis – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/anemia-blood-test/

  A blood smear is normally done together with the complete blood count. It involves analyzing the blood cells (including the red blood cells) under a microscope to determine their size, shape, number and overall appearance. The blood smear helps with the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, megaloblastic anemia and other hematological abnormalities. […] This test is used to identify the different types of hemoglobin circulating in the blood. This is useful for diagnosing sickle cell disease and thalassemia. […] A reticulocyte count is an exam that is ordered with a CBC. It looks at the presence of reticulocytes, which are „young” blood cells and evaluates whether the bone marrow is functioning properly. This test is used to diagnose aplastic anemia. […] Iron, ferritin and transferrin levels are important for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. These tests are ordered together with the CBC, as one of the most common causes of low hemoglobin is low iron levels.

• #18 Evaluation of Anemia – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/approach-to-the-patient-with-anemia/evaluation-of-anemia

  The reticulocyte count is a crucial test in the evaluation of anemia because it informs about the response of the bone marrow and facilitates differentiation between deficient erythropoiesis (RBC production) and excessive hemolysis (RBC destruction) as the cause of anemia. […] Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy provide direct observation and assessment of RBC precursors. The presence of abnormal maturation (dyspoiesis) of blood cells and the amount, distribution, and cellular pattern of iron content can be assessed. […] Other tests, such as vitamin B12 and folate levels and iron and iron binding capacity, are done depending on the suspected cause of anemia.

• #19 Anemia Blood Test: Test Types, Results, What’s Normal?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia/anemia-blood-test

  Sometimes anemia is caused by an iron deficiency. If a doctor thinks this may be the case, theyll order a blood test known as an iron panel or serum iron test. This test will measure the level of iron in your blood. […] A reticulocyte count measures the number of immature red blood cells in your blood. It can help a doctor determine whether your bone marrow is producing enough red blood cells. This test is important because it can help pinpoint the cause of anemia. […] A blood smear is another test that can be used to help pinpoint the possible cause of anemia. […] If your blood test results dont confirm an anemia diagnosis, a doctor will likely order additional tests to determine whats causing your symptoms. […] If you have symptoms such as ongoing fatigue, weakness, or dizziness, a doctor will likely order one or multiple types of blood tests to determine if you have anemia. A test called a CBC is often the first test that will be done to help diagnose anemia. This test measures the level of red blood cells in your blood and is a reliable indicator of anemia. […] Other common blood tests include an iron panel, a reticulocyte test, and a blood smear. These tests can also help doctors determine the underlying cause of anemia and how to best treat this condition.

• #20 Anemia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351366

  To diagnose anemia, your health care provider is likely to ask you about your medical and family history, do a physical exam, and order blood tests. Tests might include: […] A CBC is used to count the number of blood cells in a sample of blood. For anemia, the test measures the amount of the red blood cells in the blood, called hematocrit, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. […] If you get a diagnosis of anemia, you might need more tests to find the cause. Sometimes, it can be necessary to study a sample of bone marrow to diagnose anemia.

• #21 Anemia – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia/diagnosis

  To diagnose anemia, your doctor may ask you questions about your risk factors and order blood tests or other diagnostic tests. […] The complete blood count is one of the most common blood tests. […] Red blood cell levels that are higher or lower than normal could be a sign of anemia. […] Hemoglobin levels that are higher or lower than normal may be a sign of anemia. […] Hematocrit levels that are too low may be a sign of anemia. […] Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels that are higher or lower than normal may be a sign of anemia. […] Bone marrow tests check whether your bone marrow is healthy and making normal amounts of blood cells. […] Bone marrow tests may require you to go to the hospital or a surgery center. […] Your doctor may order other tests to learn whether you have any complications from anemia or to rule out other conditions.

• #22 Iron-Deficiency Anemia – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia/iron-deficiency

  Iron-deficiency anemia is diagnosed by blood tests that should include a complete blood count (CBC). […] Additional tests may be ordered to evaluate the levels of serum ferritin, iron, total iron-binding capacity, and/or transferrin. […] In an individual who is anemic from iron deficiency, these tests usually show the following results: Low hemoglobin (Hg) and hematocrit (Hct) […] Low mean cellular volume (MCV) […] Low ferritin […] Low serum iron (FE) […] High transferrin or total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) […] Low iron saturation. […] The peripheral smear or blood slide may show small, oval-shaped cells with pale centers. […] Iron deficiency is common in menstruating and pregnant women, children, and others with a diet history of excessive cow’s milk or low iron-containing foods.

• #23 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0115/p98.html

  Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide and accounts for approximately one-half of anemia cases. The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia is confirmed by the findings of low iron stores and a hemoglobin level two standard deviations below normal. […] Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia requires laboratory-confirmed evidence of anemia, as well as evidence of low iron stores. Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level two standard deviations below normal for age and sex. […] A complete blood count can be helpful to determine the mean corpuscular volume or red blood cell size. Although iron deficiency is the most common cause of microcytic anemia, up to 40 percent of patients with iron deficiency anemia will have normocytic erythrocytes. […] A serum ferritin level should be obtained in patients with anemia and a mean corpuscular volume less than 95 m3. Ferritin reflects iron stores and is the most accurate test to diagnose iron deficiency anemia.

• #24 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0115/p98.html

  Although levels below 15 ng per mL (33.70 pmol per L) are consistent with a diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia, using a cutoff of 30 ng per mL (67.41 pmol per L) improves sensitivity from 25 to 92 percent, and specificity remains high at 98 percent. […] In patients with no inflammatory states and in whom the ferritin level is indeterminate (31 to 99 ng per mL [69.66 to 222.45 pmol per L]), further tests can be performed to ascertain iron status. […] Soluble transferrin receptor and erythrocyte protoporphyrin testing, or bone marrow biopsy can be considered if the diagnosis remains unclear. […] If other tests are indeterminate and suspicion for iron deficiency anemia persists, the absence of stainable iron in a bone marrow biopsy is considered the diagnostic standard.

• #25 Iron Deficiency Anemia Workup: Approach Considerations, Complete Blood Count, Peripheral Smear

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-workup

  The CBC documents the severity of the anemia. […] In chronic iron deficiency anemia, the cellular indices show a microcytic and hypochromic erythropoiesis that is, both the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) have values below the normal range for the laboratory performing the test. […] Examination of the peripheral smear is an important part of the workup of patients with anemia. […] In iron deficiency anemia, unlike thalassemia, target cells usually are not present, and anisocytosis and poikilocytosis are not marked. […] Low serum iron and ferritin levels with an elevated TIBC are diagnostic of iron deficiency. […] While a low serum ferritin is virtually diagnostic of iron deficiency, a normal serum ferritin can be seen in patients who are deficient in iron and have coexistent diseases (eg, hepatitis or anemia of chronic disorders).

• #26 Diagnosis and investigation of iron deficiency anaemia | Lifeblood

  https://www.lifeblood.com.au/health-professionals/clinical-practice/clinical-indications/iron-deficiency-anaemia/diagnosis-investigation

  Iron deficiency anaemia is diagnosed by a full blood examination and iron studies, particularly serum ferritin levels. Serum iron levels should not be used to diagnose iron deficiency. […] A constellation of the following findings on full blood count is highly suggestive of iron deficiency anaemia, but MCV and MCH can be normal in early stages of iron deficiency: anaemia, microcytosis (low MCV), hypochromia (low MCH). […] Iron deficiency can occur without anaemia, and ferritin is required to confirm diagnosis. […] Iron deficiency is diagnosed when ferritin is 30g/L in adults and 20g/L in children. […] Elevated transferrin and low transferrin saturation are suggestive of iron deficiency even in the presence of a normal or elevated ferritin. […] Additional tests, such as soluble transferrin receptor and bone marrow biopsy, may be considered when the clinical features and haematology profile are suggestive of iron deficiency, but ferritin is normal.

• #27 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0115/p98.html

  Although levels below 15 ng per mL (33.70 pmol per L) are consistent with a diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia, using a cutoff of 30 ng per mL (67.41 pmol per L) improves sensitivity from 25 to 92 percent, and specificity remains high at 98 percent. […] In patients with no inflammatory states and in whom the ferritin level is indeterminate (31 to 99 ng per mL [69.66 to 222.45 pmol per L]), further tests can be performed to ascertain iron status. […] Soluble transferrin receptor and erythrocyte protoporphyrin testing, or bone marrow biopsy can be considered if the diagnosis remains unclear. […] If other tests are indeterminate and suspicion for iron deficiency anemia persists, the absence of stainable iron in a bone marrow biopsy is considered the diagnostic standard.

• #28 Anemia Blood Test: Test Types, Results, What’s Normal?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia/anemia-blood-test

  Sometimes anemia is caused by an iron deficiency. If a doctor thinks this may be the case, theyll order a blood test known as an iron panel or serum iron test. This test will measure the level of iron in your blood. […] A reticulocyte count measures the number of immature red blood cells in your blood. It can help a doctor determine whether your bone marrow is producing enough red blood cells. This test is important because it can help pinpoint the cause of anemia. […] A blood smear is another test that can be used to help pinpoint the possible cause of anemia. […] If your blood test results dont confirm an anemia diagnosis, a doctor will likely order additional tests to determine whats causing your symptoms. […] If you have symptoms such as ongoing fatigue, weakness, or dizziness, a doctor will likely order one or multiple types of blood tests to determine if you have anemia. A test called a CBC is often the first test that will be done to help diagnose anemia. This test measures the level of red blood cells in your blood and is a reliable indicator of anemia. […] Other common blood tests include an iron panel, a reticulocyte test, and a blood smear. These tests can also help doctors determine the underlying cause of anemia and how to best treat this condition.

• #29 Blood Test for Anemia: 8 Exams to Help Confirm a Diagnosis – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/anemia-blood-test/

  A blood smear is normally done together with the complete blood count. It involves analyzing the blood cells (including the red blood cells) under a microscope to determine their size, shape, number and overall appearance. The blood smear helps with the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, megaloblastic anemia and other hematological abnormalities. […] This test is used to identify the different types of hemoglobin circulating in the blood. This is useful for diagnosing sickle cell disease and thalassemia. […] A reticulocyte count is an exam that is ordered with a CBC. It looks at the presence of reticulocytes, which are „young” blood cells and evaluates whether the bone marrow is functioning properly. This test is used to diagnose aplastic anemia. […] Iron, ferritin and transferrin levels are important for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. These tests are ordered together with the CBC, as one of the most common causes of low hemoglobin is low iron levels.

• #30

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/diagnosis/

  A diagnosis of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia can often be made by a GP based on your symptoms and the results of blood tests. […] Different types of blood tests can be carried out to help identify people with a possible vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. […] It’s also important for your symptoms to be taken into account when a diagnosis is made. […] If your symptoms and blood test results suggest a vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, your GP may arrange further tests. […] Tests for pernicious anaemia are not always conclusive, but can often give your GP a good idea of whether you have the condition. […] You may be referred to a specialist for further tests or treatment.

• #31 Testing for Pernicious Anaemia | Pernicious Anaemia Society

  https://pernicious-anaemia-society.org/articles/testing-for-pernicious-anaemia/

  This is the test used to find out if the patient has Pernicious Anaemia. […] However the test has a low sensitivity (50-70%) which means that a negative result does not rule out Pernicious Anaemia. […] A negative test result does not rule out the presence of Pernicious Anaemia. […] Important: A vitamin B12 injection within 48 hours of testing and, in some cases, within one to two weeks of testing can interfere with test results, so this test should either be done before treatment or at least a week or more after an injection. […] When a patients tests negative for antibodies, but Pernicious Anaemia is likely, this test can be used. […] If you are concerned about any part of your blood results you should discuss this with your doctor. However, as we have seen above, some of the tests are seriously flawed.

• #32 Anemia Workup: Approach Considerations, Investigation for Pathogenesis, Evaluation for Blood Loss

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198475-workup

  In microcytic hypochromic anemia, seek a source of bleeding. […] Patients with iron deficiency and those with undiagnosed nontransfusion-dependent thalassemia may present similarly. […] With macrocytic anemia, a reasonable approach is to determine whether the bone marrow aspirate is megaloblastic. […] When a normocytic normochromic anemia is encountered, classify the anemia into three possible etiologies (ie, blood loss, hemolysis, decreased production). […] Iron deficiency anemia in an adult in the United States should be attributed to bleeding unless other causes can be proved. […] All patients with reticulocytosis and indirect bilirubinemia have a hemolytic disorder. […] Diminished production of RBCs is suggested in all patients without evidence of either blood loss or hemolysis.

• #33

  https://www.beaumont.org/treatments/sickle-cell-anemia-diagnosis-treatment

  In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for sickle cell anemia may include blood tests and other evaluation procedures. […] Early diagnosis is essential in providing proper preventive treatment for some of the devastating complications of the disease. […] Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test that can determine if a person is a carrier of a specific sickle cell trait, or has any of the diseases associated with the sickle cell gene. […] Early diagnosis and prevention of complications is critical in sickle cell anemia treatment.

• #34 Iron Deficiency Anemia Workup: Approach Considerations, Complete Blood Count, Peripheral Smear

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-workup

  Hemoglobin electrophoresis and measurement of hemoglobin A2 and fetal hemoglobin are useful in establishing either beta-thalassemia or hemoglobin C or D as the etiology of the microcytic anemia. […] A bone marrow aspirate can be diagnostic of iron deficiency. […] The absence of stainable iron in a bone marrow aspirate that contains spicules and a simultaneous control specimen containing stainable iron permit establishment of a diagnosis of iron deficiency without other laboratory tests. […] The absence of stainable iron in body tissues, including the bone marrow and liver, is the most useful histologic finding in individuals who are iron deficient.

• #35 Anemia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351366

  To diagnose anemia, your health care provider is likely to ask you about your medical and family history, do a physical exam, and order blood tests. Tests might include: […] A CBC is used to count the number of blood cells in a sample of blood. For anemia, the test measures the amount of the red blood cells in the blood, called hematocrit, and the level of hemoglobin in the blood. […] If you get a diagnosis of anemia, you might need more tests to find the cause. Sometimes, it can be necessary to study a sample of bone marrow to diagnose anemia.

• #36 Anemia – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia/diagnosis

  To diagnose anemia, your doctor may ask you questions about your risk factors and order blood tests or other diagnostic tests. […] The complete blood count is one of the most common blood tests. […] Red blood cell levels that are higher or lower than normal could be a sign of anemia. […] Hemoglobin levels that are higher or lower than normal may be a sign of anemia. […] Hematocrit levels that are too low may be a sign of anemia. […] Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels that are higher or lower than normal may be a sign of anemia. […] Bone marrow tests check whether your bone marrow is healthy and making normal amounts of blood cells. […] Bone marrow tests may require you to go to the hospital or a surgery center. […] Your doctor may order other tests to learn whether you have any complications from anemia or to rule out other conditions.

• #37 Evaluation of Anemia – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/approach-to-the-patient-with-anemia/evaluation-of-anemia

  The reticulocyte count is a crucial test in the evaluation of anemia because it informs about the response of the bone marrow and facilitates differentiation between deficient erythropoiesis (RBC production) and excessive hemolysis (RBC destruction) as the cause of anemia. […] Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy provide direct observation and assessment of RBC precursors. The presence of abnormal maturation (dyspoiesis) of blood cells and the amount, distribution, and cellular pattern of iron content can be assessed. […] Other tests, such as vitamin B12 and folate levels and iron and iron binding capacity, are done depending on the suspected cause of anemia.

• #38 Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/anemia

  A complete blood count (CBC): The CBC measures the number, size, and shape of red blood cells, as well as the hemoglobin level and hematocrit (Hct%) in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, including the levels of vitamin B12 and vitamin B9 (folate) in whole blood. […] Peripheral blood smear is a laboratory hematology diagnostic test in which blood drops onto a slide and spreads around. The stained slides will then be examined under a microscope to determine the characteristics of the blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. […] Bone marrow aspiration or biopsy is a laboratory blood test that examines the pathology of the bone marrow by removing a small sample of bone marrow tissue for microscopic examination of its cellular content and composition to diagnose difficult-to-diagnose hematological diseases such as anemia of unknown cause, leukemia, or aplastic anemia.

• #39 Aplastic Anemia Diagnosis | Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation (AAMDSIF)

  https://www.aamds.org/aplastic-anemia/diagnosis

  If you have anemia, your doctor may also check the level of iron in your blood. […] If you have red blood cells with an abnormal shape, size or look, your doctor will check your blood levels of vitamin B12 and folate (folic acid). […] A bone marrow sample is usually a simple 30-minute procedure. […] A bone marrow test is done for two main reasons: To confirm a diagnosis of aplastic anemia and to understand how well or poorly your bone marrow is making blood cells. […] The bone marrow test shows: The quantity (cellularity) of your bone marrow occupied by different cells, exactly what types and amounts of cells your bone marrow is making, increased, decreased, or normal levels of iron in your bone marrow, chromosomal (DNA) abnormalities.

• #40 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0115/p98.html

  Although levels below 15 ng per mL (33.70 pmol per L) are consistent with a diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia, using a cutoff of 30 ng per mL (67.41 pmol per L) improves sensitivity from 25 to 92 percent, and specificity remains high at 98 percent. […] In patients with no inflammatory states and in whom the ferritin level is indeterminate (31 to 99 ng per mL [69.66 to 222.45 pmol per L]), further tests can be performed to ascertain iron status. […] Soluble transferrin receptor and erythrocyte protoporphyrin testing, or bone marrow biopsy can be considered if the diagnosis remains unclear. […] If other tests are indeterminate and suspicion for iron deficiency anemia persists, the absence of stainable iron in a bone marrow biopsy is considered the diagnostic standard.

• #41 Iron Deficiency Anemia Workup: Approach Considerations, Complete Blood Count, Peripheral Smear

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-workup

  Hemoglobin electrophoresis and measurement of hemoglobin A2 and fetal hemoglobin are useful in establishing either beta-thalassemia or hemoglobin C or D as the etiology of the microcytic anemia. […] A bone marrow aspirate can be diagnostic of iron deficiency. […] The absence of stainable iron in a bone marrow aspirate that contains spicules and a simultaneous control specimen containing stainable iron permit establishment of a diagnosis of iron deficiency without other laboratory tests. […] The absence of stainable iron in body tissues, including the bone marrow and liver, is the most useful histologic finding in individuals who are iron deficient.

• #42 Anemia Screening – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499905/

  The initial assessment should determine whether the patient is actively bleeding and, if so, the extent of blood loss. This evaluation guides the urgency of intervention. […] Anemia is classified as macrocytic, microcytic, or normocytic according to RBC size and as hypochromic or normochromic based on hemoglobin concentration. […] According to the AAFP’s position statement issued on March 15, 2011: „Transfusion of RBCs should be based on the patient’s clinical condition. Indications for RBC transfusion include acute sickle cell crisis or acute blood loss of greater than 1,500 cc or 30% of blood volume.” […] In conclusion, anemia is not a diagnosis in itself but rather a clinical sign of an underlying condition that requires further evaluation. Anemia is an important indicator that should prompt healthcare providers to investigate potential causes, such as nutritional deficiencies (eg, iron, vitamin B12, or folate), chronic diseases, hemolytic disorders, bone marrow dysfunction, malignancies, or chronic kidney disease.

• #43 Anemia- Diagnosis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/anemia-diagnosis/

  Anemia, or deficient or malfunctioning red blood cells (RBC), is the most common blood disorder that affects ~25% of people globally. […] Characterizing the anemia as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic using the MCV helps to guide further investigations and management. […] Diagnostic Criteria: Adult non-pregnant females: Hgb < 120 g/L or Hct < 36% (0.36) [...] General laboratory Investigations: CBC: Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Complete WBC count, Differential WBC count, Platelet count, MCV, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), RDW (RBC distribution width). [...] Imaging modality depends on suspected source. [...] Characterize the Anemia: Microcytic = MCV <80 fL [...] Normocytic = Normal MCV: 80-100 fL [...] Macrocytic = MCV >100 fL. […] Evidence comes from reliable sources, which are in relative agreement on the diagnosis and investigations of anemia.

• #44 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0115/p98.html

  Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide and accounts for approximately one-half of anemia cases. The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia is confirmed by the findings of low iron stores and a hemoglobin level two standard deviations below normal. […] Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia requires laboratory-confirmed evidence of anemia, as well as evidence of low iron stores. Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level two standard deviations below normal for age and sex. […] A complete blood count can be helpful to determine the mean corpuscular volume or red blood cell size. Although iron deficiency is the most common cause of microcytic anemia, up to 40 percent of patients with iron deficiency anemia will have normocytic erythrocytes. […] A serum ferritin level should be obtained in patients with anemia and a mean corpuscular volume less than 95 m3. Ferritin reflects iron stores and is the most accurate test to diagnose iron deficiency anemia.

• #45 How Anemia Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/anemia-diagnosis-4797978

  Blood tests can also help to narrow down the type of anemia you may have. Other lab tests can be used to identify the cause of your anemia. […] Common lab tests to diagnose anemia include: Complete blood count (CBC): This is the most important test used to detect anemia. It is a standard blood test, and you don’t need any special preparation beforehand. Blood is drawn from a vein for the test. […] Your report will include your RBC count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, and a description of the size of your RBCs. A low RBC count, low hemoglobin, or low hematocrit means you have anemia. […] Large RBCs (macrocytic anemia) may indicate vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency or pernicious anemia. Small RBCs (microcytic anemia) may indicate iron deficiency or bleeding. […] A blood smear is a blood sample that is carefully examined under a microscope. This evaluation can provide a description of your RBCs and may identify diseases such as sickle cell anemia.

• #46 Anemia- Diagnosis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/anemia-diagnosis/

  Anemia, or deficient or malfunctioning red blood cells (RBC), is the most common blood disorder that affects ~25% of people globally. […] Characterizing the anemia as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic using the MCV helps to guide further investigations and management. […] Diagnostic Criteria: Adult non-pregnant females: Hgb < 120 g/L or Hct < 36% (0.36) [...] General laboratory Investigations: CBC: Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Complete WBC count, Differential WBC count, Platelet count, MCV, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), RDW (RBC distribution width). [...] Imaging modality depends on suspected source. [...] Characterize the Anemia: Microcytic = MCV <80 fL [...] Normocytic = Normal MCV: 80-100 fL [...] Macrocytic = MCV >100 fL. […] Evidence comes from reliable sources, which are in relative agreement on the diagnosis and investigations of anemia.

• #47 Anemia Workup: Approach Considerations, Investigation for Pathogenesis, Evaluation for Blood Loss

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198475-workup

  In microcytic hypochromic anemia, seek a source of bleeding. […] Patients with iron deficiency and those with undiagnosed nontransfusion-dependent thalassemia may present similarly. […] With macrocytic anemia, a reasonable approach is to determine whether the bone marrow aspirate is megaloblastic. […] When a normocytic normochromic anemia is encountered, classify the anemia into three possible etiologies (ie, blood loss, hemolysis, decreased production). […] Iron deficiency anemia in an adult in the United States should be attributed to bleeding unless other causes can be proved. […] All patients with reticulocytosis and indirect bilirubinemia have a hemolytic disorder. […] Diminished production of RBCs is suggested in all patients without evidence of either blood loss or hemolysis.

• #48 Anemia- Diagnosis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/anemia-diagnosis/

  Anemia, or deficient or malfunctioning red blood cells (RBC), is the most common blood disorder that affects ~25% of people globally. […] Characterizing the anemia as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic using the MCV helps to guide further investigations and management. […] Diagnostic Criteria: Adult non-pregnant females: Hgb < 120 g/L or Hct < 36% (0.36) [...] General laboratory Investigations: CBC: Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Complete WBC count, Differential WBC count, Platelet count, MCV, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), RDW (RBC distribution width). [...] Imaging modality depends on suspected source. [...] Characterize the Anemia: Microcytic = MCV <80 fL [...] Normocytic = Normal MCV: 80-100 fL [...] Macrocytic = MCV >100 fL. […] Evidence comes from reliable sources, which are in relative agreement on the diagnosis and investigations of anemia.

• #49 Anemia Blood Test: Test Types, Results, What’s Normal?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia/anemia-blood-test

  There are several types of blood tests that can be used to diagnose anemia. A complete blood count (CBC) is most commonly used, but other types of tests can also be useful. Some tests may also help determine whats causing anemia. […] In most cases, anemia can be easily diagnosed with specific blood tests. These tests look at factors such as how many red blood cells you have and the health of your blood cells. This information is then used to confirm a diagnosis of anemia. […] A complete blood count (CBC) is usually the first test thats ordered to diagnose anemia. Its often used to help diagnose other conditions, too. […] When its used for anemia, doctors pay particularly close attention to your red blood cell and hemoglobin levels. […] Another value thats usually shown on a CBC, which may help diagnose anemia, is mean corpuscular volume. If this value is low, it may indicate a microcytic anemia, such as iron deficiency, and if this value is high, it may indicate a macrocytic anemia (B12 deficiency).

• #50 Blood Test for Anemia: 8 Exams to Help Confirm a Diagnosis – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/anemia-blood-test/

  A blood smear is normally done together with the complete blood count. It involves analyzing the blood cells (including the red blood cells) under a microscope to determine their size, shape, number and overall appearance. The blood smear helps with the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, megaloblastic anemia and other hematological abnormalities. […] This test is used to identify the different types of hemoglobin circulating in the blood. This is useful for diagnosing sickle cell disease and thalassemia. […] A reticulocyte count is an exam that is ordered with a CBC. It looks at the presence of reticulocytes, which are „young” blood cells and evaluates whether the bone marrow is functioning properly. This test is used to diagnose aplastic anemia. […] Iron, ferritin and transferrin levels are important for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. These tests are ordered together with the CBC, as one of the most common causes of low hemoglobin is low iron levels.

• #51 Anemia- Diagnosis : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/anemia-diagnosis/

  Anemia, or deficient or malfunctioning red blood cells (RBC), is the most common blood disorder that affects ~25% of people globally. […] Characterizing the anemia as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic using the MCV helps to guide further investigations and management. […] Diagnostic Criteria: Adult non-pregnant females: Hgb < 120 g/L or Hct < 36% (0.36) [...] General laboratory Investigations: CBC: Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Complete WBC count, Differential WBC count, Platelet count, MCV, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), RDW (RBC distribution width). [...] Imaging modality depends on suspected source. [...] Characterize the Anemia: Microcytic = MCV <80 fL [...] Normocytic = Normal MCV: 80-100 fL [...] Macrocytic = MCV >100 fL. […] Evidence comes from reliable sources, which are in relative agreement on the diagnosis and investigations of anemia.

• #52 Iron deficiency anemia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355040

  To diagnose iron deficiency anemia, your doctor may run tests to look for: […] Lower than normal hemoglobin levels indicate anemia. […] If your bloodwork indicates iron deficiency anemia, your doctor may order additional tests to identify an underlying cause, such as: […] If iron supplements don’t increase your blood-iron levels, it’s likely the anemia is due to a source of bleeding or an iron-absorption problem that your doctor will need to investigate and treat.

• #53 Iron deficiency anemia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355040

  To diagnose iron deficiency anemia, your doctor may run tests to look for: […] Lower than normal hemoglobin levels indicate anemia. […] If your bloodwork indicates iron deficiency anemia, your doctor may order additional tests to identify an underlying cause, such as: […] If iron supplements don’t increase your blood-iron levels, it’s likely the anemia is due to a source of bleeding or an iron-absorption problem that your doctor will need to investigate and treat.

• #54 Anemia Workup: Approach Considerations, Investigation for Pathogenesis, Evaluation for Blood Loss

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198475-workup

  In microcytic hypochromic anemia, seek a source of bleeding. […] Patients with iron deficiency and those with undiagnosed nontransfusion-dependent thalassemia may present similarly. […] With macrocytic anemia, a reasonable approach is to determine whether the bone marrow aspirate is megaloblastic. […] When a normocytic normochromic anemia is encountered, classify the anemia into three possible etiologies (ie, blood loss, hemolysis, decreased production). […] Iron deficiency anemia in an adult in the United States should be attributed to bleeding unless other causes can be proved. […] All patients with reticulocytosis and indirect bilirubinemia have a hemolytic disorder. […] Diminished production of RBCs is suggested in all patients without evidence of either blood loss or hemolysis.

• #55 Iron deficiency anaemia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/iron-deficiency-anaemia/

  Your GP may carry out repeat blood tests over the next few months to check that your iron level is getting back to normal. […] Heavy periods and pregnancy are very common causes of iron deficiency anaemia. […] In pregnancy, iron deficiency anaemia is most often caused by a lack of iron in your diet. […] Any other conditions or actions that cause blood loss could also lead to iron deficiency anaemia. […] Untreated iron deficiency anaemia can make you more at risk of illness and infection a lack of iron affects the immune system. […] Untreated iron deficiency anaemia may increase your risk of developing complications that affect the heart or lungs such as an abnormally fast heartbeat (tachycardia) or heart failure.

• #56 Anemia Screening – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499905/

  The initial assessment should determine whether the patient is actively bleeding and, if so, the extent of blood loss. This evaluation guides the urgency of intervention. […] Anemia is classified as macrocytic, microcytic, or normocytic according to RBC size and as hypochromic or normochromic based on hemoglobin concentration. […] According to the AAFP’s position statement issued on March 15, 2011: „Transfusion of RBCs should be based on the patient’s clinical condition. Indications for RBC transfusion include acute sickle cell crisis or acute blood loss of greater than 1,500 cc or 30% of blood volume.” […] In conclusion, anemia is not a diagnosis in itself but rather a clinical sign of an underlying condition that requires further evaluation. Anemia is an important indicator that should prompt healthcare providers to investigate potential causes, such as nutritional deficiencies (eg, iron, vitamin B12, or folate), chronic diseases, hemolytic disorders, bone marrow dysfunction, malignancies, or chronic kidney disease.

• #57

  https://consensus.app/questions/anemia-diagnosis/

  Anemia of chronic diseases (ACD) is the second most common type of anemia worldwide, often associated with chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and kidney failure. Diagnosing ACD involves excluding other types of anemia and assessing specific biochemical markers such as hepcidin, ferritin, and erythropoietin levels. Understanding the underlying disease’s severity is also crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. […] Emerging point-of-care (POC) technologies are revolutionizing anemia detection, especially in low- and middle-income countries where access to traditional laboratory tests is limited. These technologies offer rapid, cost-effective, and accurate screening for anemia, facilitating early diagnosis and treatment. Current POC devices leverage advanced methods to measure hemoglobin levels and other relevant parameters, making them valuable tools in resource-constrained settings.

• #58 Anemia Workup Tests and When to Refer Anemia Patients

  https://www.rockymountaincancercenters.com/referring-providers-blog/anemia-workup-tests-and-when-to-refer-anemia-patients

  There are many causes of anemia. Anemia can, at times, be multifactorial and in some cases, anemia may even be an early presentation of cancer. […] When evaluating a patient for anemia, start with a complete blood count (CBC) to check for other concurrent cytopenias, as more than one cytopenia may indicate a more serious disease. […] For patients with more than one cell line out of range, it is best to refer the patient to hematology for further evaluation. […] Patients should be referred to hematology if the above work up does not readily identify a cause for anemia, if multiple abnormalities are identified, or if the treatment for the patients anemia extends beyond the scope of primary care. […] If the iron deficiency is significant, it may be best to send the patient to hematology for replacement with intravenous iron infusions.

• #59 Aplastic Anemia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16747-aplastic-anemia

  Healthcare providers diagnose aplastic anemia by doing physical examinations, blood tests and genetic tests. Tests may include: […] Treatments vary depending on your situation. For example, some people develop aplastic anemia because theyre receiving cancer or autoimmune disease treatments. In that case, providers may be able to treat aplastic anemia by changing the treatments. […] If tests show your blood cell levels are lower than normal and you dont have symptoms, providers may say you have moderate aplastic anemia. In that case, your provider may recommend monitoring your overall health and blood counts so they can move quickly if it looks as if your condition is getting worse. […] Treatments for more serious forms of aplastic anemia include: […] Side effects differ based on treatments:

• #60 Aplastic anaemia diagnosis – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/aplastic-anaemia/diagnosis/

  Aplastic anaemia is diagnosed by examining samples of your blood and bone marrow. […] The first step in the diagnosis is a simple blood test called a full blood count (FBC) or complete blood count (CBC), where a sample of blood from a vein in your arm is sent to the laboratory for investigation. An aplastic anaemia diagnosis needs to be confirmed by examining your cells in your bone marrow. […] If the results of your blood tests suggest that you might have aplastic anaemia, a bone marrow biopsy may be required to help confirm the diagnosis. A bone marrow biopsy involves taking a sample of your bone marrow, usually from the back of the hip bone and sending it to the laboratory for examination under the microscope. […] The sample of bone marrow is examined in the laboratory to determine the number and type of cells present and the amount of haemopoiesis (blood-forming) activity taking place there. Patients with aplastic anaemia will have reduced numbers of white cells, red cells and platelets in their blood.

• #61 Diagnosis of Fanconi Anemia: Testing and Genetic Counseling – Fanconi Cancer Foundation

  https://fanconi.org/clinical-care-guidelines/diagnosis-of-fanconi-anemia-testing-and-genetic-counseling/

  Any patient suspected of having FA should be referred to a hematologist and/or clinical geneticist or genetic counselor, who can arrange for diagnostic testing. As FA testing is highly specialized, particularly the evaluation of chromosome breakage in response to DNA damage, only laboratories with extensive experience should undertake this testing. […] The chromosome breakage test is the first test that should be performed for an individual suspected of having FA. This assay is performed in a clinical cytogenetics laboratory, often using a sample of the patients peripheral blood. Peripheral blood is treated with diepoxybutane (DEB), a DNA crosslinking agent. Following exposure of peripheral blood cells to these DNA damaging agents, the chromosomes are examined for evidence of chromosomal damage. Cells from individuals without FA will have relatively few chromosome breaks or rearrangements. In contrast, cells from patients with FA will exhibit multiple chromosome breaks and rearrangements per cell, including complex rearrangements such as radial figures, which are the hallmark abnormality of this disease.

• #62 Diagnostic approach to anemia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-anemia-in-adults

  Diagnostic approach to anemia in adults […] Evaluation for anemia is one of the most common problems in clinical practice. The evaluation may be straightforward in an otherwise healthy individual with a single cause of anemia, but in many cases the cause is not readily apparent and multiple conditions may be contributing. […] An approach to the evaluation of the adult with anemia is presented here. Diagnosis of specific conditions is discussed in separate topic reviews referenced below. […] Anemia is defined for patient care as a reduction in one or more of the major red blood cell (RBC) measurements obtained as a part of the complete blood count (CBC): hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, or RBC count. A low hemoglobin concentration and/or low hematocrit are the parameters most widely used to diagnose anemia.

• #63 Algorithm of differential diagnosis of anemia involving laboratory medicine specialists to advance diagnostic excellence

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2023-0807/html?lang=en

  Anemia is a severe global public health issue. Testing practices for anemia suggest overuse of screening laboratory tests and misinterpretation of studies even in easy-to-diagnose underlying causes, leading to late diagnoses and missed treatment opportunities. We aimed to develop a complete and efficient algorithm for clinical pathologists and laboratory medicine physicians for the differential diagnosis of anemia. […] We created a complex algorithm, primarily for clinical pathology/laboratory use, that explores all major and several rare causes of anemia in an efficient and evidence-based manner. The algorithm includes gold-standard diagnostic laboratory tests available in most clinical laboratories and indices that can be easily calculated to provide an evidence-based differential diagnosis of anemia.

• #64 Anemia Screening – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499905/

  Disagreement also exists among the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), various medical academic institutions, and actual clinical practice regarding anemia screening guidelines. […] The evaluation of anemia requires a range of laboratory tests and imaging studies selected based on clinical presentation and suspected etiology. […] Clinical considerations, patient history, and findings from the initial workup should guide the choice of tests. A systematic approach that considers both common and rare causes of anemia ensures accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. […] A thorough patient history and physical examination are essential for guiding diagnostic testing and subsequent treatment. […] If the cause of anemia remains unclear, a broader diagnostic approach is required to narrow potential etiologies systematically.

• #65 Algorithm of differential diagnosis of anemia involving laboratory medicine specialists to advance diagnostic excellence

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2023-0807/html?lang=en

  The diagnostic strategy combines previously available diagnostic tests and protocols in an efficient order. Clinical pathologists following the algorithm can independently provide valuable diagnostic support for healthcare providers. Clinical pathologists providing complete differential diagnostic services with the proposed algorithm may create an opportunity for an advanced diagnostic service that supports diagnostic excellence and helps patients receive a timely diagnosis and early treatment opportunities. […] Diagnostic algorithms combine laboratory and clinical data to elucidate the background of anemia. However, a thorough guideline covering all causes of anemia has still not been available for healthcare professionals. After several consecutive sessions, the Working Group on Guidelines and Algorithms of the Hungarian Society of Laboratory Medicine created a complex laboratory algorithm that identifies common and rare causes of anemia to advance diagnostic excellence and support efficient diagnostic workouts.

• #66 Anemia Workup: Approach Considerations, Investigation for Pathogenesis, Evaluation for Blood Loss

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198475-workup

  The first step in the diagnosis of anemia is detection with reliable, accurate tests so that important clues to underlying disease are not overlooked and patients are not subjected to unnecessary tests for and treatment of nonexistent anemia. […] Detection of anemia involves the adoption of arbitrary criteria. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) criterion for anemia in adults is a hemoglobin (Hb) value of less than 12.5 g/dL. […] Point-of-care technologies are emerging as a portable and convenient method of screening for anemia that is particularly appropriate for low- and middle-income countries, where anemia is most prevalent. […] Once the existence of anemia is established, investigate the pathogenesis. […] A rational approach to determining etiology is to begin by examining the peripheral smear and laboratory values obtained on the blood count.

• #67 Topic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/topics/by-topic.anemia.html

  Screening and Diagnosis […] Jan 15, 2016 Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women to Improve Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes: Recommendation Statement [U.S. Preventive Services Task Force] […] Jan 15, 2016 Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women to Improve Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes [Putting Prevention Into Practice] […] Dec 15, 2015 Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children [Putting Prevention Into Practice] […] Dec 15, 2015 Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children: Recommendation Statement [U.S. Preventive Services Task Force] […] Nov 01, 2010 Evaluation of Microcytosis Alg DDx […] Feb 01, 2009 Evaluation of Macrocytosis Alg DDx […] Nov 15, 2000 Normocytic Anemia Alg PtEd

• #68 Topic | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/topics/by-topic.anemia.html

  Screening and Diagnosis […] Jan 15, 2016 Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women to Improve Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes: Recommendation Statement [U.S. Preventive Services Task Force] […] Jan 15, 2016 Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women to Improve Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes [Putting Prevention Into Practice] […] Dec 15, 2015 Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children [Putting Prevention Into Practice] […] Dec 15, 2015 Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children: Recommendation Statement [U.S. Preventive Services Task Force] […] Nov 01, 2010 Evaluation of Microcytosis Alg DDx […] Feb 01, 2009 Evaluation of Macrocytosis Alg DDx […] Nov 15, 2000 Normocytic Anemia Alg PtEd

• #69 Anemia Workup: Approach Considerations, Investigation for Pathogenesis, Evaluation for Blood Loss

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198475-workup

  The major diagnostic problems encountered with hemolytic disorders are when the known causes for hemolysis have been excluded by history, physical examination, and laboratory studies; the Coombs test result is negative; and not enough family members can be tested to differentiate between hereditary intracorpuscular hemolytic disorders and acquired extracorpuscular defects.

• #70 Testing for Pernicious Anaemia | Pernicious Anaemia Society

  https://pernicious-anaemia-society.org/articles/testing-for-pernicious-anaemia/

  As soon as the Pernicious Anaemia Society was formed it became obvious that some, though not all patients faced a long journey in being diagnosed quickly and accurately. […] Regrettably, 14% of individuals experienced symptoms for more than 10 years before arriving at their diagnosis. […] And it is only recently that research papers have been published that show that one of the reasons is because the current tests used to diagnose vitamin B12 deficiency in general and whether that deficiency is caused by Pernicious Anaemia are seriously flawed. […] Despite studies consistently demonstrating that no single biomarker of B12 status exhibits the performance characteristics necessary to definitively define status in all patients, the majority of diagnostic laboratories rely solely on serum B12.

• #71 Diagnosing Underlying Disorders in Patients With Anemia—Commentary – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/news/editorial/2018/02/28/14/57/anemia-editorial

  Anemia is not a diagnosis, but rather an indicator of an underlying disorder. […] The severity of the anemia doesn’t always match the significance of its cause. […] A thorough history and physical plus a peripheral smear should guide the workup. […] Anemia of the elderly has been debunked. While older patients are more likely to experience symptoms with mild anemia, any anemia should be investigated and the etiology identified. […] Identifying and treating that underlying condition is the key to eliminating the anemia.

• #72 Diagnostic approach to anemia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-anemia-in-adults

  Diagnostic approach to anemia in adults […] Evaluation for anemia is one of the most common problems in clinical practice. The evaluation may be straightforward in an otherwise healthy individual with a single cause of anemia, but in many cases the cause is not readily apparent and multiple conditions may be contributing. […] An approach to the evaluation of the adult with anemia is presented here. Diagnosis of specific conditions is discussed in separate topic reviews referenced below. […] Anemia is defined for patient care as a reduction in one or more of the major red blood cell (RBC) measurements obtained as a part of the complete blood count (CBC): hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, or RBC count. A low hemoglobin concentration and/or low hematocrit are the parameters most widely used to diagnose anemia.

• #73 Iron Deficiency – Diagnosis and Management – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/iron-deficiency

  Iron deficiency/IDA in adult men and post-menopausal women and in pre-menopausal women without menorrhagia is more likely to have a serious underlying cause of blood loss including malignancy. […] Once iron deficiency/IDA is diagnosed, the etiology must be identified. […] The objective of treatment is to replenish iron stores: normalize hemoglobin levels and ferritin. […] Iron replacement therapy should begin as soon as iron deficiency is detected, whether or not anemia is also present. […] Oral iron replacement is almost always preferred to intravenous (IV) therapy. […] IV iron should not be considered a routine treatment. […] Anemia in the elderly is a common clinical finding, often multifactorial, and has significant impact on quality of life, functional decline, and mortality. […] The diagnosis of absolute iron deficiency is challenging in the elderly. […] Iron deficiency is the second most common cause of anemia after anemia of chronic disease.

• #74 Anemia Workup: Approach Considerations, Investigation for Pathogenesis, Evaluation for Blood Loss

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198475-workup

  In microcytic hypochromic anemia, seek a source of bleeding. […] Patients with iron deficiency and those with undiagnosed nontransfusion-dependent thalassemia may present similarly. […] With macrocytic anemia, a reasonable approach is to determine whether the bone marrow aspirate is megaloblastic. […] When a normocytic normochromic anemia is encountered, classify the anemia into three possible etiologies (ie, blood loss, hemolysis, decreased production). […] Iron deficiency anemia in an adult in the United States should be attributed to bleeding unless other causes can be proved. […] All patients with reticulocytosis and indirect bilirubinemia have a hemolytic disorder. […] Diminished production of RBCs is suggested in all patients without evidence of either blood loss or hemolysis.

• #75 Diagnostic approach to anemia in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-anemia-in-adults

  The reference range depends on age and sex of the patient, as well as other factors such as altitude, prevalence of smoking in the normative population, and other factors. […] Definitions of anemia in different populations (table 2) were updated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2024. […] Adherence to a strict cutoff should not supersede clinical judgment.

• #76 Testing for Pernicious Anaemia | Pernicious Anaemia Society

  https://pernicious-anaemia-society.org/articles/testing-for-pernicious-anaemia/

  There are two main problems with the current test used to ascertain how much B12 the patient has in his or her blood. […] Although the threshold figures will vary from laboratory to laboratory because different laboratories use analytical machines made by different manufacturers the typical cut-off value used to define B12 deficiency is around 148 pmol/L (200 pg/mL) and for a growing number of scientists this is far too low and, if patients are showing symptoms of B12 deficiency yet their blood result shows their B12 to be above 148 pmol/L the patient should be treated. […] Definitive cut-off points to define clinical and subclinical deficiency states are not possible, given the variety of methodologies used and technical issues, and local reference ranges should be established. […] The NICE Guideline states: Less than 180 ng/l (133 pmol/l) : Confirmed vitamin B12 deficiency Between 180 and 350 ng/l (133 and 258 pmol/l) : Indeterminate test result possible vitamin B12 deficiency. Consider further testing in patients with symptoms.

• #77 Testing for Pernicious Anaemia | Pernicious Anaemia Society

  https://pernicious-anaemia-society.org/articles/testing-for-pernicious-anaemia/

  This is the test used to find out if the patient has Pernicious Anaemia. […] However the test has a low sensitivity (50-70%) which means that a negative result does not rule out Pernicious Anaemia. […] A negative test result does not rule out the presence of Pernicious Anaemia. […] Important: A vitamin B12 injection within 48 hours of testing and, in some cases, within one to two weeks of testing can interfere with test results, so this test should either be done before treatment or at least a week or more after an injection. […] When a patients tests negative for antibodies, but Pernicious Anaemia is likely, this test can be used. […] If you are concerned about any part of your blood results you should discuss this with your doctor. However, as we have seen above, some of the tests are seriously flawed.

• #78 Diagnosing Underlying Disorders in Patients With Anemia—Commentary – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/news/editorial/2018/02/28/14/57/anemia-editorial

  Anemia is not a diagnosis, but rather an indicator of an underlying disorder. […] The severity of the anemia doesn’t always match the significance of its cause. […] A thorough history and physical plus a peripheral smear should guide the workup. […] Anemia of the elderly has been debunked. While older patients are more likely to experience symptoms with mild anemia, any anemia should be investigated and the etiology identified. […] Identifying and treating that underlying condition is the key to eliminating the anemia.

• #79 Algorithm of differential diagnosis of anemia involving laboratory medicine specialists to advance diagnostic excellence

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2023-0807/html?lang=en

  Our algorithm for the differential diagnostics of anemia is proposed with the mindset of the clinical pathologist. As such, beyond aiming to advance efficient diagnostic processes, our algorithm proposes a greater involvement of clinical pathologists in the diagnostic process. Clinical laboratories should provide an option for clinicians, family practitioners, and other HCPs to order a full-scale evaluation of anemia, enabling clinical pathologists to choose the necessary tests and the order of those.

• #80 Anemia – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia

  Anemia occurs when you do not have enough red blood cells or when your red blood cells do not function properly. It is diagnosed when a blood test shows a hemoglobin value of less than 13.5 gm/dl in a man or less than 12.0 gm/dl in a woman. […] The signs and symptoms of anemia can easily be overlooked. In fact, many people do not even realize that they have anemia until it is identified in a blood test. […] The treatment for anemia depends on what causes it. […] Talk with your doctor if you believe you may be at risk for anemia. Your doctor will determine your best course of treatment and, depending on your condition, may refer you to a hematologist, a doctor who specializes in blood disorders.

• #81 Iron-Deficiency Anemia – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia/iron-deficiency

  By talking with your doctor about your diet and medical history, your doctor may gain enough information to determine whether additional testing is needed. […] Sometimes it is difficult to diagnose the cause of iron deficiency, or your doctor may be concerned that there is a problem other than iron deficiency causing the anemia. […] When the cause of the anemia is not clear, your doctor may refer you to a hematologist, a medical specialist in blood disorders, for consultation and further evaluation.

• #82 Anemia Screening – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499905/

  The initial assessment should determine whether the patient is actively bleeding and, if so, the extent of blood loss. This evaluation guides the urgency of intervention. […] Anemia is classified as macrocytic, microcytic, or normocytic according to RBC size and as hypochromic or normochromic based on hemoglobin concentration. […] According to the AAFP’s position statement issued on March 15, 2011: „Transfusion of RBCs should be based on the patient’s clinical condition. Indications for RBC transfusion include acute sickle cell crisis or acute blood loss of greater than 1,500 cc or 30% of blood volume.” […] In conclusion, anemia is not a diagnosis in itself but rather a clinical sign of an underlying condition that requires further evaluation. Anemia is an important indicator that should prompt healthcare providers to investigate potential causes, such as nutritional deficiencies (eg, iron, vitamin B12, or folate), chronic diseases, hemolytic disorders, bone marrow dysfunction, malignancies, or chronic kidney disease.

• #83 Diagnosing Underlying Disorders in Patients With Anemia—Commentary – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/news/editorial/2018/02/28/14/57/anemia-editorial

  Anemia is not a diagnosis, but rather an indicator of an underlying disorder. […] The severity of the anemia doesn’t always match the significance of its cause. […] A thorough history and physical plus a peripheral smear should guide the workup. […] Anemia of the elderly has been debunked. While older patients are more likely to experience symptoms with mild anemia, any anemia should be investigated and the etiology identified. […] Identifying and treating that underlying condition is the key to eliminating the anemia.

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